Characterization of Marine Artisanal Fisheries and the Impact of By-Catch on Marine Faunal in Southern Cameroon (West-Africa)

Ayissi I, et al., J Aquac Fisheries 2018, 3: 010 DOI: 10.24966/AAF-5523/100010 HSOA Journal of Aquaculture & Fisheries

Research Article

The results obtained by these objectives shows that majority of Characterization of Marine the fishermen are Nigerians and Cameroonians, and that the dominant age group is 30-50 years followed by 10-30 years. It should be Artisanal Fisheries and the noted that the dominant types of canoe in the fisheries are of Nige- rian type and the fishing gear mostly used are gillnets, surrounding Impact of By-Catch on Marine nets, longlines and beach seine. There are three (3) main marine species accidentally captured in these fisheries. They are manatees, Faunal in Southern Cameroon dolphins and marine turtles. The accidental captures varies with fishing camps as there are fisheries where marine mammals are highly (West-Africa) captured (example, manatees are mostly captured at Bondjondji and sea turtles are caught in high quantities at Mboa manga). These sea Isidore Ayissi1,2,3*, Rachelle Epole Makoge1, Jacques Nack1, turtles are mostly caught in the dry season than in the rainy season Nkoum Nyeck1, Marie Laure Mpeck4 and Aimé Kamga4 compared to the other mammals. In future it shall be better to set up national programme. 1Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences of Yabassi (ISH), University of Douala, Cameroon Keywords: By-catch; Eco-tourism; Fishing gears; Marine artisanal fisheries; Marine fauna 2Association Camerounaise pour la promotion de la Biologie Marine (ACBM), Cameroon

3RASTOMA, Sea Turles Network in Central Africa, Cameroon Introduction

4National Coordination of GEF Small Grants, Cameroon Human impacts on the world oceans are extensive and varied, warranting urgent and comprehensive management of marine re- sources in many places [1]. Marine fisheries, are the primary source of proteins for billions of people [2], and globally are the major anthropogenic influence on worldwide marine systems, affecting marine animals population and ecosystem function [3,4]. A central issue for marine fisheries is by-catch or the unintended capture of non target organisms during fishing operations [5,6]. Although the type and amount of by-catch varies greatly between small- and large-scale fisheries and among the diversity of gear type deployed, the total amounts of fisheries by-catch is several million tons globally each year [7]. Abstract Marine fisheries are the primary source. Marine fisheries are the primary source of proteins for many people. Unfortunately, despite their importance, they are threatened with Fisheries by-catch has been identified as a primary driver of pop- numerous anthropogenic influences, warranting urgent and compre- ulation declines in several species of marine megafauna e.g., Elas- hensive management. This work was carried out with the main ob- mobranchs, marine mammals, sea turtles, seabirds, etc., [8]. Marine jective to see the different actors that intervene in maritime artisanal megafauna species interact with various types of fishing gears because fishing and the impact of this activity on marine fauna (sea turtles, they occupy broad geographic ranges spanning geopolitical boundar- manatees and dolphins) in the localities of Lokoundje and Edea in ies and oceanographic regions that support many different fisheries. southern Cameroon (West-Africa). The present study was done under three (3) main objectives: Sea turtles spend the majority of their lives in coastal or pelagic • Inventory and evaluate the different fisheries and actors (sexes, waters where artisanal fisheries and other human activities are active, ages and nationalities) making in-water sources of mortality critical to the population viabil- • Estimate the fishing gears and methods used in the fisheries ity. While all of these factors likely have some negative effect on sea turtle populations, human activity has the largest impact on sea turtles • Evaluate the impacts of by-catch on marine flagship species in fisheries by-catch [9,10]. Although directed take of turtles is one *Corresponding author: Isidore Ayissi, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sci- form of fisheries impact, and in some regions opportunistic take of ences of Yabassi (ISH), University of Douala, Cameroon, Tel: +237 654476980; captured turtles is still prevalent [11], turtles are generally an unwant- E-Mail: [email protected] ed and unwelcome by-product of fishing activities. Because fishing is Citation: Ayissi I, Makoge RE, Nack J, Nyeck N, Mpeck ML, et al. (2018) Char- an important source of protein and livelihood for millions of people acterization of Marine Artisanal Fisheries and the Impact of By-Catch on Ma- worldwide, incidental capture, or by-catch of sea turtles continues to rine Faunal in Southern Cameroon (West-Africa). J Aquac Fisheries 3 : 010 be the most pressing human impact on sea turtle populations globally. Received: June 6, 2018; Accepted: July 27, 2018; Published: August 13, 2018 Marine fauna by-catch occurs in a diversity of fishing gears Copyright: © 2018 Ayissi I, et al., This is an open-access article distributed un- throughout turtles broad geographic ranges in the ocean. Vessels der the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unre- stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original from large-scale and using trawls [12] gillnets [13], seine nets, author and source are credited. pound nets [14], longlines [15,16], and many other gears all incur sea Citation: Ayissi I, Makoge RE, Nack J, Nyeck N, Mpeck ML, et al. (2018) Characterization of Marine Artisanal Fisheries and the Impact of By-Catch on Marine Faunal in Southern Cameroon (West-Africa). J Aquac Fisheries 3 : 010.

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turtle by-catch. Small-scale fisheries (Artisanal fisheries) have a very River Kienke drains the whole town of Kribi. It is 130 km long with high, possibly unsustainable level of sea turtles by-catch [11,17,18]. an average water flow of 49.2 3m /s. River Lobe, with its numerous This by-catch occurs in many of the different gear types deployed by touristic waterfalls, is situated 5 km away from the town of Kribi; riv- artisanal fishermen including longlines, demersal gillnets, griftnets, er Lokoundje; river Ntem (natural boundary with Equatorial Guinea poundnets, and trawls [11,19,20]. Small-scale gillnets fisheries in par- in the South of Cameroon). All of these rivers empty themselves in ticular are a source of growing concern, given their high observed the Atlantic Ocean [28]. by-catch and mortality rates [11,19,21]. Trawls are known to illegally fish close to shore and by-catch of turtles is high [22]. Carapaces of sea turtles were found at a bar in Douala, one of them measuring 82 cm in length [23]. The young fishermen at Lolabe III were reported to harpoon many juvenile hawks- bills in front of their village (the smallest measured about 30 cm), whereas other fishermen complained about leatherbacks getting en- tangled in their nets and destroying them [22]. Accidental and intentional captures of green turtles less than 78 cm in size are common in Cameron all year round. According to Fretey [24], fishermen catch female Olive ridley with their nets or line during the spawning season. About 400 sea turtles (Green, Olive ridley, hawksbill and leatherback) are caught accidentally in coastal artisanal fisheries in Cameroon; however, detailed information on by- catch rates for each species or fishing effort is not available [25]. Figure 1: Map of study zone (@Present study). The present study was done under three (3) main objectives:

• Inventory and evaluate the different fisheries and actors (sexes, This region is an equatorial climate zone and of classic guinean ages and nationalities) domain. It offers two (2) principal climates, the guinean at the interior • Estimate the fishing gears and methods used in the fisheries and the maritime, respectively introduced by the proximity of the sea and by the continent [29]. There are two (2) seasons: A long rainy • Evaluate the impacts of by-catch on sea turtles and other marine season which covers eight (8) months (from March to October) with flagship species precipitations below 160 mm. The winds blows fast (11 km/h) due to Materials and Methods the proximity of the sea. The high rain gauge readings are registered in September (682 mm) while the hottest month is March (28.5°C). Presentation of the study zone Rainfall is very low in December and the month of August is the cold- est (24ºC). Geographical situation of the zone: The study zone covers the subdivisions of Lokoundje and Edea I, situated in the division of Ocean Flora: The flora of these zones is essentially constituted of macro- and Sanaga Maritime, in the South and Littoral regions of Cameroon phytes, mangroves and coastal forests. It is distributed as such: the respectively. It covers a surface area of 11,280 km2. Its geographical coastal Atlantic forest with Cesalpiniacea, the periodically inundated coordinates are comprised between (02° 08’ & 03° 35’ N and 09° 49’ marshy forest of Sanaga valleys with Uapaca spp, the periodically & 11° 11’ E) with a coast of 75 km long. Its localities are found in inundated marshy forest of overdue mangroves with Guibourtia de the Cameroonian coast which opens to the Atlantic Ocean with a dis- meusei and Oxystigmamanni. The other part of the zone is constituted tance of about 402 km [26]. It is bounded West by the Atlantic Ocean, of a coastal sandy land yard forest with Saccoglittis gabonensis and the subdivisions of Mouanko and Dizangue, North by Edea II, South Klainedoxa microphylla on sand and Anthostema aubryanum and by Kribi and East by Nyété subdivisions. The principal localities are Ctenolophon engleranus on mud. The external mangroves are con- Lokoundje, Londji, Mpolongwe, Mpalla and Mboa-manga. Below fi- stituted of Rhizophora racemosa and Pandanus candelabrum found gure 1 shows the localities of the study zone. at the border of the estuary. The principal species found in the man- Pedology and topography: Two types of soil are observed in this grove are Rhizophora mangle which occupies 90% of the surface of zone. The red ferralitic soils have a mother rock which is acidic in the mangrove forest, Rhizophora harrisonii, Avicenia germinans and nature with a homogenous aspect. The yellow ferralitic soils whose other swampy plants like the Nypa fruticans and Pandanus candela mother rocks are respectively gneiss and micaschistes, occupies the brum [30]. major part of the region. It represents at the surface, a mixture of sand/ Fauna: The ocean fauna undergoes an ecological threat [31]. We dis- clay and clay/sand or completely clay soil at the bottom. This is due tinguish; birds, reptiles, and mammals. The aquatic fauna represent- to the effect of intense erosion. The altitude varies from 0 to 50 m and ed by fish e.g., Condrichthians (Shark); crustaceans (crabs, crayfish, the highest point is found in an altitude of 120 m [27]. prawns); mollusks; amphibians; reptiles are essentially constituted of Hydrography and climate: The hydrography of these divisions five (5) marine turtle species which undergo high anthropogenic pres- are very vast and made up of important rivers in which most of sure [25], crocodiles, and snakes. Continental water turtles are found them take their sources in the Southern Cameroonian plateau. in the creeks of rivers Nyong and Lokoundje. Marine mammals which

Volume 3 • Issue 1 • 010 J Aquac Fisheries ISSN: 2576-5523, Open Access Journal DOI: 10.24966/AAF-5523/100010 Citation: Ayissi I, Makoge RE, Nack J, Nyeck N, Mpeck ML, et al. (2018) Characterization of Marine Artisanal Fisheries and the Impact of By-Catch on Marine Faunal in Southern Cameroon (West-Africa). J Aquac Fisheries 3 : 010.

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populate this zone are represented by small cetaceans (Dolphins) and in the field for data collection. The methodology of data collection manatees (Trichechus senegalensis) who dominate the estuarine wa- was done through interviews towards the fishermen. This interview ters of river Nyong and Lokoundje. was done either individually or in group to all the voluntary fishermen. The questionnaires were used in order to get some relevant in- Human milieu and socio-economic activities: These divisions formation on the number of fishermen that intervened in the activity, count an estimated population of 93,246 persons [32]. The princi- their sexes, their ages, nationalities, their fishing frequencies, the dif- pal activities of this milieu are: fishing, sand extraction, agriculture, ferent fishing methods used on different fishing gears, the periods of wood exploitation, hunting and petroleum extraction [33]. Fishing is abundance of sea turtles, etc. This information provided clews on the essentially focused on fish and clams. Hunting is done by Bassa and population of actors that are found in the fisheries. Ewondos; they capture monkeys and wild herbivores such as hare, antelopes, etc. We count excluding foreigners many tribes who origi- A total of 11 fisheries were covered out of about 15 (73%) using nated from these zones. They are the Batangas (majority in the zone), the same questionnaires on the fishermen found. The rest of the un- Mabis, Bakokos, Ewondos, bassas and the Fangs. covered fisheries were not visited because of their minute size and also because the fishermen over there fish just for household- con Methodology sumption. All the camps were not covered at the same time; we start- Data collection: This consist of the way datas were collected. Two ed at Lokoundje estuary to Hondja’a. During our inquiries in these main data type were collected; secondary data and primary data col- localities, we realized that most fishermen from Kribi came and fished lection. in these zones. We therefore decided to continue our inquires in the Southern region instead of going in the Littoral region as defined in Secondary data: Secondary data was collected by reading other doc- the theme of study. We therefore continued from Londji to Mpolon- uments under the theme as well as documents downloaded from the gwe I, Mpolongwe II to Mpalla and finally Ngoyé to Mboa manga. Internet. These documents used were of diverse forms: There were th th University reports and thesis, scientific articles, regulation texts. The The survey was conducted from March 13 to May 9 2017 us- research also continued by using documents from CMBA (Cameroon ing questionnaires and observations. The data collected was regularly Marine Biology Association) and also other ministries concerned to- verified by the field supervisor, a biologist. Fishermen were selected tally or partially in the domain such as MINEPIA (Ministry of Fisher- randomly and the survey was conducted in the afternoon when they ies and Livestock’s Industries) [34] and MINFOF (Ministry of Fauna were done with work. Others were interviewed immediately they and Forests). came back from their fishing trips. In certain areas where data were available, we collected certain information’s from the Ministry of Primary data: Primary data was obtained after series of steps. Fisheries and Livestocks which are the managers of fishing activities. Population study and sampling: The population study was com- Data collection was also facilitated by local fisheries officers as they posed of fishermen and high authorities who are implied in fishing. gave us information’s about the total number of boats, active boats and the nationalities of the fishermen found in the fisheries. Choice of fishing camps: With the aid of who is specialized in the domain and in the zone, eleven fisheries were selected amongst about With the information obtained from the fishermen through the use 15 existing in the study zone, giving 73% of the total fisheries. The of questionnaires, we were able to determine the by-catch which was selection of the fisheries was based on the following criteria: reported in the form of By-Catch Rate or By-Catch per Unit Effort (BPUE). This by-catch rate was generally calculated as the number • Effective and intensity of fishing in the locality of turtles captured relative to the associated amount of fishing efforts observed. • The accessibility of the fisheries Direct observation in the field:In camps where communication was Choice of fishermen in the fisheries:Geographical coordinates were difficult, there was a guide (interpreter) who translated some ques- taken and the states of the fisheries were given by the local authorities tions in their mother tongue and in some areas the questionnaires were and leaders of the fisheries in each fishery. The selection of fishermen translated in pidgin for some Nigerians who could not speak French. was taken at random depending on those willing to be interviewed but The direct observations were done in order to confirm the answers we made sure to have as much information as possible. Out of total obtained using the questionnaires. We also went with them in the sea of 100 fishermen planned to be interviewed, 88 were interviewed. A to see how and where they usually carry their fishing activities. frequency of 88% of fishermen in the eleven villages studied. The frequency of sampling is calculated as thus; Results and Discussion n F= × 100 Results N Where: Proportion of fishermen’s nationalities per fishery visited: Glob- F is the percentage of fishermen interviewed ally, Cameroonians are dominant over other nationalities, with 83%, n is the number of fishermen interviewed Nigerians 14.8% and Beninese 2.3%. Comparing the nationalities per N is the total number of fishermen found in the fishery fishery, Nigerians are dominant at Londji with 73% of the total number of fishermen interviewed at Londji. Interviews in the field: This step was carried out by two persons. A technician in the field and a Master’s student from institute of fisher- Sex distribution of fishermen per fishery: There, appear fisheries ies and aquatic sciences, Yabassi. We spent two weeks of each month where females went fishing using a canoe and this appears only at

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Bondjondji even though dominated by men. Below figure 2 shows the while the rest of the fishing camps are dominated by the capture of sea sex distribution fishermen in the fisheries visited. turtles with the highest being at Mboa manga. Below figure 6 shows the distribution of accidental captures of marine fauna in the fishing camps visited.

Figure 2: Sex distribution of fishermen per fishery. Figure 5: Distribution of fishing gears per fishing camp. Age distribution of fishermen per fishery: Age distribution of fishermen in the different fisheries shows that there are only two age groups dominant. With 30-50 (10 individuals) the most dominant followed by 10-30 (6 individuals). Below figure 3 presents the age distribution of fishermen found in the localities visited.

Figure 6: Distribution of accidental captures per fishing camp.

Distribution of the abundance of accidental captures: The capture of sea turtles is significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of dolphins and manatees. The distribution of sea turtles is 45±2/yr, dolphins 6±0/yr, Figure 3: Age distribution of fishermen per fishery. and manatees 19±3/yr. Below figure 7 presents the abundance of by- catch of marine fauna in the fishing camps visited.

Distribution of canoe type per fishery: The canoes of Nigerian type are dominant in Mboa manga, Ngoyé, Bondjondji and Londji, while canoes of Cameroonian type are dominant in Buabe, Malende and Hondja’a and finally in Mpolongwe I & II, and Mpalla. Below figure 4 presents the dominant canoe type found in the fisheries visited.

Figure 7: Distribution of the abundance of accidental captures.

Distribution of fishing periods on accidental captures: Sea turtles are totally dependent on season compared to the other mammals as they are mostly caught in the dry season (75.6%) than in the rainy Figure 4: Distribution of canoe type per fishery. season (24.4%) (That is, March, November and December). Below figure 8 presents the frequency of marine fauna captures with seasons. Distribution of fishing gears per fishing camp: Three main fishing gears (gillnets, surround seines and longlines) are dominant in almost Fate of accidental captures: From all inquiries made towards all the all the fishing camps. Below figure 5 represents the distribution gear fishermen in the different fisheries, the results obtained showed that of in the fisheries visited. all the mammals captured accidentally are consumed. This is to com- pensate the proteins which would have been obtained from fish. There Distribution of accidental captures per fishing camp: Sea turtles are some mammals which are picked by fishermen, others caught un- are the most abundant marine mammal caught. The figure shows that intentionally while others are intentionally killed when they attack the capture of manatees are dominant over sea turtles at Bondjondji the fishermen’s nets, e.g., manatees. These manatees are mammals

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which have been reported to be very aggressive and they destroy the there is a very high number of unregulated fishing gears deployed fishermen’s nets. Nevertheless, the fate of these mammals is for home in the water and also these fishermen always fish near the nesting or consumption. feeding side (near rocks for sea turtles and in the mangroves for manatees) of these mammals. The distribution of fishing periods on accidental captures shows that marine turtles are mostly captured during the dry season than in the rainy season. This coincides with the results obtained by Ndoun- gue [38] where marine turtles are mostly caught in the dry sea season (65%) than in the rainy season (35%). This could be due to the fact that these high captures occur during the spawning periods of these marine turtles. That is, in March, November and December. All the accidental captures are consumed by the fishermen. This Figure 8: Fishing period on accidental captures. coincides with the result obtained by Ayissi & Jiofack [35]. They observed that 1228 sea turtles, 97 cetaceans, and 292 manatees were caught by local fishermen in the Cameroonian coastal communities. Discussions These mammals are caught intentionally and accidentally but their The proportion of fishermen’s nationality in the localities visited fate is for consumption. shows that globally, Cameroonians are dominant over Nigerians with 83% and 14.8% respectively. Looking per fishery, Nigerians domi- References nate at Londji. This result coincides with the results obtained by Ay- issi & Jiofack [35]. Other author observed that 80% of the fishermen 1. Halpern BS, Walbridge S, Selkoe KA (2008) A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 319: 948-952. were dominated by foreigners, mostly Nigerians at Londji. This is because the fishing camps visited, are villages owned by Cameroonians 2. 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Volume 3 • Issue 1 • 010 J Aquac Fisheries ISSN: 2576-5523, Open Access Journal DOI: 10.24966/AAF-5523/100010

Citation: Ayissi I, Makoge RE, Nack J, Nyeck N, Mpeck ML, et al. (2018) Characterization of Marine Artisanal Fisheries and the Impact of By-Catch on Marine Faunal in Southern Cameroon (West-Africa). J Aquac Fisheries 3 : 010.

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Volume 3 • Issue 1 • 010 J Aquac Fisheries ISSN: 2576-5523, Open Access Journal

DOI: 10.24966/AAF-5523/100010