Quarterly Chronicle • Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

In This Issue Surviving Passchendaele The Family Wall Manchester Life in the 1930s—Part V We Shall Remember Them Then and Now—Twenty Years of Genealogical Computing

Anglo-Celtic Roots This journal is published quarterly in March, June, September and December by the British Isles Family History Society of Greater Ottawa and sent free to members. Unless otherwise stated, permission to reprint for non-profit use is granted to organizations and individuals provided the source is credited. Articles accompanied by the copyright symbol () may not be reprinted or copied without the written permission of the author. Opinions expressed by contributors are not necessarily those of BIFHSGO or its officers, nor are commercial interests endorsed. BIFHSGO members are invited to submit family history stories, illustrations, letters, queries and similar items of interest in electronic format using MSWord-compatible software, to [email protected]. Please include a brief biographical sketch and a passport-type photograph. Authors are asked to certify that permission to reproduce any previously copyrighted material has been acquired and are encouraged to provide permission for non-profit reproduction of their articles. The Editor reserves the right to select material that meets the interest of readers and to edit for length and content. Canadian Publications Mail Sales Product Agreement No. 40015222 Indexed in the Periodical Source Index (PERSI) Editor: Jean Kitchen Editor Emeritus: Chris MacPhail Layout Designer: Barbara Tose Proofreaders: Anne Renwick, Christine Jackson British Isles Family History Society of Greater Ottawa Founded and incorporated in 1994 Charitable Registration No. 89227 4044RR0001 Contact BIFHSGO at  PO Box 38026 Ottawa ON K2C 3Y7  613-234-2520  [email protected]  www.bifhsgo.ca Contents

COLUMN From the Editor: From the President/2 Once again, this Anglo-Celtic Roots FAMILY HISTORY RESEARCH issue offers a range of genealogy- Surviving Passchendaele focused articles. Lynne Willoughby/3 Lynne Willoughby’s story of her The Family Wall grandfather’s experiences during Ann Burns/17 WW I, especially at Passchendaele, Manchester Life in the 1930s— eloquently commemorates that Part V dreadful conflict as we mark the Charles Morton/19 1918 Armistice. We Shall Remember Them Ann Burns offers a good tip for Heather Carmody/28 highlighting your family tree instead TECHNIQUES AND RESOURCES of hiding ancestor photos in albums. Then and Now—Twenty Years of Genealogical Computing Charles Morton’s reminiscences Bob Dawes/37 continue with a description of his life as a WW II evacuee, adapting to The Cream of the Crop a new home, school and activities. John D. Reid/43 Heather Carmody’s WW I soldier BIFHSGO NEWS biography gives intriguing insight Membership Report into the New Zealand Māoris who Kathy Wallace/47 joined the British forces. CALENDAR OF EVENTS Back cover And Bob Dawes describes the many changes in technological support Cover Illustration: that genealogists have experienced Australian gunners on a duckboard in the last 20 years. track in Château Wood near Hooge, 29 Oct 1917. Photo by Frank Hurley. Source: Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Chateauwood.jpg) Jean Kitchen

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From the President

As another calendar grown from the 10 initial members year draws to a to over 540 members, and from close, I am looking members living just in Ottawa to back on the things being spread around the globe. But that have been the initial goals have been accomplished: the maintained, to assist others and stellar program, the share results. successful conference, the special As we head into the next 25 years projects and the strategic planning we have a strategic plan to assist us work. in ensuring that BIFHSGO continues I am also constantly amazed at the in the direction that was set those number and professionalism of our many years ago. volunteers. To them, I would like to We have a number of special plans say a special “thank you” for all the for the 25th year of BIFHSGO, hard work you have put in including a special conference throughout the past year. scheduled from September 27th to While as genealogists we are used 29th. Next year will be a year of to looking back at our history, this introspection, with Before BIFHSGO is also the time to look forward to talks about our special interest the great things that the new year groups, projects and get-togethers. will bring. Specifically, next year is In closing I would like to wish one the 25th anniversary of BIFHSGO. and all a Happy Holiday, and a great Twenty-five years ago, 10 intrepid New Year filled with little brick genealogists started BIFHSGO via a pieces from your broken brick flyer on a bulletin board, because of walls. a desire to assist others with their research and to share their discoveries.

Now, 25 years later, we hope that Duncan Monkhouse they would be pleased with the results and growth of the little society they started. BIFHSGO has

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Family History Research

Surviving Passchendaele— William James Watson Willoughby©

BY LYNNE WILLOUGHBY Lynne has been a member of BIFHSGO since 2005 and regularly attends the DNA Special Interest and Writers groups. She also volunteers with the No. 1 Canadian Casualty Clearing Station biography team and the Conference Planning Committee. Introduction Over 4,000 Canadian soldiers The Battle of were lost and almost 12,000 Passchendaele began on 31 July wounded in the course of that 1917, and, like many battles in the battle.3,4 My grandfather, William First World War, it lasted months James Watson Willoughby (25 rather than days, not ending until September 1892–27 March 10 November.1 It was one of the 1974),5 was one of those injured. most notorious of the battles in It is my belief that his experiences that war. Although the Passchen- there influenced the rest of his daele Ridge was captured by the life. Now, on the 100th anniver- Allies, it wasn’t long until it was sary of the Great War, I want to lost to the Germans once more. tell his story. The battle of Passchendaele was Although this is his story, I cannot part of the Third Battle of Ypres in tell this tale from his point of view the Belgium Salient, where the as he never discussed it with me. allies were entrenched through- Talk of any kind related to war out the war. For the soldiers who was avoided in my grandparents’ fought at Passchendaele, it was home. My grandmother would known as the “Battle of the Mud.” become visibly upset with any Few battles encapsulate the mention of either WW I or WW II, horrors of World War I better so the subject was deliberately than the Battle of Passchendaele.2 not talked about. My grandfather was his usual quiet self, saying There were over 325,000 Allied little if anything on the subject. casualties of the battle and between 240,000 and 350,000 Nonetheless, the same was not German soldiers were killed. true for their children, and this

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story comes from them and from the official records of the conflict. Will was born and raised in the village of Sundridge, Ontario, which is situated in Muskoka, on the west side of Lake Bernard, east of Highway 11, about 70 kilometres south of North Bay. Will’s parents were John (b. 1858) and Margaret (b.1862) (Wight) Willoughby,6 who were among the first European farmers to settle in Figure 1: Pin given to 162nd Battalion the area in the late 1870s. Will Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ was raised in a family of nine 162nd_(Parry_Sound)_Battalion,_CEF children, with two brothers and note that he was a Methodist and six sisters. Will was their fifth was working as a telegraph oper- child and second son.7 ator when he signed up. I believe 162nd Parry Sound Battalion he was employed on the railway Shortly after his 23rd birthday, before his enlistment. Will enlisted in the Canadian He signed his name as William Expeditionary Force (CEF). Will John Watson Willoughby on his was probably among the first of form, which differs from his birth the local boys to enlist in the record. He appears to have been 162nd Battalion on 29 November called Will at this point, both in 1915.8 The bulk of the regiment’s Sundridge and in the military, members did not enlist until 1916. although after his marriage he The 162nd Battalion was based in was always Bill. (His grand- Parry Sound, Ontario, and its children called him Pop.) Lieutenant Colonel, J. M. Arthurs, He had no distinguishing marks began recruiting late in 1915. and his medical exam indicated Training began on 22 May 1916 good physical development. He on the farm of John Paget near the had been vaccinated for smallpox north shore of Lake Bernard,9 not in 1914 and received anti-typhoid far from where Will lived. inoculations after enlistment. His Will was 5 feet 6¾ inches tall, pay in the army was to begin at weighed 145 pounds, had blue $20 per month.10 eyes, brown hair and a fair com- The five sisters who still lived at plexion. His Attestation papers home must have been devastated

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when he enlisted. Will’s older quickly fixed his interest on brother Tom was married and Edna.) lived nearby, but Will still lived at home. He was easier to get along with than Tom and was their favourite brother. In addition, they had relied on him heavily during the previous year. Their mother Margaret and 14- year-old brother Joseph had both died a year earlier. In November 1914 Joseph was killed in an accident with a train in the village. After attending his funeral in the rain and cold, Margaret took a chill and died of pneumonia within a month of Joseph’s Figure 2: William Willoughby burial.11 Source for family photos: Author’s collection The 162nd Battalion recruited In September 1916 the battalion over 700 men and training began deployed to Niagara-on-the-Lake in the spring of 1916. There was where they continued to train. great excitement in the com- The Sundridge Women’s Institute munity throughout that spring presented the battalion with its and summer as the soldiers Colours prior to the departure trained. The soldiers brought from Muskoka.13 activity and commerce to Sund- ridge and the surrounding area. England (It was during this time, we On 31 October 1916 the battalion believe, that Will first met the boarded the SS Coronia and sailed Bingham Family of Powassan.12 for Britain, arriving at Shorncliffe 14 The Binghams owned a lumber on 11 November. On board with mill, a general store and a farm in Will was his cousin Noble James 15 Powassan. They were a pros- McGirr. On arrival there, Will perous family with three sons and was appointed acting lance five daughters. Will became corporal, a rank he maintained friendly with two daughters, until 2 January 1917, when he Margaret and Edna. He wrote to requested that he revert to his both throughout the war, but former rank of private. His record indicates that his performance as a lance corporal was very good.16

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This request was not uncommon the 2nd Canadian Convalescent for soldiers at the time. Non- Depot, Bramshott. He returned to commissioned officers like lance full duty on 15 June 1917 with the corporals were despised by the 4th Reserve Battalion. He was men in the ranks, and this type of deployed to the Front in France promotion meant that the soldier with the 1st Canadian Battalion on would be engaged in helping to 9 September 1917. train other soldiers and be less The Third Battle of Ypres — likely to be deployed to the Front. the Battle of Passchendaele The battalion was broken up soon The campaign to capture the after arriving at Shorncliffe and Ypres Salient, known as the Third incorporated into other units. Battle of Ypres, began at the end They continued to train through- of July 1917. It was waged under out this period. Will was assigned the direction of Sir Douglas Haig, to the 35th Battalion on 9 Decem- the British commander, to take ber 1916 and then to the 4th the pressure off the French forces Reserve Battalion on 4 January further to the south. 1917. Much of his training The region around Ypres was occurred at the nearby West largely flat, low ground that was Sandling Camp. kept dry with the help of dikes On 9 January 1917, less than a and ditches. At the beginning of week after being assigned to the the war Belgium destroyed these 4th Reserve Battalion, Will was systems to prevent them falling admitted to Moore Barracks into German hands. The area had Military Hospital at Shorncliffe seen heavy fighting throughout with myalgia. His examination the war, which further destroyed report notes that he suffered pain the drainage system. Millions of when walking that kept him artillery shell holes pockmarked awake at night. The pain was in the landscape and churned up the his left leg, groin, and thigh as well ground, turning the area to sticky as in the small of his back. mud when wet. After remaining in hospital for the In 1917, the autumn rains came next three months, he was early and turned the battlefield into discharged on 28 March 1917. He a sea of muck, the likes of which still make the name Passchendaele was treated first in the Moore synonymous with the horrific Barracks Military Hospital, then fighting conditions that many sent to the Canadian Convalescent people picture when thinking of the Hospital at Woodcote Park, First World War.17 Epsom, and finally transferred to

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Rain was constant throughout casualties would be great. Currie July, August, September and was overruled by his superiors. October, filling the shell holes Veterans Affairs Canada’s with water. Only shattered trees Historical Sheet on the battle were visible on the landscape. It notes that: was like fighting in a swamp.18 Currie took as much time as he The Allies wanted to wear down could to carefully prepare and on the Germans, hopefully seize October 26, the Canadian strategic German railways in offensive began. Advancing Belgium and thus capture their through the mud and enemy fire submarine bases along the coast. was slow and there were heavy British, Australian and New losses but our soldiers clawed their way forward. On an exposed Zealand forces opened the attack battlefield like that one, success with an artillery barrage. How- was often only made possible due ever, heavy rains came down the to acts of great individual heroism night the ground assault was to get past spots of particularly launched, turning the battlefield stiff enemy resistance. Despite the into a nightmare for the forces. adversity, the Canadians reached The Allied forces slowly gained the outskirts of Passchendaele by much of the higher ground the end of a second attack on through August and September, October 30 during a driving 19 but their main objectives rainstorm. remained out of reach.19 On 6 November, the Canadians The Canadians were sent in early and British launched the assault in October to relieve the ANZAC to capture the ruined village of forces and take part in the final Passchendaele itself. In heavy push to capture the Passchen- fighting, the attack went accord- daele Ridge. All four divisions of ing to plan. The task of actually the Canadian Corps were part of capturing the “infamous” village the action, as at Vimy. When the fell to the 27th (City of Winnipeg) Canadian Corps commander, Battalion and they took it that day. Lieutenant-General Arthur Currie, After weathering fierce enemy saw the conditions on the battle- counterattacks, the last phase of field, he did his best to avoid the battle saw the Canadians having his men fight there. The attack on 10 November to clear mud was ubiquitous, the terrain the Germans from the eastern flat, the preparation time inade- edge of Passchendaele Ridge quate and the artillery support before the campaign finally discouraging, thus ensuring that ground to a halt.

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Canadian soldiers had succeeded Pillboxes are concrete dug-in in the face of almost unbelievable guard posts, normally equipped challenges.20 with loopholes through which to fire weapons. The originally joc- Will survived the assault to ular name arose from their per- capture the village on 6 November ceived similarity to the cylindrical and was there through the heavy and hexagonal boxes in which fighting of that day. I do not know medical pills were once sold. They exactly what his role was then, or are “in effect a trench firing step what his part in the attack en- hardened to protect against small- tailed. However, he must have arms fire and grenades and raised been relieved to survive the day. to improve the field of fire.”23 On 7 November, Will and his fellow soldiers were again in the Chemical Warfare in WW I field. They fought to take a pillbox WW I saw the first large-scale use as part of the mopping up of the of chemical weapons to demor- area. Once they had captured the alize, injure and kill entrenched site and disposed of its defenders, defenders. The types of weapons they stopped to rest for a few employed ranged from disabling minutes in that pillbox. Suddenly chemicals such as tear gas to they were hit by a poison gas shell lethal agents like phosgene, 24 and Will was badly wounded.21 chlorine and mustard gas. I don’t know if his fellow soldiers Tear gas was used in 1914 by both survived and it is unlikely that French and German forces and Will knew either. One medical employed by the Germans against report on his file indicates that he the Russians in January 1915. The was exposed to mustard gas for first large-scale use of chlorine gas 12 hours, after which he was occurred at the Second Battle of admitted to No. 6 Canadian Field Ypres in April 1915. Ambulance Depot on 8 November Chlorine is a powerful irritant that 1917.22 inflicts damage to the eyes, nose, The file does not explain how Will throat and lungs. At high concen- got to the ambulance depot, but, trations and with prolonged expo- given his injuries, it is unlikely sure it destroys lung tissue and that he could have made it there can cause death by asphyxiation. without help. As a result, I have It was not a particularly effective concluded that he was discovered weapon, as the gas produced a and rescued by his fellow soldiers visible greenish cloud and strong or by a medical team. odour, making it easy to detect.

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The gas was water soluble; thus a soldiers, or those sitting or lying damp or urine-soaked cloth was down, were more likely to be somewhat effective at reducing affected by the gas. the damage that would otherwise This gas produced both internal result from exposure to this gas. and external blisters on its victims Although it was a continual source within hours of exposure. Their of dread for the infantry, chlorine eyes became very sore and they gas required large concentrations began to vomit. It also caused to be fatal. internal and external bleeding and The next gas to be used was attacked the bronchial tubes, phosgene; it was more deadly stripping off the mucous mem- than chlorine gas. It did not cause brane. as much violent coughing as It was extremely painful and chlorine, but its main drawback fatally injured victims sometimes was that it frequently required up took four or five weeks to die to 48 hours after it had been from exposure to the gas. Many inhaled to affect those afflicted. By who did survive were blinded by the time the symptoms developed the gas.25 it had already embedded itself in the respiratory organs and little Vera Brittain, a nurse who cared could be done to eradicate it. for mustard gas patients, reported: In the summer of 1917, the Germans began using mustard I wish those people who talk about going on with this war gas. It was not a particularly whatever it costs could see the effective killing agent and needed soldiers suffering from mustard to be delivered in high enough gas poisoning. Great mustard- doses before it would be fatal. coloured blisters, blind eyes, all It was used to harass and disable sticky and stuck together, always the enemy and pollute the fighting for breath, with voices a battlefield. mere whisper, saying that their throats are closing and they know Mustard gas was delivered in they will choke.26 artillery shells and was heavier than air. As such it settled to the Over 1,250,000 soldiers were gas ground as an oily liquid resem- casualties in the First World War, bling sherry. Once in the soil, but only 91,000 died as a result. mustard gas remained active for This was less than 10 per cent of several days, weeks or even those affected. However, these months, depending on the figures do not account for the weather conditions. Injured number of those who died from

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poison gas related injuries after By the time Will returned to the end of the war or for those Canada, his sweetheart Edna who survived but were so badly Maud Bingham had moved with incapacitated that they could not her family to Toronto, and Edna hold down jobs once they were would have visited him in the released from military service.27 Spadina Hospital. Recovery One of the nurses during his stay Will spent the next nine months in in that hospital was Amelia hospital. During the course of his Earhart, the future aviation convalescence he was sent first to pioneer.29 Amelia went to Toronto a field ambulance depot, then to a to study nursing in 1917 and casualty clearing station before through to the end of the war she being moved to at least seven worked as a nurse’s aide in the hospitals, in France, all over Spadina Military Hospital, where England and at home in Canada, she cared for injured soldiers who by the time he was discharged as were invalided home to Toronto.30 medically unfit in August 1918. Will’s file says that he had been The hospitals where he was a shell gassed and as a result of patient were as follows. exposure to mustard gas he was • No. 26 General Hospital in blind for 10 days and speechless Étaples, France: 8–24 Nov for a month to five weeks. He 1917—first two weeks suffered from pains in his chest • 1st Southern General Hospital, and vomiting, a severe cough Dudley Road, Birmingham: 25 which continued for months, Nov–21 Dec 1917 accompanied by general weak- • Canadian Convalescent ness, especially after exertion. Hospital, Woodcote Park, Once his voice returned he Epsom: 22 Dec 1917–10 Jan continued to have some hoarse- 1918 ness for a period of time. • Kings Cross Road Canadian Red Cross Convalescent On 11 January 1918, he was Hospital, Bushy Park, London: diagnosed with nephritis, an 11 Jan–30 Mar 1918 inflammation of the kidneys. It • No. 5 Canadian General was one of the new diseases that Hospital, Kirkdale, Liverpool: appeared during the First World 31 March–5 May 1918 War and was dubbed “trench • Spadina Military Hospital, nephritis.” The condition Toronto: 16 May–June 1918 appeared among soldiers in the • Burlington Military Hospital: spring of 1915 and was charac- June–August 191828 terized by breathlessness,

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swelling of the face or legs, By February 1918 he was also headache, sore throat, and the diagnosed with dyspnoea presence of albumin and renal (shortness of breath) and he casts in urine. Experts at the time continued to have pain in his back, and later agreed that it was a new hip, groin and thigh on exertion. condition.31 Whether Will’s The general weakness he suffered nephritis resulted from his from was joined by daily head- exposure to mustard gas or to an aches. His condition remained infection he caught in hospital is much the same through the spring not clear from the records, but his of 1918. By the time he was symptoms were typical of it. invalided to Toronto he had also Trench nephritis was a serious lost 10 pounds. When he was problem for the Allies, leading to discharged, his general condition 35,000 casualties in the British was listed as good, but he still had and 2,000 in the American forces. difficulty going up stairs and his There were also hundreds of nephritis added to his weakness. deaths. The condition was treated He was given a medical discharge in line with pre-war regimens as physically unfit for service. designed for acute nephritis. No significant preventative methods were implemented for trench nephritis, as there was no consensus regarding its causation. The medical response to trench nephritis was largely ineffective, with medical commentators recognizing that there Figure 3: HM Hospital Ship Llandovery Castle had been a lack of Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Llandovery_Castle medical progress.32 The statement on his discharge His weight was still normal at papers indicated his current about 145 pounds, but the pain in condition as: his chest, weakness and severe Feels weak generally. Gets short of cough persisted and his face was breath on moderate exertion. Has pale with puffiness under his eyes. frequent headaches, especially in With the diagnosis of nephritis he the morning and pain in back in was put on a diet of fish and milk. damp weather. After walking or Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 11 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

standing around any considerable time he notices that his feet begin to swell. . . Probable duration of disability—6 months.33 HMHS Llandovery Castle Will boarded HMHS Llandovery Castle when he was invalided to Canada on 6 May 1918. This was one of the final voyages for this ship. A little more than a month later, HMHS Llandovery Castle went down on her way back from Halifax to Liverpool. She was making a return trip to England to pick up more casualties. Will’s caregivers on his trip home were likely killed in that tragedy. The ship was torpedoed off southern Ireland on 27 June 1918. Only 24 people, the occupants on a single life raft, survived. The remaining 234 doctors, nurses, Figure 4: Edna Maud Bingham & William members of the Canadian Army Willoughby wedding photo, 1918 Medical Corps, soldiers and Will was a quiet, stoic, caring man seamen died in the sinking and who never lost his cool. He was subsequent machine-gunning of hard-working and everyone in our lifeboats. The incident became family adored him. His wife said infamous internationally as one of he was wonderful, and no one I the war’s worst atrocities. After know would have disagreed with the war, it was one of six British her. war crime cases presented at the Leipzig war trials.34 He lived for the rest of his life in the Parkdale area of Toronto, Will was given an honourable where he raised his family. He medical discharge from the CEF worked at the Post Office at Union on 27 August 1918 with the rank Station until he reached retire- of private.35 He married his sweet- ment age. Then he got a job at the heart, Edna Maude Bingham, the Ontario Registry Office for a few next day.36 more years.

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His injuries in France continued to Sinclair on the radio, reciting dog his health down through the Robert Service poems and teasing years; they affected his sight and his grandchildren. physical strength and later perhaps even his heart. In the early 1930s, he visited the company doctor at the Post Office, who mentioned to him that, given his condition, he must be receiving a very good pension from the government. Will had not realized he was entitled to one, but with the doctor’s assistance was able to obtain a good pension, backdated all the way to 1917. He was able to purchase a Model T Ford and a shorefront lot on Lake Simcoe. The family cottage was built there in 1932 and the family has enjoyed spending their summers there ever since. During the Depression years Will Figure 5: Will with his granddaughter (the author) and also helped to house and daughter Margaret (the author's mother) support many of his extended family. He also provided He knew how to use an axe and I funds to help his in-laws through- once saw him deliberately cut the out their later years.37 head off a hornet. He was the only Will was intelligent and well-read, family fisherman who would go to hard-working and a reliable, the trouble of cleaning catfish for gentle and loving man. He enjoyed us to enjoy as a summer breakfast. nothing more than spending time He liked to cover his blueberries with his family. He liked doing the and peaches with Neilson’s food shopping, puttering around evaporated milk and he believed at his cottage, listening to Gordon

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that if you cut down one tree you contented man. I loved him dearly should plant 10 to replace it. and am happy to have had him in He knew exactly the right thing to my life. I have to agree with my say to his wife when she was grandmother—he was wonderful. being difficult, and he could ©2018 Lynne Willoughby always make her laugh. I well Reference Notes: remember him sitting on his 1 “The Battles of Ypres, 1917 (Third swing at the cottage, either Ypres),” The Long, Long Trail reading the newspaper or just (http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/ spending time with the neigh- battles/battles-of-the-western- bour’s troubled son. While every- front-in-france-and-flanders/the- one else was out swimming, Pop battles-of-ypres-1917-third-ypres/: spent his time repairing the rocks accessed 8 November 2017). in the wall at the water’s edge. 2 “The Battle of Passchendaele,” History Learning Site (http://www. I do not ever recall him driving his historylearningsite.co.uk/world- car, but my father once told me he war-one/battles-of-world-war- was definitely not a good driver. one/the-battle-of-passchendaele/: During early days at the cottage, accessed 8 November 2017). when the roads were not good, 3 “Battle of Passchendaele: 31 July–6 any trip to Lake Simcoe would November 1917,” BBC (http:// result in them getting a flat tire, www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars which Dad would have to fix. Pop /wwone/battle_passchendaele.sht was always happy as a passenger. ml: accessed 8 November 2017), and “Battle of Passchendaele,” When Dad was thinking of Wikipedia (https://en.m.wikipedia. enlisting in World War II, Pop said org/wiki/ Battle_of_Passchendaele: to him, “Whatever you do, don’t accessed 8 November 2017). enlist in a kilted regiment, 4 “The Battle of Passchendaele, because there is nothing colder Historical Sheet, The First World than a corpse in a kilt.” War,” Veterans Affairs Canada (http: //www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remem Pop was 82 when he died. I be- brance/history/first-world-war/ lieve that thoughts of Pop’s war fact_sheets/Passchendaele: experiences were never far from accessed 8 November 2017). his mind, although rarely, if ever, 5 “Ontario, Canada Births, 1858– spoken of. He was grateful for all 1913,” Ancestry (www.ancestry. of the pleasures life had to offer com: accessed 11 October 2009), and made conscious choices to entry for William James Watson focus on the important things of Willoughby, and family source. life. He always had a positive effect on others. He was a

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6 “1901 Census of Canada,” Ancestry com: accessed 15 April 2016), entry (www.ancestry.com: accessed for Margaret Ellen Willoughby, 22 March 2017) entry for John died: 21 December 1914. Willoughby and family, Province: 13 “Presentation of Colours to 162nd Ontario, District: Muskoka and Battalion, Sundridge, circa 1915,” Parry Sound, District number: 91, Sundridge–Strong Union Public Sub-district: Strong, Sub-district Library (http://images.ourontario. number: T1-1. ca/almaguin/71905/data?n=2: 7 “1901 Census of Canada,” Ancestry accessed 10 March 2017), Local (www.ancestry.com: accessed 22 identifier: Pioneer Photos—Lucie Mar 2017) entry for John Willough- Rennie, Howard Black and J.P. by and family, Province: Ontario, Johnstone History. District: Muskoka and Parry Sound, 14 Ibid. District number: 91, Sub-district: 15 “Service Files of the First World Strong, Sub-district number: T1-1; War, 1914–1918—CEF,” Library and “1911 Census of Canada,” An- and Archives Canada (http://www. cestry (ancestry.com: accessed bac-lac.gc.ca/eng: accessed 22 March 2017) entry for John 9 December 1999), entry for Will- Willoughby and family, Province: iam John Willoughby. Ontario, District: Parry Sound, District number: 198, Sub-district: 16 “Service Files of the First World 33–Strong. War, 1914–1918—CEF,” Library and Archives Canada (www. bac- 8 “Service Files of the First World lac.gc.ca/eng: accessed 9 December War, 1914–1918–CEF,” Library and 1999), entry for Nobel James Archives Canada (www.bac-lac.gc.ca McGirr, Regimental number: /eng: accessed 9 December 1999), 657367. entry for William John Willoughby, Regimental number: 657243. 17 “Service Files of the First World War, 1914–1918—CEF,” Library 9 “The 162nd (Parry Sound) Battalion, and Archives Canada (www. bac-lac. CEF,” Wikipedia (https://en.m.wiki gc.ca/eng: accessed 9 December pedia.org/wiki/162nd_(Parry_ 1999), entry for Nobel James Sound)_Battalion,_CEF: accessed McGirr. 8 November 2017). 18 “CBC Digital Archives, The Battle of 10 Ibid. Passchendaele, in the words of its 11 “Ontario, Canada, Deaths, 1869– veterans,” CBC (http://www.cbc. 1938 and Deaths Overseas, 1939– ca/archives/entry/the-battle-of- 1947,” Ancestry (www.ancestry. passchendaele-in-the-words-of-the- com: accessed 15 April 2016), entry veterans: accessed 11 Nov 2017). for Joseph Curry Willoughby, died: 19 “The Battle of Passchendaele, 23 November 1914. Historical Sheet, The First World 12 “Ontario, Canada, Deaths, 1869– War,” Veterans Affairs Canada 1938 and Deaths Overseas, 1939– (http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/re 1947,” Ancestry (www.ancestry. membrance/history/first-world-

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war/fact_sheets/passchendaele: 28 “Service Files of the First World accessed 8 November 2017). War, 1914–1918—CEF,” Library 20 Ibid. and Archives Canada (www. bac- lac.gc.ca/eng: accessed 9 December 21 Ibid. 1999), entry for William John 22 Family story, Wayne Willoughby Willoughby. and June Isabella Smith; and 29 Family story, June Isabella Smith. “Service Files of the First World War, 1914–1918—CEF,” Library 30 “World War 1 Encyclopedia: and Archives Canada (http://www. Earhart, Amelia,” The Star (https:// bac-lac.gc.ca/ eng: accessed www.thestar.com/news/world/ww 9 December 1999), entry for 1/2014/08/01/world_war_1_encyc William John Willoughby. lopedia_earhart_amelia.html: accessed 11 December 2017. 23 “Pillbox (military),” Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill 31 “The medical response to trench box_(military): accessed nephritis in World War One,” 19 November 2017). National Center for Biotechnology Information (https://www.ncbi. 24 “Poison Gas and World War One,” nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16820794: History Learning Site (http://www. accessed 10 December 2017). historylearningsite.co.uk/world- war-one/the-western-front-in- 32 Ibid. world-war-one/poison-gas-and- 33 “Service Files of the First World world-war-one/: accessed 10 Dec War, 1914–1918—CEF,” Library 2017; and “Chemical Weapons in and Archives Canada (www. bac- World War One,” Wikipedia (https: lac.gc.ca/eng: accessed 9 Dec 1999), //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_ entry for William John Willoughby. weapons_in_ World_War_I: accessed 34 “HMHS Llandovery Castle,” 10 December 2017). Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia. 25 Ibid. org/wiki/HMHS_Llandovery_Castle: 26 Brittain, Vera. Testament of Youth: accessed 8 Nov 2017). An Autobiographical Study of the 35 “Service Files of the First World Years 1900–1925 (New York: The War, 1914–1918–CEF,” Library and Macmillan Company, 1933), Wiki Archives Canada (www.bac-lac.gc.ca pedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/ /eng: accessed 9 December 1999), wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_ entry for William John Willoughby. War_I: accessed 10 December 36 “Ontario, Canada, Marriages, 1801– 2017). 1935,” Ancestry (www.ancestry.co. 27 “Poison Gas and World War One,” uk: accessed 12 June 2006), entry History Learning Site (www. history for William John Willoughby and learningsite.co.uk/world-war- Edna Maud Bingham, Marriage one/the-western-front-in-world- county or district: York. war-one/poison-gas-and-world- 37 Family story, Frederic and Wayne war-one/: accessed 10 December Willoughby and June Isabella Smith. 2017). Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 16 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

The Family Wall

BY ANN BURNS When she is not in Ireland researching her ancestors, Ann can enjoy the photo wall she describes below. started digging into my family history in order to learn more about my forebears and to honour them by telling I their stories. Over a decade after starting the journey I have accumulated a lot of material from family sources, from online databases and newspapers, digging in libraries in Canada and in Ireland. The most precious items are the family photographs. Like everyone else, I have many photographs for which there is no infor- mation. But I am fortunate to have some lovely pictures of my parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and even one set of great-great- grandparents. I wanted to be able to enjoy them in a way other than knowing they were safely stored. Leaving the pictures in boxes didn't seem right and yet I'd lost interest in compiling albums. At some point in my web surfing I came upon a large decal of a tree—a family tree—on whose branches one could mount pictures. It wasn't expensive to buy the decal, about $20, so I placed my online order at www.timberartbox.com/products and the decal was quickly delivered. Fast forward two years and I'd gotten tired of seeing the tube with the decal. My freshly painted hallway begged for decoration, and I was tired of seeing the travel photos that had previously graced that space. It was time to put up the tree and add the photos. Eventually, with help, the decal was put on the wall and there it sat for another several months. I eventually decided that I would use individual photos of maternal and paternal grandparents. After another time lapse, the pictures were selected, as were the frames. When I eventually selected the pictures and had them printed in 4 × 6 format, I had to buy new frames. These replacements better filled the spaces and better showcased the images. I put the paternal line on the left and the maternal on the right. A photo of my parents on their honeymoon started the tree at the bottom centre. Far to the left went a photo of my father with his parents and siblings and on the right, one of my mother with her mother and brother.

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Actually hanging the pictures took a couple of hours and I now have my hall decoration complete. It is more appropriate than using my office, now referred to by the name borrowed from Barbara Tose—“the dead ancestors room.” All my visitors can see this wall and if they don't seem to notice, I do make sure they do so before leaving.

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Manchester Life in the 1930s—Part V

BY CHARLES MORTON In this excerpt from his memoirs, Charles describes life as a child evacuee, escaping WW II by living in Wilmslow with his foster family, the Woods. r. and Wood’s barbering days. One day, Mrs. I was shown an area of rent- M Wood subsidized council houses and seemed told that this was where the determined that I would be "poorer folk” lived! Despite a looked after in the best possible small park with swings and other way. Bedtime, which was part of a amusements in the vicinity, this very loose timetable at home, was area was placed off limits to me to be at 8:00 p.m. prompt, follow- should I ever find myself near it. ing a bath at 7:45. My diet was At the bottom of Croft Road, not substantial and healthy, with a far from No. 21 and next to the great deal of fruit and vegetables, fence of Farmer Potts' field, was a some of which I had seldom seen bungalow occupied by a Mrs. before. I could have as much fresh Brown and her son, a boy of simi- milk, a scarce commodity in lar years to myself who had all the Chorlton-on-Medlock, as I wished earmarks of being a potential to drink. playmate. Alas! Mrs. Wood told On the first Monday that I was in me in no uncertain terms that Wilmslow, Mrs. Wood, no doubt because Mrs. Brown was a based on her memories of the divorced woman (I was not even First World War, sent me to a sure what “divorced” meant, other grocery store about a mile away than knowing that Mrs. Simpson, to buy 5 pounds of brown sugar that American woman, was before it disappeared from the divorced and that had been bad shelves or became rationed. The for the country), I was not to grocer, also of the previous war associate with the boy. Indeed, vintage, laughed as he told me to while I lived in Wilmslow, the let her know that he had none left. Brown boy and I never met, and Mrs. Brown, who I suspect was Neighbourhood Relations ostracized by most of the Croft The Woods' move to Croft Road Road homeowners, never had brought with it a grander appeared on the street. outlook on life that I suspect Mrs. Wood had enjoyed during Mr. Another incident that I recall was Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 19 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

when Mrs. Wood sent me to the home, but then again, I had never Gravel Lane billet of my school been given a glass of milk, friend Brian Jervis to offer him the followed by a whole orange, cloth cap given to me by an aunt after my dinner! and packed with my belongings, a Bedtime, normally at 8:00 p.m., baggy sort of hat of the type was eased on Sunday night, even known then as a “Jackie Coogan,” though the next day was a school after a style made popular by that day, because the BBC broadcast a child actor in the movie “The Kid.” weekly instalment of “The Four Mrs. Wood was horrified that I Feathers” [a 1902 adventure should ever be seen wearing it. novel by British writer A. E. W. Instead of hiding it or throwing it Mason] between 8 and 9 o’clock, away, though, she decided that and I was allowed to stay up to Brian’s foster parents, being of a listen. lesser class, would no doubt Schooling welcome it and Brian would wear After a few days of school inactiv- it. However, Brian’s foster mother, ity, word was received that all the a kindly working-class type, sent children from St. Chrysostom’s me back with both the cap and a School would attend the local flea in my ear to tell Mrs. Wood council school, sharing the that she had no need of charity, premises on a half-day basis with thank you! the school’s regular pupils. Household Rules While the reduced hours made None of this is to say that Mr. and little difference to the evacuees Mrs. Wood were not basically (most of whom would not learn kind people doing what they anything of value even if school believed to be best for the war hours were doubled), it had quite effort and my personal welfare. an effect on the locals and caused They took their responsibilities resentments and fights until a very seriously. One of the rules I system for increasing the change- remember was that I could not eat over period was introduced. an orange immediately after lunch (as the noontime “dinner” of Other schools that had been Manchester had now become) evacuated to Wilmslow, notably because the acid from the fruit from the Levenshulme area of might curdle the milk I had drunk Manchester, had been accom- with my meal and cause a modated for their lessons in a stomachache. I had never been large house in Fulshawe Park faced with a problem like this at named “Ashcroft,” where the

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St. Chrysostom’s students would attendance had been mandated by eventually also be co-located. the evacuation authorities. Until the move to the new I soon learned, however, that premises occurred, however, the because no attendance records council school, being just outside were kept, and because Mr. and the village, meant a long walk for Mrs. Wood never attended the me each day, and as winter church themselves, it was an easy progressed, I began to dread the matter to skip the service and walk every morning. take the opportunity to play with At the time, popular winter wear some of my old schoolmates for children included “pixie” hats whom I only normally saw in for girls, woollen hats that came class, keeping a careful eye on the to a point at the back and covered time to make sure that my arrival the ears, and “flying helmets” for home corresponded with the boys, imitation leather hats of the church service schedule. type worn by airman, again with Most of these classmates saw each the benefit of ear coverings. other at play every afternoon and I dearly wanted one of these, but on weekends, being billeted with knew there was no chance of ever foster parents who were more like getting one, and I will always our own parents, and I completely remember the pain as my ears, envied them. Bernard, the boy toes and fingertips thawed out billeted next door on Croft Road, when we allowed inside the returned home to Manchester schoolroom. Even after decades of after a few weeks and I lost the Canadian winters, I cannot recall dubious pleasure of even his ever feeling as cold as I did on company. those winter mornings in A Very Different Life Wilmslow. My lifestyle was a definite Mr. and Mrs. Wood were not improvement to that at home, churchgoers, but they insisted but was lacking in the pleasures of initially that I attend a service at a family life and the closeness of church near to the village. friends and neighbours. The Although I was a member of the Woods certainly did not suffer Church of England (Anglican) I from any of the anticipated food believe this church was a non- shortages. Where Gravel Lane met conformist type, and the first day the Knutsford Road, there was a that I attended, I found the small poultry holding that kept us building packed with evacuees, supplied with eggs, and Mr. Wood leading me to believe that our grew sufficient vegetables for all

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our needs, with the exception of mist that I knew so well (and onions and carrots. For some which today would be classed as reason there was a shortage of pure smog). The feeling was these two items in our part of the heightened as we passed a country, and Mr. Wood explained number 40 tram on its way from to me that because carrots needed East Didsbury to town. a sandy soil very different to that Here I saw one of the first signs of in the area, he never had any the war, a huge barrage balloon, success in their production. which floated low over a park that Although I had no particular fond- we passed; as the war went on, ness for either at the time, the these balloons would become so shortage perhaps accounts for the common as to arouse no interest. fondness for both I have had ever (Barrage balloons were large since. hydrogen-filled balloons that At home in Manchester, pea soup were tethered to a winch and made with a ham bone and boiled floated over cities at various potatoes formed an entire meal. In heights to force enemy aircraft to Wilmslow, a wide variety of soups fly higher and to guard against were served before the main dive bombing attacks. Initially, the course at lunch, which was usually balloon sites were manned by followed by a steamed fruit or rice male members of the Royal Air pudding. I certainly didn’t lack for Force, but as the war went on, the food. men were gradually replaced by women of the Women’s Auxiliary A Visit Home Air Force (W.A.A.F)). In November, Mr. Wood’s brother somehow obtained petrol for his I immediately sensed that Mrs. car and decided to drive Mrs. Wood approved of neither my old Wood into Manchester to do some neighbourhood nor of its inhab- big city shopping. After much itants. To me that didn’t matter; it consideration, Mrs. Wood decided was home. that it might be a good thing if I Visits from My Family went with them to pay a quick Close to Christmas 1939, matters visit to my home on the way. took a turn for the better when When the car drew into areas that my parents bought me a new were familiar, I became quite bicycle; as well as being one of my homesick as the clean air of heart’s desires, it was probably an Cheshire gradually transitioned indication of the increased pros- into the Manchester November perity that the war had brought.

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Things also improved when our us later that when they went into school was later transferred from the pub, everyone greeted Mr. the Wilmslow schoolroom to Wood as though he were a regular Ashcroft House. patron, which he probably was From the second week that I not, much to his embarrassment. arrived in Wilmslow, I received Belle, the youngest of my sisters, day visits from members of my paid me a visit one weekend, family every weekend, usually a wearing her ATS uniform and Sunday. Initially, both my parents looking very smart. At the out- came together, but as the weeks break of war, she had been posted went by, they came individually, to an army signals unit stationed probably to save on the bus fare at the Hazeldene Hotel in Prest- and also allow themselves some wich, close to home, but too far to weekend time from work. (At that permit home visits every night. It time, most people still worked a was there that she met her future 5½ day week). husband, Joe Armstrong, who was When it was my mother’s turn, serving in the Royal Corps of Mrs. Wood would serve afternoon Signals. tea, and we had only a couple of Doris, my elder sister, also visited hours before it was time to start me but most of the visits were the walk back to Bank Square in fleeting; by the time the North Wilmslow to catch the North Western arrived around noon, Western bus to Manchester. time passed very quickly before it My father, sometimes accom- was time for her to catch the panied by Mr. Wood, would go for return. a walk around Wilmslow and Other Pastimes usually took the opportunity of When no family visits were stopping in at the Kings Arms for scheduled, I was taken on long a quick pint before walking me walks by Mr. Wood to see all kinds home to Croft Road. of interesting things, such as how On the way back at the end of his peat was dug and how a small first Sunday visit, Dad invited Mr. farm worked. We walked one day Wood to join him. Mr. Wood as far as Ringway Airport, where declined, saying that he drank camouflaged Fairey Battle light very little and never went in the bombers were lined up near the King’s Arms, but Dad persuaded fence, guarded by an armed him, and in they went. sentry. Dad, who detested a “holier than Another time, in the dead of thou” person, was delighted to tell winter, we walked a long way to Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 23 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

see the River Bollin frozen for the Due to the lower entrance cost first time in living memory. Many and the fact that other foster people had the same idea and parents did not share the same quite a crowd came and went. type of social awareness as the Woods, the Rex’s competitor was The river Bollin was a narrow well patronized by my school- fast-flowing stream that indeed mates each weekend, and I recall contained a great deal of ice, but my envy at their being able to having since lived for years beside watch “Robin Hood,” starring the mighty St. Lawrence River in Errol Flynn, while I was not Montreal with its several-mile allowed to attend. width covered by ice, I sometimes think back and marvel at our What made it worse on the wonderment of that little stream. Saturday when “Robin Hood” was showing was seeing many of my Lost Enjoyments friends in the queue outside the One of the things I sorely missed Rex having a good time with each was my Saturday afternoon other even before the theatre matinee at the pictures with my opened, just like the good old friends. In Wilmslow, there were Rivoli days. two cinemas within easy walking distance of each other. Not only did I miss a great entertainment for someone my One, whose name I can’t recall, age, I was also somewhat out of had a much cheaper admittance the action when Robin Hood charge than the other, which was became the main theme of the called the “Rex.” It also had special games played after school. movies for children on Saturday afternoons, shades of the old Even to visit the Rex, an adult Rivoli matinées. companion was required, so apart from one occasion when my sister The Rex, however, a large elegant- Doris took me to see “Nurse looking structure with a white tile Cavell” starring Anna Neagle, the frontage which stood well back story of the First World War from the roadway, was generally heroine executed by the Germans, seen as the Wilmslow equivalent I was completely severed from of the downtown cinemas in one of my favourite pastimes and Manchester; the films shown lost my exposure to the cultural there were of a higher calibre than aspects of the Wild West and the its lower-priced counterpart. Northwest Frontier of India. The Rex met with the approval of Mrs. Wood; its rival didn’t.

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New Experiences required to pay more for the A week or so before Christmas, stamps of the original denom- my dad wrote to say he would be ination. At least I was able to paying us a visit on the following write home more often. Saturday and that he was coming Ashcroft School by train instead of the usual bus. While I attended school at Ash- The change of day and mode of croft, I met a new group of friends transport was puzzling until he and enjoyed my time there. arrived and produced from the guard’s van a brand new Hercules I was exposed for the first time to bicycle! a woodworking class under a teacher named Mr. Grimes, who What joy that machine brought reminded me of the actor Alistair over the next few months! It Sim, not only in his looks but also became my Spitfire, my Donald in his abstracted manner. The Campbell's Bluebird world speed woodworking , known as Manual record setting car, and my Norton class, was held one afternoon per motorbike for carrying des- week and was located some patches through enemy lines, as distance from Ashcroft in another well as getting me to school much school, close to Alderley, a neigh- faster than usual. I will always bouring village. remember that memorable Christmas! To get to the class required a long walk across the golf links, which It was also around this time that I also meant getting home late. At made my first foray into high one point in the lesson, Mr. finance, when the Post Office Grimes’ attention would be suc- announced plans to raise the price cessfully diverted while one boy of postage by adding, if I recall stood on a chair and advanced the correctly, a halfpenny to the cost large wall clock by 30 minutes. of mailing a standard letter. It Mr. Grimes either never caught occurred to me that if I bought the on, or else he was aware of the stamps in advance, investing my game and glad himself to wind up total savings of one shilling, I the class half an hour earlier. would be able to avoid paying the extra amount on my mail home The same teacher held a weekly for quite some time. botany class in Ashcroft’s spacious gardens, during which It never occurred to me that a pupils regularly slipped worms or stamp of the correct value would other garden creatures into his be required to post a letter; I jacket pockets; they all must have assumed that we would just be been Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 25 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

noticed, but he never commented Passing the examination to upon them. I think that Mr. Grimes MCHSB was a source of great was our best-liked teacher . . . pride, not only to me, but to my father, mother and, not least of all, Recently, I came across a history my grandmother. of the school during those years that I attended, and was greatly Unfortunately, passing the impressed by the list of old boys: scholarship exam meant that Robert Donat, an internationally some hard decisions had to be known actor and film star who made. MCHSB pupils had, on the won an Oscar; Sir James Chad- outbreak of war, been evacuated wick, discoverer of the particle to Blackpool which, as a seaside “Neutron” and assistant to Ernest resort, made it the most desirable Rutherford of atom fame; Sir evacuation destination in the eyes Arthur Whitton-Brown, who, of a city boy. together with Sir John Alcock, While MCHSB students were able made the first nonstop trans- to continue their education in atlantic flight; Lord Uvedale of Blackpool, many evacuees from all medical distinction, and a whole of Manchester’s schools were list of distinguished men in all trickling home due to the non- walks of life. materialization of the air raids we At Ashcroft, the school aspect had been warned to expect imm- showed many other improve- ediately after war was declared. ments. First, we were now mixed This was true of MCHSB, and the with the more regular type of school was operating to its peace- elementary schoolchildren, which time level. really showed us how inferior our As another alternative, I was told education had been, compared that arrangements could be made with that of a large school. In all for me to attend Macclesfield subjects, we were behind those of Grammar School; being in a our Levenshulme counterparts. country town close to Wilmslow, However, a good deal of attention it had not been part of the nation- on the part of the teachers and a al evacuation scheme. This would lot of my own effort brought me to mean that I would continue living a stage where I was able to win a with Mr. and Mrs. Wood, a situa- scholarship to Manchester Central tion with which they expressed High School for Boys (MCHSB), complete satisfaction. considered by most to be the best school in Manchester.

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Macclesfield, Blackpool or of obstacles to frustrate the glider Manchester? landings that would be part of any At this stage of the war, in May German invasion. These ranged 1940, the overall situation had from metal stakes driven into the worsened drastically: Belgium, ground, piles of stones, and even Holland, Denmark and Norway old cars scattered about the open had all been invaded and France areas at intervals that would itself overrun. cause collisions to any glider attempting to land. The main body of the British Expeditionary Force, more than Uniformed men were to be seen 300,000 men, had been lifted from everywhere, and soldiers, even the beaches of Dunkirk by the those on leave, were now obliged royal and merchant navies, to carry their rifles at all times. assisted by a host of volunteer So far, though, the city had felt no civilians in pleasure yachts, particular effects of the war, apart fishing boats and ferries. from food rationing. Before war I can recall the great feeling of broke out, there had been many pride expressed by everyone in theories about the devastation the achievements of our soldiers, that aircraft would probably sailors and airmen and the feeling wreak on our cities and the huge that although we and the Empire number of civilian deaths that now stood alone against the could be expected. Germans, we were free of our The facts that thousands of air allies and we could not lose. There raid shelters, both public and was a strange atmosphere of exul- private, had been prepared and tation and confidence despite the that every citizen had to carry a desperate situation we were in. gas mask everywhere were In the city, signs of the war were evidence of the fears of the everywhere about; brick and government in this regard. concrete public air raid shelters However, while we had all seen had sprung on many streets. One newsreels from the Spanish Civil such shelter was erected on April War and the havoc brought to Street but, to my knowledge, their cities by the air forces of never used by its residents, who Germany and Italy [both suppor- preferred instead the dubious ters of the fascist forces of General safety of their own homes. Franco], and despite having seen In addition to the barrage Warsaw and Rotterdam severely balloons in the city parks, all open bombed during the present spaces were blocked by a variety conflict, the forecasted massive

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raids on Britain had not mater- Royal Air Force would defend us. ialized. Even if they did, we Even so, when my parents made thought that Manchester would be the decision to bring me back to beyond the effective range of Manchester, it must have been a German aircraft, and we had full very hard choice. confidence that the pilots of the

We Shall Remember Them Private George Huriwaka© Regimental number: 16/1238 New Zealand Pioneer Battalion

BY HEATHER CARMODY Heather, who is one of the volunteers researching soldiers who died at No. 1 Canadian Casualty Clearing Station, has found some interesting information about Māori recruits from New Zealand. During the Great War, 98,950 New Catholic faith and probably Zealanders served in New Zealand attended school in Matatā, forces overseas.1 Private George achieving the Fourth Educational Huriwaka was one of 2227 who Standard or higher. served in Māori units and one of Perhaps for economic reasons, by the 336 Māoris who died in that 1915 he was living in Ohinemutu, conflict.2 about 82 km from Matatā. His George was born on 24 August aunt Kate King lived in nearby 1894 in Matatā, a small commun- Rotorua, where George worked ity on the Bay of Plenty, North as a farm labourer.6 Island, New Zealand.3 The son of Britain declared war on Germany Pene Huriwaka, he was a member on 4 August 1914, but on the of the Te Arawa iwi (iwi = tribe), other side of the world in New Ngāti-Rangitihi hapū (hapū = a Zealand, it was 5 August 1914. named tribal division).4 His mother was most likely TeKoki The Governor, Arthur William de TeHira.5 Brito Savile Foljambe, Earl of Liverpool, announced the news at The couple married in the late 3 p.m. from the steps of Parlia- 1880s and raised 16 children. ment in Wellington to a crowd of George (whose Māori name was over 12,000, stating that New Kini Hori) was their fourth son.6 Zealand was prepared to make He was baptized into the Roman

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any sacrifice to maintain her Zealand Government and the heritage and birthright.7 Māori leaders.13

At the outbreak of the war, On 3 July 1915 the Native imperial policy did not allow Contingent joined the NZEF at indigenous peoples to fight in a Anzac Cove, Gallipoli, where it war against Europeans. fought with distinction, partic- Permission was granted on ularly at Sari Bair (from 6–21 14 September 1914 for a Māori August 1915). Māori losses were contingent to form part of New 17 men killed, 89 wounded and Zealand’s war effort. 2 missing.14

The four Māori members of Major General Alexander Godley, Parliament and Sir James Carroll, who commanded the NZEF,15 who, although a Māori, repre- expressed concern regarding sented the Gisborne electorate, some of the Native Contingent’s formed the Native Contingent commanders; he sent three Committee8 to recruit and officers back to New Zealand for coordinate the formation of a disciplinary reasons and broke up Native Contingent.9 the Native Contingent, assigning While some Māori rushed to enlist its companies to various NZEF (about 5.3% of the Māori popu- infantry brigades.16 Māori leaders lation of 51,997 enlisted during and the Native Contingent the war),10 others refused to fight Committee demanded that the for the British Crown. (This oppo- officers be reinstated and that sition intensified when conscrip- the Māori soldiers be reunited tion, which had been introduced as one unit. in 1916, was extended to the With the formation of a New Māori people on 26 June 1917.)11 Zealand Division in the British

The first Native Contingent of 500 Expeditionary Force in January men was organized and trained 1916, Godley was able to accept near Auckland, departing for the Native Contingent Com- mittee’s terms.17 Egypt with other New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) units The officers were reinstated and on 14 February 1915.12 on 20 February 1916, New

In May the Imperial Government Zealand Divisional Orders suggested that the contingent see authorized the formation of the active service in Gallipoli, which New Zealand Pioneer Battalion, met with the approval of the New which contained Māori and Pākehā (New Zealanders of

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European descent). It amalgam- four platoons, two of which were ated the remnants of the first made up of Māori and two of Native Contingent, the second Pākehā soldiers. The iwi distri- Māori Contingent (which had bution was adhered to, as in the arrived in Egypt on 19 January first Native Contingent.20 1916), and the depleted regi- In New Zealand, recruitment ments, the Otago Mounted Rifles continued among the male Māori and the New Zealand Mounted population between the ages of 21 Rifles.18 21 and 40 years with a maximum The decision to include Pākehā weight restriction of 13.5 stone reflected the realization that the (189 pounds; 85.7 kg)22 to form a Native Contingent at its present third Māori contingent. strength (roughly 500) was not On 28 June 1915, George large enough to form an infantry Huriwaka passed the medical battalion and never would be, examination. Almost 21 years old, given the uncertainty of further he was 5 ft. 6¼ in. (168 cm) tall, recruitment to replace weighing 140 lb. (64 kg) with casualties.19 brown eyes, black hair, a dark Pioneers were armed, trained in complexion, and scars on his left infantry tactics and employed in hand and knee. combat roles when not perfor- He enlisted at Takapuna on ming engineering tasks, such as 26 October 1915 and signed his installing communication wire, attestation form on 27 October at digging trenches and erecting Narrow Neck Military Camp defensive obstacles. overlooking Rangitoto Channel, Major George Augustus King near Auckland. There, he and 111 (from the Auckland Mounted Māoris were joined by 203 men Rifles) was promoted to Colonel who, although classified as 148 and assigned command of the Niue Islanders and 55 Raroton- New Zealand Pioneer Battalion. gans,23 actually came from various Captain Peter H. Buck (aka Te Pacific Islands.24 Rangi Hīroa), former Member of Māui Pōmare, Member of Parliament (Northern Māori), was Parliament (Western Māori) and a promoted to Major and named member of the Native Contingent second in command. Committee, had actively recruited The battalion consisted of four these men. The eight officers companies led by Pākehā and began training the recruits Māori officers. Each company had immediately in platoon and

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company drills, marching, Port Suez, Egypt, on 15 March musketry, bayonet and assault 1916. techniques and trench digging.25 Because there was an outbreak of By the end of January, they were measles during the voyage, 15 deemed ready. Niue Islanders were sent to hos- On 4 February 1916, Private pital, and the rest of the contin- George Huriwaka, Company A,26 gent went by train to Ismailia. with soldierly bearing and fixed From there they marched over the bayonet, marched with the third pontoon bridge at Ferry Post to Māori Contingent, together with the New Zealand Pioneer Battal- soldiers of the 4th Battalion, New ion’s camp east of the Suez Canal, Zealand Rifle Brigade and two arriving on 16 March 1916. sections of No. 2 Field Ambulance, The remaining members of the through the streets of Auckland to third Māori Contingent30 were put Queen’s Wharf. into a measles quarantine camp Although there was heavy rain, about 365 m west of the main thousands lined the streets to camp. cheer the troops. Speeches were At the time, the New Zealand given by a number of dignitaries. Pioneer Battalion’s main task was Prime Minister William Massey to maintain the trenches 10 km said that it was a splendid thing to east of the camp. see members of “the Native race coming forward with other On 20 March, orders were soldiers of the Empire under the received for the battalion to grand old flag.” 27 return to Moascar Camp, Ismailia. Before it departed on 21 March, George Huriwaka and the third H.R.H. the Prince of Wales and Māori Contingent, along with “C” other military officials inspected Company of the 4th Battalion, the battalion and were enter- New Zealand Rifle Brigade and tained by a rousing haka. No. 2 Field Ambulance, boarded the Navua (Transport No. 44) to When the battalion arrived at sail to Egypt at 1 a.m. on 5 Feb- Moascar Camp, George Huriwaka ruary 1916.28 and the rest of the third Māori Contingent were released from The voyage from New Zealand to quarantine and assigned to the Egypt took over a month with battalion’s companies, where they stops at Albany, West Australia, underwent more solid infantry and Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri 29 training. Lanka). The Navua arrived at

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Given the concern that the South The battalion would relocate Pacific Islanders would not cope again to Cercus on April 17 and well with the European climate, a then to Estaires on 1 May 1916. number of them were reassigned By 15 May, it had moved to billets to regiments staying in Egypt. in a cotton factory just north of Armentières on the river Lys.31 On 3 April, the whole New Zealand Division paraded for The battalion worked primarily in General Sir Archibald Murray. The a combat support role (clearing next day, he inspected the New trees, digging trenches, building Zealand Pioneer Battalion and roads and other logistical tasks) expressed his satisfaction of the with the occasional raiding Battalion’s appearance and party.32 bearing. Perhaps George Huri- There were also some social waka was part of the Ngati-Poru activities, such as a wood and Te Arawa groups that per- chopping competition between formed a song and dance of Canadian, Australian and New greeting. Zealand soldiers on 21 May On 7 April, George and his fellow 1916.33 The New Zealanders (all soldiers had a last swim in Lake Māori) won two of the four Timsah. The battalion then contests and were second in the boarded trains for Port Said. On other two. Nonetheless, the the morning of 9 April, its 28 overall situation was stressful. officers and 948 other ranks Heavy shelling was a day-and- sailed for Europe on board HMCS night experience that produced Canada, arriving in Marseilles, casualties. France, on 14 April 1916. Given the stress, crowded From there, the battalion travelled unsanitary living conditions and 850 km by train to Steenbecque, poor diet, illnesses developed. It France, where they detrained and was estimated that one-third of marched 3 km to dirty billets in the deaths in World War I (WW I) Morbecque. The weather was wet were caused by disease.34 During and cold; most of the remaining the period from 15 May 1916 to men from the Pacific Islands 14 August 1916, 5 men in the collapsed and had to be assisted. Māori Contingent (aka New (Because of illness, the remaining Zealand Pioneer Battalion) were Niue soldiers were sent back to killed in action, 7 died from New Zealand via England on wounds received earlier and 16 30 May 1916.) died from diseases.35

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On 26 May 1916, an ill George As next of kin, his father, Pene Huriwaka was taken to No. 2 New Huriwaka, received his medals, an Zealand Field Ambulance; the next Overseas War Gratuity, a parch- day he was transferred to No. 1 ment scroll and a memorial Canadian Casualty Clearing plaque. Station (CCS), Bailleul, France, New Zealand has over 500 suffering from pneumonia. He memorials honouring its WW I died at 3:30 a.m. on 6 June 1916.36 dead. George Huriwaka’s name is Private George Huriwaka was listed on a number of them. buried at Bailleul Communal However, there was a problem Cemetery Extension, Nord, Grave/ with the spelling of George’s last Memorial Reference II. B. 149.37 name. The newspapers on 10 June 1916 and the New Zealand Army Bailleul, close to the Belgian Casualty Lists spelled his name as border, was occupied on 14 Kuriwaka, although his regimental October 1914 and became an number 16/1238 was correct.38 important railhead, air depot and hospital centre. Several casualty At the unveiling of the Te Arawa clearing stations, including No. 1 War Memorial, Rotorua, on 28 Canadian CCS, were quartered February 1927 to honour the Te there. Arawa men who fought and died in WW I, Hori Huriwaka (aka The earliest Commonwealth George Huriwaka) was listed on burials at Bailleul were made in the event’s program,39 but his April 1915. An extension was built name was spelled as Huriwhaka, and burials continued until April G. PTE on the war memorial. 1918; they occurred again in September and after the Armis- In his home town of Matatā, funds tice, when soldiers’ remains were for a memorial were collected in brought in from the neighbouring 1922 and eventually the Memorial battlefields. Gates were erected. George Huriwaka’s name (spelled cor- Private George Huriwaka was rectly) is on the 1914 gate.40 His posthumously awarded the name is also on such online sites Victory Medal (for service in an as the Auckland War Museum operational theatre), and the Online Cenotaph41 and the 28th British War Medal (for service Māori Battalion Roll.42 overseas between 1914 and 1918). © 2018 BIFHSGO

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Reference Notes information but were not 1 “First World War by the numbers,” accessible. New Zealand History (https://nz 4 “New Zealand, Maori Voter and history.govt.nz/war/first-world- Electoral Rolls, 1908 and 1919,” war-by-numbers: accessed 11 Feb- Ancestry (www.ancestry.com: ruary 2018). accessed 27 February 2018), entry 2 “Māori Units of the NZEF,” New for Pene Huriwaka, Electoral year: Zealand History (https://nzhistory. 1908, Electoral district: Eastern govt.nz/war/maori-units-nzef: Maori. Note: The hapū for Pene accessed 6 February 2018). Note: Huriwaka (most likely his father) Other sources, such as Timothy was listed as Ngāti-Rangitihi and Winegard, Indigenous Peoples of the Ngati-Mahi; the hapū for TeKoki British Dominions and the First TeHira Huriwaka (most likely his World War (Cambridge: University mother) was listed as Ngāti- Press 2012), page 264, list the total Rangitihi. In the records for elect- number of Māori who served in oral year 1919, the hapū for Manu- WW I at around 2,700. era Huriwaka and Kingi Huriwaka (most likely his brothers), was 3 “Huriwaka, George–WW1 16/1238– recorded as Ngāti-Rangtihi. Army,” Archives New Zealand. (https://www.archway.archives.go 5 “International Genealogical Index,” vt.nz/ViewFullItem.do?code=18051 FamilySearch (https://familysearch. 548&digital=yes: accessed 17 Feb- org/ark:61903/2:1:9VPY-HKS: ruary 2018), entry for George accessed 2 March 2018), entry for Huriwaka, Military personnel files: Kini Hori or George Huriwaka. Note: AABK 18805 W5541/38, Record This source indicated that TeKoki no.: 0058298. Note: Unless other- TeHira was George’s mother. wise noted, all information about Although no documentation was George Huriwaka comes from this provided, this information might be source. On the attestation form, correct. There was a TeKoki George gives his birth date as Huriwaka living in Matatā; “New 24 August 1894. He may have been Zealand, Maori Voter and Electoral underage; “International Genea- Rolls, 1908 and 1919,” Ancestry logical Index (IGI],” FamilySearch (www.ancestry.com: accessed (https://familysearch.org/ark: 9 March 2018), entry for TeKoki 61903/2:1:9VPY-HKs: accessed 2 Huriwaka, Electoral year: 1908, March 2018), entry for Kini Hori or Electoral district: Eastern Maori, p. George Huriwaka records his birth 43, Electoral year: 1919, Electoral date as 1896. No documentation district: Eastern Maori, p. 38. was provided to verify this 6 “International Genealogical Index,” information. Official recording of FamilySearch (https://familysearch. Māori marriages started in 1911 org/ark:61903/2:1:9VPY-HKS: acc- and births and deaths in 1913. essed 2 March 2018), entry for Kini Church records have some of this Hori or George Huriwaka.

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7 “First World War - Overview,” New 16 James Cowan, op. cit., p. 59. Zealand History (https://nzhistory. 17 Timothy Winegard, op. cit., p. 107. govt.nz/war/first-world-war-over 18 James Cowan, op. cit., p. 70. view/origins: accessed 18 January 2018). 19 Timothy Winegard, op. cit., p. 103. 8 “Māori Units of the NZEF,” New 20 Ibid. Zealand History (https://nzhistory. 21 James Cowan, op. cit., p. 10. govt.nz/war/maori-in-first-world- 22 Timothy Winegard, op. cit., p. 104. war/native-contingent: accessed 23 Marcus F. Marks, op. cit., p. 43; 17 April 2018). “Pacific Islanders in the NZEF,” New 9 James Cowan, The Maoris in the Zealand History (https://nzhistory. Great War: A History of The New govt.nz/war/pacific-islanders-nzef/ Zealand Native Contingent and niueans: accessed 19 February Pioneer Battalion: Gallipoli, 1915, 2018). Note: The actual number France and Flanders, 1916–1918, varies from source to source. (Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs 24 Timothy Winegard, op. cit., p. 108. Ltd. 1926), New Zealand Electronic Text Collection (http://nzetc.victor 25 James Cowan, op. cit., p. 14. ia.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-CowMaor. 26 “New Zealand Army WW1 Nominal html: accessed 16 February 2018), Rolls, 1914–1918,” Ancestry (www. p. 11. ancestry.com: accessed 5 March 10 Timothy Winegard, op. cit., p. 264. 2018), entry for George Huriwahe [sic]. 11 “Māori and the First World War,” New Zealand History (https://nzhist 27 “Parade at Auckland,” Ashburton ory.govt.nz/war/maori-in-first- Guardian, 5 February 1916, Papers world-war/overview: accessed Past, National Library of New 16 February 2018). Zealand (https://paperspast.natlib. govt.nz/newspapers: accessed 12 James Cowan, op. cit., p. 16. 7 February 2018), p. 6. 13 Marcus F. Marks, New Zealand 28 W. S. Austin, Official History of the Expeditionary Force, Its Provision New Zealand Rifle Brigade (Welling- and Maintenance, (Wellington: ton: L.T. Watkins Ltd., 1924), New Government Printer, 1919), New Zealand Electronic Text Collection Zealand History (https://nzhistory. (http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/ govt.nz/files/documents/ww1- scholarly/tei-WH1-NZRi. html: stats/provision-and-maintenance. accessed January 2018), p. 61. pdf: accessed 19 February 2018), Other sources gave the date as p. 10. 6 February, which might have been 14 Timothy Winegard, op. cit., p. 104. when the fleet left New Zealand 15 “Alexander Godley,” New Zealand waters. History (https://nzhistory.govt.nz/ 29 Ibid., p. 62. media/photo/ajgodley: accessed 30 James Cowan, op. cit., p. 72. 22 March 2018).

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31 James Cowan, op. cit., pp. 72–78. 37 Commonwealth War Graves 32 “Famous New Zealanders—No.27 Commission (www.cwgc.org: —Dr. Peter H. Buck (Te Rangihiroa), accessed 26 June 2017), entry for D.S.O.: Doctor, Soldier and Ethnol- George Huriwaka. ogists,” The New Zealand Railways 38 “Fallen New Zealanders,” New Magazine, 10, no. 3 (1 June 1935), Zealand Times, 20 June 1916, Papers p. 22, New Zealand Electronic Text Past, National Library of New Collection (http://nzetc.victoria.ac. Zealand (www.paperspast.natlib. nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Gov10_03Rail- govt.nz/newspapers: accessed t1-body-d8.html: accessed 4 Feb- 9 March 2018), p. 5. ruary 2018). 39 “Arawa War Memorial, Rotorua,” 33 “Victorious Maoris, Interesting New Zealand History (https://nz Interlude in War Scene in a Forest,” history.govt.nz/media/photo/araw Falkirk Herald, 14 June 1916, The a-war-memorial-rotorua: accessed British Newspaper Archive (https:// 10 March 2018). www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.u 40 “Matatā War Memorial,” New k: accessed 3 March 2018), p. 3. Zealand History (https://nzhistory. 34 “How Many People Died in World govt.nz/media/photo/matata-war- War 1,” History on the Net (https: memorial: accessed 29 March //www.historyonthenet.com/ 2018). how-many-people-died-in-ww1/: 41 “Online-Cenotaph,” Auckland War accessed 29 March 2018). Memorial Museum (http://www. 35 “New Zealand, Army WW1 Casualty aucklandmuseum.com/war- Lists, 1914–1919,” Ancestry memorial/online-cenotaph/record/ (ancestry.com: accessed 9 March C64072?n=George%20Huriwaka& 2018), entry for George Kuriwaha ordinal=0&from=%2Fwar-memor [sic]. Note: George Huriwaka’s last ial%2Fonline-cenotaph%2Fsearch: name was misspelled; the regi- accessed 29 Mar 2018) entry for mental number was correct. George Huriwaka. 36 “Record of Deaths, 17 February 42 “Battalion Roll,” 28th Māori 1916–10 February 1919, a record Battalion (https://28maori maintained at No.1 CCCS,” Library battalion.org. nz/roll-ww1/H? and Archives Canada (records page=6: accessed 29 March 2018), accessed 2013 and 2015), Record entry for George Huriwaka. group 9, Series IIIC10, volume 4556, Record number 116.

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Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 36 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

Techniques and Resources

Then and Now— Twenty Years of Genealogical Computing

BY BOB DAWES Bob is a retired tech industry executive with a passion for merging genealogy with technology. He and his wife Barbara have tracked their ancestors through the UK, Canada and the USA. Bob is a regular speaker and writer for genealogical and historical societies in the Quinte area. Starting with nals still look the same as they did the Summer 20 years ago. So kudos again! 1998 issue of The title of my first 1998 article, Anglo-Celtic Roots, I submitted “Communicating with your three articles on technology, titled Computer,” meant using it as a “Communicating with your Com- communications tool to access the puter”, “Using Computers for world; however, this usually Genealogy” and “Publishing Your meant yelling at my computer as Family History” (Vol. 4, Nos. 3 and it refused to do what I expected. 4, and Vol. 5, No. 1). Having just How naïve I was back then! rejoined BIFHSGO after several years, I thought it might be inter- The Internet esting to revisit these articles 20 Most of my first article centered years on to see what’s changed. on getting connected using a dial- up modem to access the available Before starting, I have to services. The World Wide Web congratulate BIFHSGO on the was in its infancy, and most outstanding quality of the current communications online were Anglo-Celtic Roots. After reading done through portals like Compu- the issues from 1998 and 1999, serve, America Online and Sym- containing my articles, it has come patico or local bulletin board a long way. My compliments go to services. the succession of editors who have made this possible. My wife The highest modem speed was and I belong to many societies and 28,800 bits per second (bps), there are a number whose jour- which is paltry compared to

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today’s cable, DSL and fibre reader; now interactive websites speeds in the 75 M/bps range are collecting tombstone images (that’s 75 million bps). directly from smartphones and linking their Global Positioning Routers were only used in System coordinates. business environments, whereas we all have one today. I barely touched on search engines in my 1998 articles, Eastman’s Online Genealogy although I did mention AltaVista, Newsletter was available in text which predated Google and was format by email, as was RootsWeb. later purchased by Yahoo. Today’s However, compare that to what’s search engines are intelligent and available today via blogs, Face- you can set up alerts to constantly book, Pinterest, etc. And I’m not monitor the Web for your search even going to compare the myriad criteria. of devices that can access these services in addition to a personal Getting to where we are today computer. took a lot of work by both volunteers and commercial Cyndi’s List should also get a companies. When the U.K. 1921 mention for staying power, Census is released in January although her original URL was 2022 it won’t take long to get the www.oz.net/~cindihow.wy.htm, images scanned and online, compared with today’s www. followed by the full indexing in a cyndislist.com. Don’t ask me how year or so. Hopefully, artificial the “i” changed to a “y” but I’ll bet intelligence (AI) will speed up an internet troll had registered the transcribing of handwritten the URL before her, expecting to text, so we won’t have to rely profit from it. C[y]ndi got the last on the Third World residents or laugh! the prisoners who did earlier Today’s internet has changed versions. substantially with the online services, both paid and free, that Hardware are available. We used to rely Moving on to using computers for mostly on CDs for research, but genealogy, what has changed? In now we can find an indexed name 1998, we referred to our PCs as in seconds and then download a 386 and 486 processors. Windows copy of the original document. 95 had just morphed into Windows 98 and we were all Obtaining copies used to require worried about the Y2K crisis at making a trip to the archives and the end of the century, when spending time on a microfilm

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everything run by a computer was USB 1.0 has been replaced by 3.0, supposed to stop. (Windows 95 is and their speeds have increased now available as an app you can from 1.5 Mb/s to 5.0 Gb/s. That’s run on both PC and Apple a “G” for giga! You can now charge computers. If you feel nostalgic, and run your laptop using the USB download it from https://github. port, provided it’s a type C. com/felixrieseberg/windows95/ In the past some of you might releases.) have had a SCSI (Small Computer Most of us were still running DOS System Interchange) adapter with or Windows 3.1, because we its thick cable for your scanner, didn’t tend to upgrade our which has also been replaced by operating systems as often as we the USB technology. do today; we waited until we What were the advantages of needed a new computer. moving to Windows 95 and up? Our biggest advantage was our 1) We got rid of the DOS 8.3 CD-ROM drive. Forget a burner; (FILENAME.EXT) file naming we just needed to read all those convention and could use long genealogy CDs that were being names for our files. produced by Broderbund, Global 2) Windows applied our mouse, Genealogy, Archive CD Books and keyboard, monitor and peri- the LDS Family History Centre. pherals to every program My current PC has more RAM without needing separate memory than my original hard drivers for each one. drive. Barbara’s new HP-PC has Remember WordPerfect 5.1 16GB RAM, a 3-terabyte hard or Lotus 1-2-3? drive, a 256-gigabyte solid state 3) Windows came with built-in drive to run Windows 10 features like Notepad, Calcu- exclusively, and it cost less than lator, Paintbrush and Cardfile. the 486 Dell we bought in the 4) Windows was Plug’n’Play, mid-nineties. Plus it has built-in meaning it installed the right Bluetooth and WiFi, both of which drivers to work with your were unheard-of 20 years ago. hardware configuration, CD-ROM and DVD-RW drives are allowing seamless hardware disappearing in favour of USB upgrades. ports and flash drives. Serial ports 5) You could run multiple apps at (used to connect a modem) are the same time and copy and gone, as are parallel ports (used paste or drag and drop for printers and scanners). between them.

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I’m sure there are many more, but Scanners have advanced in the it was such a long time ago . . . same way and now include The standard monitor 20 years features that allow you to scan ago was a 14” cathode ray tube, negatives and colour slides as well which was heavy and consumed a as normal photos and documents. lot of electricity. Fast forward to Portable scanners have also 2018 and we now use wide- arrived that you can take with you screen light-emitting diode flat to copy text in books or Aunt panels in almost any dimension Sarah’s family photograph that that we want or that our work she won’t let out of her house. space will support. We found a baptismal binder at We also have the option for two or the Buchan Family History Society more monitors with our desktop in Peterhead, Scotland, and I was spread across them; some even able to copy 200 pages in about an have touchscreen technology, hour with my wand scanner which allows you to use your running on batteries. Smart- finger instead of the mouse. phones work almost as well! Speaking of which, almost no one Software today has a wired mouse or Software for genealogy has keyboard; they have all become exploded in the same time. In wireless. The USB wasn’t even a 1998, we had the choice of a few twinkle in Bill Gates’ eye 20 years DOS programs; they were mostly ago. shareware that you downloaded, No self-respecting genealogist can installed and then paid for if you function without a scanner and kept using it. printer nowadays. Multifunction Alternatively, you bought a or all-in-one machines were diskette at a show for a couple of unheard-of 20 years ago. Laser dollars. Quite often they came printers were very expensive, so attached to family history we made do with dot-matrix magazines, which is another printers with a ribbon, or pin resource that has almost printers and their unique sound. disappeared. Today you can buy a name brand My memory isn’t great, but the laser printer with duplex printing Windows software that I and WiFi for under $150. Colour remember was Family Tree inkjet printers cost even less and Maker, Brother’s Keeper and are good enough to print docu- Ultimate Family Tree. Until 64-bit ments that mirror the original computing came along, DOS image. Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 40 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

programs would work under some cases, specialty software is Windows, so there was no still better. urgency to switch up to the Publishing Windows version. My final article covered how to In the early days of computer publish a family history. In our genealogy, we tended to use a case, we had just published The basket of programs to meet our Descendants of Nehemiah Hubble needs. In addition to a genealogy and Lucretia Welton, a 1,001-page program, we also used databases hard-covered book for a family such as dBase or Paradox, word association. It contained over processors like Microsoft Word or 22,000 individuals from the 1700s Corel WordPerfect, spreadsheets to current times. (Note: we like Quattro Pro and Lotus 123 couldn’t do that today under and many specialty utility the current privacy legislation programs, which specialized in without everyone’s explicit charting, reporting, analysis and permission.) fixing errors in our files. Publishing is the one area that Today’s genealogy programs do hasn’t changed much over 20 pretty much everything, from years. You can now output a searching the Web for your family history directly from a records and images to printing genealogy program with photos, them in a coffee table book for a table of contents and an index, you. but if the program uses a template (Personally, I use an older version you lose control over the public- of Family Tree Maker and cation once you press “print.” GEDCOM my file into RootsMagic By purchasing a genealogy and Legacy so I can take advan- program that allows you to output tage of the record hints.) to word processing for final Modern genealogy programs will editing, you can do everything produce register reports that are pretty much the same as 20 years geared to today’s word ago. processors, enabling you to add And the office suite apps available images and create an index and today are also pretty much the table of contents. same as they were back then. I still use Progeny’s Charting They may look different, but the Companion, as I prefer their functionality is the same, which is charts and reports, especially with why I still use Office 2003. their new DNA-based charts. In

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There are also many free options Android, which has the largest available today, such as Open market share, thanks to smart- Office, LibreOffice and Free Office, phones and tablets. that weren’t around back then. This foretells the rise of the And the genealogy programs that Chromebook, which can run couldn’t output Word index codes Android apps and (like Android) back then, like Family Tree Maker, is free, keeping the overall cost still can’t today. down. This is why it is important to keep The biggest change in 20 years an old copy of Personal Ancestral has been the migration from 32- File around, as you can load a bit to 64-bit computing, which GEDCOM, export an RTF docu- limits the use of older programs ment and produce a table of unless you use DOSBOX or a contents and index in your word virtual computer like VirtualBox processor. You can also add or VMware. photos, charts and captions with total creative control. I still use some old DOS and early Windows (16-bit) programs that What’s Been Achieved run in VirtualBox. In fact, the So what kind of progress has 20 standalone version of Windows years brought us? Our computers 95 I mentioned earlier will run are faster and have tons of these old programs without storage. Monitors are bigger and needing a Windows licence. can be used in multiples or even projected on walls. The floppy The biggest improvement in our disk has been replaced by a digital lives has come from the succession of products, from the internet, over which we can now ZIP disk to the CD-ROM and DVD- watch TV, listen to music, video RW to the USB flash drive, which call our relatives, balance our can now hold more than the bank accounts, read ebooks and original computers. Printing is in file our tax returns in addition to colour, which is fast, cheap, email. wireless and quiet. From a genealogical perspective Software has changed in its we can access original records appearance but not its function- and transcripts in an instant. We ality and is moving to a sub- can share our ancestors on scription model to maintain the collaborative trees, all of which revenue stream. Operating was unimagined 20 years ago; at systems are pretty much the best, we could find an index and same, except that we now have then had to travel or hire a local

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researcher to obtain a copy of the Fast forward to today and the original. computer chip is ubiquitous: it’s in everything we use. AI agents or APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are now The network and how we use it is reading our trees and scouring the the future, with fibre optic cable, online databases for record hints 5G networks and LEO (low earth to help us fill in the blanks. orbit) satellites bringing us unsurpassed connectivity. That’s what has changed, not the hardware and software so much, Soon, embedded processors will but the connectivity and be in every device (making them intelligence in the network. smart), edge computing will consolidate processing (providing What’s Next low latency remote computing at Twenty years ago, the computer your ISP or possibly in your was everything. We purchased router), storage will be in the components and excitedly put cloud (bringing unlimited capac- them together. We installed ity) and with software intelligent software for each function and all enough to find the records and of this we constantly upgraded, ancestors you need while you piece by piece and program by sleep or shop. What a time to be a program, to improve functionality genealogist! and speed.

The Cream of the Crop Top items from recent posts on the Canada’s Anglo-Celtic-Connections blog

BY JOHN D. REID With the centenary of the Armistice of the First World War just past, The graves and there’s timely recognition for Kent memorials for residents Diana Beaupré and Adrian 3899 First World Watkinson, who since 2007 have War Canadian been pursuing a personal project to Expeditionary visit and record each of the First Force soldiers World War CEF graves in the British may be found in Isles. 872 locations within 90 counties and nine islands across the British Their work has been recognized by Isles. Many were in remote the award of the Meritorious churchyards and far-flung tiny Service Medal (Civil Division). cemeteries. Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 43 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

The MSM is awarded for achieve- Some first names that became more ments over a limited time that have popular after 11 November 1918 brought benefit or honour to were Victor, Victoria, Peace, Irene Canada. They hope to receive the (derived from the Greek word for award in Ottawa from the Governor peace), Versailles, Poppy and General early in 2019. Armistice. None of these challenged John and Mary for popularity but Find out more about the project at they did see an increase. Did the www.canadianukgravesww1.co.uk/, same thing happen in Canada? which acknowledges "The Directors and Members of British Isles Family Privacy restrictions means provin- History Society of Greater Ottawa cial birth registrations for the Canada" as Gold Sponsors. period are not yet public. The 1921 Census is, however. Except for the Victoria Cross Archive name Poppy there is a similar trend BIFHSGO member and chair of OGS to that seen in England and Wales. Quinte Branch Terry Buttler emailed to let me know about the Military leaders were honoured by Victoria Cross Archive: The Facts new parents. Kitchener, after Field Behind the Men Behind the Medals Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, (https://seventhtownresearch.com had a fleeting burst of popularity as /research-resources/victoria-cross- a first name from 1914 in Canada library/). and the U.K. but faded after his death in June 1916. Surviving Compiled by U.K. historian Tom generals Haig and Currie had their Johnson, it contains 1356 books, maximum occurrence for births in “some very small and others very 1919, according to the Canadian large.” The only location in the census. world where this collection exists is in Canada, at the Marilyn Adams Check Back Genealogical Research Centre and Records are continually becoming the Seventh Town Historical Society available online. For instance, since in Ameliasburgh, Prince Edward September the Provincial Archives of County. New Brunswick site has added a 5514-item “Index to New Brunswick Armistice Babies Marriages” for 1967; 5122 digitized A blog post from the (U.K.) National images of original marriage records Archives by Jessamy Carlson (https: for 1965; 929 digitized images to //blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog “Late Registration of Births” for /armistice-babies/) takes a look at 1921, and 4983 digitized images to some of the names occurring in the death certificates for 1967. English and Welsh birth records.

Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 44 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

Also in September, the Provincial While most of the content is for the Archives of Saskatchewan made its last half of the nineteenth century, entire collection of 182 back issues then the first of the twentieth, there of Saskatchewan History magazine is also some for earlier years. (1948–2017) available as free PDF As of early November the papers downloads. with the most pre-famine content It’s easy to overlook the various U.K. are for Northern Ireland: Northern county archives websites that often Whig (1832–1919, 1921–1957); host blogs, some updated more Belfast News-Letter (1828–1951, frequently than others. 1954–1956); Londonderry Sentinel My Canada’s Anglo-Celtic Con- (1829–1848, 1851–1852, 1854, nections blog recently featured blog 1856–1958); Derry Journal (1825, posts from Essex (www.essex 1835–1885, 1891–1924, 1926– recordoffice blog.co.uk/) and 1942, 1950–1955); Belfast Commer- Derbyshire (https://recordoffice. cial Chronicle (1805–1813, 1816– wordpress.com/), both of which are 1817, 1819–1822, 1825–1829, frequently updated. 1831–1847, 1853–1855); Newry Telegraph (1829–1871); Enniskillen Stay aware of news by subscribing Chronicle and Erne Packet (1813, to institutional blogs and news 1824–1880, 1882, 1884–1893). feeds for communities of interest, or by making it a habit to check back There are a few for the Republic of at their websites. Ireland: Freeman's Journal (1820– 1821, 1830–1833, 1837–1924); County Boundaries on Saunders's News-Letter (1773–1787, Google Maps 1789, 1792–1797, 1799, 1802– Current county boundaries on 1811, 1813–1815, 1817–1830, Google Maps anywhere in the U.S., 1832, 1835–1837, 1839, 1843– U.K., Ireland, Australia, New 1844, 1846, 1853–1871); Dublin Zealand, Canada and Switzerland Evening Mail (1824, 1826–1828, may be found at https://www. 1831, 1833, 1838, 1840–1871, randymajors. com/p/countygmap. 1876–1907); Southern Reporter and html/. Cork Commercial Courier (1823, Irish Newspapers Online 1825–1870); Drogheda Journal; or The British Newspaper Archive Meath and Louth Advertiser (1823– (BNA) www.britishnewspaper 1840). archive.co. uk/ has been placing There are several others with emphasis on adding digitized Irish scattered pre-famine issues, too papers to its collection in recent many to list. months, including pre-famine years.

Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 45 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

Another source, covering many of volunteers have indexed our ACR the same publications, is the Irish collection and their index is being Newspaper Archives at www.irish added to the Ottawa Branch OGS newsarchive.com/. For those who library catalogue in the descriptions fled the famine to Liverpool the BNA for the journal, issue by issue. has the Liverpool Mail (1836–1837, Volunteers have also indexed a 1839–1858, 1860–1868, 1870– number of the other periodicals in 1874, 1877, 1880) and Liverpool the collection, and these are being Mercury (1811–1835, 1837–1871, added to the main catalogue (http: 1873–1897, 1899–1900). //ogsottawa.on.ca/libsearch/). Back Issues Can Enlighten Family Tree Live In Anglo-Celtic Roots, Vol. 1, No. 1, Best bet for a genealogy event in President Brian O’Regan started the England this spring is Family Tree inaugural President’s column with Live, 26-27 April at London’s Alex- “You are now in the world of the andra Palace. Each day features British Isles Family History Society three streams of general family of Greater Ottawa, a full-fledged history with nine slots in each, and a federally-incorporated entity.” DNA stream. The emphasis on UK As we enter the Society’s 25th year speakers and topics makes the there’s much legacy material from event a worthy successor to BIFHSGO’s world available in back WDTYTA Live. And our own issues of Anglo-Celtic Roots. Christine Jackson will present her Doing a bit of catching up I came BIFHSGO-award-winning presen- upon an article called “A Tale of tation on the Queen’s coachman in Two Families” by Glenn Wright in her family tree. See more at https: ACR Winter 2008. //www.family-tree.co.uk/ftre/ show/family-tree-live. I had no recollection that Glenn had delved into Ottawa’s Northwood Thanks to Jean Kitchen family, which had the same Wolver- In closing, I’m grateful to have been hampton roots as mine. Reading it I able to prepare these columns with found out things I didn't know, or Jean as editor of Anglo-Celtic Roots perhaps knew once and had for so many years. What I know is forgotten. Back issues can be that Jean has made the rough enlightening. material I provided, usually transgressing author guidelines, I’ve wished there was a way to polished. Now you know it too and search the whole ACR collection at know why I especially will miss her once. At present there’s a search as editor. Thank you, Jean. issue by issue. Now library

Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 46 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

BIFHSGO News

Membership Report BY KATHY WALLACE

New BIFHSGO Members 1 Aug 2018–10 Nov 2018 Member No. Name Address 1563 Barbara Lee Ottawa, ON 1591 Marian Eagen Ottawa, ON 1694 Gloria Beek Merrickville, ON 1792 Helen McGuire Hogan Ottawa, ON 1792 Ed Hogan Ottawa, ON 1942 Dianne Tremblay Gatineau, QC 1943 Donald Beckett Nepean, ON 1944 Larry Richardson Nepean, ON 1945 Beverley Stevenson Carstairs, AB 1946 Joseph Culligan Orleans, ON 1947 Susan Nutbrown Plantagenet, ON 1948 Jillian Glover Winnipeg, MB 1949 Kit Flynn Ottawa, ON 1950 Elaine Dunn London, ON 1951 Murray Cameron Ottawa, ON 1951 Susan Cameron Ottawa, ON 1952 Linda Shesko Pointe-Claire, QC 1953 Lynda Healey-Radley Ottawa, ON 1954 Donna Killeen Ottawa, ON 1955 Ontario East British Home Child Long Sault, ON Family 1956 Bruce McLennan Ottawa, ON 1957 Nancy Fraser Ottawa, ON 1958 Pierce Reid Toronto, ON 1959 Gloria McNabb Winnipeg, MB 1960 Helen Macdonald Ottawa, ON

Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 47 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

1961 Mary Campbell McNab/Braeside, ON 1694 Gloria Beek Merrickville, ON 1962 Rob Copeland Ottawa, ON 1963 Irish Radio Canada Ottawa, ON 1964 Lise Fournier Ausman Ottawa, ON 1965 Ruth Gray Ottawa, ON 1965 John Gray Ottawa, ON 1966 Patricia Wood Lexington, VA 1967 Anne Robertson Pfau Corvallis, OR 1968 Helen Bednarek-Van Eyk Nepean, ON 1968 Gerard Van Eyk Nepean, ON

Volunteer Opportunities Volunteer Coordinator Wanted Would you like to use your strong people and organizational skills to develop and implement BIFHSGO’s volunteer program, recruit volunteers, arrange for training opportunities, and oversee volunteer appreciation? Contact [email protected] Anglo-Celtic Roots Editor Wanted Do you have editing/writing skills and publication management experience? Would you enjoy upholding BIFHSGO’s professional image? You can make a difference! Contact communications@ bifhsgo.ca Assistant Treasurer Wanted Are you good with numbers and budgets? Are you looking for a meaningful way to get involved with BIFHSGO? Contact [email protected]

2019 Membership Fee Increase Membership fees are increasing by $5.00 to help meet the rising costs of operating our society. Starting 1 January 2019 Individual and Institutional memberships will rise to $50.00 and family memberships to $60.00. Renew before 31 December 2018 at the current rates. Your membership fees support the many activities and services provided by BIFHSGO, including this journal.

Anglo-Celtic Roots • Quarterly Chronicle 48 Volume 24, Number 4 • Winter 2018

BIFHSGO Board of Directors 2018–2019 President Duncan Monkhouse [email protected] Recording Secretary Gillian Leitch [email protected] Treasurer Marianne Rasmus [email protected] Research & Projects Lynda Gibson [email protected] Membership Kathy Wallace [email protected] Communications Susan Davis [email protected] Publicity Mary-Lou Simac [email protected] Director at Large John McConkey [email protected] Programs/Education Andrea Harding [email protected] Past President Barbara Tose [email protected]

Communications Anglo-Celtic Roots Editor Jean Kitchen [email protected] eNews Editor Wanda Quinn [email protected] Webmaster Vacant Queries Sheila Dohoo Faure [email protected] Photographer Dena Palamedes Conference 2019 Jane Down, Duncan Monkhouse Public Accountant McCay Duff LLP

The Society The British Isles Family History Society of Greater Ottawa (BIFHSGO) is an independent, federally incorporated society and a registered charity (Reg. No. 89227 4044 RR0001). Our purpose is to encourage, carry on and facilitate research into, and publication of, family histories by people who have ancestors in the British Isles. We have two objectives: to research, preserve, and disseminate Canadian and British Isles family and social history, and to promote genealogical research through a program of public education, showing how to conduct this research and preserve the findings in a readily accessible form. We publish genealogical research findings and information on research resources and techniques, hold public meetings on family history, and participate in the activities of related organizations. Membership dues for 2019 are $50 for individuals, $60 for families, and $50 for institutions. Members enjoy four issues of Anglo-Celtic Roots, ten family history meetings, members-only information on bifhsgo.ca, friendly advice from other members, and participation in special interest groups.

BIFHSGO Calendar of Events Saturday Morning Meetings The Chamber, Ben Franklin Place, 101 Centrepointe Drive, Ottawa

12 Jan 2019 The Cowkeeper’s Wish: Transforming Family History into a Great Story—While it’s satisfying to fill in a family’s vital records, what’s more fascinating is exploring who these people were and how they fit into their settings. Kristen den Hartog and Tracy Kasaboski will discuss how to create a wonderful story, drawing on official documents and personal treasures. 9 Feb 2019 Lord Bathurst’s Settlers to Murray Township 1815– 1817—Many people are aware of the military settlements Lord Bathurst established in Perth and Richmond, but not of a smaller settlement created on the Bay of Quinte. Brian Tackaberry will talk about this settlement, which was established by disbanded soldiers and English immigrants. 9 Mar 2019 Expanding That Empty Branch on the Genetic Family Tree—Isobel (Ella) Moreland was born in Edinburgh, adopted, and then emigrated to Canada as a war bride. Marianne Rasmus will share Ella’s story and reveal how the family came together to search for Ella’s birth family. Schedule 9:00–9:30 Before BIFHSGO Educational Sessions: check www.bifhsgo.ca for up-to-date information. 9:30 Discovery Tables 10:00–11:30 Meeting and Presentation 11:30–16:00 Writing Group For information on meetings of the other special interest groups (Scottish, Irish, DNA, Master Genealogist Users), check www.bifhsgo.ca. Articles for Anglo-Celtic Roots Articles and illustrations for publication are welcome. For advice on preparing manuscripts, please email the Editor, at [email protected]. The deadline for submissions to the Spring issue is 25 January 2019.