Gender Vocabulary Representation in Head of States’ S Speeches: a Corpus Analysis

GENDER VOCABULARY REPRESENTATION IN HEAD OF STATES’ S SPEECHES: A CORPUS ANALYSIS

A THESIS

BY FIKA PRATIWI PUTRI REG. NO. 170721038

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara GENDER VOCABULARY REPRESENTATION IN HEAD OF STATES’ S SPEECHES: A CORPUS ANALYSIS

A THESIS

BY FIKA PRATIWI PUTRI REG. NO. 170721038

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum. NIP. 19540916 198003 2 003 NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination

Head, Secretary,

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 19540916 198003 2 003 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 0

Universitas Sumatera Utara Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on April 16, 2019

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 196008051 987031 001

Board of Examiners

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. _

Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, M.A.

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar M.S

Universitas Sumatera Utara AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, FIKA PRATIWI PUTRI DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed:

Date: September 2, 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : FIKA PRATIWI PUTRI

TITLE OF THESIS : GENDER VOCABULARY REPRESENTATION IN HEAD OF STATES’ S SPEECHES: A CORPUS ANALYSIS

QUALIFICATION : S1/SARJANA

SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed:

Date: September 2, 2019

Universitas Sumatera Utara ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I want to thanks to Allah SWT the almighty, the creator who has given me his blessing and mercy in my entire life. And I thank you to Allah SWT for all of the great situation and any things that I can completed my thesis which is entitled “CORPUS ANALYSIS OF VOCABULARY IN GENDER LANGUAGE FOUND IN SPEECH TRANSCRIPTS FROM HEAD OF STATES.” and obtain the bachelor‗s degree of English Literature from English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara. My gratitude and regards for:

The dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Drs. Budi Agustono, M.S, the secretary of English Department, Mr. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D, and all the lectures and staffs in English Department of University of Sumatera Utara.

The Head of English Department, Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D who also my supervisor, and Dr. Nurlela, M.hum as my co-supervisor. Thank you for the guidance and advice that has been given to me. I could completely write and finish this thesis by your support, and kindness.

My parents, Rachmat Siswandi, and Iryani Nasution, also my brothers Muhammad Irsan, and Muhammad Bayu Dwi Putra , thank you for the support and love so I can finish this thesis even in our complicated situation.

My classmate from Extension of English Literature 2017, for fill my days, I appreciate the bad and the good moments that we had around. Thank you for the help and also the problem you give to me for these two years. I will never forget that.

For all my friends that I couldn‘t mention every single name of you, thank you for being with me through this journey, glad to have you all inside my book of life, I hope all of us can be success and happy person in the future.

Universitas Sumatera Utara I do hope my thesis would be the benefit for the future researcher, scholar even reader. Even though, this thesis is out of perfect but at least it is useful to develop it. I highly appreciate most.

Medan, September 2, 2019

Fika Pratiwi putri No. Reg. 170721038

vii

Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRACK

This research analyses speech transcripts from four Heads of State, contains two presidents which are Barrack Obama, and Gloria Arroyo, also two Prime Minister which are Scott Morrison, and Margaret Thatcher. This research aims to find the types of vocabulary used by men and women as well as differences from one another in choosing vocabulary. This research using Pearson's concept (1985) about the 6 types of Vocabulary they are Color Language, Qualifying Language, Verbal Filler, Sexual Language, Swear Language, and Grammatical Language. This research uses an application called "Antcont" which can help to process corpus data. This program is specifically used in analysing text to find certain patterns in a language. The methods used in this study are qualitative. The results of this study are the differences found in male and female in giving speech, by analyzing the transcripts with Antcont, and found out that male uses more word tokens, verbal filler, and sexual language, meanwhile female uses more color language.

Keywords: Gender Language, Corpus Analysis, Head of States

viii

Universitas Sumatera Utara ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini menganalisis transkrip pidato dari empat Kepala Negara yang terdiri atas dua Presiden yaitu Barrack Obama, dan Gloria Arroyo, serta dua perdana menteri yaitu Scott Morrison, dan Margaret Thatcher. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menemukan jenis kotakata yang digunakan oleh pria dan wanita di dalam pidato, dan mencari perbedaan satu sama lain dalam memilih kosakata. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep dari Pearson (1985) dimana dia tentang 6 tipe kosakata yaitu Color Language, Qualifying Language, Verbal Filler, Sexual Language, Swear Language, dan Grammatical Language. penelitian ini menggunakan aplikasi bernama "Antcont" untuk mengolah data korpus sebagai penganalisis teks untuk menemukan pola tertentu dalam suatu bahasa. Metode yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan perbedaan pria dan wanita dalam berpidato, dengan menganalisis transkrip dengan Antcont, dimana ditemukan bahwa laki laki lebih unggul dalam jumlah kata, verbal filler, dan sexual language, sedangkan wanita lebih unggul dalam color language.

Kata kunci : Gender Language, Corpus Analysis, Kepala Negara

Universitas Sumatera Utara TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION …………………………………………………. iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………..... vi

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………… viii

ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………………... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………… x

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………. xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Problem of the Study 5 1.3 Objective of the Study 5 1.4 Scope of the Study 5 1.5 Significant of the Study 5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Corpus Linguistic 6 2.1.1 Concordance 7 2.1.2 Concordance Plot 8 2.1.3 File View 8 2.1.4 Cluster 8 2.1.5 Collocate 8 2.1.6 Word List 8 2.1.7 Keyword List 9 2.2 Gender Identity 9 2.3 Gender in Language 9 2.4 Vocabulary 2.4.1 Color Language 10 2.4.2 Qualifying Language 11 2.4.3 Verbal Fillers 11

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.4.4 Profane / Swear Language 11 2.4.5 Sexual Language 12 2.4.6 Grammatical Language 12 2.4 Speech 12 2.4.1 Types of Speech 12 2.5 Conceptual Framework 14 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method 15 3.2 Data & Source Data 15 3.3 Technique of Collecting Data 16 3.4 Technique of Analyzing Data 17 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS & ANALYSIS 4.1 Data Findings 19 4.2 Data Analysis 19 4.2.1 Analysis of Color Language 20 4.2.2 Analysis of Quality Language 24 4.2.3 Analysis of Verbal Filler 53 4.2.4 Analysis of Sexual Language 63 4.2.5 Analysis of Profane / Swear Language 70 CHAPTER V CONCLUCIONS & SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusions 71 5.2 Suggestion 72 REFERENCES 73

APPENDICES 75

Universitas Sumatera Utara

LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Word Type & Word Token in Transcripts 19 4.2 Data Analysis Conclusions of Color Language 23 4.3 Data Analysis Conclusions of Qualifying Language 47 4.4 Data Analysis Conclusions of Verbal Filler 57 4.5 Data Analysis Conclusions of Sexual Language 65

xi i Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Speech is a speaking activity which does in public, and usually comes in form of formal and talked or performed by a speaker in order to express his/her opinion about something. Speaker chooses what speech to write based on how they want to reach their audience. While some speeches are meant to entertain, others are meant to persuade or inform. A definition speech is written to inform the audience by describing and explaining an object or concept.

There are several functions of speech, one of them is to create a situation in which only need a person who commits a speech so as can give a positive impression to those who heard that speech. In practice, there are some examples of speech such graduation speech, leadership speech, religious speech, oration, and president official speech. Besides that, there are a lot of things to be conveyed in a speech, some of the examples are like condolence, the statement of concerned feeling, statement to act to the happening event and many others.

Gender identity talks about our innermost understanding of our self as ‗male‘ or ‗female‘. Gender is a spectrum and people vary as to where they identify on that spectrum. Most people develop a gender identity that matches their biological sex (their body). Gender identity can be seen in language, when male and female speak, there will be some differences between them.

One of the first linguists to give his opinion on male and female language was Jespersen (1992), he said that ―Men were seen as the norm and women as departing from that norm in various ways. Women‘s conservatism and modesty prevented them from innovating in language, on the other side men used ‗new‘ fresh expressions.

The imments that male and female tend to choose different words to show their feelings. When male are talking, they are more likely to choose the topics of

Universitas Sumatera Utara politics, economy, stocks, sports, current news. While female have more interest in talking family affairs, such as the education of children, clothes, cooking, fashion, etc. Women‘s talk is associated with the home and domestic activities, while male‘s is associated with the outside world and economic activities. One explanation for the relatively small difference between men‘s and women‘s speech is the family and social backgrounds of the informants. (Cameron & Coates 1986).

It has also been suggested that male speakers choose to use more non- standard forms because in Western society non-standard working-class speech has masculine connotations of ―roughness‖ and ―toughness‖ (Trudgill 1974).

Sociolinguists studied women‘s silence in public situations as well as the linguistic work they do in their partnerships (Spender, 1980). Besides these differences, other sex-linked differences exist, such as female and male may have different paralinguistic system and move and gesture differently.

The study of men‘s use of language reached a milestone in 1997 with the publication of Johnson and Meinhof‘s edited volume, Language and Masculinity. In these and other studies of men‘s discourse, a pattern identified by Tannen (1990) is found in a wide range of contexts: men tend to discursively take up roles of expertise or authority. Coates (1997a), for example, reports, based on an extensive corpus of women‘s and men‘s friendly talk, that men are more likely to take up the role of the expert, whereas women are more likely to avoid this role. In conversations between male friends, she finds, men take turns giving monologues – some quite extensive – about subjects in which they are expert.

Kotthoff (1997) finds that men are more likely to take up expert positions in the public sphere. She examines the discursive negotiation of expert status in television discussions on Austrian TV by comparing the actual expert status of the guests (―extrinsic rank‖) and the status they interactionally achieve (―intrinsic rank‖). (Significantly, even lower-ranking men sometimes gained a high intrinsic status, but lower-ranking women never did.)

Based on the view above, gender identity is chosen in order to analyze the appearance, and gender language identity. Analyzing speech from male and female is

Universitas Sumatera Utara one way to learn it. In order to clearly find differences between male and female in using language, and how different vocabulary of male and female are chosen for the same purpose, and reach the audience by listening or reading text.

In this study writer analyses about the differences found between male and female in giving speech, the topic of speeches that used are about economic, politic, security, globalization, and human right from each country‘s representatives. There are 40 speeches transcripts used as data sources containing speeches of four head of states.

The speeches are Margaret Hilda Thatcher, a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990, Thatcher's popularity in her first years in office waned amid recession and rising unemployment, until victory in the 1982 Falklands War and the recovering economy brought a resurgence of support, resulting in her decisive re-election in 1983. She survived an assassination attempt in the Brighton hotel bombing in 1984.

The second is Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a Filipino professor and politician who was the 14th President of the Philippines from 2001 until 2010, She currently serves as Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, making her the first woman to hold the position, She entered government in 1987, serving as assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry upon the invitation of President Corazon Aquino, Benigno's mother. After serving as a senator from 1992 to 1998, she was elected to the vice presidency under President Joseph Estrada, despite having run on an opposing ticket.

The third is Barack Hussein Obama, an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after his campaign began, after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton.

Universitas Sumatera Utara The last is Scott John Morrison, Australian politician serving as Prime Minister of Australia and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2018. He served as Treasurer of Australia from 2015 to 2018, Morrison was also State Director of the New South Wales Liberal Party from 2000 to 2004. He was later elected to the House of Representatives at the 2007 election, representing the Division of Cook in New South Wales.

The choice of this topic has been due to two reasons. Firstly, it is as the urgent phenomena discussing on male and female vocabulary choices in speaking or writing, somehow there are several vocabularies that can be called ―Female Language‖ or ―Male Language‖ referring to social media. Knowing this, writer interested to find out if there is really differences between male and female‘s vocabulary.

Building on Maltz and Borker‘s (1982) concluded that patterns of interaction that had been found to characterize women‘s and men‘s speech could be understood as serving their different conversational goals: whereas all speakers must find a balance between seeking connection and negotiating relative status, conversational rituals learned by girls and maintained by women tend to focus more on the connection dimension, whereas rituals learned by boys and maintained by men tend to focus more on the status dimension.

Secondly, The 4 speakers are head of states that are well-known around the world and their speeches are available to be taken from the media, and also the 4 head of states have a great feedback for their work, and surely famous as the great speech. By all this reasons, writer is interested in analyzing their speech transcripts, and learns the differences in their vocabularies on male and female head of states.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 1.2 Problems of the Study

1. What kinds of vocabulary are found in male and female speech corpus using Antconc Software? 2. How the vocabularies from male & female corpus are realized in the speech transcripts?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To find out kinds of vocabulary found in male and female speech corpus using Antconc Software. 2. To find out the vocabularies from male & female corpus realized in the speech transcripts.

1.4 Scope of the Study

People have different way in using languages to communicate. Sometimes, the differences between the languages that male use and the language used by females can be observed very easily. Often, the intonation, tone, voice and some expressions that are used by females are quite different from the ones used by male. This paper mainly discussed the differences from the aspects of vocabulary in using language between male and female in giving speech according to Pearson (1985) theory, and gives these differences some possible explanations.

1.5 Significances of the Study

Theoretically, the significance of this thesis is to give some benefits for the readers. The study of gender is important to the study of language, and the first step to study gender is to explore the difference between male and female. It is quite clear that male and female have a lot of differences in many fields. It also a necessary to make a comparison of two to be learn.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses about definitions and theories used in the research and references that support the analysis. In this chapter the writer will explain about Corpus Linguistic, Gender Identity, Gender in Language, Speech, and Conceptual Framework.

2.1 Corpus Linguistics

Corpus linguistics is the study of language based on large collections of "real life" language use stored in corpora (or corpuses) computerized databases created for some linguistic research, also known as corpus-based studies. John Sinclair (2005) define that corpus is a collection of naturally occurring language text, chosen to characterize a state or variety of a language. Corpus linguistics is viewed by some linguists as a research tool or methodology, and by others as a discipline or theory in its own right. Kuebler and Zinsmeister (2015) conclude that "the answer to the question whether corpus linguistic is a theory or a tool is simply that it can be both. It depends on how corpus linguistic is applied" Based on the definition from the expert of corpus above, corpus linguistics is the study of language to find means of naturally occurring language data; analyses corpus are commonly carried out with a software program on a computer. Corpus linguistics is define as a method to dissect and analyze data quantitatively and qualitatively rather than a theory of language or even a separate branch of linguistics on a par with e.g. sociolinguistics or applied linguistics. The corpus linguistics approach can be used to describe language features and to test hypotheses formulated in various linguistic frameworks. To name but a few examples, corpora recording different stages of learner language (beginners, intermediate, and advanced learners) can provide information for foreign language acquisition research by means of historical corpora it is possible to track the development of specific features in the history of English, such as changes in the use of the modal verb must and the emergence of alternatives such as have to or have got to the emergence of the modal verbs, or sociolinguistic markers of specific age

Universitas Sumatera Utara groups, such as the use of like as a discourse marker, can be investigated for purposes of sociolinguistic or discourse analytical research. (Friederike Müller 2019) The great advantage of the corpus linguistic method is that language researchers do not have to rely on their own or other native speakers‘ intuition or even on made-up examples. Rather, they can draw on large amounts of authentic, naturally occurring language data produced by a variety of speakers or writers in order to confirm or refute their own hypotheses about specific language features on the basis of a robust and solid empirical foundation. In this paper, Software Program named ―AntConc‖ will be used to help writer finding the male & female corpus. AntConc is a program created by Laurence Anthony (2019). The uses of AntConc are to analyzing texts deeply, and revealing the patterns. There are 7 tools we can find inside the software which are Concordance, Concordance Plot, File View, Clusters/N-Grams, Collocates, Word List, and Keyword List. This software program was used to find kind of words often uses by male and female in speech. Here are the explanation about the 7 tools by:

2.1.1 Concondance

A Concordance is a list of target words extracted from a given text, or set of texts, often presented in such a way as to indicate the context in which the word is used. This format of presenting information is called ‗KWIC‘: Key Word In Context. Concordance software can usually extract and present other types of information too, e.g. identifying the words that most commonly appear near a target word (its ‗common collocates‘).

2.1.2 Concordance Plot This tool shows concordance search results plotted in a 'barcode' format, with the length of the text normalized to the width of the bar and each hit shown as a vertical line within the bar. This allows you to see the position where search results appear in target texts. The tool also allows you to see which files include the target search term, and can also be used to identify where the search term hits cluster together. An example of the use of the Plot Tool is in determining where specific content words appear in a technical paper, or where an actor or story character appears during the

Universitas Sumatera Utara course of a play or novel.

2.1.3 File View This tool shows the text of individual files. This allows you to investigate in more detail the results generated in other tools of AntConc.

2.1.4 Cluster This allows you to search for a word or pattern and group (cluster) the results together with the words immediately to the left or right of the search term. The clusters can be ordered by frequency, the start or end of the word, the range of the cluster (number of files in which the cluster appears), or the probability of the first word in the cluster preceding the remaining words. All list orderings can also be inverted by activating the ―Invert Order‖ option. Also, you can select the minimum and maximum length (number of words) in each cluster, and the minimum frequency of clusters displayed. It is also possible to select if the search term always appears on the left (default) or right of the cluster.

2.1.5 Collocate In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. Antconc help to generate a list of the most common collocates of a search word by using Collocate Tools.

2.1.6 Word List This tool counts all the words in the corpus and presents them in an ordered list. This allows you to quickly find which words are the most frequent in a corpus. The words can be ordered either by frequency or the start or end of the word, and the ordering can be inverted. The word list can also be generated in case-insensitive mode, where words in upper and lower case are treated the same (default) or case-sensitive, where words in upper and lower case are treated separately.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.1.7 Keyword List This tool shows the which words are unusually frequent (or infrequent) in the corpus in comparison with the words in a reference corpus. This allows you to identify characteristic words in the corpus, for example, as part of a genre or ESP study.

2.2 Gender Identity Gender identity is a personal sense of their own gender, sense of their identification as either the male or female sex, as showed in their appearance, speech, behavior, and many other aspects of a human's life. In the course of a person‘s life, the interests, activities, clothing and professions that are considered the domain of one gender or another evolve in ways both small and large. Wodak (1997) says that gender is ‗not a pool of attributes ―possessed‖ by a person, but something a person ―does.‖‘ also she adds that ‗what it means to be a woman or to be a man (also) changes from one generation to the next and varies between different racialized, ethnic, and religious groups, as well as for members of different social classes.‘ In such a view, gender must be learned a new in each generation. A male or female can feels a different identification with the opposite sex and experiences considerable distress because of their actual sex, the psychological diagnosis of gender identity disorder (GID), commonly called ―transsexualism”. Children who come with gender identity disorder have strong cross-gender identification which is not discussed in this thesis.

2.3 Gender in Language Gender in language is important to be analyzed in order to explore the difference between male and female. It is quite clear that male and female have a lot of differences in many fields. As examples, females have more fat and less muscle physically, then female are not as strong as male and they mature more rapidly and usually have a longer life span.

Male and female often show different advantages and skills in doing their work. In the past, women were not regarded as good orators, as they were not given the chance to speak publicly. On the other side, now women have managed to achieve a great listening skill, which is why they have more success as secretaries,

Universitas Sumatera Utara call center operators, etc. Wardhaugh (2006) advocates that men and women have different voice in term of the characteristics such as the difference of using verbal skills. In term of vocabulary, for instance, women normally tend to use colorful words and maintain adjectives such as lovely, sweet, and beloved which are rarely used by men. In short, men and women have different styles of using a language because they are brought up in different ways and they possess different roles in society. Since their childhood, male and female tend not only to speak differently, but to choose different topics as well. Men would rather discuss sport, computers or military topics, while emotions, with specific details and thorough descriptions. Even when the topic is the same, men and women approach it from different perspectives. Furthermore, men are taught to observe world as a hierarchial structure where it is important to have a dominating Status, while women are taught to negotiate and make compromises (Tannen, 1998). Although men and women, from a given social class, belong to the same speech community, they may use different linguistic forms. The linguistic forms used by women and men contrast to some extent in all speech communities.

2.5 Vocabulary

Male and female appear to have different working vocabularies as they make a distinctive lexical choice such as in term of color. Female often have much larger color vocabularies than male. According to Pearson (1985:110) there are several aspects of vocabulary that can define a differences male and female language which is color language, sexual language, profane language, qualifying language, verbal fillers, and grammatical language.

2.3.1 Color Language Male and female are also known to differ considerably in language used to describe color. There is special feminine vocabulary in English that male may not, dare not or will not use. female are good at using color words that were borrowed from French to describe things, such as mauve, lavender aquamarine, azure and magenta, etc., but most men do not use them, they

Universitas Sumatera Utara only know the basic color like blue, purple, or green.

2.3.2 Qualifying Language Research indicates that female use more intensifiers than male. Intensifiers are adjectives and adverbs, as the word implies, intensify the noun of verb being described. When a female leaves a restaurant, she will say ―It‘s a gorgeous meal‖. If a male wants to express the same idea, he may only say, ―It‘s a good meal.‖ Using more adjectives to describe things and their feelings can show that female are more sensitive to the environment and more likely to express their emotions with words, which makes female‘s language more interesting than male‘s sometimes. There are also differences in the use of adverbs between men and women. Women tend to use such adverbs like awfully, pretty, terribly, vastly, quite, so; men like to use very, utterly, really.

2.3.3 Verbal Fillers Verbal fillers frequently occur in our communication with other. Verbal is words or phrases uses to fill silences, as example ―like‖, ―right‖, ―okay‖, ―well‖. Sometimes person afraid of silence while talking, so using verbal is the answer to fill the blank even with meaningless words. Female use more filler than male, but male were more indicative in using fillers.

2.3.4 Profane / Swear Language Profane is like swearing behavior. Expletive is using rude words when do talking. Male and female are expected to use profanity and hostile language at different rates. Male and female swear at about the same rate, but their similar behaviors are perceived differently. Maybe because women are gentle and docile, they usually avoid using swear words and dirty words. They believe that these kinds of words will not only make others uncomfortable and give a bad impression but also destroy the relationship between her and others. We rarely hear that women utter such words like ―damn‖, ―fuck you‖, ―hell‖, instead they use ―oh, dear‖, ―my god‖ to express their feelings.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.3.5 Sexual Language Male and female do not discuss genitalia and sexual function in similar language. Female used language more conservative and clinical in all contexts than reported by males and female were more hesitant to name female than male genitalia. Men often use a form of slang like ―my weapon‖ ―my pistol‖ instead of telling the real name.

2.3.6 Grammatical Language Related to male and female differences in using vocabulary is the greater tendency of female to engage in hypercorrection. Hypercorrection is reminding people of correct forms when they make errors. For instance, hypercorrection would occur if a person asked another, for instance, when someone is talking to somebody else then correcting what his/her partner says, You mean ―lie‖ instead of ―lay‖, don‘t you?. In some occasion male and female differ in the extensiveness of vocabularies used to describe certain phenomena, they may use same number of expletives, although female are perceived to use fewer. These differences explain that female use words and expressions more polite and reserved, but also less direct and assertive than male.

2.4 Speech

According to Sapir (1921) Speech is a human activity that varies without assignable limit as we pass from social group to social group, because it is a purely historical heritage of the group, the product of long-continued social usage.

2.4.1 Types of Speech

Informative Speech People who give informative speeches are there to present the audience with new information on a particular subject. They present statistics and facts about topics such as social and economic changes in the community but they do not use visual aids in the speech. Instead, they rely on educational information, facts, and various data so that the audience actually learns something. If you‘ve ever been to

Universitas Sumatera Utara a museum and had a tour guide, you‘ve enjoyed the benefits of an informative speech. Any time that a talk is given to give the audience details and information on a certain topic, this is an example of an informative speech.

Persuasive Speech Persuade the auditions that an opinion expressed by the speaker is the right one. Whether you‘re discussing what to eat for supper or which political point makes the most sense, these are examples of persuasive speeches. Most people, in an attempt to persuade the audience that their point of view is the right one, use solid facts to back up their argument. This is one of the best ways to make sure that your persuasive speech does the trick, which means that using research and statistics to develop your argument is always more likely to make people come to your side.

Special Occasion Speech Speeches that don‘t fall into any other category are usually classified as special occasion speeches and these can include speaker introduction speeches, designed to be short but interesting and to introduce an upcoming speaker; tribute speeches, which are designed to pay tribute to someone either dead or alive; and award acceptance speeches, which are meant to thank someone for an award and describe what the award means to you.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2.5 Conceptual Framework

Gender in Language

Vocabulary

Color Verbal Profane Qualifying Sexual Grammatical Language Fillers Language Language Language Language

Corpus Analysis in Head of States Vocabulary

Diagram 1 : Conceptual Framework ( According to Pearson (1985) )

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Research Method Research is an investigative process that is done with an active, diligent and systematic that aims to find facts of a problem. John W. Creswell, states that "research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". This research is conducted with Mixed Research Methods which use both qualitative and quantitative method. A mixed research method is relatively new and still under development (Creswell, 2003). A mixed method combines quantitative and qualitative methods in the same study in order to get a full understanding of the phenomenon under study. The main assumption is that when an inquirer combines both quantitative and qualitative methods, it provides a better understanding of the problem than using either method alone. Mixed methods research, therefore, can be very useful in getting a deep understanding of any research. However, given that mixed research method requires more time and effort than either of qualitative or quantitative methods, it is imperative that this method be used only for that research in which a profound understanding of the phenomenon is of great importance to the researcher. In this research, writer used qualitative method to describe procedures to generate meaning and understanding of the transcripts being studied, and use quantitative method to explain findings by number. Using numbers implies that the researcher has to have a good knowledge of both descriptive and inferential statistical parameters, such as calculations and interpretations of standard deviations.

3.2 Data and Source Data The data that used in this study were words about gender differences in terms of color language, qualifying language, verbal filler, profane language, sexual language, and grammatical language that are taken from data source by Barack Hussein Obama, an American 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, a Filipino 14th President of the Philippines from 2001 until 2010, Scott John Morrison, Australian politician serving as Prime Minister of

Universitas Sumatera Utara Australia, Margaret Hilda Thatcher, a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990.

Barrack Obama‘s Speech Transcript https://www.americanrhetoric.com/barackobamaspeeches.htm Gloria Arroyo‘s Speech Transcript https://pcoo.gov.ph/presidential-speech/ Scott Morrison‘s Speech Transcript https://www.pm.gov.au/media/Scottmorrisonspeeches.htm Margaret Thatcher‘s Speech Transcript https://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches

3.3. Methods of Collecting Data

To understand more clearly just what is going on when we analyze data, in order to reflect, refine our methods, and make them more generally usable by others. There are five data collecting technique, those are observation, interview, questionnaire, documentation and triangulation. In qualitative research, collecting the data mostly is done in participant observation, depth interview and documentation. Sugiyono (2008: 225). Writer uses Observation and Documentation as the method by collecting the data form of speeches. The steps of collecting the data are:

1. Observing Observation was done as a basic method for obtaining data in the qualitative data of speeches. All the data that collected were observed out the right speaker to have their speeches collected by reading their speeches in order to find the right choice of data. After observing, 4 head of states which are 2 males and 2 females.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2. Documentation After finding out the 4 speakers, documentation method was used to collect the 10 speech‘s transcript from each speaker as the data source. The speeches contain the themes on economic, politic, security, globalization, and human right. The speech transcriptions were then read comprehensively.

3.4 Technique of Analyzing Data

The data used in this research were speech transcript. Because the data were taken from document, a suitable method of analysis data is by using content analysis. Data condensation was also used in this study using Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014).

1. Data Condensation Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, it consists of select, focus, abstract, discard, and transform the data that appear in the full corpus of written up field notes. Here are the procedures of content analysis used in this study. Writer inserts data into the application ―Antconc‖. Which are 10 speech transcripts from each speaker, then use the tool called ―Word List‖ to show every words used in the text to analyze.

2. Data Display The second major flow of analysis activity is data display. Generically, a display is an organized, compressed assembly of information that allows conclusion drawing and action. The most frequent form of display for qualitative data in the past has been extended text. As will note later, text is terribly cumbersome. It is dispersed, sequential rather than simultaneous, poorly structured, and extremely bulky. As with data condensation, the creation and the use of data display is not separate from analysis, it is a part of analysis. Designing displays, deciding the rows and columns and deciding which data, in which form, should be entered in the cells are analytic activities.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. Drawing and Verifying Conclusions The third stream of analysis activity is conclusion drawing and verification. From the start of data collection, the qualitative analyst interprets what things mean by noting pattern, explanation, causal flow, and propositions. ―Final‖ conclusion may not appearing until data collection is over, depending on the size of the corpus of field notes, the coding, storage, and retrieval methods used. Conclusions are also verified as the analyst proceeds. Verification may be as brief as a fleeting second thought crossing the analyst‘s mind during writing.

Data Collection Data Display

Conclusions Data Drawing / Condersation Verifying

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Findings

In this section, the corpus analysis is used in order to analyze vocabulary in gender language by using speech transcripts from Barack Obama, Gloria Arroyo, Scott Morrison, and Margaret Thatcher. The data that used to be analyzed are transcript documents, process into the software ―Antconc‖ and the software continually to change the data raw into corpus, and show us the result in terms selected words and the frequency of use in the system. The data are categorized by using Pearson (1985) concept about 6 differences in vocabulary between male and female which are color language, qualifying language, verbal fillers, sexual language, profane language, and grammatical language. The analysis is not included the grammatical language since it is complicated to be analyzed. In color language, 20 data found and female uses it more than male, in qualifying language, 20 data found to be analyze, in verbal language, 6 data found and male uses it more than female, in sexual language, 5 data found and male uses it more than female, and 0 data in profane/swear word.

4.2 Data Analysis In this following analysis, has been found that different number of word types, and word token of BO, SM, MT, GA:

Table 4.1 Word Types and Word Token Found in Transcripts

Name Word Types Word Tokens

Barack Obama (BO) 4389 highest 37102 highest Scott Morrison (SM) 4110 33680

Margaret Thatcher (MA) 4354 29095

Gloria Arroyo (GA) 3430 lowest 18074 lowest

After finding out the word token, and number, it is decided to compare

Universitas Sumatera Utara each words found in the text of males and females and discuss the differences based on six aspects of vocabulary.

4.2.1 Analysis of Color Language The recapitulation showed that 24 data in Antconc about sentences used color language such as follows:

Barack Obama within 10 speeches of BO, there were only found 5 types of color language with 8 total of frequency.

1. Our nation endures we live free under the red, white and blue because of patriots like you. 2. And so they gathered in a great assembly to debate and decide affairs of state, each citizen with the right to speak, casting their vote with a show of hands, or choosing a pebble white for yes, black for no. 3. I believe every worker should have basic protections and rights. So it‘s in the text, in black and white 4. When I was talking to Steve, he mentioned that Aurora is very much a purple city.

Color Language Number of Freq Red 1 White 3 Blue 1 Black 2 Purple 1

Total Word Types 5 Total Word Freq 8

Universitas Sumatera Utara Scott Morrison Within 10 speeches of SM, there were only found 1 types of color language with 1total of frequency.

1. The rebuild is based on the strategy laid out in our 2016 Defence White Paper investing over $200 billion in our defence capability over the next decade.

Color Language Number of Freq White 1

Total Word Types 1 Total Word Freq 1

Margareth Thatcher

Within 10 speeches of MT, there were only found 5 types of color language with 14 total of frequency. 1. There is the M25 road for example. It is being completed. British Railways have been given the green light to go ahead with electrification, if they can make it pay. 2. The second reason is that the presence of Communist forces in this area will make it much more difficult to settle the Rhodesian problem and achieve an understanding between South Africa and black Africa. 3. Mr. Kendall had said that the White Paper would make it worse for the old age pensioner. 4. The first would be accomplished by some form of the Essential Works Order and the other by the White Paper which was before Parliament. 5. Now, we all read that White Paper very carefully, but the truth was that politicians took some parts of the formula in it and conveniently ignored the rest. I re-read it frequently. 6. But under the provisions of the White Paper the old people are to be paid 20/- a week old age pension.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 7. Of the White Paper's social security plans, Squadron Leader Worth said that it was an improvement on the Beveridge scheme, and the members of all Parties were pledged to the hilt to see that it was brought in. 8. Keynes had provided the diagnosis. It was all set out in the 1944 White Paper on Employment. 9. To give them their due, the Government spelled out the extent of the peril in their Defence White Paper last year, But, having done so, they drew the absurd conclusion that our defence efforts should be reduced. 10. That is more or less what that Employment Policy White Paper in 1944 said, so let me just return to it, page 1. 11. This Government is heeding the warnings. It has acted on the the basic truths that were set out all those years ago in that famous White Paper. 12. In a January White Paper and on various occasions since, this Government has made it clear that the commercial development of scientific principles should mainly be the task of industry. 13. Tower up like silver pencils, score on score.‖ 14. Were I a German, I would prefer the Bundesbank to provide our modern equivalent of the gold standard rather than any committee of European bankers.

Color Language Number of Freq Green 1 White 10 Black 1 Silver 1 Gold 1

Total Word Types 5 Total Word Freq 14

Universitas Sumatera Utara Gloria Arroyo Within 10 speeches of BO, there were only found 2 types of color language with 6 total of frequency. 1. Our fourth area of Green Philippines is protected areas like parks and sanctuaries. 2. I am proud to have laid down enabling policies and foundations under the Green Philippines Initiative that are helping to ensure healthy and productive ecosystems. 3. Even national government we have a Green Philippines Agenda that consists of measures to help mitigate climate change: 4. Many of your councils have your local version of our Green Philippines Agenda. 5. I have accepted the invitation of President Obama to be the first Southeast Asian leader to meet him at the White House, this week. 6. Naging kasapi sa regional White Area Committee, napromote sa Leyte Party Committee Secretary.

Color Language Number of Freq Green 4 White 2

Total Word Types 2 Total Word Freq 6

After calculating the color language found in the 40 speeches of head of states, it has been found that the total numbers of male and female color language were: Table 4.2 Data Analysis Conclusion of Color Language Male Female Color Language 5 Types 5 Types Number of Freq 9 Times 15 Times

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2.2 Analysis of Qualifying Language In this section writer find several data between male and female that have different word but still mean the same. There are 20 words to be compared by each other and the number of frequency of the word in the transcripts. In this part writer will combine the two people as one, so there will be only male and female to be compare not 4 people. In this part, write use tool in Antconc called ―concordance‖ to find out how many times a word uses in speech.

1. Word “Nation” and “Country” The word nation and country stand for the same meaning, but have different word. In 20 transcripts writer found 92 words of nation, and 123 words of country used by male, on the other side of the female transcripts writer found 78 words of nation, and 77 words of country uses in it.

Word “Nation” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Country” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Nation” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Country” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Male tends to use word ―Country‖ than ―Nation‖ as their vocabulary, and female use word ―Nation‖ much than ―Country‖ as their choice.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 2. “Good” and “Best” Word good and best stand to represent positify in a sentence. There are 95 words ―good‖ found in all 40 transcripts which uses 38 times by male and 56 times by female. Writer compare the word ―good‖ with ―best‖ which uses 47 times by male and 20 times by female.

Word “Best” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Good” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Best” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Good” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

We can see that male prefer to uses word ―Best‖ rather than ―Good‖ in their speech, meanwhile female uses word ―Good‖ more than ―Best‖. We might conclude that male uses word ―Best‖ to explain the maximal result in representing their speech, as well as female believe than word ―Good‖ is also representing their maximal result in speech.

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3. “Global” and “International” Global relate to the whole world, and International means carried on two or more nation. Both words are also a synonym. Antconc found out that there are 53 words ―Global‖, and 21 words ―International‖ uses by male, and 25 word ―Global‖, and 30 words ―International‖ uses by Female.

Word “Global” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “International” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Global” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “International” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

The uses of word ―Global‖ by male proven more than female, but female tent to use word ―International‖ more than male.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. “Everybody” and “Everyone” The word ―Everybody‖, and ―Everyone‖ are pronoun that mean every person. The word ―Everybody‖ found uses 33 times in male‘s transcripts, and word ―Everyone‖ found uses 10 times, meanwhile in female‘s transcript both of words are less used, as the software only found 1 sentences using word ―Everybody‖ and 6 times using word ―Everyone‖.

Word “Everybody” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Everyone” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Everybody” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Everyone” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

The word ―Everybody‖ is more widely use by male instead of female who widely use word ―Everyone‖ but still, male use both words more than female.

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5. “Safe” and “Secure” The word ―Safe‖, and ―secure‖ are both adjective and have similarity in its definition which describe a condition of being protected. Software found 39 words ―Safe‖, and 27 words ―Secure‖ in the male‘s transcript. Meanwhile female only use word ―Safe‖ twice, and only use word ―Secure‖ for once.

Word “Safe” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Secure” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Safe” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Secure” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

We can see that male tend to talk about both safety, and security more than female. The word ―Safe‖ is the most used by both male and female to represent their speech about protection.

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6. “God” and “Lord” The both word ―God‖, and ―Lord‖ are stand to the almighty. These nouns are found in the transcript. The word ―God‖ used 17 times by male, and word ―Lord‖ never used in the transcript, on the other side female used word ―God‖ twice, and ―Lord‖ for 19 times.

Word “God” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Lord” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “God” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Lord” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

So we can conclude that male prefer to use word ―God‖ to called the almighty, and female prefer to use word ―Lord‖ as their choice.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 7. “Easy” and “Simple” ―Easy‖ and ―Simple‖ are synonim from adjective word that save similar meaning, which is achieved something without great effort, or not complicated. Writer found the word ―Easy‖ used 10 times, and 6 times for ―Simple‖ by male in speech, on the otherside the female use both ―Easy‖ and ―Simple‖ only twice.

Word “Easy” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Simple” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Easy” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Simple” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

We can see that man can use both words in their speech more than female who don‘t really use this vocabulary.

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8. “Mad” and “Angry” The word ―Mad‖ and ―Angry‖ stand of the same meaning with a kind of different level, its mean showing annoyance, displeasure, or anger. Writer found out one sentences from male using word ―mad‖, and female using word ―Angry‖.

Word “Mad” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Angry” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Male choose the word ―Mad‖ to represent their feeling about anger, on the other side female choose the word ―Angry‖ we can see the difference of vocabulary use in this part.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 9. “Silence” and “Quite” The word ―Silence‖ and ―Quite‖ is a noun that has similar meaning, which is complete absence of sound‖ Software come out with 2 sentences using ―Silence‖, and one sentence using ―Quite‖ by male, meanwhile female using the word ―Quite‖ for 9 times, and never use word ―Silence‖.

Word “Silence” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Quite” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Quite” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Silence” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

This means that male could use both word in some sentences, but female prefer to choose the word ―Quite‖ as their vocabulary.

10. “Young” and “Youth” The word ―Young‖ and ―Youth‖ in this part stand for the same meaning, both of this vocabulary show a typical fresh period between childhood and adult age. Antconc shows that male used 0 word for ―Young‖, and 5 sentences used ―Youth‖, on the other side it show that female used the word ―Young‖ 9 times, and ―Youth‖ once.

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Word “Youth” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Young” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Young” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Youth” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Universitas Sumatera Utara We can conclude that male prefer to choose word ―Youth‖ as their vocabulary to represent a fresh age, and female prefer to choose the word ―Young‖ as their vocabulary.

Table 4.3 Data Analysis Conclusion of Qualifying Language Word Widely used by Word Widely used by

Nation Female God Male Country Male Lord Female Good Female Easy Male Best Male Simple Male Global Male Mad Male International Female Angry Female Everybody Male Silence Male Everyone Female Quite Female Safe Male Young Female Secure Male Youth Male

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2.3 Verbal Fillers The third analysis is verbal filler which is words or phrases uses to fill silences. In this part the verbal filler found in the male and female speech‘s transcripts are like, right, okay, well, now, and you know. Writer will put the result images from Antconc to be seen.

1. Like The word ―Like‖ used as preposition, and commonly to arrange an object. This word found 105 times in male‘s speech transcripts, and ―50‖ times in female‘s speech transcripts.

Word “Like” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Like” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

2. Right This word is an adjective, used to give a belief or convincing the audiences. The word ―Right‖ was found 99 times used by male in speech, meanwhile female used the word for 34 times.

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Word “Right” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Right” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. Okay ―Okay‖ is an exclamation word used to express assent, agremeement, or acceptable in a conversation. The word ―Okay‖ used by male only once in 20 speech by Barack Obama, and used twice in female‘s speech by Gloria Arroyo.

Word “Right” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Right” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

4. Well The word ―Well‖ is an adverb to show comparative in a good or satisfactory way. In male‘s transcript writer found out the word ―Well‖ used 75 times, and in female‘s transcript used 43 times.

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Word “Well” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “Well” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Universitas Sumatera Utara 5. Now The word ―Now‖is an adverb to show at the present time or moment. The Antconc software show that there are 112 words ―Now‖ in male‘s transcripts, and 101 word ―Now‖ in female‘s transcripts.

Word “Now” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Now” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

6. You Know The last word of verbal filler is ―You Know, this word used to imply that what is being referred to be known to or understood by listener. In male‘s transcript, there are 18 times of word ―You know‖ used, meanwhile female used this word for 10 times.

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Word “You Know” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Word “You Know” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Table 4.4 Data Analysis Conclusion of Verbal Fillers

Word Used by Male Used by Female Like 105 times 50 times Right 99 times 34 times Okay 1 time 2 times Well 75 times 43 times Now 112 times 101 times You Know 18 times 10 times TOTAL 410 times 240 times

Universitas Sumatera Utara 4.2.4 Sexual Language Male and female tend to use different kind of sexual vocabulary to tell something like gender or part of body, in this part writer didn‘t found much sexual vocabulary in the speech transcripts. There are only 5 word included in this category.

1. Female The word ―Female‖ is used to denoting the sex. Male used this word twice in speech transcripts, meanwhile the female didn‘t use this at all.

Word “Male” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

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Word “Female” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts.

2. Men The word ―Men‖ is a noun, to call an adult human male, this word used 18 times by male, on the other side, female used this word for 22 times.

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Word “Men” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts

Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. Women The word ―Women‖ is the antonym of ―Men‖ which to call an adult female. This word used by both male and female, in male‘s transcripts there are 41 word ―Woman‖ used on it, meanwhile female only used it for 12 times.

Word “Women” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts

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Word “Women” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts

4. Sex Word ―Sex‖ is a noun reference to people, commonly found about sexual activity, or also is about gender. Antconc shows that there is only male who use this word in the transcripts, there are 7 word of ―Sex‖ used by male.

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Word “Sex” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts

Word “Men” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts

Universitas Sumatera Utara 5. Sexual The last sexual language found in the transcripts is ―Sexual‖, this adjective word is relating to the instincts, or physiological processes. Same like the word ―Sex‖, only male found used this word in the transcripts, it didn‘t used by the females.

Word “Sexual” uses by Male found in 20 Speech Transcripts

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Word “Sexual” uses by Female found in 20 Speech Transcripts

Table 4.5 Data Analysis Conclusion of Sexual Language

Number of Frequency used by Word Male Female

Female 2 times -

Men 18 times 22 times

Women 41 times 12 times

Sex 7 times -

Sexual 6 times - P Total 74 times 34 times

4.2.5 Profane/Swear Language This language contains expletive, which using rude words when do talking. As we know the speech transcript is speeches by head of state where there can‘t be any harsh language inside as well. Writer decided to cancel the discussion about this because there is no data found about it.

Universitas Sumatera Utara CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the data finding and analysis, the writer concludes that there is a different in number of words by male and female, also found out 5 out of 6 types of vocabulary as follow:

1. From the speech transcripts, writer found 4 kinds of vocabulary used by male and female in giving speeches which are Color Language, Qualifying Language, Verbal Filler, and Sexual Language.

2. Male comes with 6431 types of words, and 70782 word token, meanwhile the female has 6255 types of words, and 47169 word token. This means male talks more, like almost 66, 6% than female, but still have almost the same types of words. By this number we it‘s possible to men to have use more kind of vocabulary than female.

In Color Language both male and female used 5 types of color, male used it for 5 times, meanwhile the female used it for 15 times which means female use more color language than male in the transcript.

In Qualifying Language, writer found several differences in using vocabulary but still have the same meaning in each other and don‘t affect so much in the speech, and since it‘s a formal speech, writer believe that the speeches use formal, and simpler word to understand instead of using beautiful word.

In Verbal Filler writer finds 6 words of filler in the transcript which are used 410 times by male, and 240 times by female.

In Sexual Language, writer finds 74 words by male and 34 word by female We can conclude that male uses more sexual language than female in this thesis.

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5.2 Suggestion

After concluding the types of vocabulary by male and female in giving speech, therefore, some recommendations are needed to be given to the further researchers, such as follows:

1. The result of the study can be used as a basic research to further their study on gender language. it is suggested to explore more data on the differences in gender language on other fields.

2. The result of the study can be used as a model of corpus analysis using Antconc application to research many kinds of transcription on other fields.

Universitas Sumatera Utara REFERENCES

Cameron, Deborah. 2002. Working with spoken Discourse. London: Sage. Coates, Jennifer. 1986. Women, Men and Language: A sociolinguistic account of sex differences in language. London: Longman. Coates, Jennifer. 2003. Women talk. Conversation between Women Friends. Oxford: Blackwell. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. London: Sage Publications, Inc Jespersen. 1922. Its Nature, Development and Origin. London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd. Kuebler, Sandra, Zinsmeister, Heike. 2015. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistically Annotated Corpora. New York Lakoff, R. 1975. Language and Women's Place. New York: Harper & Row Miles, Matthew B. Huberman A.Michael. Saldaña, Johnny. 2014.Qualitative. Data Analysis. A Methods Sourcebook. Arizona State University Newman, Matthew L. 2008. Gender Differences in Language Use. London Paterson, Laura. 2015. Gender in Communication: A Critical Introduction. Gender in Language. Pearson, Judy Cornelia. 1985. Gender and Communication. Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Prezas, Raul F, A. Jo, Ahyea. 2017. Differentiating Language Difference and Language Disorder. 4-5. Sapir, Edward. 1921. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York Spender, Dale. 1980. Man Made Language. America: Pandora Press. Tannen, Deborah. 1996. Gender and Discourse. New York, Oxford University. Thorne, B. & N. Henley. 1975. Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance. Rowley, Mass Newbury House. Trudgill, Peter. 1972. Language in Society Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the Urban British English of Norwich. London Wardhaugh, Ronald. 2006. An introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford & Malden. Blackwell Ltd Wise, Steven Ray. 2014. Sex and Gender Identity: A New Perspective for College Student. 41-45 73

Universitas Sumatera Utara Wodak, R & Fairclough, N 1997, Critical Discourse Analysis as Social Interaction. London: Sage. Yule, George. 1987. The Study of Language. Cambridge. Xia, Xiufang. 2013. Gender Differences in Using Language. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 3. 1487-1489.

Universitas Sumatera Utara APPENDIX

BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECH TRANSCRIPT

Address to the Nation on Redressing U.S. Immigration Policy

My fellow Americans, tonight, I‘d like to talk with you about immigration. For more than 200 years, our tradition of welcoming immigrants from around the world has given us a tremendous advantage over other nations. It‘s kept us youthful, dynamic, and entrepreneurial. It has shaped our character as a people with limitless possibilities -- people not trapped by our past, but able to remake ourselves as we choose. But today, our immigration system is broken -- and everybody knows it.

Families who enter our country the right way and play by the rules watch others flout the rules. Business owners who offer their workers good wages and benefits see the competition exploit undocumented immigrants by paying them far less. All of us take offense to anyone who reaps the rewards of living in America without taking on the responsibilities of living in America. And undocumented immigrants who desperately want to embrace those responsibilities see little option but to remain in the shadows, or risk their families being torn apart.

It‘s been this way for decades. And for decades, we haven‘t done much about it. When I took office, I committed to fixing this broken immigration system. And I began by doing what I could to secure our borders. Today, we have more agents and technology deployed to secure our southern border than at any time in our history. And over the past six years, illegal border crossings have been cut by more than half.

Although this summer, there was a brief spike in unaccompanied children being apprehended at our border, the number of such children is now actually lower than it‘s been in nearly two years. Overall, the number of people trying to cross our border illegally is at its lowest level since the 1970s. Those are the facts.

Meanwhile, I worked with Congress on a comprehensive fix, and last year, 68 Democrats, Republicans, and independents came together to pass a bipartisan bill in the Senate. It wasn‘t perfect. It was a compromise. But it reflected common sense. It would have doubled the number of border patrol agents while giving undocumented immigrants a pathway to citizenship if they paid a fine, started paying their taxes, and went to the back of the line. And independent experts said that it would help grow our economy and shrink our deficits.

Had the House of Representatives allowed that kind of bill a simple yes-or-no vote, it would have passed with support from both parties, and today it would be the law. But for a year and a half now, Republican leaders in the House have refused to allow that simple vote. Now, I continue to believe that the best way to solve this problem is by working together to pass that kind of common sense law. But until that happens, there are actions I have the legal authority to take as President -- the same kinds of actions taken by Democratic and Republican presidents before me -- that will help make our immigration system more fair and more just.

Tonight, I am announcing those actions. First, we‘ll build on our progress at the border with additional resources for our law enforcement personnel so that they can stem the flow of illegal crossings, and speed the return of those who do cross over. Second, I‘ll make it easier and faster for high-skilled immigrants, graduates, and entrepreneurs to stay and contribute to our economy, as so many business leaders have proposed. Third, we‘ll take steps to deal responsibly with the millions of undocumented immigrants who already live in our country.

I want to say more about this third issue, because it generates the most passion and controversy. Even as we are a nation of immigrants, we‘re also a nation of laws. Undocumented workers broke our immigration laws, and I believe that they must be held accountable -- especially those who may be dangerous. That‘s why, over the past six years, deportations of criminals are up 80 percent. And that‘s why we‘re going to keep focusing enforcement resources on actual threats to our security. Felons, not families. Criminals, not children. Gang members, not a mom who‘s working hard to provide for her kids. We‘ll prioritize, just like law enforcement does every day.

But even as we focus on deporting criminals, the fact is, millions of immigrants in every state, of every race and nationality still live here illegally. And let‘s be honest -- tracking down, rounding up, and deporting millions of people isn‘t realistic. Anyone who suggests otherwise isn‘t being straight with you. It‘s also not who we are as Americans. After all, most of these immigrants have been here a long time. They work hard, often in tough, low- 75

Universitas Sumatera Utara paying jobs. They support their families. They worship at our churches. Many of their kids are American-born or spent most of their lives here, and their hopes, dreams, and patriotism are just like ours. As my predecessor, President Bush, once put it: ―They are a part of American life.‖

Now here‘s the thing: We expect people who live in this country to play by the rules. We expect that those who cut the line will not be unfairly rewarded. So we‘re going to offer the following deal: If you‘ve been in America for more than five years; if you have children who are American citizens or legal residents; if you register, pass a criminal background check, and you‘re willing to pay your fair share of taxes -- you‘ll be able to apply to stay in this country temporarily without fear of deportation. You can come out of the shadows and get right with the law. That‘s what this deal is.

Now, let‘s be clear about what it isn‘t. This deal does not apply to anyone who has come to this country recently. It does not apply to anyone who might come to America illegally in the future. It does not grant citizenship, or the right to stay here permanently, or offer the same benefits that citizens receive -- only Congress can do that. All we‘re saying is we‘re not going to deport you.

I know some of the critics of this action call it amnesty. Well, it‘s not. Amnesty is the immigration system we have today -- millions of people who live here without paying their taxes or playing by the rules while politicians use the issue to scare people and whip up votes at election time.

That‘s the real amnesty -- leaving this broken system the way it is. Mass amnesty would be unfair. Mass deportation would be both impossible and contrary to our character. What I‘m describing is accountability -- a common-sense, middle-ground approach: If you meet the criteria, you can come out of the shadows and get right with the law. If you‘re a criminal, you‘ll be deported. If you plan to enter the U.S. illegally, your chances of getting caught and sent back just went up.

The actions I‘m taking are not only lawful, they‘re the kinds of actions taken by every single Republican President and every single Democratic President for the past half century. And to those members of Congress who question my authority to make our immigration system work better, or question the wisdom of me acting where Congress has failed, I have one answer: Pass a bill.

I want to work with both parties to pass a more permanent legislative solution. And the day I sign that bill into law, the actions I take will no longer be necessary. Meanwhile, don‘t let a disagreement over a single issue be a dealbreaker on every issue. That‘s not how our democracy works, and Congress certainly shouldn‘t shut down our government again just because we disagree on this. Americans are tired of gridlock. What our country needs from us right now is a common purpose -- a higher purpose.

Most Americans support the types of reforms I‘ve talked about tonight. But I understand the disagreements held by many of you at home. Millions of us, myself included, go back generations in this country, with ancestors who put in the painstaking work to become citizens. So we don‘t like the notion that anyone might get a free pass to American citizenship. I know some worry immigration will change the very fabric of who we are, or take our jobs, or stick it to middle-class families at a time when they already feel like they‘ve gotten the raw deal for over a decade. I hear these concerns. But that‘s not what these steps would do. Our history and the facts show that immigrants are a net plus for our economy and our society. And I believe it‘s important that all of us have this debate without impugning each other‘s character.

Because for all the back and forth of Washington, we have to remember that this debate is about something bigger. It‘s about who we are as a country, and who we want to be for future generations. Are we a nation that tolerates the hypocrisy of a system where workers who pick our fruit and make our beds never have a chance to get right with the law? Or are we a nation that gives them a chance to make amends, take responsibility, and give their kids a better future?

Are we a nation that accepts the cruelty of ripping children from their parents‘ arms? Or are we a nation that values families, and works together to keep them together? Are we a nation that educates the world‘s best and brightest in our universities, only to send them home to create businesses in countries that compete against us? Or are we a nation that encourages them to stay and create jobs here, create businesses here, create industries right here in America?

That‘s what this debate is all about. We need more than politics as usual when it comes to immigration. We need reasoned, thoughtful, compassionate debate that focuses on our hopes, not our fears. I know the politics of this issue

Universitas Sumatera Utara are tough. But let me tell you why I have come to feel so strongly about it.

Over the past few years, I have seen the determination of immigrant fathers who worked two or three jobs without taking a dime from the government, and at risk any moment of losing it all, just to build a better life for their kids. I‘ve seen the heartbreak and anxiety of children whose mothers might be taken away from them just because they didn‘t have the right papers. I‘ve seen the courage of students who, except for the circumstances of their birth, are as American as Malia or Sasha; students who bravely come out as undocumented in hopes they could make a difference in the country they love.

These people -- our neighbors, our classmates, our friends -- they did not come here in search of a free ride or an easy life. They came to work, and study, and serve in our military, and above all, contribute to America‘s success. Tomorrow, I‘ll travel to Las Vegas and meet with some of these students, including a young woman named Astrid Silva. Astrid was brought to America when she was four years old. Her only possessions were a cross, her doll, and the frilly dress she had on. When she started school, she didn‘t speak any English. She caught up to other kids by reading newspapers and watching PBS, and she became a good student. Her father worked in landscaping. Her mom cleaned other people‘s homes. They wouldn‘t let Astrid apply to a technology magnet school, not because they didn‘t love her, but because they were afraid the paperwork would out her as an undocumented immigrant -- so she applied behind their back and got in. Still, she mostly lived in the shadows -- until her grandmother, who visited every year from Mexico, passed away, and she couldn‘t travel to the funeral without risk of being found out and deported. It was around that time she decided to begin advocating for herself and others like her, and today, Astrid Silva is a college student working on her third degree.

Are we a nation that kicks out a striving, hopeful immigrant like Astrid, or are we a nation that finds a way to welcome her in? Scripture tells us that we shall not oppress a stranger, for we know the heart of a stranger -- we were strangers once, too. My fellow Americans, we are and always will be a nation of immigrants. We were strangers once, too. And whether our forebears were strangers who crossed the Atlantic, or the Pacific, or the Rio Grande, we are here only because this country welcomed them in, and taught them that to be an American is about something more than what we look like, or what our last names are, or how we worship. What makes us Americans is our shared commitment to an ideal -- that all of us are created equal, and all of us have the chance to make of our lives what we will.

That‘s the country our parents and grandparents and generations before them built for us. That‘s the tradition we must uphold. That‘s the legacy we must leave for those who are yet to come. Thank you. God bless you. And God bless this country we love.

GLORIA ARROYO’S SPEECH TRANSCRIPT

The International Negotiator’s Conference on Mindanao Peace Process

Thank you very much Secretary Abaya for your very kind introduction.

Excellencies and the members of the Diplomatic Corps, guests negotiators, Vice President Kalla, Governor Yusuf, Deputy Foreign Minister Satti, Mr. Kelly, Mr. Dajani, Mr. Othman, Mr. Gorman, Undersecretary Seguis, representatives of International Organizations, participants of the Internaitonal Negotiators Conference, our delegates and guests, a warm welcome to the Philippines. Thank you for coming to our country.

This international conference is timely. Mindanao is poised for peace. Whether we achieve it in the near future remains to be seen. For sure there is more work to be done, but the efforts we have made over the last nine years have brought us closer to achieving long-term peace in the region.

The sad irony of Mindanao is that it is a food basket but it has some of the highest hunger in our nation. It has large fields of high productivity, yet also it has six of our ten poorest provinces. The prime reason is the endless Mindanao conflict. A comprehensive peace has eluded us for half a century.

Unless we as a people come to terms with Mindanao, we will never attain our full promise as a nation, much as America had to overcome its baggage of racial inequity and prejudice in order to become the great democracy that it is today. Thus, at the start of my term as President I sought to arrive at a national consensus on the principles to 77

Universitas Sumatera Utara guide our search for peace. I offered the following for our people to consider.One principle is that: our ultimate objective should be both peace and development. A second principle is that: our framework should be based on constitutionality, national sovereignty, and territorial integrity. A third principle is that: our society is a multi-ethnic one which should be founded on social justice for all, and the institutionalized accommodation of ethnic traditions. Christian and Muslim, Chinese and Tisoy, Tagalog and Cebuano, these are but a few of the names to which the Filipino responds, in a wondrous testimony to our rich and varied heritage as a nation.

To these three broad principles, we added a fourth. In our search for peace, there is no role for terrorism or inhuman brutality. Such acts must be universally condemned. Looking back over the last nine years, we have broken down barriers and we have deterred terrorist activities by encouraging people to focus on building better lives for themselves and future generations, rather than destroying them. We have done this through the use of ‗soft power.‘ Soft power has provided economic opportunity, better access to healthcare and education, and basic necessities for better lives including clean water, food, housing for the people of Mindanao.

We are making small but important steps toward long-term peace. We always knew that from day one this is a process that will take time and patience but what is important is that we are continuing to make progress in the right direction. In our 10-point Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan with the acronym BEAT THE ODD, one of the ―T‖ two Ts means terminate the hostilities with the MILF towards a just conclusion of our peace process. And indeed, since 2003, there has been a ceasefire between the government and the MILF. And I think our three levels of monitors for that: the Community-based Monitor, the Monitor made up of members of the government and the MILF and the International Monitoring Team.

We have signed many agreements over the last nine years the various agreements are vital towards ensuring the implementation of the ceasefire. And hopefully, all of these agreements will come together and bring us closer to the completion of the peace process. We recognized from the start that peace requires two-way dialogue and mutual respect and cannot be achieved just through the barrel of a gun. It is through our commitment to this belief that we have made significant progress in the peace process. What is needed now is recognition by all parties that a political settlement will translate the peace on the ground to a permanent and just and comprehensive peace, and lead to better economic prospects and a brighter future for the people of Mindanao. That is the best result for everyone.

Yes, there are political dynamics. Let us sort them out with the utmost sobriety, patience and restraint. But we cannot do it alone. That is why we have worked so hard to bring an international consensus to provide moral, financial and diplomatic support for peace in Mindanao. The many countries represented here today and so many others now have had a vested interest in peace in Mindanao. And with the help of our Muslim brethren around the world, we are establishing a new paradigm for peace between religions in Mindanao. And I think the Bishops Ulama Conference for helping us to move that dialogue forward.

When I became President I declared a policy of all-out peace in Mindanao. As President, I have fought every day in office to bring that peace to that great island. And I will continue to do so until the last moment of my term as President. And maybe even beyond because as Congresswoman, I will file the bills that I feel are needed in order to bring just and lasting peace to Mindanao. To all of you, for your support for peace, maraming maraming salamat

MARGARETH THATCHER’S SPEECH TRANSCRIPT

Speech in Sleaford

Youth held the platform at the Conservative meeting at The Mart, Sleaford, on Monday, when two of the three principal speakers were young people who explained the policy of Mr. Winston Churchill 's National Party. The hall was packed and it was evident that there were many Socialist and Independent supporters present to hear Squadron Leader Worth, the Conservative Candidate, and the very youthful Miss M. H. Roberts, daughter of Alderman A. Roberts, of Grantham. The third speaker was County Alderman E. S. Dunkerton.

Mr. E. C. Deal, presiding, introduced Miss Roberts, whom, he said, was still in her third year at Oxford University.

―I speak as a very young Tory,‖ began Miss Roberts, ―and we are entitled to speak for it is the people of my generation who will bear the brunt of the change from the trials of the past into calmer channels.‖

Universitas Sumatera Utara Miss Roberts said she would speak of home and foreign affairs, but she would leave the personal and deal with foreign affairs first. They may be bored by the subject of foreign affairs but she believed that only when national relations were placed on a stable footing could there be any stability in the course of our policy.

Referring to Germany, Miss Roberts said that once in her lifetime, twice in many people's time, and three times in the lives of some people, Germany had plunged the world into war. Germany must be disarmed and brought to justice. She did not mean that they should be deprived of everything but just punishment must be meted out.

Europe had never been in such a poor position as it was to-day. There was a lack of everything. It was not possible to be prosperous in this country while there was a shortage elsewhere and to be prosperous and happy in this land until we had helped to put the other European countries back on a wholesome footing. Only when we could trade with other countries could we get back to prosperity.

FRIENDSHIP FOR RUSSIA There must be co-operation with Russia and America. That was the only way in which we could maintain peace. The Socialists had said that we did not want to make friends with Russia but Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden had gone to Russia and had worked unsparingly for co-operation with Russia. By their great efforts to bring the big three together Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden had gained for British foreign policy the respect of the whole world.

Miss Roberts was very fervent in her determination to stand by the Empire. It was the most important community of peoples that the world had ever known. It was so bound with loyalty that it brought people half way across the world to help each other in times of stress. The Empire must never be liquidated.

It was Churchill and Eden who founded the reputation in foreign affairs. In America they looked to them as we looked to President Wilson in the last war. Mr. Attlee had not the reputation abroad that was enjoyed by Churchill and Eden.

They had seen the split among the Socialists that was caused by Mr. Laski, and a Socialist, Miss Ellen Wilkinson, had said that if President Roosevelt had been at San Francisco there would have been more unity. If the loss of one great man had so affected affairs, they must see that they did not lose the only remaining man who had the world's confidence. Therefore we must see that Mr. Churchill should not be lost to foreign affairs.

KEEP EDEN. A vote for Bavin would be a vote for Attlee, but we would not know who would be the Foreign Secretary. Why try a person they did not know when there was one they did know and who held the respect of the whole world.

Miss Roberts, speaking of the Denis KendallIndependent Candidate, said that he did not know who he supported. Nineteen times he had voted against Mr. Churchill.

Concluding, Miss Roberts said that a vote for Squadron Leader Worth would have the best result for our foreign affairs.

Alderman Dunkerton said the people were standing at the beginning of an era of new times and new things. He could not bring himself to think bitterly of those who held different opinions to him but after a fairly long experience he could say that they in the Conservative Party had the most constructive policy.

It was not so long ago, he reminded the audience, that the nation was hanging on the words of one man and looking to him to lead. That man was Mr. Churchill.

In those dark days he made no rash promises, except of blood, sweat and toil. Yet no one doubted that he would lead us to victory. We stood alone and at that time we were not divided in our determination to win the war. To-day the whole world was looking to us to see how we would win the peace. Who was better able to lead us than the man who kept us firm in the dark days of the war?

―SOME CHICKEN.‖ They would remember the retort of Mr. Churchill to a French General who said at the most critical time of the war that Britain was down and out and that it would have its neck wrung like a chicken. Mr. Churchill 's reply was: ―Some chicken, some neck.‖

Churchill and Eden were the men to lead the nation to peace, although he had a great regard for Mr. Attlee who, if

Universitas Sumatera Utara Mr. Laski allowed him, might be the next Prime Minister.

Squadron Leader Worth, who addressed his sixth meeting of that day, said he was glad to be back in Sleaford although he wished he had been a little fresher to meet such an excellent audience.

He believed that people voted for one of two reasons. First for the policy of the Party and secondly for the merit of the candidate. They would ask: ―Will he give good support for the policy of his Party, and will he keep reminding the Party of their policy. Will he be a help to his Party and give them his advice, prodding them if they are not going fast enough and curbing them if they are overstepping the line.‖

Of the three candidates, said Squadron Leader Worth, there was one who would look after his constituents. The other two would have to be taken on trust. For himself, even if elected, he would still have to earn his living, but he would also do his work at Westminster and look after the interests of the constituents.

Squadron Leader Worth reminded the audience that the war with Japan was still to be considered and the Japs were to be beaten with as little loss of time and life as possible in order to get our men back home again. He had no doubt as to who the best man for the job would be, Churchill. That was why he would give his support to Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden in their search for peace.

For years to come, said the Conservative Candidate, every young man should be taught how to defend his country.

Ex-Servicemen, when they returned home, would not want charity, but they would need aid. He would require help to re-establish himself in civil life and take his place again among civilians.

HOMES FOR EX-SERVICEMEN. They should have priority. Some had been away for five years and during that time they had no home to live in. The thing they looked forward to was home life and, said the Candidate, he thought they should have priority in houses.

So far as employment was concerned, there were two ways to provide it, said Squadron Leader Worth. One was by the totalitarian method and the other by the democratic method. The first would be accomplished by some form of the Essential Works Order and the other by the White Paper which was before Parliament. The Government offered employment by the enlightened management of finance.

It was thought before the war that it was the right thing to try and run a country in the same way as one would run a business. It had been learnt that it was not the proper way. When things are going badly in business it was usual to economise but in running the country that was not the way to bring about a change for the better.

All Parties were agreed that when there was a national depression the best method of coping with it was to release more money and spend so as to encourage the people to take the goods from the market so that more need be made.

AGRICULTURE. Squadron Leader Worth went on to speak of agriculture and said that he believed that the agricultural worker was just as good as the town worker, and entitled to a standard of living equal to that of the town worker.

The farmer needed help in selling his crops and Squadron Leader Worth said that he would pledge himself to help him to get that help.

He would also see that the countryside got its fair share of new houses. That was a major problem. There were now a million families with no homes of their own, but for the past five and a half years the nation had been building more immediate and essential things.

The problem could not be solved in one or two years but it would have to be solved in double quick time. There could not be proper home life if the people had to share their homes with another family.

There should be no restrictions, said the Candidate, no combines or cartels to hold up the work, and no interference from Trade Unions.

Of the White Paper's social security plans, Squadron Leader Worth said that it was an improvement on the Beveridge scheme, and the members of all Parties were pledged to the hilt to see that it was brought in.

Universitas Sumatera Utara Mr. Kendall had said that the White Paper would make it worse for the old age pensioner. Squadron Leader Worth said that under the Beveridge Plan the old age pension was to be raised to 14/- rising to 20/- in 20 years time. That would not help the present old people. But under the provisions of the White Paper the old people are to be paid 20/- a week old age pension.

There was an inclination to overlook the necessity of overseas trade, said the Conservative Candidate. We are dependent on materials from other countries and, unfortunately, other countries will not give them to us. We must pay for them.

We have got to have materials for our heavy industries and those materials, many of them, were not to be found in this country.

Referring to freedom, Squadron Leader Worth said that the quickest way to loose freedom was to give a Government power to run the lives of the people. ―I believe in the freedom that allows you to choose your own boss.‖ said the Candidate ―and not be tied down to one boss—the State.‖

The main issues in the election were: ―Do you want Churchill and Eden to make the peace or do you want Laski and Attlee? Do you want Churchill 's policy of freedom, or do you want nationalisation?‖

There was another policy in the constituency and that was an Independent policy. The Candidate had been trying to find out what the Independent Candidate stood for. When Mr. Kendall had been elected he promised to vote for Mr. Churchill but he had only done so, when he liked.

The Independent said he was against Nationalisation but he said they should nationalise the mines. Later he had said they should leave that out and nationalise water and electricity. After Mr. Kendall had promised to support Mr Churchill he had voted against him on 19 occasions. Twice on votes of confidence and twice in secret session. The Independent Member had been in Parliament for only about three months when he voted against Mr. Churchill on a vote of confidence. That was at the time of Tobruk, when the Leader needed all the support the country could give him.

WELL GOVERNED. Concluding, Squadron Leader Worth said that he would go so far as to say that during the past five years we had been as well governed as at any time in our history and he wished that they could keep the same men to lead us now.

If returned as Member for the Division, said the Conservative Candidate, he would give full and loyal support to Mr. Churchill, in good times and bad times.

He would make few election promises, but he expected to carry them out. No Party Whip would make him vote against his election promises.

Numerous question were put to Squadron Leader Worth, who dealt with the fundamental queries with logic and taste, while he brushed aside the frivolous with a quip that met with the hearty approval of most of those present. To the question: ―What did Mr. Churchill say of the Tory Party in 1904?‖ the Squadron Leader replied, amid laughter: ―I was not born until 1907, so I did not hear it.‖

Supporting Squadron Leader Worth on the platform were Mr. E. C. Deal, Miss Roberts. Alderman Dunkerton, Mr. H. H. Brown, Mr. W. Spyvee and Mr. K. St. J. Mirrielees, Election Agent. COMMITTEE ROOM. Squadron Leader Worth 's committee room, on the front of the Corn Exchange, will be open from Monday next until Wednesday from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m. On Thursday (Polling Day) it will be open from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. All enquiries will be dealt with at the committee room.

Universitas Sumatera Utara SCOTT MORRISON’S SPEECH TRANSCRIPT

Official transcript of Scott Morrison’s speech in Albury.

Thank you very much Sussan for the very warm welcome to Jenny and I, and to my senior colleagues here particularly my Deputy Leader here, Josh Frydenberg and I, the ‗ScoJo‘ team, as we‘ve been dubbed amongst other things. I don‘t know if that one will stick Josh, but let‘s see how we go. Can I also acknowledge the Indigenous people and the land on which we stand and where we meet today, and acknowledge elders past and present and pay my respects to them, our first Australians.

I like rituals. I‘m a keen fan of rituals. I try and create rituals in my family, Jen and I, we have a number of rituals with our kids. We had them when I was growing up as a kid. They‘re important because they help you connect and remind you about the things that matter most. They connect you to your past, and they help you connect your past to your future. Just as Indigenous peoples have been doing for centuries, thousands of years. I like rituals.

One ritual we have as a family, as a broader family, is every year, on my grandmother‘s birthday, we called her Mardie, and we loved her dearly. She was the matriarch of the family who kept everybody together because we‘re a pretty disparate family. Very disparate. All different views, all different walks of life, all different ages. But we all love each other, because Mardie always brought us together. After she passed away, we were a bit worried that, well, how are we all going to stay together. We live such different lives. And we had this idea. We said let‘s get together on her birthday, all of us, and we do it down on the South Coast of NSW, where a lot of my family also live. We get together and we tell our kids who didn‘t get to know Mardie, because she passed away before most of them were born. And we tell stories about her and all the funny things she used to do.

The ladies were out there making the embroidery, there was a rug, a crochet rug they were putting together. Marty crocheted us all a rug as kids. We call it the Mardie rug. Now, we call this get together the ‗Mardie Gras‘. I know there are other events that have that name and good luck to them too. But what it does is we get together and we remember what holds us together as a family. The things that she taught us, the things that we loved.

This is why I‘ve come here today with the next generation of the leadership of the Liberal Party. This is an important ritual, for us to come here today where Robert Menzies came all those years ago. To come here and pledge to that legacy, to that heritage, as a ritual. To show the things that we believe in today are the things that he believed in then and the things we will always believe in as a Liberal Party. After the 1943 election, it was a horror election for what were known as the non-Labor parties. They were wiped out. You‘d think after a big election loss like that, that everyone and I‘m sure quite a lot of them were, they were in the grumps and the mopes. That ‗it‘s all done‘, ‗it‘s all finished‘, that ‗the Labor Party will run the country forever‘, it ‗was all doomed‘, all that sort of thing. But Robert Menzies at that time, 75 years ago, almost to this day, it was in August 1943, he wrote to the President of what was called the Australian Council of Retailers, a fellow called Mr Lamp. And he said this to him in his letter, he said, ―There is a great opportunity if we are ready to seize it.‖ That‘s what he said. Now Mr Lamp thought this was just ‗Ming‘ going off again. He was an enthusiast.

15 months later, here in Albury, not far as you‘ve just heard, they were putting the final touches and bringing together the formation of the Liberal Party, which has been the most successful political party at a federal level of any party. Of any party. And including most recently – six out of the last eight elections.

They write us off every time, and every time we come back and we come back hard. Because of the things that we believe in. Now on that day, when he brought everybody together, there were 18 different political organisations and parties. Eighteen!

He got them together, and the only thing they had in common up until that point in time was what they were opposed to. They were known as the non-Labor parties. There was one great one, it was called the Australian Women‘s National League. The Liberal Party was founded on both the capital and the volunteers of one of the most successful Australian women‘s movements in our country‘s history. They got together, and what held them together at that point loosely was what they were opposed to. But Robert Menzies brought them here to unite them about what they believed in. Because you can‘t just be about what you‘re opposed to. You‘ve got to be about what you‘re for. As a country, as a political party, as an individual, as a family. It‘s about what you‘re for, not just what you‘re against.

So those 18 organisations came together and Robert Menzies brought them together, and he didn‘t come with a to- do list of stuff, and I haven‘t come to you today with a to-do list of stuff. All the journalists who were hoping I was 82

Universitas Sumatera Utara going to make 17 policy announcements and all the forms are out there and you can pore over all the documents, and there‘s Morrison‘s manifesto… No, it‘s not happening today. Sorry to disappoint you. I‘ve come to talk to you today about what‘s in here, and what‘s in each of their hearts and in every heart and in every mind of my team. When Menzies came here, he didn‘t bring a to-do list or a manifesto. He brought a list of beliefs that they had agreed in Canberra a few months earlier.

Let‘s talk about what some of those beliefs were that he brought together. Menzies‘ vision, and all of those who joined him, it all began and started with the individual. It‘s all about the individual, and the capacity and the value and sanctity, the inherent virtue of every single human being that has the privilege to call themselves an Australian whether by birth or by pledge.

He understood that for the individual to be successful in life, and to be able to realise what they wanted, to realise for themselves, they needed some very important things. If they were fortunate enough, they would have a family that loved them, and not all Australians have that. If they were fortunate enough they would have a family and the family would support them. That is the first building block of any successful country, community, society, is family. That‘s what it is for me and Jen, that‘s the family we‘ve come from, and we have been blessed beyond measure when it comes to the love of family. And my heart breaks for those Australians who don‘t know that. I hope that they will. In one way, shape or form.

Then there‘s the community. So the individual, the family, the community that you‘re part of – a wonderful community, Susan here has represented today. All walks of life. People from school, people volunteering for Emergency Services, people just getting together and crocheting. A community supporting itself. An individual can thrive in a community like that.

But it‘s more than that. Menzies talked about the other things that were needed. You know, he talked about a ‗comfortable home‘ and an ‗affordable home‘. As important today as it was then – one of Menzies‘ greatest achievements was the increase in home ownership, and affordable home ownership. I think it went from around 40 per cent to around 70 per cent. We‘ve slipped back a bit from there. We need to do better on that score. He talked about health services being accessible to all. Adequate health services. What‘s more important in regional parts of the country and remote parts of the country than ensuring we have accessible, adequate – indeed, better than adequate – health services accessible to all Australians?

He talked about having a stable job and good pay. Those who think that the Liberal Party aren‘t interested in pay – we are. Because we know a job changes a life, and a wage changes a life and a family. I know Kelly O‘Dwyer, my Minister for Industrial Relations, which we say proudly, is very keen on ensuring that people get good wages in this country, and that they have jobs. Menzies talked about employers and employees being on the same page. He talked about protecting Australia from ‗aggression‘ – was the phrase they used back then. Having still been in the Second World War at the time that meant something real. We must continue to do the same thing today.

And he talked about the importance of freedoms. Of faith. Of religion. Of speech. Of association. That‘s a great place to start a party, I reckon, and it‘s a great place to continue to run a party from.

So, in coming here today, a new generation of Liberal leaders are embracing all of those beliefs. They remain as relevant today as when he first said them. This is what Robert Menzies said, though, as they broke up that meeting in Albury, he said this – I‘m sorry I have to write these down – Josh has a much better memory than me. I wasn‘t very good at remembering verses at Sunday school either, but Jenny was a cracker. She used to sing them, too. I don‘t think she‘s going to do that today… [LAUGHS] I‘ll be in trouble… Robert Menzies said this in Albury: ―No party seizes the imagination of the people unless the people know the party stands for certain things. And we‘ll fight for those things until the bell rings.‖ Well, we‘re here today to affirm ourselves to those beliefs that I‘ve just outlined, and pledge ourselves to them until the bell rings. Until the bell rings. Just like Robert Menzies did, and his team, and they went on to do great things for Australia.

Let‘s fast-forward to now. As we go forward as a party, under a new generation of leadership. In just 24 hours‘ time, tomorrow, we will mark five years since the Coalition Government – the Liberal and National parties – formed government. Tony Abbott led us back into government after those six years of the Rudd/Gillard/Rudd Labor administration. I pay my respects and my honour to Tony for what was a Herculean task, to take our party from opposition back into government. Over the last five years, both under Tony‘s leadership and under Malcolm Turnbull‘s leadership – who I also pay respect and honour to today for his three years of service, of service to his country – over those five years, we‘ve been doing what we said we would do at that election. We said we‘d stop the boats, and we did. We said we‘d get rid of the carbon tax, and we did. We said we would repair the budget that had

Universitas Sumatera Utara been put into recklessness and mismanagement by the Labor Party, and we have been. We said we would create a million jobs within five years, and we have. Including 95,500 jobs for young people in the last financial year – 2017-18 – more than half of them full-time jobs, the single largest growth in youth employment in 30 years. Nothing, as these guys know, gets me more fired up than seeing a young person get a job. Because I know from when I was Social Services Minister, if you get a young person into a job and not on welfare, by the time they‘re about 22 to 24, you save them from a life on welfare. That‘s generational change. And particularly in Indigenous and remote communities, the impact is even greater.

Creating jobs is the best job there is, isn‘t it, Kelly? It‘s the best job there is as a politician, to see Australians get into work. And that‘s what we‘ve been about. We‘ve opened up new markets, new trade. I was up with the President Widodo on the weekend, and we‘ll finalise that most recent agreement to add to the work that was done under Tony and Malcolm, whether it was on the China Free Trade Agreement, and Simon‘s here carrying on that work. Or the Japan free trade agreement. I spoke to Prime Minister Abe last night, and we‘re continuing that relationship. Whether it‘s the work we‘ve done with Korea, the work we‘re doing in the Pacific, opening up new markets, backing small businesses and medium-sized businesses. The biggest changes to taxation arrangements for small and medium-sized businesses in decades. Backing small business to create jobs.

We‘ve been meeting our emissions reduction targets in a canter. We smashed the Kyoto 1 and 2 and, I believe, we‘ll absolutely be able to deal with our present target out to 2030 with no impact on electricity prices at all. That‘s why we‘re focusing on getting electricity prices down – simply by the key measures that relate to how energy is priced, how energy is delivered, and how the regulations protect those – us as Australians from the companies who can sometimes take a bit of a loan of us.

So we are making progress. Infrastructure. Nation-building and congestion-busting. Our Defence Forces back up on its way to 2 per cent of expenditure, as a share of our economy. Rebuilding. Rebuilding. But you know what, that‘s an impressive list of achievements, and it‘s a list that we will continue on. But that‘s the ―what?‖ Australians are asking me and my team more questions about the ―why?‖ Between now and the next election, you will hear a lot of promises. You know that. You‘ve heard politicians make promises for decades. You‘ll make up your mind about whether you believe those promises or not. But I‘d give you two suggestions about how you can weigh them up. Can they pay for them? If you don‘t have a strong economy, it‘s not worth the paper it‘s printed on. A strong economy enables everything else to happen. And the other thing is – do you trust them that they believe it? You assess that based on their own beliefs.

Because you know, when it gets tough – I remember when we were stopping the boats and there were some tough days in that process. Now, you‘re only going to do that if you really believed it. Because there were some hard choices, and heavy burdens that you had to carry. And it‘s the same in putting a budget back together, and the difficult choices. When it‘s just you and your Cabinet or your other colleagues sitting a in a room, there‘s no cameras, there‘s no one else, and you‘ve got to make those calls – what is going to make sure you deliver is whether you really believed it in the first place.

So it‘s about the ―why?‖ and I want to tell you about my ―why?‖ Like Menzies, no to-do list today. This is my why. These are the things that I believe in. I believe in a fair go for those who have a go in this country. I think that‘s what fairness means in this country. It‘s not about everybody getting the same thing. If you put in, you get to take out, and you get to keep more of what you earn. That doesn‘t matter what your level of ability is.

The reason I was in Yunkar yesterday up in Brisbane with young, disabled Australians who are an inspiration, because they‘re having a go. They wanted to live on their own. They wanted to be in their own accommodation, living together, having the same choices as other young Australians. They‘re having a go and they‘re getting a go. If you‘re running a small business, you want to have a go? You should get a go. That‘s why I think your taxes should be lower, if you‘re running a small or medium-sized business, and that‘s what I‘ve delivered. A fair go for those who have a go.

Secondly, we‘ve got to look after our mates. That‘s what I believe. Every Australian matters, and that‘s why we have a safety net in this country – to protect people – but it works as a trampoline, not as a snare. The best form of welfare is a job. And our safety net – our social safety net – enables people either to bounce back up and to get back up on their feet, or it provides them with that place of comfort and support that they need during challenging times in their lives. As Australians, we look after our mates. If you‘re wondering, perhaps in the future, ―What‘s the Prime Minister going to do when he comes to thinking about the social safety net? About Medicare and things like that?‖ Remember, my value is: we look after our mates.

Universitas Sumatera Utara As Australians, our goal is to make a contribution, not to seek one. It doesn‘t matter what walk of life you‘re in. We always want to look in our community – and this room is full of people who always make that choice – wanting to make a contribution rather than take one. See where they can contribute rather than whether they can take out. That is what creates a noble society. That‘s what creates a growing and benevolent society. A caring society. Always looking to see where you can make the difference.

Here‘s a key one for me. I think this is where there‘s a key difference between us and the Labor Party today. Particularly today. I don‘t believe that for you to do better, that you have to do worse. I don‘t think you need to be taxed more for you to be taxed less. I don‘t think that, for someone to get ahead in life, you‘ve got to pull others down. I believe that we should be trying to lift everybody up at once. That we get away from this politics of envy. I know things are tough for Australians right across the country. Some are doing well. I‘ve been in drought-stricken areas and I know how tough they‘re doing it, I‘ll talk about that in a few minutes‘ time. But we don‘t get anywhere by trying to say, ―Well, it‘s all their fault, it‘s their fault…‖ ―We bring them down, I can go up.‖ That‘s not fairness in Australia. That‘s just ugly envy. And I have no truck with that whatsoever. I want to see all Australians succeed, and none at the expense of another. That‘s an important value.

Now the touchstones that I have as a Prime Minister will be these, and I‘ll be laying these out in more direct presentations over the next few months. I want an even stronger Australia based on the values. We are a strong country. We are one of the most – if not the most – remarkable country on earth, and we are all privileged to be here. We celebrate it all the time.

But we can be even stronger if we adhere to these values. We‘ll be a stronger Australia on the basis of my plan, which is about keeping our economy strong so we can guarantee the essentials that Australians rely on – the services, the Medicare. On the weekend, we announced a new drug under the PBS. A drug for cystic fibrosis which will extend the life of Australians by 20 years. We were all thrilled when John (Millman) won the tennis, but I tell you what – the thing that makes me a passionate Australian is when I know that we can list a drug that does that. We can do that because we have a strong economy. We can do that because we‘re a generous society. Our kids are growing up in a country where that happens. That‘s something you can celebrate on Australia Day every time. The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. The pension. The Disability Support Pension. The National Disability Insurance Scheme. All of these things are made possible because of the sweat and the work of Australians who create a strong economy that make all that possible.

That‘s why we keep Australia strong and we keep our economy strong. You can‘t take it for granted, can you, Josh? 3.4% growth through the year. He‘s only been Treasurer for two weeks and he‘s already smashed my growth records. [LAUGHS] I know Mathias would have a lot to do with that. That‘s the consistency. Unemployment coming down. Youth unemployment down to 11.1% – the best in five years. That‘s – they‘re great numbers, but it‘s what it enables us to do which is important.

In regional Australia, keeping the economy strong. Let‘s talk about the drought for a sec. I‘ve been out in those drought-affected areas and I have been listening, and we have Major General Stephen Day out there doing the same thing, coordinating our response. I‘ve been talking to the Premiers. And of course we‘ve got Barnaby Joyce out there as a special envoy as well, working with the other ministers, listening hard. It‘s a big task. There are all levels – different levels of support, whether it‘s the feed, whether it‘s the farm household assistance, and making sure a form that takes seven hours to fill out – which is not good enough, it should take a tenth of that – that that can get the support where it‘s needed, that the water turns up where it needs to. It‘s a big mobilising effort, and we‘re on the task.

But the one thing we need to remember is keeping those towns alive. It‘s great to see it raining here in Albury today. I pray for that rain everywhere else around the country. And I do pray for that rain. I‘d encourage other – others who believe in the power of prayer to pray for that rain and to pray for our farmers. Please do that. To everyone else who doesn‘t like to do that, you just say, ―Good on you, guys,‖ and ―You, you go well.‖ And think good thoughts for them. Or whatever you do. But putting the money into the towns – $1 million for every shire that‘s out there – to keep the money flowing in the towns, keeping those towns alive. We can‘t make it rain, but we can keep those economies going until it does. Because what really thrilled me when I went to Quilpie was this – I didn‘t find despair, I found hope. They‘ve been going through the drought for six years. I found young families with kids, little dogs running around, kids going to school… I found hope. They showed me a photo of the pasture which had grass up to here 2 and a half years ago. They said, ―We know this – we know this place can work. We‘ve just got to get ourselves to that point, and we thank Australians for backing us in.‖ But let‘s not think of those who are going through there, only having, dealing with despair, and I know many are, and that‘s why we‘ve got the mental health counsellors out there.

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But let‘s get give them hope as well, and let‘s encourage them in how they think about hope. The second one is we‘re going to keep Australians safe. Our government can always – a Liberal National Government, a Coalition Government – can always be counted on when it comes to national security. I‘ve already talked about the achievements of our Government and how we‘re continuing to work in areas of cybersecurity to keep our kids safe from predators and the work that‘s done by the team, and I commend Peter Dutton for the work that he‘s been doing, particularly. You all know about stopping boats and things like that, which I know a bit about too. But one of the things that Peter has done and been passionate about is making sure our kids are safe from predators, and kicking those out of this – kicking those people out of this country who would be predators against them. They‘re the people we‘ve got to keep an eye on. So, keeping Australians safe is important. But there‘s one great principle that John Howard, I think, put it best in Sydney many years ago: ―Our sovereignty in keeping Australians safe is critical,‖ and that means – we decide. We decide, as he said, who comes to the country. But we decide the things of national security that determine our future. That‘s very much a key direction from my government.

And thirdly, we want to keep Australians together. I don‘t want to set Australians against each other. I want to bring them together. I‘m bringing my party together around the values and the beliefs that I‘ve outlined to you today. Beliefs I hold. You know, values are things politicians talk about. Beliefs are things that, you know, you and I talk about. You talk about what you believe to your kids. You talk about what you believe as a community. And keeping Australians together to ensure that we respect our senior Australians so they have dignity in those years, that we respect our young Australians by listening to them about their hopes for the future and their concerns for the future. Where it‘s environment issues in particular, my ears are very alert. The War On Waste – yes, I have seen it, on ABC – the War On Waste. I get it. That‘s what‘s focusing and concerning them, so that means it matters to me too. That‘s how you bring Australians together. You take all of their concerns seriously, and you work with all of them, and you listen to them. That‘s why, coming back to those fundamental freedoms of the individual, of their faith, of their association, of their right to free speech and all of these things are so critical. Because you know, I‘ll finish where I started – I‘ll finish where Menzies started. It all starts with the individual. I love Australia. Who loves Australia? Everyone. We all love Australia. Of course we do. But do we love all Australians? That‘s a different question, isn‘t it? Do we love all Australians? We‘ve got to. That‘s what brings a country together. You love all Australians if you love Australia. Whether they‘ve become an Australian by birth 10 generations ago, when my ancestors came – not by choice, but in chains, rocked up in 1788 – they did alright. Or if you came last week. If you‘ve chosen to be here in this country, that‘s even more special, in some ways, isn‘t it? Mathias knows that.

Let‘s love all Australians. Let‘s love this wonderful country. That‘s what I believe. That‘s what you can expect from me. That‘s what you can demand from me. That‘s what you can hold me to account for and all of my team. So we‘re just going to get on with it. Thank you very much for your attention

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