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American Studies in the Middle East

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American Studies in the Middle East 【연구논문】 American Studies in the Middle East Robert Myers (American University of Beirut) As the discipline of American Studies has begun the process of internationalization in earnest, nowhere in the world has been a more significant locus of this shift－as a site and object of study－than the Middle East North Africa, or MENA, region.1) One reason for greater attention by American studies scholars to the MENA region is that this region has come under increased scrutiny by both the American government and the more general populace, especially since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington DC. It has also become the target of American military operations, most notably in Afghanistan beginning in the fall of 2001, and in Iraq, which the U.S. invaded and occupied beginning in the spring of 2003. The two countries continue to be occupied by large contingencies of U.S. military forces and support personnel as of the fall of 2011. A full-scale war involving over 65,000 U.S. soldiers continues in Afghanistan, in spite of U.S. 1) Amy Kaplan, Address to American Studies Association. Hartford, CT. October 17, 2003. 114 Robert Myers President Obama’s call for a reduction of troop numbers after the so-called “surge” in 2010.2) The almost 50,000 U.S. troops still stationed in Iraq have largely been withdrawn to their bases, and in spite of the fact that August 2011 was the first month since the invasion in which there were no U.S. casualties, insurgent military operations directed against the current Iraqi government, Iraqi civilians, the thousands of U.S. contractors who work in the country and the U.S. occupying force continue. Although President Obama has pledged to withdraw all of those troops by the end of 2012, there are already discussions between the U.S. and Iraqi governments about maintaining an American military presence beyond the deadline.3) At least two other factors have helped to accelerate the movement by American Studies scholars toward focusing their attention more closely on the MENA region. First, in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. government dramatically expanded an extensive transnational security operation as part of the so-called “war on terror” that involved kidnapping and interrogation of foreign nationals, extra-legal detentions of suspected “terrorists” (almost all from South Asia or the MENA region), restrictions on financial transactions, and domestic security operations and surveillance that targeted Muslims and those of Arab, Iranian and South Asian descent, many of them U.S. citizens. Second, as a result of the end of the Cold War, the failure of the Oslo peace process in the 1990s, and the September 11 attacks, American Studies scholars and others have undertaken a much 2) Amir Shah, “August is Deadliest Month for US in Afghanistan,” Associated Press, August 30, 2011, http://www.commondreams.org/headline/ 2011/08/30-6. 3) “Iraq Will Ask US Troops to Stay Post-2011, Says Panetta,” BBC Mobile, June 10, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13722786. American Studies in the Middle East 115 more intensive interrogation of the longstanding military, diplomatic and cultural links between the U.S. and Israel. Supporters of Israel have frequently pointed to the September 11 attacks as proof of how much the U.S. and Israel have in common in the fight against “terrorism,” whereas other critics have, in the aftermath of the attacks, called for a reassessment of the U.S./Israeli relationship. A third and much more recent factor that has accelerated the process of American Studies scholars shifting their attention toward the MENA region has, of course, been the so-called “Arab spring”－ i.e. the protests, revolutions, uprisings and armed conflicts in Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain and elsewhere in the Arab world. Not surprisingly, then, much of the increase in American Studies courses, programs, centers, conferences and research in the MENA region and Afghanistan in the last ten years can be directly linked both to the events of September 11, 2001 and the U.S. military responses to those events. The most striking example of how September 11th changed the presence and vitality of American Studies in the Middle East are the endowments given by the Saudi businessman Prince Alwaleed bin Talal, a major shareholder in Citibank and Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation. Soon after the attacks, he offered 10 million dollars to Rudolph Giuliani, the Mayor of New York, to increase understanding between the U.S. and the Arab world. Initially, Giuliani accepted the gift, but when he discovered that Prince Alwaleed had said that he hoped the attacks would provoke a reassessment of U.S. policies toward Israel and Palestine, the Mayor returned the money.4) Prince Alwaleed then offered 5.2 million dollars to the American University of Beirut to 116 Robert Myers start a Center for American Studies that would improve East/West understanding and a gift of 10 million dollars to the American University of Cairo. The Center for American Studies and Research (CASAR) at AUB began operations in the fall of 2004 under its new Director, Patrick McGreevy, a geographer who had formerly served as the chair of the Department of History and Anthropology, Geography and Earth Science at Clarion University in Pennsylvania. Glen Johnson, a former U.S. State Department official, career diplomat and Peace Corps administrator, was named the Director of the new center at the American University of Cairo, which opened in 2006. Although this large injection of financial support obviously helped to rapidly change the character of American Studies in the MENA region－as did the vocal support for American Studies at educational institutions in the Middle East by Edward Said－the new centers in Beirut and Cairo were and are not the only places in the region where American Studies institutes, programs and courses exist. Other programs in American Studies offered in the region include those at the University of Jordan (Amman), Al Quds University (Jerusalem), the Arab American University (West Bank), the University of Tehran, the University of Bahrain, Georgetown’s new School of Foreign Service in Doha (Qatar), and University of Annaba, in Algeria.5) A number of other universities in the region such as Notre Dame University in Lebanon and the Hashemite University in Jordan offer courses on American literature, history and culture, although not necessarily 4) Patrick McGreevy, “The American Question,” Journal of American Studies in Turkey 24 (2006): 15-27. 5) Ibid, 20. American Studies in the Middle East 117 under the aegis of American Studies. Moreover, as Patrick McGreevy observes in his article “The American Question,” a large number of universities in the region have intentionally branded themselves as “American,” although they do not necessarily offer courses in American Studies.6) As will become obvious in the course of this survey, however, the opening of the two centers in Cairo and Beirut, and especially the latter, created the impetus for a broad exchange of American Studies scholars within the MENA region and among scholars in it and those in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere that dramatically changed American Studies in the Middle East and the nature of the discipline as it is practiced elsewhere in the world. This paper will first examine the American Studies landscape in the MENA region in various countries in the second half of the twentieth century and then look at the ways that landscape has been altered by the events that have occurred in the first decade of the twenty-first century. As Ussama Makdisi and others have shown, there was a profound American influence on education and cultural life in the Arab world as early as the mid-nineteenth century, and as mentioned above, “American-style” education, implied by the use of the name “American” in the name of many institutions founded in the last 150 years in the region, was valued as a means of modernization and disinterested scholarship.7) Some of the earliest courses and scholars in the MENA region to study the U.S. within the framework of the nascent discipline of 6) Ibid, 11. 7) Ussama Makdisi, Artillery of Heaven: American Missionaries and the Failed Conversion of the Middle East (London: Cornell UP, 2008). 118 Robert Myers American Studies－whose beginning is generally traced to Henry Nash Smith at Harvard in the 1940s－were housed at the University of Baskent, in Ankara, and in Algeria.8) According to Miloud Barkaoui, a Professor of American Studies in the Department of English at the University of Annaba in Algeria, courses in American civilization, many of which prefigured contemporary concerns in American Studies, were offered in Algerian universities as early as the 1970s, a decade after the end of the Algeria revolution. Significantly, writes Barkaoui, the academic interest in the U.S. “took place away from the influence of Washington’s agenda,” i.e. the preoccupation with the MENA region as an arena of big-power conflicts during the Cold War.9) The interest among Algerian scholars in the 1970s tended to focus on American “exceptionalism,” a theme which has only recently begun to receive the attention it deserves in American Studies, especially as it relates to the U.S., Israel and the Middle East. Barkaoui, who himself has a Ph.D. in American Studies from the University of Keele in the U.K. and has written on U.S. governmental attitudes and policies toward Algeria during its anti-colonial war against France, makes several additional points about the evolution of American Studies in Algeria.
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