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Re-Envisioning the Relationship Between Landscape Architecture and the Politicized Food Complex

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Re-Envisioning the Relationship Between Landscape Architecture and the Politicized Food Complex Re-envisioning the relationship between landscape architecture and the politicized food complex by Jennifer S. Walker Under the Direction of Marianne Cramer Re-envisioning the relationship between landscape architecture and the politicized food complex by Jennifer S. Walker B.S. North Carolina State University, 2001 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Landscape Architecture Athens, Georgia 2009 Abstract The built environment has a profound impact on society's food systems through exerting influence on social, political, and economic discourse and the ordering of spaces that inhibit/promote the production and consumption of food. Landscape architecture, as a discipline concerned with the design, planning, and management of the landscape, presents a significant potential for contributing to the creation of a food complex that is socially just, environmentally restorative, and contributes to the betterment of public health. The work of Leberecht Migge—an early 20th century German landscape architect who explicitly addressed the food complex—is presented and critically evaluated as a case study. A framework is proposed that situates the contemporary food complex as a multivalent phenomenon and describes its incorporation into the process and practice of landscape architecture through increased attention to landscape management and professional activities that involve mediation and advocacy in addition to design and planning. INDEX WORDS: landscape architecture, agriculture, Leberecht Migge, food, landscape architectural theory, politics, economics, cultural society, Olmsted, multivalent design © 2009 Jennifer S. Walker All Rights Reserved Re-envisioning the relationship between landscape architecture and the politicized food complex by Jennifer S. Walker Major Professor: Marianne Cramer Committee: Andrew Fox Nikolas Heynen Craig Page Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2009 Acknowledgements It is with the sincerest appreciation that I express my gratitude for the numerous individuals who made the completion of this thesis possible. I am most indebted to Professor Marianne Cramer, for her leadership, support, and the freedom with which she shared her time and enthusiasm for critical thought and academic exploration. I'd also like to recognize other talented faculty within the College of Environment and Design at the University of Georgia who have provided particular guidance and inspiration throughout my graduate career through conversations, studios, projects, and lectures: Andy Fox, Judith Wasserman, Brian LaHaie, David Spooner, Georgia Harrison, Eric MacDonald, Dorinda Dallmeyer, and Joe Disponzio. Other faculty and fellow students in the Environmental Anthropology, Agricultural Leadership, Development, and Communication, Ecology, and Geography departments have been invaluable as well. The support and encouragement of a large circle of friends and family made possible the time and energy commitment of completing this work. I am grateful to have a wonderful family that has supported me in so many ways throughout this process, and friends that so freely share their joy and creativity. iii Contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables.................................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures................................................................................................................................. x I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Relevancy and timeliness ................................................................................................. 3 Thesis structure .................................................................................................................... 4 Delimitations of the research ........................................................................................... 5 Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 8 Author’s bias........................................................................................................................ 14 II. Relevancy and background ................................................................................................. 17 Prior research and publication ........................................................................................ 18 The relevancy of the food complex to landscape architecture............................... 19 From agriculture to the production and consumption of food ................................. 22 Political and social discourse ........................................................................................... 23 The practice and process of landscape architecture ................................................ 26 Formative pressures on the design-food-discourse complex: Five themes.............. 26 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 44 III. An historical study: Leberecht Migge and early 20th century Germany ....................... 45 Research structure ............................................................................................................. 46 v The political climate of the early 20th century: Transitions........................................... 49 The Modernist contribution to socio-political discourse .............................................. 58 German Modernism........................................................................................................... 61 The National Socialist agenda and the built environment ......................................... 70 Leberecht Migge, “Architect for Horticulture”.............................................................. 72 Critical analysis ................................................................................................................... 99 IV. Creating a conceptual framework .................................................................................... 113 Re-interpreting the role of the landscape architect.................................................... 115 Building and maintaining a restorative food complex ................................................ 117 Identifying the design challenges of the contemporary food complex.................. 118 A proposed framework for increased understanding of the food complex ........... 127 V. Applying the framework to process and practice ........................................................... 139 Utilizing the framework as an analytical, design, and management tool ............... 142 Case study: Exploring the utility of the framework proposed ..................................... 148 Evaluation............................................................................................................................ 159 VI. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 169 Identification of major themes......................................................................................... 170 Opportunities for further research ................................................................................... 177 VII. References ............................................................................................................................. 179 vii List of Tables Table 5.1 Opportunities present in a healthy and restorative food complex.................. 140 Table 5.2 Queries generated through utilizing the dial........................................................ 146 ix List of Figures Figure 2.1 The research model................................................................................................. 21 Figure 3.1 The three magnets of the garden city ................................................................. 66 Figure 3.2 Leberecht Migge, 1881-1935 ................................................................................. 72 Figure 3.3 The cover of Everyman Self-Sufficient by Leberecht Migge............................. 80 Figure 3.4 “Tree of Waste” diagram........................................................................................ 81 Figure 3.5 Dry composting toilet .............................................................................................. 82 Figure 3.6 Waste composting, storage, and reuse diagram .............................................. 82 Figure 3.7 Raoul Francé’s “Cycle of the Elements” diagram ............................................. 84 Figure 3.8 Permaculture diagram of the nutrient cycle ...................................................... 85 Figure 3.9 “The Biological Siedlung”........................................................................................ 86 Figure 3.10 “Grow Bio-intensive” crop calculations 87 Figure 3.11 A standard garden at Dessaw-Ziebigk Siedlung ............................................... 89 Figure 3.12 Permaculture zones ................................................................................................ 90 Figure
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