Spring 2019

Management of wireworms: Present status Anamika Sharma, Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi and Gadi V.P. Reddy, Montana State University Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center

Wireworms pose a major threat to spring in water assists in seed germination, thus

wheat crops in Montana. Presence of releasing CO2 which attracts wireworms. these soil-dwelling larvae of click beetles is Traps should be buried in about 6-inch- tough to predict and manage in any field. deep holes and covered with soil and black Fields with a prior history of wireworms plastic to provide an environment amenable should always be checked for outbreaks. In for wireworms. The traps are removed in spring, click beetles mate and lay eggs in about 10-15 days. A minimum of one trap the soil. After hatching, wireworms start per acre is required to assess the population feeding on germinating seeds and stems of wireworms. The threshold for treatment of emerged plants. This damage occurs is one wireworm per trap. This assessment in patches. Wireworms live in the soil for should be done three to four weeks before several years, however, life-span depends planting. on the species. During the colder season, The best option available for managing wireworms burrow deeper to avoid frozen wireworms is treating seeds with soil, and during the warmer season, they neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, clothianidin, come closer to the soil surface to feed. It has and thiamethoxam). However, the been reported that more than 800 species of application of a seed treatment causes Wireworm damage to a wheat plant wireworms are found in North America. In Photo by Anamika Sharma prolonged wireworm intoxication, and the Golden Triangle Area of Montana, three hence only temporarily repels wireworms species are dominant: Limonius californicus, and does not provide complete control. INSIDE: Hypnoidus bicolor and Aeolus mellillus. Cultural management of wireworms includes Differences in the lifecycle of different seeding at a depth of 1-1.5 inches for quick Management of wireworms...... 1 species of wireworms make predicting MSU Extension Pesticide Eduation...... outbreaks difficult. Wireworms in Montana (continued on page 2) Program Recognizes Two Trainers...... 2 prefer wheat and barley crops, however wireworms can survive on several Kochia and Russian thistle...... 3 crops. Soil moisture, temperature, and Evaluating a new for species play an important role in the controlling grasses in non-crop areas.....4 population dynamics of wireworms. Correct scouting is necessary to Pest Management Toolkit...... 5 manage wireworms. Stocking traps Ask the Expert...... 6 with wheat and barley seeds soaked in water for 24 hours are used to Meet Your Specialist: David Wheeler....7 assess wireworm densities and assess how plentiful they are. Soaking seeds

FIGURE 1. A. Wireworms killed by entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) in laboratory conditions; B. Wireworms killed by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in laboratory conditions. (Photo A by Anamika A B Sharma; B by Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi) 2 (Wireworms, continued from page 1) emergence of seedlings and crop rotation approaches. As biological control, we are millet, and couscous granules. Our results with non-grain crops which helps break the testing entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) indicated that in irrigated and dryland life cycle of wireworms. (provided by Dr. Stefan Jaronski, USDA- fields, the efficacy of EPFs varied. Overall, At the Western Triangle Agricultural ARS) and entomopathogenic nematodes B. bassiana GHA, B. bassiana ERL836 and Research Center near Conrad, methods (EPN) (provided by Dr. David Shapiro M. robertsii DWR 2009 on millet were to manage wireworms by using biological llan, USDA-ARS). We are testing various found to be effective. Cost-benefit ratio and cultural controls are being evaluated. strains of Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria analysis indicated that the use of these EPFs As cultural control, we have been testing bassiana, where these EPFs are applied is more costly than using neonicotinoids as the use of trap crops since 2015. Our study in granular form on polenta, millet, and a seed treatment. However, further work is shows that pulse crops can be used to couscous as carriers. When applied in required and under progress to reduce the divert wireworms away from spring wheat. furrows with seeds, these fungal granules production cost of EPF granules. Similarly, Peas and lentils, if planted in a specific are effective in managing wireworms and 10 different EPN strains (species of arrangement with the wheat crop, can provide an environmentally-safe option. We Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) are being work as a trap crop to attract wireworms. are further testing the most effective carrier tested. Some of them are commercially We are exploring various designs such as of these fungal strains and their cost efficacy available. These EPNs are initially being border and row planting of pulse crops to apply them in wheat crops in Montana. evaluated in laboratory bioassays and later with the wheat crop. Since pulse crops In 2017 and 2018, we tested five EPFs (B. they will be tested in greenhouse and field are used increasingly across Montana, bassiana GHA, B. bassiana ERL836, M. conditions. As of now S. carpocapsae and S. this tool may be a viable option, offering robertsii DWR356, M. robertsii DWR2009, rarum are effective against wireworms based increased profits compared to conventional and M. brunneum F52) on polenta, on greenhouse studies.

MSU Extension Pesticide Education Program Recognizes Two Trainers for Statewide Impacts Cecil Tharp, MSU esticideP Education Specialist

The Montana State University (MSU) 2014. Since her hire, Lewis has developed Extension agents to deliver high pesticide Pesticide Education Program (PEP) presentations on reading and understanding education impacts so early in their career. recognized two individuals for exceptional the pesticide product label and managing The MSU PEP lifetime achievement efforts that benefit pesticide applicators spotted knapweed; delivered presentations award is delivered to an individual across Montana. The MSU PEP offers at train-the-trainer programs; contributed demonstrating exceptional efforts resulting guidance to pesticide applicators across the to multiple weed management guides; in statewide pesticide education impacts state, while coordinating the certification and assisted many other pesticide trainers over a minimum of 15 years. Dave Brink and training of approximately 5,600 in delivering local pesticide certified farm (private) applicators across programs. Lewis has proven FIGURE 2. Dave Brink and Kari Lewis receiving their Pesticide Education Program Achievement awards. Photo by Cecil Tharp. Montana. The program delivered an early herself a leader in pesticide achievement award to Kari Lewis, Glacier education with her continued County Extension Agricultural/4-H involvement in pesticide Agent, and lifetime achievement award to programs across north-central Dave Brink, Mineral County Extension Montana. She has served in Agricultural/4-H Agent. key roles with the state 4-H The MSU PEP early achievement award Livestock Committee, while is given to individuals demonstrating locally active with the Glacier exceptional efforts and impacts in pesticide County Conservation District, education over the first five years with Cut Bank Community Garden, the university. Kari Lewis, originally Cut Bank Trails and Marias from Kevin, MT, was hired as an MSU Fair livestock committee. It Extension Agricultural/4-H Agent in May is exceptional for new MSU

(continued on page 3) 3 (Trainers, continued from page 2) was born and raised in Wyoming and Kochia and Russian thistle: received a B.S. in Fish and Wildlife Management from Utah State University Omnipresent weeds that will only get tougher in 1993. He was hired as the Mineral County Weed Coordinator in 1997 to control and the MSU Extension Agricultural / Tim Seipel, Extension Cropland Weed Specialist 4-H Agent in 2004, working both jobs simultaneously since that time. Brink Kochia (Kochia scoparia or also Bassia have identified other populations that developed many presentations on the scoparia) and Russian thistle (Salsola kali) are resistant to both ALS (group 2) and highly technical subjects of calibration, are the most problematic broadleaf weeds (group 9). In 2017 in southern understanding pesticide equipment and in Montana cropping systems. Over the last Alberta, and Agri-Food Canada hosting spray days. These presentations 70 years, but especially after the transition surveyed populations again and found are used continually by other pesticide to no-till, these weeds have been managed glyphosate-resistant kochia in 15 of 16 trainers across Montana. Due to using , however evolved herbicide municipal districts, while in 2012 it was the effectiveness of his presentation resistance is making management harder. only found in 3 of 16. They found 40% delivery, Brink is frequently invited to Herbicide resistance is the ability of a plant of populations had glyphosate resistance deliver presentations at county weed to tolerate an herbicide that once controlled and approximately 40% of individuals in district, county Extension, Montana it. Unfortunately, managing kochia and those populations were glyphosate resistant. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Russian thistle will only get tougher in the These results underscore how fast herbicide Forest Service pesticide programs. He Northern Great Plains as many populations resistance spreads. In Montana and Alberta also serves on many committees that are resistant to commonly-used herbicides. most populations of kochia are resistant to benefit Montana pesticide applicators, In Montana and adjacent Alberta, group 2 ALS herbicides, and glyphosate including 15 years on the board of populations of both species have been resistance will also continue to spread. directors for the Montana Weed Control confirmed to be resistant to glyphosate What was also worrying about results Association and serving as the MSU (group 9) and ALS inhibitor (group 2) from the 2017 survey was that resistance Pesticide Education Program district herbicides, and the frequency of herbicide- to (group 4) was found at almost 1 (Northwestern MT) advisory panel resistant populations is increasing. 10% of sites. While this level of resistance member since 2010. Many of his Kochia is currently relatively low, it is concerning ideas have led to improvements in the as the pattern suggests the frequency of In 2012 a survey of kochia in Alberta Montana Private Applicator Program dicamba resistance will increase as we are revealed that most glyphosate-resistant that benefit 5,600 private applicators in the early stages of resistance evolution. kochia was found in chemical fallow and 56 county pesticide trainers. Finally, Triple-resistant group 2 + group 9 + group 4 Brink’s involvement as a leader/speaker cropping systems. More follow-up surveys at numerous statewide PEP train- the-trainer programs is invaluable to Montana private applicator trainers. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION: For more information on the MSU Pesticide Education Program, navigate to www.pesticides.montana.edu. Nominees for future pesticide education awards may be sent to Cecil Tharp, Pesticide Education Specialist (406-994-5067; [email protected]).

FIGURE 3. A glyphosate resistant kochia plant dispersed its seeds by tumbling in the wind, resulting in resistant offspring growing in a strip in a field in Montana. Photo credit Eric Miller. (continued on page 4) 4 (Kochia and Russian thistle, continued from page 3) kochia was identified in 10% of populations sampled in southern Alberta. Evolution Evaluating a new herbicide to control of group 4 resistance is alarming because annual grasses in non-crop areas we rely heavily on group 4 herbicides for control in wheat, and group 4 resistance will Audrey J. Harvey and Dr. Jane Mangold, Montana State University, Department of Land limit herbicide choices even more. Resources & Environmental Sciences

Russian thistle Herbicides can be a useful tool for active ingredients (a.i.). We assessed Evolution of herbicide resistance in Russian controlling invasive annual grasses like ventenata control and injury to non-target thistle is also widespread in Montana, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and ventenata species three times throughout each of the especially to group 2 herbicides, though (Ventenata dubia). Presently, herbicides 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. evolution of resistance has been slower control winter annual grasses for one or In addition to annual grass control, we than in kochia. The first documented case sometimes two years with minor injury to were also interested in plant community of resistant Russian thistle in Montana resident, desirable plants. A new herbicide responses to the 10 treatments over the occurred in 1987 to chlorsulfuron, an that may enable longer-term control in two growing seasons because promoting early ALS inhibitor (group 2) herbicide. In non-crop and natural areas is indaziflam desired, competitive vegetation should be 2015, glyphosate-resistant Russian thistle (Esplanade® 200 SC, CropScience the goal of invasive plant management. was documented in Montana. In the 2017 LP). Indaziflam is a biosynthesis Canopy cover and biomass of ventenata, survey in Alberta, group 2 resistant Russian inhibiting herbicide, meaning it has annual forbs, perennial grasses, and thistle was found in 62% of populations activity on the cellular structure of plant perennial forbs were measured to in most municipal districts in southern roots. Applied prior to seedling emergence, determine impacts of indaziflam to the Alberta. Russian thistle resistance is it stops the growth of roots that emerge local plant communities. expected to increase quickly, and we should from the seed. While non-selective, it Ventenata Control: Compared to the be on the lookout for more resistance. appears to have more activity on monocots other treatments, indaziflam applied than dicots and may control annual What do we do? For both species we alone or in combination with the other grasses for up three years, however these need a concerted effort by all stakeholders herbicides provided the highest ventenata effects in the field are not yet thoroughly to manage these herbicide resistant weed control at 8, 11, 20, and 23 months known. Fall applications in northern populations. Best management practices after treatment (Note: Assessments made Colorado provided 83-100% control of can be utilized to slow the spread of these at 8 and 20 months after treatment cheatgrass three years after treatment; this herbicide resistant weeds. Understanding corresponded to mature ventenata; was compared to the more commonly the biology of the weeds can provide a assessments made at 11 and 23 months used herbicides glyphosate, , and strategy to exploit the species’ weakness. after treatment were made to ventenata rimsulfuron, whose effectiveness dropped Maintain clean equipment and be seedlings). In particular, the indaziflam- from about 80% in the first year after cognizant of what is growing around the combination treatments provided the treatment to 30% by the third year. equipment. Reduce spread of seed, scout most consistent control, ranging from for plants that were not killed during We evaluated the efficacy of indaziflam 89 – 100% over the course of the study. herbicide applications and remove them. compared to other commonly-used The indaziflam-alone treatment varied Use integrated weed management that annual grass herbicides for controlling the across time but remained one of the most includes cultural and mechanical weed new invader ventenata in a smooth brome effective at 76% control 23 months after control techniques. Have a diverse crop (Bromus inermis)-dominated pasture treatment. Because ventenata is a winter rotation, use different herbicide modes of near Bozeman, Montana. Ten herbicide annual grass that emerges in the fall, action, and vary control techniques. In treatments were applied post-emergence we expect the high control ratings at 23 other words - keep the weeds guessing. in early November 2016. Our treatments months after treatment (fall 2018) to be The more predictable our management, included a non-sprayed control, reflective of summer 2019 (approximately the easier it is to evolve resistance to a indaziflam (Esplanade® 200 SC, Bayer 32 months after treatment), in which case single practice. For more information, CropScience LP), propoxycarbazone- treatments containing indaziflam will consult MontGuides produced by Montana sodium (Lambient™, Bayer CropScience provide a third year of ventenata control. State University Extension, including LP), rimsulfuron (Matrix®SG, DuPont), Propoxycarbazone-sodium, rimsulfuron, Managing Herbicide Resistant Kochia imazapic (Plateau®, BASF Corporation), and imazapic treatments all tended to (http://msuextension.org/publications/ glyphosate (Accord® XRT II, Dow decrease in effectiveness over the course of AgandNaturalResources/4602.pdf). AgroSciences LLC), and indaziflam combined with each of the other four (continued on page 5) 5 (Evaluating, continued from p. 4) Pest Management Toolkit • On June 18th -19, 2019, the integrated pest management team at Montana State University (www.ipm.montana. edu) will host a workshop on integrated management of weeds. The two-day workshop will focus on managing weeds in croplands and will include hands-on activities and discussions on integrated weed management. Topics FIGURE 4. Field tour held at site of ventenata herbicide trial in Gallatin County, June 2018. Photo by Stacy Davis. include managing weeds in cereal cropping systems, herbicide resistance the study. While these herbicides provided growing season can provide an advantage prevention and research, understanding about 60-90% control 8 months after for annual grasses, it also presents an non-target herbicide injury prevention treatment, they were no different from opportunity for selective chemical control and diagnosis, and use of cover crops to the non-sprayed control 23 months after that targets newly germinated seedlings. In manage weeds. For more information treatment. The most obviously ineffective this study we showed that indaziflam may and to register: http://ipm.montana. treatment was glyphosate, which showed expand our herbicide options in managing edu/IPM_workshop_2019.html no control of ventenata for all months of winter annual grasses with up to three • Level 2 Noxious Weed Management evaluation. years of control. Indaziflam persists in the Workshop, September 10-12, 2019, at Plant Community Composition: In soil for multiple years, a desirable trait for the C’Mon Inn in Bozeman. Contact general, herbicide treatments had minimal depleting the seed bank of invasive winter Jane Mangold at jane.mangold@ negative impacts to species diversity at the annual grasses; but continued research is montana.edu for more information. site. In fact, in many cases species richness needed on how plant communities respond • New fact sheets on noxious weeds to indaziflam treatments, particularly for increased from 8 to 20 months after -- rush skeletonweed (https://www. perennial grasses as they share the most treatment. Interestingly, species richness msuextension.org/publications/ similar biology with annual grasses. also increased in the non-sprayed control, AgandNaturalResources/ which demonstrates that plant community Esplanade® 200 SC (a.i. indaziflam) is MT201902AG.pdf) composition varies from year to year. By not currently labeled for use in areas where -- dyer’s woad (https://www. including the non-sprayed control when domestic livestock grazing occurs, but msuextension.org/publications/ assessing herbicide efficacy, we were able it is under review by the Environmental AgandNaturalResources/ to better distinguish herbicide effects from Protection Agency (EPA) and may have MT201820AG.pdf) annual variability. During this study, spring a rangeland and pasture label in 2020. -- field bindweed (https://www. 2018 was cooler and wetter than spring Montana, Wyoming, and Utah have a msuextension.org/publications/ 2017 and may have also affected plant Section 18 Specific Exemption emergency AgandNaturalResources/ community composition. In terms of plant use label to apply Esplanade® 200 SC for MT201903AG.pdf) biomass injury, there was no difference in control of ventenata and medusahead annual and perennial forb biomass across (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) on • Managing Weeds on Small Acreages treatments. The glyphosate treatment had rangeland, pastures, and Conservation in Montana, a new publication from the most ventenata growing as compared Reserve Program (CRP); in such cases, MSU Extension, available at https:// to all other treatments, and no discernable livestock must be excluded from a sprayed store.msuextension.org/Products/Weed- treatment differences were found for area for two weeks after application. Management-on-Small-Acreage-in- perennial grass biomass. Herbicide alternatives for use on ventenata Montana__EB0227.aspx Invasive winter annual grasses are in range and pasture include: Axiom®DF notorious for growing across a wider range (a.i. flufenacet), Osprey® (a.i. mesosulfuron- of seasons than native perennial grasses methyl), Sinbar®WDG (a.i. terbacil), due to their ability to germinate and grow Plateau® or Panoramic (a.i. imazapic),and at low temperatures. While this extended Outrider® (a.i. sulfosulfuron). 6 ASK THE EXPERT

Q. Is prescribed fire a good way to penalty a weed incurs for evolving herbicide Q. If I already have a license for restricted control leafy spurge? resistance. I think about genes as if they are use herbicides, do I need additional Jane Mangold says: Fire can kill leafy in a big pool sloshing around and mixing. training for using products? spurge seeds, particularly under conditions There will be multiple genotypes on the Cecil Tharp says: Maybe. Additional where the fuel load is high (e.g. lots of dried landscape - the landscape is the pool. Both training is dependent on the paraquat vegetation). Like other invasive plants, resistant genotypes and susceptible genotypes product label language, which is though, leafy spurge produces a lot of seeds, will be present at one time in the pool. The changing in 2019 to include paraquat so a single prescribed fire is unlikely to more selection you put on a population trainings. All paraquat labels distributed control leafy spurge. In addition, fire can with one herbicide (or mode of action), the by manufacturers will be updated to more the mix will consist of the resistant stimulate growth from roots, and because include mandatory paraquat trainings by genotype, but gene flow from the roadside or leafy spurge has a robust root system, fire the fall of 2019, however dealer stocks non-treated areas could slosh the pool back is typically not viewed as a viable option vary. Applicators purchasing paraquat towards being a mix containing a susceptible for leafy spurge control. Fire can enhance products in 2019 should be looking for genotype, especially if there is a fitness cost to performance of other leafy spurge control this training requirement. Individuals resistance. tools, though (e.g. herbicides, biological purchasing paraquat products with new A fitness cost or penalty can be thought of control insects), and if used, should be training requirements must attend an EPA as the price a genotype pays in its growth due integrated with other control methods. approved paraquat training prior to mixing, to being resistant. For example, a resistant loading, or applying. An online paraquat Q: Could an herbicide resistant weed genotype may be shorter or produce fewer become susceptible to an herbicide again seeds than a susceptible genotype. If the training, created by pesticide manufacturers or will it always be resistant? fitness cost is minimal and you continue use and approved by the EPA, is available online at https://campus.extension.org/ Tim Seipel says: The short answer is yes it of the same herbicide, then at some point enrol/index.php?id=1660. This training could become susceptible again, but not in the resistant genotype dominates the pool, (y)our lifetimes, and especially not if you and the resistance is here to stay. Hence, provides information about paraquat’s continue to apply the same herbicide. preventing the spread of resistant genotypes toxicity, personal protective equipment, new label requirements, restrictions, and The long answer is these are complex is critical, and that is best accomplished the consequences of misuse. Applicators interactions. Evolved herbicide resistance is by using different selection pressures driven by three things: selection for resistant (different weed management types or, at a using or purchasing paraquat products with genotypes driven by herbicide selection, gene minimum, different modes of action), and old product label language (not including flow within a population through seed by identifying and removing plants with paraquat trainings) are not required to take resistant genes from the pool. dispersal and pollination, and the fitness the additional trainings. See the MSU pesticide news release at http://www.pesticides.montana.edu/ documents/news/2019/20190312_PN_ Paraquat.pdf 7 Meet Your Specialist David Wheeler, Extension Plant Pathologist, Montana State University

What do you like to do in your spare time? sunflower and potatoes and described how Any hobbies or additional activities? pathogens change their ability to cause disease Anything outside that does not require over time. Finally, scientists at OSU and lots of equipment. For example, I like myself are describing how plants respond to walking, hiking, running, swimming, fungal infection at the molecular level. cycling and probably skiing (I have not yet What are some of your current projects? tried in earnest). I also like reading, writing, Currently, I am writing and submitting gardening, playing music, taking pictures, and proposals for a couple collaborative projects spending time with friends and family. I also at MSU. For example, in collaboration enjoy writing and computer programming with Dr. Nina Zidack, we plan to identify from cafés. the climatic variables that influence late Where/when did you receive your degrees? What are some important areas of focus in blight epidemics in western Montana your field? potato fields. Also, in collaboration with I received a B.S. in Horticulture with a Drs. Bright Agindotan and Alan Dyer, we minor in Fine Arts from Temple University Pulses, potatoes, and sugarbeets are all plan to develop a diagnostic tool that can in 2011. Thereafter, I moved west to pursue negatively impacted by plant diseases. identify fungal pathogens from pictures with a M.S. and Ph.D. in Plant Pathology from Short- and long-term management strategies artificial intelligence tools. Finally, I am on Washington State University (WSU) in 2015 are needed to help growers mitigate losses. the lookout for new projects that satisfy the and 2018, respectively. During my graduate For each crop, pathogens that reside in soil needs of growers in Montana state. studies I became very interested in statistics, and/or are aerially-dispersed are problems so I obtained a Minor in Statistics from in Montana. For example, root diseases of How can farmers use your research to their WSU as well. pulses and sugarbeets and Potato Virus Y benefit? (which is spread by aphids) of potatoes are Ultimately, if the above projects are funded, What is your field of interest (scholastic economically important diseases in Montana. and research)? we will develop a disease-warning system to Since soilborne diseases tend to be caused by guide fungicide application for potato growers I was trained in plant pathology, mycology, organisms that survive for extended periods in Montana. Additionally, we will develop evolutionary biology, and statistics. I am of time, these diseases are perennial problems a tool to help diagnosticians identify plant especially interested in the history of and for growers, and will therefore be the subject pathogens and inform disease management relationships between fungi and plants. Fungi of most of my research and Extension efforts decisions for growers. contribute to and jeopardize the health of Describe some past research projects: the plants on which we depend. My goal at What projects would you like to focus on Montana State University is to minimize the Together with my advisor at WSU, Dr. in the future? impacts of plant diseases on pulses, potatoes, Dennis Johnson, I documented the effects of For the future, my first goal is to identify the and sugarbeets. crop rotation on the emergence and evolution needs of growers in Montana. After this, I will of a fungus, called Verticillium dahliae, from When did you arrive in Bozeman? partner with stakeholders, Extension agents, wilted potatoes to symptomless rotation and other researchers at MSU, and use my January 10, 2019. crops. In collaboration with scientists at Extension appointment to inform research Where are you from originally? Oregon State University, I applied artificial projects that deliver solutions to growers. I was born and raised in southeastern intelligence models to predict wilt of mint More specifically, I am very interested in Pennsylvania, in a town called Lebanon crops from a number of biotic and abiotic leveraging knowledge about pathogen factors. I also documented several interactions Where have you worked/taught in the past? biology to solve short- and long-term disease between fungi within the same species that I just finished my Ph.D. at WSU. This is management problems for pulses, potatoes, result in different levels of disease and genetic and sugarbeet growers in Montana. my first job aside from serving as a teaching changes in the fungus. In response to grower assistant for numerous classes and working at requests, I also characterized a new disease of gardens, farms, and arboreta as an undergrad. DO YOU HAVE A COMMENT OR QUESTION REGARDING THE MONTANA IPM BULLETIN? Send your questions or suggestions to:

Cecil Tharp Jane Mangold Noelle Orloff Pesticide Education Specialist Invasive Plant Specialist Associate Extension Specialist P.O. Box 172900 P.O. Box 173120 P.O. Box 173120 Montana State University Montana State University Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717-00 Bozeman, MT 59717-3120 Bozeman, MT 59717-3120 Phone: (406) 994-5067 Phone: (406) 994-5513 Phone: (406)994-6297 Fax: (406) 994-5589 Fax: (406) 994-3933 Fax: (406)994-3933 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web: www.pesticides.montana.edu Web: www.landresources.montana.edu Web: www.diagnostics.montana.edu

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