The using of modern technologies in orienteering

Michal Frainšic1, Petr Špicar2, Ludmila Fialová2 1 Department of Outdoor activities, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 2 Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Didactics of sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Char- les University, Prague, Czech Republic

Abstract The article deals with introduction and contribution of modern technologies used in a sport branch of ori- enteering sports in comparison with the past when these technologies were not used. Modern technologies contributed to expansion of orienteering sports. They made this branch of sport more attractive for both - com- petitors and spectators. Facilities like SPORTident, Trac-Trac, Emit and Racom transfered on-line results from race to competitors and spectators, who are in the race center. Thanks to those facilities spectators can also watch the race on-line on TV or on the Internet. Program OCAD made the preparation of orienteering maps and tracks faster and more effective. Modern technologies also speeded up the process of race preparation.

Key words Emit, OCAD, Oorg, Open Orienteering Mapper, Purple Pen, Orienteering organiser, orienteering, orientee- ring sports, Racom, SPORTident, Trac-Trac.

Souhrn Článek se věnuje představení a přínosu moderních technologií využívaných ve sportovních odvětvích orien- tačních sportů v porovnání s dobou minulou, kdy tyto technologie ještě využívány nebyly. Moderní technolo- gie se zasloužily o rozvoj orientačních sportů, toto sportovní odvětví zatraktivnily a to jak závodníkům, tak i široké veřejnosti. Zařízení SPORTident, Trac-Trac, Emit a Racom přináší okamžité výsledky a umožňují on-line přenosy výsledků trenérům, závodníkům na shromaždišti či divákům u televizní obrazovky. Program OCAD urychlil a zefektivnil přípravu mapy a stavby tratí na závody v orientačních sportech. Moderní tech- nologie taktéž zefektivnily a zrychlily proces pořádání závodů.

Klíčová slova: Emit, OCAD, Oorg, Orienteering organiser, Open Orienteering Mapper, Purple Pen, orientační běh, orientač- ní sporty, Racom, SPORTident, Trac-Trac.

List of Abbreviations MTBO – mountain bike orienteering ČSOS – Czech Orienteering Association OB – orienteering GPS – Global Position Systém OOM – Open Orienteering Mapper GSM – Global System of Mobile Communications Oorg – orienteering organiser IOF – International Orienteering Federation SI - SPORTident LOB – ski orienteering Trail-O – Trail orienteering

Introduction be characterized as a modern sport branch with the Orienteering sports contain several types of disci- endurance character in which you have to orient plines. The most spread, considering the number correctly and quickly in the unknown terrain. Du- of athletes and the number of races, is orienteering ring the race itself you search for the control points itself, ski-orienteering, mountain bike orienteering which you have to find in a right order and as fast as and trail-orienteering. Those disciplines are gained possible. The path between the control points you under the Czech orienteering federation. have to choose with a help of the map, compass and All those types of orienteering, except Trail-O, can a brief description of a control points. The success in

34 journal of outdoor activities the race is about the right orientation, fast running, direct export to the vector (AI, DFX, EPS, PDF, SHP, skiing or biking (ČSOS, 2011). The Trail-O is a spe- SVG) and the grid formats (BMP, GIF, JPEG, TIFF). cific discipline. It is about focus on the map reading The program has a lot of sophisticated but user fri- and on the right interpretation of the map. This type endly functions and that´s why it is very popular of orienteering allows disabled people to do orien- not even among the orienteering runners but even teering because the speed is not the part of the race. among the cartography companies. In the Czech The Trail-O participants have to identify the control environment Czech Tourist Club, companies as a points from the map in the real terrain and, becau- Mapy.cz or SHOCart use OCAD for making tourist se it is taking place in the certain distance from the map bases. control point, the chance to succeed is the same for Hans Steinegger from Switzerland started to deve- the disabled people as for the healthy ones (Trail ori- lop OCAD in 1992 (OCAD, 2013b). First of all the enteering v ČR, 2011). program was made for the cartographic map prepa- Everyone can participate in orienteering. At the race ration for the orienteering runners. Today it is suc- there are many categories with a lot of tracks of the cessfully used in more than 60 countries all around various lengths and difficulty, graduated from the the world and it is used in all different branches, for age, gender and severity. Thanks to this the competi- example cartographic publishing houses, cartogra- tors of the same age and efficiency compete together. phy offices, schools, graphic companies (OCAD, The categories are signed form the ten years old chil- 2013a). The professional version allows working dren up to eighty years old veterans which means with the GIS (graphic information system) files. that everybody can find their own competitor and The user friendly environment of this software can the track (ČSOS, 2011). be handled even by the less mastered individuals. The increase of the modern technologies has been OCAD is nowadays the mostly used software for the watched since the 90´s of the 20th century, mainly orienteering map making (Zentai, 2009). during of the second half of this decade. The soft- OCAD brought the significant change in the map ware for the orienteering map drawing is expanding making. Each map is drawn on a specific base, howe- and there is a usage of electronic stamping system ver it was very difficult to gain them at that time, of the control points at the regional and national especially those ones with large scale. Nowadays, competition. Later on there is a beginning of the the base maps are easily accessible on the Internet or online data transfer of the results. Those technolo- low charged. An “astrafoil” was attached on the base gies changed the view of the organizing races, made maps to put down more detailed shapes that were them more attractive for the mass public and brou- not interpreted on base map. But it was not so simp- ght the sponsors. They significantly participated in le. There were more astrafoils and it was necessary to the making the training process more effective, too. keep drawing in a certain sequence. Firstly, an astra- foil for contour lines was drawn, thus brown colour. The software programs for orienteering Another astrafoil for black colour was attached on it map making so that tracks would be in a proper undercut. Later on, the black one was taken out and the brown one OCAD - the smart system for cartography was ready for drawing in blue colour. Both of theme OCAD is a software program which can prepare all were taken out afterwards, so that the basic colour types of maps. Thanks to its easy manipulation and was black for last astrafoil for yellow colour (Borský, to prepared set of symbols we can make high quality 2007). A supplemental writing was handwritten. maps in a short period of time. OCAD was origina- A nowadays’ cartographer is mapping all informati- lly invented for the orienteering map drawing, but it on on one base only. This base is scanned as a bitmap has more other functions considering the orientee- format and inserted to the OCAD programme. Ano- ring competitions. Foe example, there is function for ther option is to lay up digital pictures, data from the track making for both individual and relay race, laser-scan or any other vector basis. the printing of the maps with tracks, optimization of We can switch among the individual bases. A carto- the track making considering the number of partici- grapher can start drawing according to a mapping pants, the processing of the pictograms of the cont- key of orienteering – ISOM. The work itself is not rols, the export of the tracks (categories) to the text complicated. He creates a very precise and well-re- form for the other SW or for the preparation of some adable map. Before printing, the final map can be special orienteering training maps. All the data are turned according to magnetic declension, magnetic in the vector shape and there is the possibility for the inclination or cartographic portray. An indisputab-

Volume 7 No. 2/2013 ISSN 1802-3908 35 le advantage is then that a cartographer can draw a control so the runner has to perceive other objects. map progressively, in principle immediately, after This type of training teaches runner how to keep coming back from forest, whereas earlier a whole concentration and to have ability to choose what is map had to be charted firstly and only after the dra- the most important and which symbols should bear wing itself could start. in mind not to get lost. An every single second is The other function of this program is a track buil- counted, especially for top runner a few lost seconds ding for the orienteering sports. The track building can indicate significant lost. is a really difficult because there are tracks with The usual problem, not even considering the begi- different length and difficulty. For the national nners, is to keep up with the direction. In this case competition the track builder must prepare appro- we can use the program for making the track called ximately forty tracks and there is even a limitation “corridors” or “swiss game”. about the number of the control points – there is The runner then sees a map of his progression only, about ninety to one hundred of them. The software in the second case just surround of control. By me- made this work a lot easier because right after we ans of this type of training we teach to keep direction have the lengths, we can see the difficulty and we for progression and no diversion. are able to tell if not many runners would take the Another huge advantage is the preparing of the re- run. Also we do not have to draw the individual lay races. The track is built almost the same as said variants on empty maps and then redraw them. The above, we just have to add special relay controls. The risk of making mistakes falls apart then (Polášek, advantage is that the program automatically prints 2007). This function of the program was made se- all variants of sections of the relay race and the track veral years later than the program itself. However, builder does not have to draw all the variants on the it is really important and valuable function which individual map (Špicar, 2011). made it easier and which made the work of the map builder quicker. Orienteering organizer When making the track itself, we have to reread the For the needs of the orienteering runners was in base map. It should have the big differentiation with 1998 developed the Orienteering organizer program the usage of “ocd” format. Next, you can put it closer (next Oorg only). In the context of those days com- or further. Then you add individual controls, start puters this system made the pictograms. In the MS- and finish which you can easily fix. As soon as we DOS system pictograms were written in words and have controls ready, you can just put them together then the program recreate the words to symbols and into a track and get them the pictograms. The map the pictograms could then be printed. is ready to print in all scales right after that. The pro- The program is still developing under the leading gram measures the track length automatically, too. of Zbyněk Černín. In 1996 the version Oorg 6 was We must not forget to check if we set the same scale made and this version was for work in Microsoft as on the base map. Otherwise, the length will not be Windows operational system. With this version the same as in real. In case if this mistake would happen set of new innovations is coming. Approximately during the organization of the race, there is the risk one year ago the new version Oorg 11 was published. of canceling the race. In its base, Oorg is moreover similar to OCAD, We must not forget its usage for the training process. however, it is not possible to make the maps with it. In this given program we can make a lot of interes- Its main function is to build the tracks. We can find ting and valuable training. For example, the program some more functions as a making of the start lists, allows us to hide some notices in the map or to make printing of the SI cards or the animation of the race. the map with the contour line. This type of training we use to teaching how to find the surface of the The comparison of the OCAD and Oorg terrain or to run on contour line to avoid running programs unnecessary height meters. By the same way we can Let´s focus now on the differences between those delete just some symbols from the map (for example two programs. The first big difference is the price. those which are not important for the map reading For buying Oorg you need 1,000 Czech crowns, for when getting to control point). This type of training OCAD is it 10,000 Czech crowns. The other big di- is used for e.g. easement of training to keep in the fference is about the principle of the track building. runner’s mind clue points which he should percei- For the new track Oorg is better but when you work ve. Or on the contrary, we can make this procedure with the map with the hand drawn track on it, it is more difficult. Eg. we delete a deep forest before the better to use OCAD. If you make the pictograms of

36 journal of outdoor activities the controls, we would prefer OCAD because it can orienteering, these programmes are definitely highly allow us to put the control point closer to us and in recommended to him this we can make the pictogram. In Oorg program you have to bring near the control and then you can The electronic system of marking click on the pictogram set where you can make the pictogram itself (Žaloudek, 2007). SPORTident The huge disadvantage considering the Oorg pro- “The SPORTident system was developed in the mid- gram is the printing of the maps with the tracks on dle of Germany in Thuringia (Arnstadt), where the them. The resulting map is much worse, considering company´s head office is located.” (SPORTident, the quality, than when using the OCAD. 2011). The prototype of this system was made in More about the problems with making maps for the 1996. The thought about making this system was orienteering runners including the OCAD program born earlier when the daughter of one of the engi- you can find in the diploma thesis written by Zema- neers had some problems with marking to the pa- nová (2007) and Henycha (2012). per card during the winter training. In 1998 there was the first competition with this system and that Other similar softwares was during the International 5 days of orienteering The above mentioned programmes are unfortunate- in Italy and the system was a great success (Ritter, ly not for free. The OCAD programme costs a few 2012). In the end of the year 2011 the system has thousand crowns, the OORG software is a little bit been used in more than fifty countries in the world. cheaper. Nevertheless, there are free versions avaia- “The Czech Republic is a country with a well deve- lable, e.g. Open Orienteering Mapper (further just loped Orienteering scene. So, we presented SPOR- OOM). OOM is open source multi-platform soft- Tident there in 1997 – with absolutely no response. ware in development (third alpha available) for Ma- We came back three years later and saturated ori- pping. The project was started in January 2012 by enteering events to nearly 100%. Actually, nothing Thomas Schöps (Open orienteering, 2012). OOM changed the SPORTident side but nearly everything is basically the same programme as OCAD. Those in the economical situation of the Czech Republic.” 2 softwares are compatible as so as their look like is (Ritter, 2012, p. 42). very similar. OOM is definitely easier and more in- The basic elements of the electronic system SPOR- tuitive for users and enables better and faster work. Tident are: the electronic SI-card and the electronic By contrast with OCAD, we can not build tracks SI-unit. The SI-card is a memory element which is there. In this case we can use a different programmes energetically independent (it does not contain any that is also for free, called Purple Pen. Purple Pen is battery) and in which you write the data (on what a free orienteering course setting software (Purple control, SI-unit the runner was, in what time and Pen, 2008-2013). what time spacing is between controls going right Compatibility with OCAD is again guaranteed. This after another, SI-units). The writing and the reading software is again user friendly, however a couple of of the collected data is done by the SI-units which things are found to be more complicated ones. Part- are on the controls, start and the finish of the track. ly it is inserting of categories, impossibility of track Those units have to have batteries with some mini- creation and assort their categories. For every track mal sort of voltage. The service life is between 4-7 we must creatne extra pictograms (control symbols), years (Horáček, 1999). its not possible to create relay race. We distinguish more line of the SI-cards, concretely A relatively considerable disadvantage is that we speaking about lines 5, 6, 8 – 11. The individual SI- can not generate base for elaboration of electronic -cards are distinguished by the speed of control mar- results which is at the nowadays’ usage of electronic king, next by the number of the remembering of the systems is a significant absence. control points and the last thing is about the compa- These softwares are relatively young and among tibility with the other SI-units. The newest line of the orienteering runners not very common. It is diffi- SI-cards, the line 11, has even the optical signals of cult to estimate how fast they will spread out when the marking of the control points which is really im- most of the clubs in the Czech republic dispose of portant for the sprint where the racer tries to mark OCAD. Nevertheless, we find one meaningful usage the control in a maximal speed. The speed of mar- at schools. The schools can not afford a few thou- king of this line is about 60 ms. For the beginner is sands for software and those ones can function as the best to get the SI-card line 6 which is compatible a great alternative. If a teacher will be teaching an with all types of SI-units. It is important to mention

Volume 7 No. 2/2013 ISSN 1802-3908 37 that SI-cards line 8-11 do not work with older types and Sweden (Dvorská, 1997). During next years this of the SI-units. Those are not made anymore but we system started to be used in Scandinavian states, in can still see them on some competitions. the rest of the Europe the SPORTident is used. There are several types of SI-units. As mentioned above, these days only SI-units marked as BSF7-T The comparison of SPORTident and Emit AS and BSF8-DT/DB are made. From the older ones systems they are distinguished by the batteries which can last Nowadays, there is the domination of the usage of a lot longer (two or three years). The other difference the SPORTident system during the orienteering ra- is that you do not have to program it for the next ces. The Emit AS system is used only for some races race, it would start with the SI-card and stop after in the northern European states, especially in Nor- the time we set before. way. The reasons why SPORTident became more For the complete use of the SPORTident we need to popular are: get another SI-units. That means we have to get SI- • SPORTident in comparison with Emit had the -units which delete the data from the SI-card (on the acoustic and visual signal when marking the hand the previous race or training would be shown control which was better for racers because they and we risk the disqualification from the race) and knew for sure that they went through the control these is the starting one, finishing and then the rea- point. ding one. The SPORTident company offers also a tra- • SI-unit was more user friendly because it was ining set for schools. The approximate cost is 60.000 smaller and the marking was more practical and CZK and for majority of schools is unavailable. quicker (especially it was popular among younger What is the electronic system useful for? A runner racers). knows his result immediately after finishing the race, moreover his time among check-ups. The final Displaying systems results are also available. It also brought up a break in orienteering, especially during online transmissi- On-line data broadcasting - RACOM on of runner’s position and time. With the online data broadcast deals mainly the It has also a very significant role during a training RACOM company which allows us to watch what process. It is used as an important base for race or is happening during the race. This phenomenon training evaluation. started to grow bigger in this sport branch in the He disposes of accurate data of loss among single last five years. In the past, when the competitions check-ups so that he can relatively exactly analyze were without the SPORTident system, was just one his mistake. It can be also used in different kinds of organizer at the control point who had the speaker intervallic map training. and was giving the information to the centre of the race – about the number or the name of the racer Emit AS who was currently at that particular control point. The Emit AS company as the SPORTident company The speaker in the race centre then announced this deals with the development of the electronic mar- information to the audience. The real time of the ra- king system. This company was set up after the com- cers crossing the finish line the speaker just guessed bining of the Rengly AS and Time Tech AS compa- from the start lists and the watches. nies in 1995 (Emit, 2011). RACOM company developed the program which The development of this electronic system started in deleted those problems and allowed more possibili- 1991 with the cooperation of the Rengly AS compa- ties. This program uses SI-units in the woods which ny and the Norwegian orienteering federation. The are connected to the special software and through reasons for the developing of the new marking sys- GPS scale gives the information about time of the tem were: the difficulty with finding out what -mar runner who has just marked the particular control king was right and what was not, the long way how point, his leading position or about the time lost on to check the correct marking and the long waiting the leader. The data are broadcasted to the computer for the results (Dvorská, 1997). of the speaker in the race centre. Usually there are The system was tested during the year 1994 during about five or six those controls and the last control the eleven competitions in Norway, Sweden and point always has this function. That information is Denmark. In 1995 the system was used during many even given to people in the centre of the race, who competitions, for example the world championship have their laptop or smart phone, through the wi-fi in Germany, the national championships of Norway signal. This could be even used worldwide through

38 journal of outdoor activities the internet. Often there is a big screen in the race Discussion centre which broadcasts this information, too. In this article we introduced modern technologies During the big competition as a world champion- which had and still have the significant importance ship, European championship or world famous re- in the development of the orienteering sports. Con- lays (Tiomila, Jukola) are at the control points (with sidering the problematic of the races, the modern the SI-units and RACOM software) TV cameras technologies saved us a lot of time, preparation and which shoot the runners and put those shots on the even the finances. Concretely speaking, in OCAD screen. program we can make the orienteering map pretty quickly. Also, we can build the tracks and we do not TRAC-TRAC have to drawn them on the individual maps as it was The Trac-Trac software system for online watching before. This program saved us a lot of time and mo- of the racer in the terrain was developed for orien- ney with printing the maps, too. The map with the teering sports, too. control points are perfectly in the centre of the par- The system uses GPS and GSM system for data ticular object. In the article we compared the OCAD broadcasting. Every runner would get trac unit be- program with the Oorg program and we mentioned fore the race, the unit is put on the vest which runner the advantages and disadvantages. Recently, there have to wear during the race. In the one second in- are coming up also similar softwares that are free- terval this unit identifies the actual position of the ly accessible for users. We have mentioned the two racer and through the GSM it is broadcasted to the most used programmes - Open Orienteering Ma- race centre where the information is combined with pper and Purple Pen. Thanks to their availability the map and then visualized on the screen on some they significantly raising up a chance for making use other broadcasting system. There is even the po- of orienteering at basic and high schools. ssibility to broadcast the data through the internet The other benefit when organizing the competition where everyone can see it or download it for free. is the quicker way how to make the start lists. We This system is heavily used during the live broadcast make them in the Oorg program or in the software of the world cup series where the runner is caught from the SPORTident company. All we need is to on the strategic places by the cameras and we can put the individual algorithm into for leading the even see the map with the data from the trac unit to program (for example the start intervals, first con- see where the runner currently is. This combination trols, start times of the first runners). makes the live broadcast very attractive and someti- The process of the race itself is recorded by the me very thrilling right up to the end. electronic system SPORTident. This hardware and Unfortunately, there is one disadvantage and this is software could give us the resulting time of the racer about the speed of the broadcast relying on the re- and even the individual splits between the controls lief. In the really problematic relief where could be right after the race. Combining SPORTident, RA- some rocks, deep valley and so on, the broadcast COM and TRAC-TRAC systems the race got the has a problem with a signal and the data about the different character. It is more attractive not only for runner could be wrong. But we speak about devi- the audience in the finish area but even for the peo- ation in meters only. With the growing sensibility ple at home or next to a big screen in the race centre of the GPS chip, introduction of the Galileo locator where they can watch the actual position of the ra- we could expect that this handicap would fall away cer. We have to mention that the big screens are used pretty soon. only for the big competitions, for example the world The huge advantage of this program is that we can champs, because of the big financial costs. Just for watch the race in the real time and we can see what is state races we use mainly the RACOM system. going on in the forest. Relays or races with the mass When talking about TV broadcasting of the orien- start ate very attractive, we do not have to watch the teering races we have to mention the work of the na- running time of the runners but we focus mainly on tional Czech TV, especially the director Karel Jonák. the leader. This director excelled during the broadcasting of the Another disadvantage is the price. Currently, this world championship in Olomouc in 2008 in such technology is very expensive, so, it is used mainly for a great way that even the following champs Czech the big competitions in the world rank. But we can TV helped to cover. Karel Jonák is making speeches expect that it would get cheaper and it is going to be- about the problematic of broadcasting of the orien- come the standard part of even the lower rank races. teering races, too (Persson, 2010). The other thing we have to mention is that the us-

Volume 7 No. 2/2013 ISSN 1802-3908 39 age of SPORTident ment the revolution in the track ended up with the application to the International making. Today the tracks can cross which was not Olympic committee for inclusion of the Ski-O to the possible before when the paper cars were used. If the winter Olympics program. The international Olym- track crossed, the main judge or some organizer had pic committee decided not to include any other new to stand there to check if the runner had the cont- sport into this Olympic Games. But we would conti- rols in the correct order. If not, they could make the nue with this effort. track shorter and they could be disqualified. Next point is the training process. With the usage Conclusion of the modern technologies it was possible to make We introduced the basic modern technologies the trainings much better and effective. The OCAD which helped to the development of orienteering. program allows us to prepare big scale of interesting We tried to emphasize pluses and minuses in what and valuable trainings. The SPORTident system can they helped to the particular sport. We have to em- measure the time and even the split times with the phasize one important aspect and that is making our data and record of the track from TRAC-TRAC (or sport more visible not only for the sport public but it is possible to use the watches with GPS record). for the wide public, too. There is the significant in- This can give us huge potential for training or race crease of interest in this sport among the young pe- analysis. ople which is one of the most important index of the Is very important to show the importance of the importance of the modern technologies. technologies, which could not be visible on the first look. Technologies made this sport more attracti- Acknowledgements ve for the runners, audience and the wide public. The Article was created with a support of specific Nowadays when the base from the youngsters is university research 2013-267602, funds getting smaller and there is not as much money as of research plan MSM0021620864 and PRVOUK we would need is this very important. This process P15.

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Contact: Mgr. Michal Frainšic FTVS UK, José Martího 3, 162 52 Praha 6 E-mail: [email protected]

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