1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.- 8929 quorum present. That, of course, does not mean-and it has PUBLIC BILLS, .RESOLUTIONS, AND MEMORIALS. occurred to the Ohair that it might have happened in this pres- Under clause 3 of Rule- XXII, bills, resolutions, and memorials ent instance-that a quorum of the committee was present every were introduced and severally referred as follows: minute. Men would go in, and would go out, and come back. But the roll call must disclose that a quorum was present, By l\Ir. ELLIOTT: A bill (H. R. 12060) providing additional and the Ohair thinks that is the practice of most of the funds to continue in effect the act providing for the care and committees. But inasmuch as it is admitted here that there treatment of persons afflicted with leprosy and to prevent the was no quorum present, the Chair sustains the point of spread of leprosy in the ; to the Oommittee on/ Appropriations. / wder. By Mr. FAIRCHILD: A bill (H. R. 12061) to make the Mr. ORAMTON. Of course, Mi:. Speaker, it is to be under- Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States stooll that the second point of order that I presented is not of America, and to punish any disrespect to said national passed uvon in any way, it not being necessary? anthem or to the national flag of the lJnited States of America; The SPEAKER. The gentleman is correct. . . . . Mr. SI~'NOTT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent for to the Oomi~uttee on the Jud~ciary. the present consideration of Senate bill No. 3425, and I would By. l\lr: EDMONDS: A bi~l (H. R. 1206...9 ) to prevent ~he like to arrange for some time for debate. • ~nter~ng .m;o ports of the Un~ted States of v~ssels upon wh1c~ The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Oregon asks unani- mto:x1cat111."' hquors. are .sold, to the Comnnttee on the Mer- mous consent for the present consideration of the bill S. 3425; chant l\farme and Fisheries. . but, after consideration, the Ohair does not think that he has By Mr. GR;EEN~ of l\fas.sac?u~etts: ResolutI~n (H? ~es. the ricrht to recoanize0 the gentleman for that purpose. 369) for ~he rmmediate cons1derat10n of House bill 120-1, to "' the Conmuttee on Rules. LEAVE OF ABSENCE.

By unanimous consent, leave of absence was granted as fol- PRIVATE ~ILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. lo\vs: Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, private bills and resolutions To . ~Ir. DUNBAR, for seven days, on account of business. To Mr. You a, for one month. were introduced and severally referred as follows: By l\Ir. CM1PBELL of Kansas: A bill (H. R. 12063) grant­ To ~Ir. KETCHAM, for one week, on account of attending graduating exercises of his children. ing a pension to Austin Thomas Dickerman; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. MESSAGE FROM THE SEN.A.TE. ' B~ l\Ir. PARKER of New York: A bill (H. R. 12064) granting A message from the Senate by l\lr. Craven, its Chief Clerk, an increase of pension to Carrie M. Flandreau; to the Commit­ announced that ·the Senate had insisted upon its amendments tee on Invalid Pensions. to the amendment of the House to the amendment of the Senate :lumbered 1 to the bill (H. R. 10101) making appropriations for PETITIONS, ETC. . the goYernment of the District of Columbia and otller activities Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid chargeable in whole or in part against the revenues of such on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: District for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1923, and for other 6025. By l\lr. KISSEL : Petition of Takamine l\Ianufacturiug purposes, disag1·eed to by the House of Representatives, had Corporation, New York City, relative to the pending tariff IJill; agreed to the conference asked by the House and had appointed to the Committee on Ways and Means. Mr. Phipps, l\fr. Jones of Washington, and l\Ir. Glass as the 6026. Also, petition of Metal Trades Council, Brooklyn, N. Y., conferees on the part of the Senate. urging passage of House bill 10967; to the Committee on Narnl ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESOL"CTION PRESENTED TO THE PRESI­ Affairs. DENT FOR HIS A.PPROV AL. . ~fr. RICKETTS, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, re­ SENATE. porteu that June 16 they had presented to the President of the United States, for bis approval, the following joint- resolution MONDAY, June 19, 192~. and bills: H.J. Res. 127. Joint resolution to reerect the statue of Abra- (Legislati,,;e day of 'Thursday, April 20, 1922.) ham Lincoln upon its original site; • The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m., on the expiration of the H. R. 11407. An act to amend an act entitled "An act for the recess. retirement of employees in the classified civil service, and for NAMING A PRESIDING . other purposes," approved l\fay 22, 1920; The Secretary, George A. Sanderson, read the following com­ H. R. 7052. An act for the relief of G. C. Caldwell; munication: H. R. 6313. An act autllorizing the Secretary of Commerce to UNITED STATES SE~ATE, grant a right of way for a public highway to the county of Washington, D. 0., June 19, 1922. Skagit, Wash.; To the Senate: R. Being temporarily absent from the Senate, I appoint Bon. WESLEY H. 11&16. An act authorizJ.ng the construction of a bridge L. JONES, a Senator from the State of Washington, to perform the across the Ohio River near Steubenville, Ohio; duties of the Chair this calendar day. H. R. 11265. An act to authorize the maintenance of a bridge ALBERT B. CUMMINS, President pro tempore. con ~ tructed across the Pend Oreille River at the town of Usk, in the State of Washington; Mr. JONES of Washington thereupon took the chair as Pre­ H. R. 9859. An act making appropriations for the Post Office siding Officer. Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1923, and for NAVAL APPROPRIATIONS. other purposes ; The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con­ H. R. 8785. An act granting the consent of Congress to the sideration of the bill (H. R. 11228) making appropriations for l\Iobridge Bridge Co., of Mobridge, S. · Dak., to construct a the Navy Department and the naval service for the fiscal year pontoon bridge across the Missouri River; ending June 30, 1923, and for other purposes. H . R. 10330. An act to extend the time for the construction The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. JONES of Washington in of a bridge across Lake St. Croix at or near the city of Prescott, the chair). The b-ill is before the Senate as in Committee of in the State of Wi~consin; the Whole and open to amendment. , H. R. 11345. An act authorizing the construction of a Mr. KING. l\Ir. President, I suggest the absence of a bridge across the Allegheny River at or near Freeport, Pa. ; quorum. ed · The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will eall the H. R. 11827. An act granting the consent of Congress to the roll. county courts of Howard and Saline Counties, in the State of The roll was called, and the following Senators answered to Missouri, to construct a bridge across the Missouri River. their names : Ashurst Colt llarreld Lenroot ADJOURNMENT. Borah Culberson Heftin Lotlge Mr. MONDELL. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do now Brandegee Curtis Johnson 1fcCu rmick Broussard Dial Jones, N. Mex. l\Icl 'umber adjourn. Bu.rsum· Dillingham Jones. Wash. ~l<:K i n !ey The motion was agreed to; accordingly (at 1 o'clock and 39 Calder Euge Kellogg McLean Cameron Em. t Kendrick ::\Ic1'r.ry minutes p. m.) tlie House adjourned until Monday, June 19, Capper Fernald King Kelson 1922, at 12 o'clock noon. ; Caraway Gooding La du Newberry -XLII--563----- ·8930 CONGRESSIONAL 1RECORD JUNE 19,

Nichol.ion Poindexter Sm<>ot Wadsworth Norbeck Pomerene Spencer Wa lsh, Mass. Navy from Great Britain and Japan; and if this be so, it may Norris Sheppard Sterling Walsh, Mont. be a matter of some indifference exactly what the resolution 'Oddie Shortridge Sutherland Warren provides; but it ought, if adopted, to be plain and unarubigu­ Overman Simmons Townsend Watson, Ind. Phipps Smith Trammell Willis ous with the powers of the committee clearly defined. Mr. DIAL. Mr. PTesident-- M1·. TRAMMELL; I wish to announce that my colleague The PilESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Cali­ [Mr. FLETCHER] is absent on account of illness. fornia yield to the Senator from South Carolina? I was also requested to announce that the Senator from l\Ir. DIAL. I thought the Senator had concluded. I wish Georgia [Mr. WATSON] is absent by reason of illness. to object to the immediate consideration of the concurrent The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. WILLrs in the chair). resolution. Sixty Senators having answered to their names, a quorum is The PRESIDING OFFICER. That terminates the whole present. matter and the concurrent resolution goes over. Mr. McCORMICK. Mr. President, pending the final vote on l\fr. McCORMICK. In that case I will ask that the concur­ the bill, which doubtless will be taken before long, I ask unaJ;1.i­ rent resolution be referred to the appropriate committee. _moi.J consent to offer for immediate consideration a concurrenP ~Ir. BORAH. I want to say that I think I am in perfect Tesolation bearing on the bill, to which members of the commit­ harmony "\\ the Congress its findings; and further, to report authorized and instructed to investigate the efficiency and economy of the extent to which the naval air pei:sonnel and naval aircraft should the administration of the United States' Na'Vy, including naval ba es, be increaRed or substituted for the present regular line naval per­ n avy yards, and stations. sonnel and naval surface craft. The PRESIDING OFFICER. I there objection to the im­ Mr. President, let me say that I quite agree that the public IDE"liate consideration of the concurrent resolution? money is being unnecessarily wasted, and to some -extent dissi­ :31r. BORAH. 1.Hr. President, the concurrent resolution pro­ pated, in the maintenance of the Navy on its present lines. I am poses to investigate que tions of efficiency, and so forth. Would a great believer in the nec-essity and importance of naval de­ that include. authority or jurisdiction to recommend the discon­ fense, but I ·am not a believer in the present naval defense tinuance of some of our navy yards? policy of this GoYernment. One certain conclusion reached l\Ir. McCORMICK. If the Senator will con-- ider the list of b;r t~ limitation of armament conference held at W.ashington n aval stations, so called, whlch 1 introduced and had printed last winter was that the nations of the world made no ag1·ee­ in tlle RECORD, he will conclude, I think, that not only ought ment upon the limitation of aviation aTIDament. They held their operation to be diswntinued in mans case , but that the themselves free to maintain as large an a.ir service and to build land itself ought to be sold. That can not be done without an and maintain as large fleets of aircraft as they saw fit to estab­ act of Congress, of course. The Actino- Secretary of tile Navy, lish. We know that Great Britain bas been making great I believe, is of the opinion that many of the e tablishments strides in developing her means of defense through aviation. should be closed, and tl1e land in many instances may be sold. With her usual vision and foresight she is dev-eloping the stro11g­ Vi'e shall never get action by Congress except upon the recom­ est and best air .service in the world. We know tlta.t Japan mendation of such a committee. I am of the opillion that prob­ ha. employed the best German experts to train her aviators ably one-third of the naval establishments in continental United anu develop her aviation system; we also know that Japan is· StH tes are unneces ary. fully cognizant of the imp@rtance of t:J:iis new ~ans of de~se. ) Ir. BOHAH. Does the resolution authorize the committee Our Na•y i and has been, notwithstanding congressional to make recommendations? sentiments and existing laws, diseouraging the .development of 1\1r. KING. It ought to be amended to include that. naval aviation. l\lr. JO~SON. l\fr. President, may we h:n·e the latter part E"ven school children know that the World War proved that of the concurrent resolution again read? the old na\al craft ·was beginning to decline as a mean · ot The PRESIDING OFFICER. The concurrent re o1ution -will national defense, \Thile naval aircTaft was in the future to be reported aga.in. supplant to a gTeat extent seagoing surface craft. The proper T he reading clerk again read the concurrent re olution. amount of aircraft, amply manned, armed with sufficient Mr. JOH1•rnON. l\Iay I inquire of the author of the re"olu­ bombs and otlleT ammunition, and three coast aviation stations tion if anything beyond the mere efficiency of the particular along the Atlantic, could completely wipe out our naval fleet ba., e · now established is sought? before it ha.d moved half way from New York to the Pana.ma Mr. l\icCORMICK. The language speaks for itself-economy Canal. All well-informed national defense-not naval-au­ a n

tained by citation of authority o.r by accurate census i:eports, " The evil was national in prevalence. It existed not only and I unhesitatingly deny their correctness, Statistics on t,his among the great but also among the lowly. It permeated every ubject are very hard to secure, but so far as I can ascertain stratum of society, and was widespread in every class of people. they not only di prove the assertion but show that illegitimacy While doubtless there were many instances. of the pl'actice of i greater in countries wbere divorce is. easy. In fact, Ireland, the domestic virtues, the Roman life, as a whole, was rotten wbich has practically no divorce, bas the lowest illegitimacy to its very co.re. From this time on, to the reign of Constan. rate among all the countries of Europe. tine~ the depravity of the morals of the of the Cre ars u It can not be gainsaid that divorce destroys the hQme, and bafiles desc.riptioa Suffice it· to say that during this period the borne is the base and foundation of the State; hence we Rome was a vast slough of iniquity, reeking with the stench of must stop divoree or ruin the State, which can not eontinue to every form o! immo.rality. exist if its base is allowed to crumble and fall. While many DIV0~1'> UUIOllA.LITJ:_, CRlL{)LESSNESS SAl'PED 1lOME"S NATIONAL LIFI!l. excellent people are divorced, and some of them make new "As a result of this riot of divorce and immorality, celibacy, J1ome~, the inevitable trend of divorce is to break up many childlessness, and infanticide rivaled one another as the reign­ • more homes than it builds up, and to materiallY. reduce the ing evils. 'The marriage relation,' says Professor Se€ley, 'be­ number of children. When man-iage is dissolved the true came so intolerably disagreeable that men shunned it as they home ceases to exist, the parents and children are separated, and the sweet ties that bind father and mother to their off­ would have shunned the plague.' Not only were the Romans weakened physically and mentally, not only was the strength ef ~pring and to each other are broken forever. their bodies and the vigor of their minds sapped by dissipation, WHILE ROlfli: ABSTAINED FROM DIVOttCJD tT PROSPE.11.JCD. but the CQrruptio.n of the national life caused a most alarming ~·Let us tum to the histo1·y of Rome, the greatest Republic decxease i.u populatioo. and Empire of the ancient world, ex:amin~ her customs, take "Mr. James B.ryce, former ambassador from Great Britain warning from he~ example, and try to profit by her experience. to the United States, in his book, ' Marriage and Divorce,' A caref\11 and painstaking research into the history of Rome page 63,. states- that, CQncurrently with and following the change conviilc-es the investigator that during tbe early times of that from the old, formal religious marriage in Rome to the free nation the marriage tie was conSidered inviolate. Fo.r 520 contract, marriage fell from the high esteem in which it had years there was no such thing as divorce in Rome. Up to the­ been held and that ' Men grew less willing to marry; women as Jatter days of the Republic the principal form of marriage in well as men less and less faithful. Fewer cb.ildren were born. llSe in Rome was the confarreatio, which wp essentially a As neither religious nor moral associations sanctified the rela­ religious ceremony. The bl'ide and bl'idegroom, in the pres­ tion, and as it could be terminated with pleasure, it was e-nce of the Roman priest and 10 witnesses, partook of a cake lightly entered upon, and this very heedlessness~ making it made of old Italian gram called fa1·; a sacrifice was offered frequently a failure, caused it to be no less lightly dissolved. to tbe gods that they might look auspiciously upon the mar­ Thus social habits and a standard of opinion were formed, riage, and tbe skin of the victim was stretched over two seats, against which the. reforming efforts of and his suc­ upon which the wedded couple had to sit. The sublimity and cessors could do little, and which resisted e:ven the far more perpetuity Qf the Ro.roan religious marriage are beautifully ex­ powerful efforts. of Christianity, until Roman_ · society itself pressed by tbe jurisconsult, Modentinus, who defined it ' a went to pieces in the West and passed into new forms in the lifelong fellowship of all divine and human rights.' East.' '' Tbe early patl'iarchial family occupied a prominent and BAn.BARU.NS GUARD ROMAN FRONTIERS. powerful position in Rome. It was the bone and srnew of the "Rome was then forced to hlre barbariru;is to guard her nation ; the temple where the husband and wife and children frontiers and repel her enemies. The Emperor Probus inaugu­ worshipped the household gods; around it was cast the sacred rated this system by enrolling 16.000 Alemanni in his legions, mantle of religion> and ·one Of the essential elements of the and the was eventually compelled to depend for religious marriage was it9 indissolubility. The family was its very existence for- the most part up_oli the much d_espised the integral unit of the government; a State within a State; barbarian who at heart hated the very na,me of tbe country he and Rome owed its pdmitive solidarity and strength in a great was· defending. measure to the unity and perpetuity of the Roman family. "Thus the final disintegration and destruction of the Western WEALTH AND LUXURY BROUGH].' RIOT OB' DIVORCJ!l, Empire was caused not by a foreign army but by its own. For Rome bad no Romans left to fight her battles. History relates "But gradually the wealth of the world was poured into the this in no uncertain words. And this was the logical and inev­ lap of Rome; philosophical skepticism and oriental superstitions itable result of divorce coupled with luxury and the irreHgion undermined · tbe morals of the people. Luxury and sensuality resulting therefrom. went hand in band, and the Romans, eoe:rvated by a life Qf "' Let us take thls lesson' to heart and apply lt to our own ease, became yictims of the most depraved vices. Conjugal country and ouri own times! We are as rich and as powerful fidelity became the scoff of the poet, maITiage vows the target as Rome in her palmiest days, and the cens-us informs us that for the shafts of the satirist, and womanly virtue tbe laughing only about 40 per cent o.f our people profess any religion. If stock of the servile courtier. luxury, divorce, and irreligion caused the fall of Rome, how ".Marriage lost its sacred character and became a civil con­ can America bo.pe. to ~cape ·unless we profit by her example tract. The confarreatio developed into the free marriage, in a.nd mend our ways before it is too late? which the wife was no longer under control o:f the husband, "Simultaneous with the change in the sacred character of and which migJ;it b,e dissolved by mutual consent. The ease the Roman marriage came the belief that the marriage tie could with which diYorces might be secur.ed was the stro:ng-est induce.­ be broken ; and once this idea was prevalent, frequent divorces ment to enter into raSh and ill-considered marriages, In this became only a matter of time. As soon as the seal of religion regard Gibbon, volume 7,, page 349, Decline and Fall, says: was removed from marriage it became a mere transient union. " In three centuries of prosperity and corrupti-0n, this prlnciple " The condition prevailing in Rome is true of modern times. (divorce) was enlarged to frequent practice and pernicious abe.se. As long as the Catholic- view of marriage was accepted through­ Passion, interest, or caprice suggested dally mot:tves for the dissolu­ tion of marriage; a word, a sign, a mesi:iage, a letter, the mandate of a out Christian countries and its sacramental character acknowl­ freedman declared the separation; the most tender of human con­ edged, divorce was unknown~ But when the specious doctrine nectiovs was degrade

DIVEltSITY IN LAWS LAB.QlllLY TO BLAMll. tile world. • • • Ile dles intestate. N()W, what ts the legal statns and condition of the various c1tizens he has given to our common conll'­ " Many students of divorce assert that the great diversity in try, and what can the States of their birth and domicile do for them? the laws of the different States of the Union contributes largely A few words will show how difficult and important these questions are. to the existing state of affairs. A study of this feature of the Tbe first wife's children are doubtless legitimate and heirs t<> his estate everywhere. The Indiana wife' s children are le!rltimate there, but question compels me to give a great deal Of weight to their probably illegitimate everywhere else. The California chil-dren are statements. In all the history of marriage and divorce legis­ legitimate there and in New York, that marriage havin"' taken pl:rce lation, I find no more strange and paradoxical situation than after his first wife had obtained her divorce, bUt illegi~lmate in In­ diana and elsewhere; while the second crop of New Yorkers are legiti­ that existing in the United States. Since the family is the fun­ mate in the Eastern States and in New York and illegitimate in In­ damental unit of the State, it would seem that the laws govern­ diana and California. There is real and personal property in each of ing its foundation and dissolution should be written with the these States. There ar~ four widows each entitled to dower and dis­ tribution somewhere, and to some extent, and a large number of surely most scrupulous care as would befit a subject which so vitally innocent children, whose legitimacy and property are at stake. All concerns the well-being of the Nation. The contrary, however, these legal embarrassments spring from want of uniformity of laws on appears to be the case. Mt. James Bryce, in his book on' Mar­ a subject which should admit of no more diversity than the question riage and Divorce,' page 51, says : , et citizenship itself. - "The legislation which the thirteen colonie!'I and the newer States " Divorce is never the result ot accident. It can not just added to the Union since 1789 have produced presents the largest and happen. Somebody must plan for it, scheme for it, work for' it, strangest and perhaps th~ saddest body of legislative expeliments in and pay for it. If a criminal should take his choice as to the the sphere of the family law which free, sel!-go-verning communities bave ever tried. State in which he should be tried he would beyond question " Our marriage and divorce laws are framed according to the pick the one with the most lenient laws in regard to the par­ wbim of the legislators of each individual State, and the result ticular crime of which he was guilty, hoping to receive an easy is a veritable patchwork. which runs the gamut of. matrimonial sentence or to be set free. We would revolt against s'uch a delinquencies from that of South Carolina, which grants no proceeding, yet the very same state of affairs exists with respect divorce, and New York, which grants divorce for adultery and to our divorce laws, and no one moves a finger. Men and women desertion only, to that o:f the State of Washington, which per­ who go about breaking up homes are worse than criminals. mits absotute divorce for ' any cause deemed by the court sum.­ SOUTH CAROLINA 1VITH NO DIVORCJD A. SHINING llXA.MPLll. dent.' ".Amid the shifting sands of divorce legislation throughout "In some States marriages between blacks and whites are the United States is found one rock that, Gibraltarlike, stands absolutely void, again they are prohibited under pain of punish­ immovable. The State of ·S-0uth Carolina-all honor to ber­ ment, and in other States they are permitted. The laws in grants no absolute divorce. The charge has been repeatedly regard to void and voidable, bigamous and incestuous marriage made that in that State the very stringent divorce law has pro­ .'Vary so that hardly any two States· are alike. duced great hardships; that it has been conducive tu im~ " In Virginia a marriage between a negro and a white person morality; and has been a striking example of the evil effects is void, but this is hardly a bar, because should it be desired Of such a prohibition. Tll'.ese statements are not based upon to contract a marriage, the parties have only to cross the Poto­ facts. They are made by those who never thoroughly investi­ mac River into the District of. Coln.mbia and have the nuptials gated conditions in South Carolina; who speak from hearsay eelebrated in the Capital City of our Nation,. the home of our and .not from personal erperience. It does not appear that Presidents, and the political center of the United States. In these assertionS' are backed by a: single iota of truth, and I am New York a gilded fool may saddle himself with an immoral at a loss to know upon what grounds this- conclusion is based. woman as a wife, because of a secret and imprudent expression Let us see what the people of South Carolina think about their of a present intent to consider her as such. But in Arizona, if law. We find this no-divorce law spoken of in the most eulo­ a man forms an immoral connection with a woman and lives gistic terms by her courts. Judge J. O'Neil, of the South Caro­ with her as his concubine, the union being wholly meretricious lina Court of Appeals, in the case of :McCarthy v. McCarthy from its inception, at the end of one year she, by force of law, ( 2 S trobhart, 6) , uses this eJ;Dphatic language : Without any intent on his part, becomes his lawful wife. " It bas received the entire sanction and acquiescence of the bench, "To give more than a hasty glance at our divorce laws would the bar, the legislature, and the. people. The legislature has nobly adhered to the' injunction 'those wham God hath joined together let f>e to tax both your time and patience. Adultery is cause for no man put asunder.' The working of thls stern policy has been to tbe divorce in all of the 48 States, save South Carolina. Physical good of the people and the State in every respect. cruelty, and that most elastic phrase "mental cruelty," is a "J"udge J. Richland Witherspoon, in the case of McCreedy "'· cause in 46 States. In 1916 cruelty' was resorted to in 30,752 Davis (44 S. C. 195), before the Supreme Court of South Caro­ cases, an increase of 75.8 per cent ov~r 1906, when 17,496 mar­ lina, praises in the strongest terms the law that protects the riages were dissolved on this ground. sanctity of the home. "All the States save South Carolina grant divorce for deser­ "I have received a number of letters from the Protestant tion. This easy means of dissolving the marriage tie is fast clergy of South Carolina, and they are unanimously of the increasing in popularity. . opinion that the no-divorce· law works admirably. The two "There were 27,407 homes broken up on this ground in 1906, United States Senators from South Carolina indignantly deny while in 1916 there were 39,990. the charge that the prohibition of divorce has caused any in· " Some of our States require a residence of two years before crease in immorality. On the contrary, it is their unalterable a divorce can be obtained, while others require only six months. conviction that the no-divorce law, which is the proud boast of QUESTION OB' JURISDICTION CA.USES GREA.T CONFUSION. their State, has been an inestimable boon, has placed the family "Beyond an divorce laws there arises the much-mooted qUE:lS­ on a higher plane, and has safeguarded the home, the bedrock tion of divorce jurisdiction. To what· extent are the divorce of the State. A p1·ominent Catholic clergyman of South Caro­ oecrees of one State to be recognized in the other States of the lina wrote me on the subject as follows: Union? This question is so technical that it is impossible to "We have no divorce law. There is still a strong sentiment again:st enter upon a thorough discussion of it now. Suffice it to say it. It may be said that some are leading double matrimonial lives. I that the Supreme Court of the United States has decided that suppose it is true, but if sneh a cundition exists I have heard no mol'e of it here than I did in the District of Columbia and in Maryland. under certain conditions a State may refuse to recognize the Divorce laws do not lessen immorality. I am convinced that they in­ extraterritorial effect of a divorce granted in ·another State. crease it. Here in South Carolina the law does not wink at men who The result has been confusion worse confounded. The eminent try to break up homes. Tbe law does not put its seal on affinities be­ gotten of sensual passion. jurist, J"udge Noah Davis, in the North American Review, vol­ " If yau bear that men are leading d-0uble lives in South Carolina ume 139, page 39, gives an excellent illustJ;ation of the e"'9"ils because of no-divorce laws, you can deny it. If it were so, I am sure caused by tile diversity of our laws on marriage and divorce~ I should know something of it. "A is married in New York where he had resided for years, and has THOUSANDS OF DiNOCENT CllILDRE!'l :MA.DJ.I' TO Sl'.l'FFER. a family and is the owner of real and other . estate. He . desires a divorce and goes to Indiana where that thiJig is cheap and easy. Upon " The most pitiful aspect of the present divorce situation is complying with some local rule and with no actual notice to his wife he the suffering inflicted on the thousands of innocent little chil­ gets a decree of divorce and presently is married in that State to an­ dren of these divorcees. The figures issued by the Census BU'­ other wife, who brings him f>ther children. He again acquires new estates ; but, tiring of his second wife, he deserts her and goes to Cali­ reau show that 41.,009 of the cases of 1916 reported having chil­ fornia, where in a brief space he is again divorced, and then remar­ dren. If we assume an average of 4 children to each case, ries again, forming a new family and acquiring new real and personal we find that the1·e were about 164,036 children whose homes estates. In a few years his fickle taste changes again and he returns to New York, where he finds his first wife has obtained a valid divorce ' were broken up during that one year without fault of their fo.r his adulterous marriage in Indiana, which sets her free and forbids own. What can we expect of them when they grow up? his marrying again during her lifetime. He then slips into an Eastern PRESS ADDDlG FUEL TO FLAME. State. takes a residence, acquires real . property there, and after a period gets judicially freed from his California bonds. He retul'Ds " In connection with this subject I ba1'e been very much im­ to New York, tak~s some new aftlnity, ctosses the New Jersey line, and tn an bour is back in New York enjoying so much of his estate as tbe pressed and shocked at the great prominence given to divmce courts have not adjudged to his first wife, and gives new children to ~ses in the daily papers. Few issues of many of our leading 8936 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JUNE 19,

papers fail to contain under big headlines an account more or SLACK-WATER SYSTEM OF THE OHIO RIVER. le s alacious of a divorce trial in some of our big cities, giving Mr. EHNST. l\Ir. President, I ask unanimous consent to the most intimate details, baring secrets of weak human hearts have inserted in the RECORD a resolution which was adopted by to the public gaze, pandering to depraved tastes, making sug­ the council of the city of Louisville, Ky., in reference to the "estions that would probably never have entered the minds of slack-water system of the Ohio River. other couples, and thereby becoming an agency, not of legiti­ There being no objection, the resolution was ordered to be mate, proper news, which is the function of a newspaper, but printed in the RECORD, as follows : making themselves the agents of Satan. This is unfortunate, Whereas the council of the city of Louisville is informed that water unnecessary, contrary to the proper apostolate of the press, transportation on the Ohio River is developing with considerable rapid­ which should stand for the good, the true, the beautiful in all ity, but that its greater expansion and permanent operation depends upon completion of the slack-water system as yet only partially con­ things, and never for what is low and vicious and depraved. structed ; and There is no agency in our land more powerful than the press. Whereas the city of Louisville has already begun to be extensively Its printed words reach millions of hearers who never enter used by large manufacturing companies who are shipping their a church or read a good book, and never receive a moral lesson products here by barge as a distributing point for inland destinations, and sa.id service would grea~y increase and widely extend its bene­ except what the press teaches. There is enough decent news to ~~s io shippers and consumers if the Ohio were completely canalized : make the papers readable without going into the parlousness of 1 Resolved That the council of the city of Louisville hereby urges the criminal courts and flaunting all the vicious immoralities upon the Congress of the United States the earliest possible action of ome of our great cities' "four hundred" in their divorce to complete the slack-water system of the Ohio River as designed by proceedings. It would no doubt take a long time to bring about the Engineering Corps of the United States Army. and that copies cf this resolution be addressed to every Member of Congress, and effective remedies in our marriage and divorce laws, but there that the Representatives from Kentucky be especially urged to unite 1 one thing that we can do immediately, and that is to refuse their efforts tol{ard securing early action in the matter. to support newspapers which publish demoralizing and filthy F. E. THOMPSON, C. B. C. D. B. EDMISTON, c. B. A. news. A decent reading public can force a respectable press. JACOB L. ISAACS, P. B. C. Thank heaven, there are many good papers which do not pol­ ARTHUR A. WILL, P. B. A . lute their columns with anything improper. Subscribe to those .Approved June 7, 1922. HUSTON QUIN, Mayot·. papers, read them only, permit only such papers to enter your A copy. Attest: household, and everyone of you will become an agent in promot­ D. B. EDMISTON, ing public morals. Olerk Board of .Aldermen. DIVORCE TOO RESPECTABLE. ARTICLE BY SENATOR WALSH OF MASSACHUSETTS. " Indeed, I doubt if laws would go far toward curing this Mr. WALSH of Montana. Mr. President, the Senator from disease unless we can have positive prohibition of divorce such Massachusetts [l\Ir. WALSH] contributetl to the New York as prevails in South Carolina, Spain, Italy, Argentine Republic, Times a few weeks ago an interesting discussion of the problem etc., or such practical prohibition as exists in Ireland. Pub­ of aviation, pertinent to the discussion of the bill now before lic sentiment in many parts of Canada is strong against divorce, the Senate. I ask unanimous consent that it may be printed and it has been very hard to dissolve the marriage tie there. in the RECORD in 8-point type. We must in some way create a similar sentiment against di.vorce The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so in this country. It is considered too respectable now. We must ordered. frown upon it, and people must look askance at those who are · The matter referred to is as follows: divorced. OUR AVIATION PROBLEM. • CHURCHES MUST UNITlil TO CHANGll PUBLIC SENTIMI!INT. [By Hon. DA.no I. WALSH, junior Senator from Ma sachusetts.] " The churches must all join in an earnest effort to so train "It is regrettable that in or out of Congress there is so little their members in the love of God and home that all their predi­ interest in what our Government is doing, or rather failing to Jertions will be unfriendly to divorce. The effect would be do to stimulate interest in aeronautical matters and to foster marked if all ministers of the go~pel should refuse to perform and encourage in every manner po ·sible thi most important the marriage ceremony when either of the contracting parties means of defense and transportation which has come to be gen­ had been divorced, in which case, if the wedding must take era11y acknowledged among progress,ive nations as of vital ne­ place it could be contracted before an officer of the law and not cessity to their commercial and industrial expansion and to an officer of God. their protection and prosperity. '' The churches should sink their differences in so far as mar­ "The inestimable value o:f this comparatively new science was riage and divorce are concerned and present a united front demonstrated during the World War, and no one will deny against it. Their followers should be taught to observe the that it must play an even larger part in any future controversy sanctity of marriage, to look upon it as the most sacred and between nations-whether on land or on the sea. solemn step a human being can take, to understand that no "Since the termination of the World War much progress has separation with a right to remarry should ever be granted, been made and rapid otrides have been taken in the development that for better or worse they are married for life, and that of this science. l\fany foreign nations, cognioont of the neceHi;:ity God's blessing is sure to follow all who obey his laws on this and importance of aircraft, have initiated military programs and most important of earthly matters-the only one which relates programs of mail and passenger transportation in the air far su­ directly to the procreation of children and the perpetuation of perior to the present policy of our Government, and have done the human race. much to encourage the general development of aeronautics ALL HONOR TO , through governmental a.id to commercial industry. Great Brit­ " In conclusion, permit me to appeal to you, my fellow Catho­ ain particularly, very soon after the war, reached the conclu­ lies and Knights of St. John, to uphold the hands of mother sion that the dominance of the air is at least of equal impor· · church in her great fight to sustain the indissolubility and tance with that of the seas and set about to plan a definite - sanctity of the marriage tie. She has ever waged a fearless policy of aerial development and' the coordination of her air­ a.ncl most admirable fight against this dread malady--divorce-­ craft activities, leading to the establishment of a separate which seriously threatens the destruction of our Republic. ministry of air, which bas taken the lead in practically every The Catholic Church deserves for this patriotic task the heart­ phase of aerial clevelopment. felt praise and gratitude not only of her own children but of all "Economic considerations as well as those of national defense true Americans who believe in the great mission for the wel­ demand that the United States immediately formulate a defi­ fare of mankind intrusted to our Republic by the God of hosts. nite, comprehensive, and intelligent policy for the development No country of modern times has done as much for the uplift of every phase of aeronautics and of actively encouraging the of humanity, for the spirit of free institutions throughout the aerial transportation industry, which is vitally essential to the world, for the general betterment of men and women of all future progress and prosperity of the Nation. To neglect lands, as our own wonderful country-the United States of longer the establishment of an intelligent policy is inexcusable. Amexica. We all love the Union and are proud of its glorious . "Because of the absen~e of any well-defined sympathetic pro­ history. We feel that it has ever done and ever will do great gram on the part of our Government since the armistice, the and good things for its own people and for those of every American aeronautical industry, built up at such great expense other country on earth. Our country must be maintained in of money and effort during the war, is rapidly disappearing. The it , pristine strength and pm·ity to continue its great mission almost antagonistic attitude of our Government toward this :!or bumanity. Divorce is the greatest enemy of the home, the industry has discouraged business men, and under the circum­ base and foundation of the Republic, and all who wish to save stances they were entirely justified in withdrawing their money the Republic should unite to destroy this enemy and save the from this field. Ninety per cent of the aYiation industry cre-­ borne." ated during the war has been liquidated, and unless a more 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 8937

sympathetic an definite policy of cooperation is established "In the beginning our naval atfation activities were carried without delay, it is inevitable that the remaining 10 per cent on by a m~re handful of Regular officers. At the time of our entry will also disappear. The future development of aerial naviga­ into the war the effectiveness of naval aircraft was becoming tion generally is in no way limited to military and naval func­ generally acknowledged, especially in actually combating enemy tion , and the closest possible cooperation must at all times ex­ submarines and, through systematic patrols, in the discourage­ ist between the aeronautic agencies of the Government And the ment of their activit~s, and steps were taken almost immediately commercial industry engaged in the production and develop­ to train a large number of men as naval aviators. The Navy ment of aircraft. proper needed all its trained line officers, hence young men, "In July, 1919, an American aviation mission, which was drawn mostly from our high schools and universities, were en­ formed at the instanc~ of the then Secretary of War to investi­ rolled in the air service of the Naval Reserve Force. They were gate and study all forms of organfzation, p1;oduction, and de­ rushed through their flight instruction by the original handful velopment of this science, submitted a report to the Secretary of Regulars, and, in turn, after being commissioned in the Naval of War outlining the results of their investigations. This report Reserve Flying Corps and designated naval aviators, trained the presents the results of the only aviation investigation ever made ever-increasing number of applicants for this branch of the serv­ for the United States Government. The findings of this commis­ ice until, at the signing of the armistice, our naval aviation sion were extremely unpopular with old Army and Navy officers, consisted, besides the original Regulars, of nearly 2,500 officers and the conclusions and recommendations as incorporated in of the Naval Reserve Force who were qualified as naval aviators. these findings are apparently being entirely ignored by the "Soon after the armistice a large number of these rese1·ve pre~ent as they were by the past administration. They are officers were released from active duty and returned to their fro"lled upon by the General Staffs of both Army and Navy, in homes, while others rem:Mned on active duty at their own re­ spite of the fact that they are even more sound to-day than in quest, with the idea of making aviation their life work and with 1919, when the report was made. the idea of eventually being commissioned in the regular Navy. "The report was, in part, as follows: After the war, and while still in the reserv,e force, these officers ".As a r ·sult of our studies, your mission desires to emphasize the on active duty were repeatedly promoted on the strength of their universal opinion of it$ members that immediate action is neceS$ary to safeguard the air interests of the United States. to preserve for the records upon the recommendations of their respective command­ Go vernment some benefit of the great aviation expenditures made dur­ ing officers. ing the perfod of the war, and to prevent a vitally necessary industry "These reserves had made naval aviation during the war, and from entirely disappearing. even after the war it was up to them to continue to do so, as * * • • • • • ' " That we of to-day are conceivably no more qualified to judge as to there were no others to take their places. To be sure, some the scale and development of the aircraft of 10 years hence than were few Regulars have been trained since the war, but because of we of even 5 years ago able to foretell the achievements of to-day. We lack of operating experience and lack of the real "air" spirit must bear in mind always that for every one mind focused upon things aeJ"Onautical in this ear·Iier period, some thousands of keen minds are which had been acquired by the reserves under the shadow of now versed in aeronautics. With proper governmental encouragement, war, they have not been and, for the most part, are not yet i·apid progress seems inevitable. ready to take the places of the reserves. .. * • • • • • " From the end of the war and until October, 1920, the reserve " The principal recommendations made by this comm1ss1on, officers, who remained on active duty with the idea of making none of whi_ch have been adopted, and which were discredited naval aviation their life work, had no definite idea as to what rather than discouraged, were the establishment of a depart­ was to be done in their case. ment of air, with a Cabinet officer at its head coequal in impor­ " In October, rn20, they were definitely informed that in May tance and in representation with the Departments of War, of the following year they would be required to qualify as line Kavy, and of Commerce; the establishment of governmental in­ officers through competitive examination. In other words. sti.tutions of education and training, including an air academy, they were given a scant eight months in which to prepare foi· all open alike under proper restriction to military, civilian, and examinations in navigation, seamanship, ordnance and gunnery, naval personnel, and the adoption of a system of circulating steam engineering,. electricity, military law, international law, Army, Navy, and civil personnel through the national air and naval regulations, such as graduates of the Na1'al Acad­ service. emy are given after three or more years of duty at sea. Dur­ " Is not the time at hand to demand that an efficient, intelli­ ing this eight months they were at no time relieved of their gent, and definite policy be formulated and carried out? regular duties in order to study but were actively engaged in " Those who have studied this matter thoroughly and fairly carrying on the training of the Regulars and the greater part are of the opinion that this will be impossible as _long as our of the operations of the air stations and fleet air squadrons. present policy of distributing our air activities among several There was no one to relieve them, as in most cases there were governmental departments is tolerated, and it is necessary that no Regulars sufficiently experienced to do so. we have a reorganization of our national-defense agencies if our "These examinations were held during the week of May 16, future as an air power is not to be entirely eclipsed by other 1921. Almost all the reserves on active duty took these ex­ nations. . aminations, thongh greatly disheartened and discouraged after " The indifference of our Government and the manner in which devoting years to specializing in aviation, to learn that they aviation is being discouraged and our nxiation personnel de­ must be line officers and go to sea on naval craft like all other moralized may be appreciated from what has recently been naval officers. - brought to light in the Navy. " Though Congress authorized the taking over into the regular " E\idently we learned little from the war, for our Govern­ Navy of 500 reserve officers from the Aviation Service of the ment bas maintained an inert, vacillating, and dilatory attitude NaYy, they were given examinations prepared by old-line naval which has resulted in demoralizing the personnel, and at the officers who. know nothing about . aviation, and on the...... first present time our aviation, especially in the Navy, is in a marking of the papers only 27 out of 285 passed. A re-marking chaotic state. Unless some action is taken in the immediate increased this number materially. Even those "fhO were finally future I can see nothing ahead other than a complete disor­ held to have passed the examinations were given, in most in­ ganization of what little air force we have thus far been able stances, a greatly reduced rank. The result of all this has to retain in spite of, rather than with the help of, Government been very injurious to the morale of our Naval Air Service. officials. Our aircra~ in the Army and Navy is insignificant, and has given a body blow to aviation in the Navy that assumes and. the personnel has been reduced and discQuraged in every the proportions of a knockout. way possible. . "All qualified naval aviators of the Naval Reserve Force who "Prior to 1917 aviation was a comparatively negligible ad­ did not pass the examinations or who did no., feel justified in junct to our armed forces, but during the war aircraft sprang taking them, and the others who de~lined the lower rank of­ into prominence rapidly, awakening in the minds of a larger fered them, but who, because of their exceptional experience number of people ideas as to the unlimited possibilities of avia­ and ability, are holding positions of great trust and responsi­ tion as the coming strong arm of our national integrity. bility, will be lost to the service. Except in a few instances "Just how soon the destinies of nations will be decided in the there are no Regulars ready to take their places. This means air is, of course, difficult to say. The complexity of the problems that after July 1 there will be a curtailment of operations until anerts of the world, assembled at acquired sufficient experience to take up the important duties. the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, found the pos­ How long it will take them to acquire this experience is hard sibilities of development in the air so vast that they did not feel to say. It has taken the reserves, who are now to be rejected justified in attempting to define the limits of those possibilities. after giving the best years of their lives to their· country, five "The aviation problem in the United States as it exists to-day years. can be best illustrated by a study of the present aviation "If these reserves are let go, it will be necessary. to train addi­ situation in the Navy. tional Regulars as naval aviators. It cost during the war about -'. ' 8938 CON GREHSION AL RECORD-SEN1\T .E. JUNE 19,,

$40,000 to produce a trained aviator. To let these aviators, must take a stand for aviation and make the advocates of the· trained and expert iin their subjed, go will mean the expendi­ old-fashioned Navy for ake their selfish and antiquated ideas ture-of mi1lions to replace them, and even then years to dupli­ and -face the facts. cate tl1eh· seasoned knowledge and experience. :According to "As has been stated in' the findings and recommendations ot the figures as estimated by the Bureau of 'Aeronautics, the the ATiation Commission, heretofore i·eferred to, any fUture war training of these additional officers will ~st between $3,000,000 will inevitably open with great aerial activity on both side8, and $5,000,000. This sum covers their preliminary training at ·Lying as we are between twO' oceans, our fir t steps in war will Pensncola and one year's training with 'operating units. 'By be over tbe sea. Early in the war the disadvantages of haYing tlle time they haw had enough experience to equal that of the our 'Army AiT -Service as part of the · Signal Corps -were recog­ -r-esenes the training cost will run in millions of dollars more. nized, and it was made a distinct and ·separate service of the "The Army seems to insist that :we ha Ye Army pilots, while Army. As a result our Army Air Service is more ·efficient than U1e Navy insists that we have ·Navy pilots. What is needed it· ever could have been · otherwise' as part of the Army. If we i. a large number of Air Service pilots prepared and ready at are to uphold our defense over the ·sea we must have an air all times ·to cooperate with the Army and Navy. To insist that Navy. Our navfil aviation service must be rounded out into -a pilots!be Army 'Or Navy officers first is to make aviation a sub­ distinct-and separate corps, and then combined with our Army; ordinate and secondary defense rather than prima-ry €lefense. Air Service and our Bureau of Civil Aeronautics into a great/ "Among those who are to be·relieved from duty•because they efficient, and well-balanced national air service. -are not .naval Jine officers but aviators al'e such officers as- "What we need now is the consolidation of our War and ." The pilot of the N0-4 on its trans-Atlantic flight. Navy Departments into a single Department of National De­ "The -commanding officer of one o:rthe only two United· States fense, with a ' Secretary for National Defense as its head and naval air stations in EUTope actually under enemy fire. an Undersecretary for Army, an Untlersecretary for Navy, and " The executive. officer of one of the active air stations abroad an Undersecretary for Air. The underdepartment for air ·and since for more·than two years and to date executive

s&ool to the 1new order of things1 jeopal'dizing their 0"'"11 indi­ lions of dollars for their upkeep. vidual careers in the Navy. They are up against the same stone I wish, 'however, to ask the Senator 'from Washington [~Ir. .wall as were tho e in generations past-who brought forth steam POINDEXTER] whether anything has been done toward correcting pro11ulsion, armor plate, ste.el ships, and rifled guns. the mistakes which have been macle in the construction of our "The Navy Department makes no distinction between naval subma1·ines? The Senator will recall that during the considera­ aviators and ogicers of the line. They are all line officers. The tion · of the former naval appropriation bill there was con. id­ department contends no longer openly, bee-a.use the idea ;bas erable evidence to show that many of the submarines were im­ been 'exploded, that after a few yeaTs an aviator will be propetly constructed; that many of them were not comparable too old to fly and that he will have to return to ordinary line to the submarines constructed by Germany ·and Great Britain; :duties, when tbeTe have been many notable examples of.officers that many of them haft imperfect shafts and electrical machin­ over 45 years of age all over the world who have made excel­ ery. Promises were made-not by the Senator but by others, lent pilots. How can the average officer put his heart and soul and, I think, by the Navy Department-that some of these 1n his work if~ -knows that in a few years ·he will have to re- undersea -craft would be rejeeted, an

contractors the size of the crank shaft, which the Bureau of Mr. OVERMAN. Is there any probability of their ratifying Engineering of the Navy first designed to be 8 inches, was it soon? reduced to 7 inche.s. However, in practical use the views of the Mr. BORAH. In the view ·which France takes of it, I think Na\y were found to be correct, and apparently they were rather France will likely ratify it, because she does not consider that weak in having made the concession to the contractors. But a it embarrasses her in the slightest in going forward with her very thorough series of tests were carried out upon that specific program. proposition, and a very firm stand was taken by the Navy that Mr. OVERMAN. It does not require her to disarm? the 8-inch shaft must be installed in these engines without addi­ Mr. BORAH. No. tional expense to the Government. That is now being done, and Mr. KING. Mr. President, let me say to my friend from North the prospect is that it will soon be finished. Carolina that I put into the RECORD the other day. excerpts , Mr. KING. The Senator will recall that the evidence showed, from a very admirable article appearing in the New York Her­ too, that we did not have a submarine that was large enough­ ald, in which attention was challenged to the fact that no or, at least, we had only perhaps two or three-to accompany nation other than the United States, party to these treaties that the fleet to sea. Their radius was limit.ed, and they did not were to usher in the millenium, according to the statements of have the speed, the capacity, the endurance, or the qualities some of our Republican friends, had ratified them. I called es ential for what might be denominated a "fleet submarine." attention to the fact that Lord Lee of Fareham bad presented May I inquire of the Senator whether there has been any im­ to the the treaty-it did not state for action, pro\ement along those lines and whether we now have any but presumably for action-but no action had been taken. Japan submarines that are able to accompany the fleet? · has taken no action, nor has Italy or France. The statement l\lr. POINDEXTER. We have submarines which can accom­ just made by the Senator from Idaho illustrates the futility pany the fleet in the sense that they have sufficient radius of of these treati~ negotiated at the Washington conference, and action to go to any place where the fleet may go, but, of course, which were proclaimed as the greatest achievement of all time. there are no submarines that have the speed of the fleet. The They may have some value, but as yet it is somewhat ditticult fleet lias a speed of over 20 knots an hour, and there is not a to perceive the same. At any. rate, there is still na>al prepara­ submarine that has ever been designed by Germany, Great tion, and the treaties are Qot ratified. The four-power treaty Britain, or any other country which has that speed; but we dealt only with capital ships, but did not pretend to . limit have submarines of sufficient radius of action to accompa:o.y the submarines, aircraft, land armaments, and other forces or fleet in the sense that they can go to the same place where . instrumentalities which the present may. know or the future the fleet may go, and they are called "fleet submarines." may clevise for use in war on land and sea and in the air. Mr. KING. The Senator will recall that the evidence dis­ Mr. LENROOT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? closed that our submarines were not comparable to the German The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Utah submarines in speed, in endura nee, in workmanship, or in tech­ yield to the Senator from Wisconsin? nical features. The evidence showed, I think quite conclu­ l\1r. KING. I yield. sively, that one or more of the establishments which were mak­ Mr. LENROOT. I should like to ask the Senator, if his theory ing our submarines were constructing imperfect machinery; and was correct, and that of others who took the position that we had a promi e that there would be reforms, changes, and the four-power pact and the others were very much to the improYements in the submarines upon which we were relying selfish interest of England and Japan and against the interest so much...... of the United States, is it not a little curious that they have l\Ir. BORAH. Mr. President-- not speedily ratified them? The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator yield to the Mr. KING. I am not quite clear that I apprehend the mean­ Senator from Idaho? ing of the Senator from Wisconsin. Mr. KING. I yield. Mr. LENROOT. The Senator took the position, as I under­ Mr. BORAH. l\Ir. President, the ~bservations made a few i::tand-- moments ago by the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. WALSH] l\1r. KING. Does the Senator mean now or in the past? and the debate as it is now proceeding seem to me not dis­ Mr. LENROOT. When the treaties were before us-that similar to the debate in France which is now going forward, these treaties were not to the interest of the United States, ·particularly in the press, upon the treaties which were nego­ but were very much to the interest of Great Britain and Japan. tiatM some time ago for the limitation of armament. It is My query is, If the Senator. was correct in that, is it not a little all exceedingly interesting. The disarmament parley was called curious to the Senator that those countries did not speedily for the purpose· of stopping competition in naval armament. ratify the treaty, instead of delaying ratification? That was one of the great objects to be attained and one of Mr. KING. Mr. President, I do not think the Senator has the great objects which was supposed to have been attained. accurately stated my position. The position which I took, or We find now, withtn a few months after the treaties are signed, intended to take, was that the four-power treaty possessed so that the argument which is being advanced in France for the many uncertainties and involved so many problems that, in my ratification of the treaties is that they in no way limit the opinion, it would not make for world peace; or at least that it building of naval armament upon the part of France in any­ would prove an obstacle to a world union which would promote thing which she desires to build ; that while there is some lim­ world peace. I contended that there shoul(l be an association itation upon battleships-a craft which she does not want to of all nations; and that an attempt to form a group of thef!e build and does not propose to build for two reasons, first, from powerful nations would provoke resentments and antagonisms an economic standpoint, and, second, because of the impression and jealousies among other nations, and would lead, or be abroad that they are becoming obsolete-as to all other instru­ calculated to lead, to other groups and alliances, which in the ments of modern naval warfare there is no limit, and therefore end would constitute impediments to a league of all nations, the ratification of the treaties would in no wise embarrass and thus prove injurious to the peace of the world. I opposed France in the future in building up her navy, which she pro­ the treaty because it would lead to counteralliances. I agreed poses to do. That leads to the further suggestion that at the with the Senator from Idaho [Mr. BORAH] and others that present time in Japan-not so much in Great Britain but in the four-power pact constituted an alliance-the able Senator ;fapan-naval armaments, aside from battleships, are being from California [Mr. JOHNSON] took that position with great built as rapidly and as effectively as prior to the meeting of force and clarity-and that whenever an alliance was formed, the disarmament parley. particularly between great powers, other alliances would be So, Mr. President, while ijlese treaties may be ratified and . formed to check or thwart what was presumed to be the pur- technically observed, the great object and purpose in calling pose of the first alliance. the disarmament parley-to wit, to stop competition in naval Mr. LE1\TROOT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? armament-seems to be utterly frustrated by reason of what, in Mr. KING. I yield. my judgment, may be properly styled bad faith upon the part Mr. LENROOT.. Did not the Senator take the position that of the countries in carrying out the spirit of the disarmament it was an alliance in the interest of Great Britain :md Japan parley and the treaty. We are to-day just as thoroughly en· and against the interest of the United States? gaged in naval-armament competition as we were prior to the Mr. KING. No; I did not take that position. I took the calling of the disarmament parley, with the exception of one position that it was an alliance, and I stated that in my opiniou iru:trument of modern naval warfare. it would provoke a counteralliance between Germany and l\Ir. OVER1\.1AN. l\1r. President, I should like to inquire if Russia, and perhaps other nations. I haYe contended eYer since any other nation except our own has ratified the four-power the end of the World War that there should be an association pact? of nations; and accordingly I supported the League · of Nations M:r. KING. No. plan. I then asserted that attempts to form groups, pnrticu­ Mr. BORAH. No; no other nation, I understand. larly of powerful nations, would ine>ital>ly lead to the forma-

• 8940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATB. JUNE 19 1 tion of other groups. The history of the past sh<>ws the evil Mr. KING. I say, it was understood that if any votes were effects of alliances and the efforts to maintain a " balance of taken upon the items relating to. the when we got power " by the formation of limited national assoeiations. I through with the bill I could offer s.uch am~dments as I suggest that the net results of the Washington conference can desired without the formality of mo.ving to reconsider. not be satisfying even to the most ardent disciples of the Mr. POINDEXTER. Mr. President, I do not want to stand prophets who guided it. in the way of the Senator offering any amendment that he M:r. President, I offer- the following amendment: chooses to offer. ¥y understanding of the colloquy that we On page 64, line 9, after the numerals, I move to insert the had on the subject to which the Senator is now referring was following: that if he succeeded in securing the adoption by the Senate of · i:rovid.fJd,, That no ~t of Em:id SUID; shall be used for the purpo.se of an amendment either raising or lowering the numbe1· of maintaining or employrng marines, e1ther officers or enlisted men, in marines provided for I would agree to corresponding chaw"'es the Republic of or the after Decembey Sl, 1922. in the appropriation to suit the cbanged personnel provicled Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, before that is finally disposed ln the bill; but that does not involve the parliamentary in­ of, may I ask if the Senator is advised. at th:lii time whether quiry of the Senator from Nebraska. or not our marines are still guarding the White House at Mr. KING. I will say that I stated to the Senator that I Managua, Nicaragua? They have been there for 8 or 10 years. should offer two amendments, one to reduce the number ot 1 do not know whether they have gone away yet or- not. marines and another to prevent the employment of marines in Mr. KING. I think they are. 1rhe last authentic informa­ the Republic of Haiti o.r the Dominican Republic. tion I had was that a portion of the marines-to wit, 24-had Mr. POINDEXTER I have not any objection at all to been brought home in irons, sentenced to from 8 to 40 years, that. I am perfectly willing to ag1·ee to that~ The Senator has offered the amen:dment now. for alleged offenses committed in Nicaragua~ nd that there were still marines in Nicaragua. Mr. KING. And the Senator stated to me that we could take The PRESIDING· OFFICER. In order that this amendment a vote upon it. may be properly considered, it will be necessary to reconsider The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the re­ the vote whereby the amendment in line 9, page 64, was adopted. consideration of the vote whereby the amendment on line 9, Without objection-- page 64, was agreed to? Mr. POINDEXTER. I ask to have the amendment stated. Mr. POINDEXTER. l\.lr. President, a parliamentary inqui:ry. My attention was diverted for a moment. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Washington The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment will be stated. will state it. The Ass1STAJ.~T S'Ec.RET.ABY. It is proposed to add after the Mr. POINDEXTER. Has the inquiry of the Sena.tor from total for the Marine Corps on page 64, line 9, after llie :figures Nebraska [Mr. NORRIS] been decided by the Chair? "$26,146,748," the following proviso: The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Ohair stated it to be the Provided, That no part of said sum shall be used !or the purpose of opinion of the Chair that ina.smueh as the amendment offered maintaining or employing marines, either officers or enlisted men in by the Senator from Utah is attached directly to and really the Republic of Haiti or tbe Dominican Republic after December' 31 1922. , is to become a part of the committee amendment that has been agreed to, therefore it would be necessary to recon­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the vote sider- the vote whe;·eby that amendment was agreed to. That where~y-- is the opinion of the Chair. Is there objection to the recon­ Mr. NORRIS. Ur. President, I should like to inquire of the sideration of that vote? If there be· no objection, the '\'Ote is Chair wby it is necessary to reconsider that amendment. reconsidered. It The PRESIDING OFFICER. is the opinion of the Chair l\fr. POINDEXTER. l\1r. President, a parliamentary inquiry. that inasmuch as th.i · amendment is offered in the form of a The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Washington proviso to that appropriation, it will be necessary to reconsider the vote so that the. whole question may be open. will state it. ~ Mr. NORRIS. It is not offered as an. amendment to a com­ Mr. POINDEXTER. Is the amendment propo ed by the mittee amendment and does not change a committee amendment Senator from Utah in order, in view of the fact that if adopted in any sense. We have reached the stage in the consideration _it would change the existing law and policy of the Go'Vem­ of the bill where individual amendments are in order. I do ment as to its foreign relation ? It would have the effect not see wby it will be necessary to reconsider the action on the whatever the means of reaching the object may be, of under~ committee amendment. It does- not pretend., to cbanO'e the taking through an appropriation bill to direct the President amount of the appro'(}riation. 1t does not cut it out at al't of the United States, who is the Commander in Chief of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. It is the opinion of the Chair Army and Navy, what orders he should make as to the dis­ that inasmuch as the amendment n-0w o.ffered attaches to the position of the armed forces of the Uniteq States. It would committee amendment which was a.g:reed to in order to make it also have the effect, for a limited time at least, of interfering entirely parliamentary tha.t vote ought to be reconsidered. Of with the President's conduct of our foreign affairs and the course, a majority of the Senate. can determine otherwise. carrying out of treaties with foreign countries, for the oc­ Mr. NORRIS. Suppose that view prevails. and it is recon­ cupation of Haiti is in pursuance of a treaty with that countrv. sidered, and then this amendment is voted on, whether in or out· We would be doing that without even referring the matte.r to what difference would it make as far as the committee amend~ a committee, without having the opportunity of securing the ment is concerned? Either you put it in or you keep it out and consideration of the. question by a committee, to say nothing in either case it does not modify or change in one iota the 'com­ of not referring it to the executive brancb of the Government. mittee amendment. The State Department or Executive is the branch of the Gov­ Mr. LENROOT. If it is adopted it affects the committee ernment which bas the control and direction of our relations amen.dment, because it limits the appropriation. with Haiti and , and I make the parliamentary Mr. NORRIS. It does not change the committee amendment. inquiry of the Chair whether this amendment is not out of It applies to the whole thing. SupJ>OSe no committee amend­ order for those reasons, as changing existing law by an amend­ ment had been made, would it foi: that reason be out of order? ment upon an appropriation bill? If the Chair says it is out The simple statement of it, it seems to me, is sufficient. The of order, I will be compelled to make a point of order. Senator's amendment does nE>t depend upon the committee hav- Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, I want to say, :first, in refer­ 1ng made an amendment here. He could offer it just the same ence to the ruling of the Chair a few moments ago, that while If this committee amendment had never been· made. I acquiesce in the decision of the Chair, I want the record to Mr. KING. Mr. President, may I say- to the Senator from show that I do not agree that that is the proper procedure, Nebraska-and I hope I may have the attention of the Sen­ because the ruling might be cited as a very important precedent ator from Washington-that when we were. considering these in the future. The Chair's decision practically means that it items dealing with marines I suggested, not in open session the committee had not made this particular amendment the but privately to the Senator from Washington, that I would Senator's amendment would be out of order. not offer this amendment and another which I intend to I contend, however, while I am on my feet, that the question offe1· until we had gone through with the bill ; then the raised by the Senator from Washington is a very simple parlia­ amendments could be considered even after the amendments mentary proposition. The amendment offered by the Sena.tor which bad been offered by the committee were finally dis­ from Utah ia purely and solely a limitation upon the appro­ posed of; and that, if necessary, the a.ction of the Senate priation, Such an amendment is always in order. If the could be set aside for the purpose of considering such amend­ amendment included the word "hereafter," so as to make it ments as I desired to offer. permanent law, it would be subject to a point of order, if tbe Mr. POL'N'D~~ER. What ~as the question? things alleged by tbe Senator from Washington is regard to it.a

• 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 8941

-cllanging law, and so forth, are accurate; but it applies only l\Ir. KING. I find that statement in the last hearings before · to this appropriation. the subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. The The point made by the Senator from Washint,<>i:on that it report appears to be

were not there temporarily for the purpose of restoring law ages have been gathered up by citizens of the United States and order, but that we were there for a more permanent and a and some 200,000 acres have been acquire

·so that those who are intere'Sted in the subject may easily find purchased and gathered in at this time seems to be well estab­ ·,the testimony. lished. Of course I have no evidence in regard to that except Tlle· election was held on May 8, 1918, and was officially re­ the communications from and personal interviews with men who ported adopted by a vote of 98,294- in favor and 759 against. To have been in Haiti, with men who have themselves purchased ,wlrn.t extent the vote represents the free will of the Haitian interests in Haiti. Therefore I am unable to give the extent people may be gathered from the- testimony of Col. Alexander S. to which it has gone on; I know that it has P'!'OCeeded to a ,\Villiams, chief of the gendarmerie, which had charge of the considerable extent; but its full purport I am unable to state. election, given at page 560 of the hearings. It: is illuminating to Mr. President, we profess to be in Haiti under a treaty. note the colonel's statement that Haitian funds were used to After we took possession of that portion of the island belong­ indoctrinate the natives. as to the virtues of the new constitution. ing to Haiti, we proposed immediately a treaty to the Haitian Rev. L. Tom Evans, who was a missionary and has been for people. That treaty was :finally ratified under the same in­ year~ in Haiti, in his testimony said: fluences and with the exercise of about the same powez which Tl.le l.Juntlle of pink slips (no) significantly showing the fraudulent caused the ratification of the treaty with Nicaragua. I do not nature of tile whole scandalous business, remained on the other side of the table tied together. The poor native in charge, as well as the so­ regard it as a treaty which binds the Haitian people at al!, in called voter!:!. knew those packets were meant for me1·e show, for even the· sense that it was ratified as the free e:xpres ion ot the will 11 rut looi::e their terror-stricken Haitian brotfieri;i dared not refuse the or the uncontrolled judgment of the Haitian people. I regard "oui" (:ves). but asked for the "non" at the risk of being imprisoned and bof as an enemy of the occupation and foQ of the United States it as a treaty by the United States dealing with itself; that Government. the men who purported to ratify it or accept it upon the part Further he describes how the forces at the polls- of Haiti were not the agents of the Haitian people but the watched with an eagle eye and guarded by the (negro police) espe­ agents of the American Government~ .cially officered by the .American generals, colonel~, majors, captains, and On August 14, 1915, a treaty was presented to the Haitian lieutenants- • • • for the sake of perfectmg the farce. There Government at a time when we were in military control of Haiti were Haitian dummies sitting banding ont the slips in the box, and a dummy Haiti commissarie sat alongside of the American marine officer. That treaty took over the entire machinery of government and I have noticed an article published lately in some of the New destroyed the sovereignty of Haiti The Haitian President was York new papers written by some ene who has styled himself told to advise the Haitian congress to pass forthwith a resolu­ "-'An American officer." He does not give his name. In that tion authorizing the President-elect to conclude without modifica­ article the writer says : ti-0n ~ treaty submitted. On September 3 Admiral Caperton declared martial law. On September S, 1915, Caperton sent the It was thi& Govemment which put over the constitution ot 1918 with its legislative joker, which bids fair to create an unprecedented following telegram to the Secretary of the Navy: situation in the recent election, and one which would have been Vf!rY Successful negotiation ot treaty is predominant part of present mis­ d'ifficult to solve short of actual intervention in goyernment:ll a.1fail!s by sion. After encountering many difficulties, treaty situation at present the Ame1·ic'an high commissionei:. The A;merican occupa t_ion. badl alJso­ looks more favorable -than usual. This has been effected by the exer­ lut h- nothing to do with either the votrng of the constitution or the cising of military pres~ure at propitious moment in negotiations. Yes­ prepa1mtion of the people in a favorabl.e attitude. The members. of terday two members of the cabinet, who bad blocked negotiation, re­ tlw occupation obeyed absolutely the strict rule of bands off political signed. affairs, which has obtained from the beginning to the present moment. The treaty negotiation proceeds and advances-how? By the • This officer, whose identity is unknown, ays that the· army of intelligent exercise of military pow~ at propitious moment occupation had n.othlng to do· with the adop.tion of this consti­ so that two members of the cabinet Who were blocking the pro­ tntion. I a sert that the record-not only the sworn: testimony, ceedings resigned. Can any man read that telegram and not but the· official reports-, the official telegrams, and the oflictal feel a deep feeling of resentment that such a telegram should connnunic:ltions-shows unmistaka.l}ly that the constitution was. actually constitute a part of our history? We have been fond " put ovei:, ., to u e that ex:pre sion, thTOrrgh the insistence, aye, of late years of criticizing other governments for their arbitrary through the use of force by those occupying Haiti for the Amei'i­ acts. But that telegram belongs nowhere outside of the archive cnn Army. To such an extent were they required to use force of a military despot. I denounce it a rm-American and inde­ that they were compelled to di-ssolve the assembly which stood' fensible. out against the con ideration of the. p:roposed constitution. Mr. ASHURST. Mr. President-- We have, therefore, l\ir. President, the first step, which indi· The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Idaho cates, as I have said, a question of policy, the permament re­ yield to the Senator from Arizona? maining in the i land of Haiti:. One of the telegrams which l\1r. BORAH. I yield. Secretary Lansing sent has this in it: l\fr. ASHURST. I did not understand by whom the cable­ In order that no misunderstanding can possibly occur after elec­ gram was sent. tion it should be made clear to candidates as soon as possible and 1n ad"\"ance of their election that the United States expects to be in­ Mr. BORAH. It was sent by Admiral Caperton, who was in trusted witll the practical control of the customs and such financial charge of affairs at that time in Haiti, representing the Ameri­ control over the affairs of the Republic of Haiti as the United States mar deem necessary for efficient administration. can Government, and was directed to the Secretary of the Navy. Mr. ASHURST. Under the circumstances that treaty could Gen. Alexander S. Willia.ms, on page 566, testifies in regard to very well stand side by ide with Japan's treaty with Korea, tile campaign for the adoption of the constitution, and says ~ could it not? I sent circular letters to all gendarmerle officers informing them Mr. BO.RAH. We are under peculiar obligations to tho e that they would soon be call d upon to supervise a vote of the people for or against the adoption of the proposed con titution. I told them people down there, and I do uot think that the telegram re­ it wa desirable that thi constitution pass. • • • I do n-0t re­ ferred to ranks in dignity or decency with the treatment ac­ member how long before the plebiscite wa'S held that these instructions corded by Japan to Korea. were given, but there was a considerable time, ample time, to enable the gendarmerie officers (who were· marine ofilcers also) to conduct They next held UIJ all customs receipts in order to bring thi campaign, '\vhich was frankly procOIU3titntional. • • • I pressure. The Senate, however, continued to stand out and re­ allotted from gendarmerie funds to enable each gendarmerie district 10 and subcommander to have a popular meeting prior to the date on fused to ratify the treaty. On November our Government which the meeting was to be held. • • • On these occasion~ the sent the following message : gentlarmerie· officer mixed with the people, sometimes adclressed themT I am sure that you gentlemen will understand my entiment In thi.3 anti freely advocated t'.he adoption of the constitution. • • • The matter, and I am confident that, if the treaty fails of ratification. my ptel.li cite I considered in ewry pha e, those which led up to it and the Government ha intention to retain control or Haiti until tbe desired phnse of operation and the events subsequent to be absolutely and end is accomplished-- entirely creditable to the gendarmerie.- I am really very proud of the plebei:tcite. So far a supervision orders, instructions iRdoctrina­ And so forth. tion coul the Admiral. Go\~rnment expected the adoption of the constitution and that Mr. POI~'DEXTER. Mr. President, if I may interrupt the the American people would expect to operate the affairs of the Senator, no doubt the Secretary of the Navy would have no Haitian peopl~ under it. legal authority to lay down. the law as to how long we should Mr. KELLOGG. Was it an officer of the United States from occupy Haiiti. There mnst have been some aut:qority above the who e te timony the Senator from Idaho has quoted 1 · Secretary of the Navy in sending that message. I assume tbat l\Ir. BORAH. Yes. undoubtedly it must have come from the highest executive au­ So much, Mr. Pt·esident, for the cha.nge of the cGnstitution. thority, namely, the President. Now, what is the effect of that change? Some of the lll()St Mr. BORAH. I presume that this was all a matter of policy f ertile soil in the world ·is located in Haiti. That it is being and had been worked out. •

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE, Ju:rm 19 · 8944 '-

Mr. NORRIS. I hope the Senator from Idaho will not forget Ur. BORAH. I do not know what the total voting population that be started when be was interrupted to read a confidential amounts to. About 98,000 votecl for it and about 7,000 against memorandum. it. That would make about 105,000, or something like that, out Mr. BORAH. I am going to read it in a few moments. of a population of 3,000,000; but I do not know what the exact This telegram was sent on November 10, 1915, and I think it voting population is. will bear reading as an entirety. It says: Mr. KING. I think the Senator is in error. Only 882 voted Arrange with Pre ident Dartiguenave that he call a cabinet meeting against it. before the session of the Senate which will pass upon the ratification 1\Ir. BORAH. Oh, yes; I said "thousand" when I meant of the treaty, and request that you be permitted to appear at that meet­ ing to make a statement to President and to members of cabinet. On "hundred." your own authority state the following before these officers: "I have Mr. KING. Ninety-eight thousand are alleged to have voted the honor to inform the Pi·esident of Haiti and the memb::-rs of his for it. cabinet that I am personally ~Tatified that public sentiment continues favorable to the treaty; ~hat cbere is a 1tTong demand from all classes · 1\Ir. NORRIS: How did it happen that 882 voted against it, for immediate ratification, and that treaty will be ratified Thursday. I should like to know? I am sure that you gentlemen- Ur. KING. I will let the able Senator from Idaho answer This is the address the officer was to make to the authori­ that. ties- Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, it may be that it will not be I am sure that you gentlemen will understand my sentiment ·in this unintere. ting to know, as I said a moment ago, that for many matter, and I am confident if the treaty fails of ratification that my years there has been a desire upon the part of certain fi.nan cial Government has the intention to retain control in Haiti until the de­ sired end is accomplished, and that it will forthwith proceed to the interests to get a bold in Haiti, and they have been actiYe in complete pacification of Haiti, so as to insure internal tranquillity creating a sentiment that we should take control of those necessary to such development of the country and its industry as will people and govern them becam;e they were not fit to gov rn afford relief to the starving populace 11ow unemployed. )leanwhile the present Government will be supported in the effort to themselves. In fact, l\1r. Prei::.ident, it has become a very dan­ secure stable conditions and lasting peace in Haiti, whereas those offer­ gerous thing for a dependent people to let it be known that ing opposition can only expect such treatment as their conduct merits. they baYe great natural resources or great wealth. As soon as The United States Government is particularly anxious for immediate ratification by the present Senate of this treaty, which was drawn up it is discovered -that any helpless people have great natural with the full Intention of employing as many Haitians as possible to resources or great natural wealth there immediately grow· up aie a living thing. The large feature in the floating of the securities of this Senator a question. • company, all of which floating came under my personal observation at The, PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Idaho the time was predicated, one might say, wholly as to security upon the yield to the Senator from Colorado? implied bona fides of the United States in carrying out this treaty, the Mr. BORAH. I do. basing of which was security for foreign capital. l\1r. NICHOLSON. When the plebiscite was held, what per­ In recounting a conversation bet\\-een·himself and H. P. Davis, centage of the legal voters of the island voted,, as compared with general manager of the Unite

She won her independence from France in 1-804. She "Was de- the 1·emaining -0ne-.fi.fth by New York banking iBterest Thig prived of it in 1915 by the United States. Since then we have in titution was the .. ole ·depo ..., itory of the C..-o•ernment fund and been in virtual control of her territory, our ma1ines hav-e been was Tested with the privilege of i suing note . The Haitian in milita1·y occupation of the country, and the farmer Republic Go-vernment at once- protested again t tbi tiolation of it sov­ ha -. been stripped by us of e•ery vestige of her overe-ignty. j ereignty and asked for an explanation, which was neTer TOlH.:h- 'l'his sta1·tling condition bas been brought about under coT"er of safed. · -a conTention between the Unitetl States and the Republic of "In March, 1915, the United States sent a speeial mii:::~ ion to Haiti bearing date September 16, 1915, but not ratified by Haiti to· negotiate for American control, which was again re­ Haiti until No,~ embe1· 11, 1915, under circumstances that will fused. This was followed in May, 1915, by . a further commis- be presently detailed. sion, whkh pre;·ented to the Haitian Go>ernillent a project for RELATIO:NS BETWEE:S- THE UNITED STATES AYO HAITI. United State.." military protection and intervention, arbitratiou 'The population of Haiti is somewhat le~s than 3,000,000. of claims made by foreigner , and the prohibition of the c~ ' ion It is largely illiterate, and except in the more important towns or use of _fole St. 1\'·cbolas to any other go"lernmeut. To tbi' there is no middle class. There is an upper cla s, comparatively proposal the Hnitian Government presented a COlwterproject small numerically, but highly educated and cultUl"ed. As a for financia.l and military aid, carefully drawn to limit ab$O­ colony Haiti suffered all the horrors of cruel slaYery, with the lutely the extent and duration of military ·aid by the United con equence that a centu1·y of independence has not effaced the States in suppressing internal disonlers. These proposals again fear of foreign encroachment arnl domination. A.s a measure came to nothing. of protection against alien control, the se\eral constitutions of .THE LANDI ·a OF oua ~ABD>Es 1~ HAITI L~ JULY, rn15. the Republic ha\e embodied provisions rigidly excluding for- "On July 27, 1915, revolutionary cli~order broke out at Port eigners from the ownership of land. From an economic stand- au Prince, during which the assaf::.sination of the Preside,jlt fol­ point conditions have been and are exceedingly primitive. From lowed a massacre of political pl"isoners. For the moment thei·e time to time there have been internal political dissensions re- was no Haitian GoYernment, but e-i.-en during these disturbances sulting in disturl>ances. It is noteworthy, howe•er, that no no foreigner were molested. On the following day An1erican Arnei:kan citizen has been injured in per on or propei·ty by the naval and marine forces in Haitian waters, under tlle command people of Haiti; nor ha1e nny other foreigners been molested, of A~iral Caperton. landoo .and_oceupied Port au Prince, aud even when internal conflict occurred. Foreign inYestments ha•e shortly afterwai·u took po. e. ~ion of the other prirn:ipnl port~ at all time beeo reRpected, the intere~t on Haiti's foreign debt and towns in the Repuhlic. Duriug thi~ period the admiral',. ha· been scrupulously paid, aml her relations with other goY- official mes ·ages to the Navy Depa1·tment tate speci.tieally that ernments ha\e been free from ad\er. e criticism. She ha never be bad acquired and exe1·cL"ed control of the internal situation manifested hostility to the United States and has given no occa- and that goYerrunental functions were heing carried on by a ion for our inter>ention in her affairs. body of citizen acting under his direction . A few days later ·'Haiti has, however, been long suspicious of possible attempts he directert thi' committee of citizen to re.Jgn filld gave order by the United States to gain a foothold in or complete control for the re:;:toration of tbe goYernment treasury se1Tice to the o-ver her territory. From 1847 on, the United States ha in fact National Bank of Haiti. from which it had been relllo\ed pre­ made several attempt to obtain control of the harbors of viouslr by tl1~ Haitian Go\ernment. Sarnana Bay, on the eastern coast of the Dominican Republic, THE. ELECTfO~ 'oF A NE.W PllESID~:XT FOR HAJ~"l. antl of Mole St. - 'icholas, on the northwest con t of Haiti, for "The aumiral' daily reports to Was11ington reflect with n.vowed u e as na>al ba e . Haiti consisteutly declined to con- startling frankne:;:s the situation at the Haitian capital, the sider either a cession or lea e of anr part of her territory to march of eyents looking to the realization of expectati-0n.:-, and the United States. Ne•ertheless. in 1891, our Government sent the inft.uence exerted b~ the Unitefl States in the election of the Aumiral Gherardi with a considerable fleet to Port au Prince, new Presifle11t and in the negotiation and acceptance of a treaty. the capital of Haiti, to treat for a ce . ion or lea. e of ~fole St. "The Haitian Legi, lature, consisting of a Chamber of Depu­ Nichola . The Haitian Go"lernment objected e\"en to a di cus ion ties and a Senate, was in ession and was about to proCiae{l to of the proposal, and our fleet was withd.p:nrn. the elec:tion of a new President to fill the existing Tacancy, but " On six occa ions during 1914 and 1915 the United States under orcler"' from our State Department Admiral aperton made direct o>ertnre13 to Haiti to secure control of her custom- twice iniluced the chambers to postpone the election. .Aruericin1 house and tbeir administration. All of thei:::e efforts proTe

progress in Haiti, similar in character to tllose that have fre- citizen were asked to be candidates for the P1·esidency 1 but queotJy occurred in Mexico and in va1·ious Central America°: all refused. One of them, :;\!. Leger former minister at ·wash­ and South American countries, and frequent changes in govern- ington. charade1ized by Lord Pauncefote as 'the ablest, most rnental adminifib:ation took place. ac<:ompJi:;hed diplomat I ha>e known,' s refu::-;ed upon the ground .. Ye._se1'3 belonging to our Navy frequently entered Haitian that he '"·as for Haiti, not for the Uniteu States, and that he water.. In the latter part of 1914 our GoTernment offered as- would haYe to wait and see what tlle United States would cle­ si tance to the tllen , in view of a threatened mand of Haiti in order to be in a position to defend Haitian iu­ revolution, upon condition which were rejected. In October, tere~. When Sudre DartiguenaTe, the pre' ident of the .,enate, 1914, Mr. Bryan, the~ Secretary of State, WTote to President proclaimed hill.self a C'3ndidate for election to the Presidency 'Vilson: of the Repuhlic and off reel if elected President to accede to • It eemed to me of fu· t importance that the naval force in Haitian any terms which the United States might name, including the waters should be at once increased, 11ot only for the pm·po-e of protect- surrender of customs control and the cession of 1.Iole St. Nich- in"' foreign interests, but also as evidence of the earnest i11tention of Al · 1 C t tifi d TU hi ,..._ f t,. f t H tll':f.'l Government to settle the tinsatisfactory state of affairs 1ollich o1 as, c mira apet· on no e n as Ile;LOU o ue ac . e e.rists.1 [Italics ours.) advised that the breaking up of the band of re\olutionaries by "In accordance with this program additional ve , els wei·e dis- the forces of the United States was imperative if the United State desired at this time 'to negotiate' a treaty for :financial patcbed into the vicinity of Haiti. In 1\'ovember and Decem- control of Haiti.'~ The 'tate Department, 'by the in truction ber, 1914, the State Department communicated •arious term , of the President,' requested the Navy Department to end ,1 including the control of the customhouses of Haiti, as condi- sufficient force of m:nines to control the situation ab olutely, tions upon which a newly chosen President would be recognized and Caperton wa instructed tlrnt the United States f.c•n·ored the by our Government. Haiti again declined these conditions. election of Dartiguenave.s " On December 10, 1914. the United States Minister in Haiti formally presented to the Haitian Government a project looking 'The policy that had been formulated at Washington wa to the control and administration of the Haitian customs service expre ed in a rnes._age wherein the Navy Department directed the admiral by proclamations and otherwise ' to as ure the by our Government. This likewise pro\ed unacceptable. Haitian people that the United States of America has no oh- TUE SErzURE OF HAITIAN FUI'iDS BY THE UNITED STATES D1 l}ECE~BER, ject in Yiew except to insure, establish, and help maintain 1914 ·" Haitian independence and the establishment of a firm and sta- " On December 17, 1914, without preliminary warning, a force ble gornrnment by the Haitian people. * * * It is the of United States marines was landed at Port au Prince from intention to retain United States force in Haiti only so lon .... the U. S. S. Machia.rs. These marines proceeded to the vaults as will be necessary for this purpose.' 6 of the National Bank of Haiti, and forcibly seized and carried "In the meantime the State Department had advised the away $500,000, which were transported on the Machia.rs to New American minister at Port au Prince of the procedure that he York. Thi mon y wa the property of the Haitian Government was to pursue to assist the Haiticrn Congre::;s in electing a an

.American na 1al officers informed the senators, deputies, and of the United States. These officers are to be clothed with the candida'tes for President of the intentions and policy of the proper and necessary authority and to be upheld in the perform­ United 8.ta~es, as instructed. · ance of their functions. The constabulary shall, under the "On August 12, 191!5, l\L Dartiguenave was elected President, direction of the Haitian Government, have supervision and Admiral CarJerton' · chief of staff being on the floor of the voting control of arms and ammunition, military supplies, and traffic hall and American marines guarding the approaches. The elec­ therein throughout the country. The tion was free in the ense that the deputies and senators who agrees not to surrender any of its territory by sale, lease, or Toted were not terrorized by revolutionary groups, but, on the otherwise, or jurisdiction over such territory, to any foreign other band, the situation, precipitated by the events of July Government or power, nor to enter into any treaty or contract 27 and 28, was such tliat the naval and marine forces under with any foreign power that will impair or tend to iwpair the Admiral Caperton clearly exercised a strong influence in favor independence of Haiti. The treaty is to remain in force for 10 of DartiguenaTe. American intervention was a fait accompli; years from the exchange of ratifications, and for a further term .American military control was growing from day to day.· The of 10 years if for specific reasons presented by either of the State and Navy Departments were kept fully informed of all parties its purpose has not been fully aceomplished. dernlopments, and the presence and activities of our naval "The obligations assumed by the United States are contained force:; were specifically directed from Washington. in the provision: " On August 14, 1915, two days after the election of Dar­ ''.'..!'he Government of the Lfnited States will, by its good offices, aid the Haitian Goyernment in the proper and efficient development of its agri­ tiguena rn, the State Department notified the American Legation cultural, mrneral, and commercial resources, ancl in the establishment of at Port au Prince to submit to the Haitian President at once the finances of .Ilaiti on a firm ancl solid basis. the draft of a treaty proTiding for control of customs and PROCEEDINGS !AFTER PRESENTATION OF DRAFT OF THE TREATY. finances and military intervention by the United States. The " On August 19, 1915, Admiral Caperton was notified that the legation wa · instructed to advise the Haitian President that ' the State Department desired him to assume charge of the 10 prin­ Haitian Congres will be pleased to pass forthwith a resolution cipal customhouses in Haiti, to collect the customs dues, to use authorizing the President elect to conclude, without modifica­ the funds for the organization of a constnbulary and temporary tion, the treaty submitted by you.' 'i The legation complied. A carefully formuln.ted draft of a treaty, unquestionably pre­ public works, and to support the new Haitian Government. The pared for the occasion with manifest deliberation, was accord­ funds were to be deposited in separate accounts in the name of ingly submitted on .August 17, 1915.· Negotiations for its accept­ Admiral Caperton, the United States Government holding these ance and ratification ·were unremittingly carried on by A.dmh·al funds· in trust for the people of Haiti.'~ Admiral Caperton car­ Caperton and his nayal officers in conjunction with the legation. ried out these instructions, and between August 21 and Septem­ ber ::?. 1915, seized the customhouses at the 10 principal ports. THE TREATY. 11'or s~vera.l months naval offic:ers collected all customs tlues and "This elaborate document begins with a preamble which, in the made all disbursements. This deprived the Haitian Government light of tlle facts related and those about to be recounted, is the of all income whatsoever, since the customhouses were practi­ height of irony. It declares: cally the sole sources of national revenue. " The United States and the Republic of Haiti, desiring to confirm and " In response to the order of ..August 19, 1915, Admiral Caper· strengthen the amity existin~ between them by the most .cordial co­ operation in meastu·es for thell' common auvantage, and the Republic of ton sent a long message to the Navy. Department, reading in Haiti de ·iring to remedy the present contlition of its revenues and part a follO\vs : finances, to maintain the tranquillity of the Hepublic, to carry out plans " Following me sage is secret and confidential. United States bas· for the economic development and prosperity of the Republic and its now actually accomplished a military intervention in affairs of another people, and the United States being in full sympathy with all of these nation. Ho.'tility exists now in Haiti and bas existed for number aims and olJjects, and desiring to contribute in all proper ways to their of years against ·uch action. SeriouH hostile contacts have only been accomplishment, * * _* ilave appointed for that purpose plenipo- arniuetl lJy prompt and i:apid military action, which bas given nited tentiaries. "' 'tates control before resistance has had time to organize. We now hold •·By its terms the President of Haiti is to appoint, upon the capital of country and two other important seaports.1° nomination of tlle President of the United States, a general "'Ille seizure of the customhouses aroused the strongest oppo­ rec-eiver, to collect, receiTe, and apply all customs duties -on sition on the part of the people, and the Haitian Government, in imports and e}...'J)Orts accruing at the several customhouses arnl a series of notes all.dressed to the American . charge d'affaireR, ports of entry of the Republic .of Haiti. "Gvon nomination by protei"ted vigorously against the Yiolation of its sovoreignty. the resident of the United ••tates the Pre:;ident of Haiti is to No explanation or apology was ever offered by tlle Government appoint a financial adviser, who shall be au officer a ttac:hed to of the "Cnited States. the ministry of finance, to give effect to whose proposals and OBJECTIONS TO TREATY BY THE HAITIAN CHAMBERS. labors the ministry will lend efficient aid. Tbe fimmcial adviser "In the meantime the Haitian Government was considering is, among other things, to devi e an adequate system of public the tlraft of the treaty submitted to it on August 17, 1D15. The accounting ; to aid in increasing the re yen ues and adjusting rresident was faYorable to the treaty, but opposition to it was them to the exvenses; to inquire into the YRlidity of the debti:; growing in the cabinet and the chambers, due to ' fear of senti­ of tlJ.e Republic; to recommend improved methods of collf'cting ment throug·hout the country against the American customs and applying the reYenues. The Governrueut of the Republic rontrol, propagated constantly during the last few years by the of Haiti is to provide by law or appropriate decrees for the pay­ faction leaders.' u The President and the cabinet thereupon ment of customs duties to the general receiver and to extend to threatened to resign for this same reason. Admiral Caperton the receivership and to the financial adnser all needed ait.l and recommended to the Navy Department that in the event of the full protection in the execution of the powers conferred anu resignation of the new Haitian Government a military. govern­ duties imposed. All sums collected and received by the general ment should be established, with an American officer as military receiver are to_ be applied, first, to the payment of the salaries governor, adding significantly : ' Present is most critical time in and allowances of the general receiver, his assistants and em­ relations with Haiti, and our decision now will to a great extent ployees, and expenses of the receivership, and the salary and. deterwine future course. If military government is established expenses of the financial adviser; second. to the interest and we would be bound not to abandon Haitian situation untd sinking fund of the public deht of the Republic of Haiti; and, affairs of country are set at right and predominant interests of third, to tlle maintenance of a constabulary; and tlJ.en the re­ United States of America secured.' 12 mainder to tlie Haitian Government for the purposes of cur­ rent expenses. The Republic of Haiti is not to increase its THE PROCLAMATION OF MARTIAL LAW BY ADMIRAL CAPEUTON. public debt except by preTious agreement with the President of "By the early part of September, 1915, the augmented forces the United States. and shall not contract any debt or assume under commaml of .Admiral Caperton were in complete control of auy financial obligation unless the ordinary revenues of the all tbe principal towns and routes in Haiti, had seized all the Republic available for that purpose, after defraying the expenses sources of national revenue, had the custody of all the national of the Government, shall be adequate to pay the interest and funds, and were engaged in expending them directly, without proYide a sinking fund for the discharge of the debt. The turning over any portion of them to the Haitian Government. Republic of Haiti is not. without a previous agreement with the Public order and the public purse were altogether in the mas­ President of the United States, to modify the customs duties in tery of the ~avy Department. On September 3, 1915, Admiral a manner to reduce the rewnues therefrom, and is to cooperate Caperton declared martial law in the city of Port au Prince, with the financial adviser in his recommendations for improving by proclamation, in which he announced: " * * * In order to afford the inhabitants of Port au Prince and the method of collecting and disbursing the re>enues and for other territory hereinafter uescribed the privileges of the vernment. new sources of needed income. The Haitian Government obli­ exerci ·ing all the functions necei;i;ar;y for the establishment and main­ gates itself to create without delay an efficient constabulary, tenance of the ftrndamental rights of man, I hereby, under my author­ urbnn and rural, composed of native Haitians. This constab­ ity as commaniling oflicei· of the forces of the United States of America in Haiti anu Haitian waters, proclaim that martial law exists in the ulary is to be organized and officered by Americans appointed city of Port au Prince and the immediate territory now occupied by b.r the President of Haiti upon nomination by the President· the forces under my command. · 8948

" I further proclaim, in accordance with the Jaw of nation.s and the of other categories of expenses, which, accorcling to the treaty, usages, cu1;tom ', and functions of fill'. own and other Governments, that I am inve teent mis­ au Prince in order to secure his vote for. the ratification of the sion. After encountering many difficulties treaty situation at present looks more favorable than usuaJ. 'l'his has been effected by exercising treaty, because, in the language of the admiral, 'Absolutely es­ military pressure at propitious moments in negotiations. Yesterday two sential all possible votes for ratification. be secured.' 20 members of cabinet who have blocked negotiations heretofore resigned. "On November 10, 1915, the Secretary of the Navy gave the President himself believed to be aniX'ious to conclude treaty. :At present am holding up offensive operations and al1owing Presidsnt time to com­ admiral the following explicit e:nd' unprecedented instructions plete cabinet a.nd try again. Am therefore not yet ready to begin as to what he was to say and do : offensive operations at ·cape Haitien, but will bold them in abeyance as "Arrange with President Dartiguenave that be call a cabinet meet­ additional' pressure.H ing before the session of senate which will pass upon ratification of "Naval officers were constantly urging the members of the treaty and request that you be permitted to· appear before that meet­ ing to make a statement to President and to membe1·s of cabinet. On Haitian Government to accept the treaty, pointing out the neces­ your own authority state the following befo1·e these officers: 'I have sity of its acceptance without modification. The treaty was the h~mor to inform the President o:fi Haiti and the members of bis finally signed by the Haitian GoYernment on September 16, 1915, cabinet that I am personally gmtifi.ed that public sentiment continues favorable to the treaty ; that there is a strong demand from an cla. ·ses an~ although not ratified by the 'United States until May, 1916, for immediate ratiiication; and that treaty will be ratified Thursday. a modus vivendi providing for the immediate application of the I am sure that you gentlemen will understand my irentiment in this treaty follbwed. matter, and I am con-fi.dent if the treaty fails of. ratification that my Government has the intenUon to 1·etain control in Haiti until the de­ THE WITHHOLDDIG OF FUNDS NECESSARY FOR CURR~T J:l:PEXSES OF sired end is accomplished, and that it will forthwith proceed to the HAITIAN' GOVERNMENT. complete pao-iflcation of Haiti so as to insure internal tranquility necessary to such development of country and its industry as will "Under the Haitian constitution the h·eaty, to be binding, afford relief to the stm·vinu populace now unemployed. Meanwhile the had to be ratified by the senate and the chamber. To facilitate present Government will be supported in the effort to secure , table its prompt ratification, the Haitian Government asked for an conditions and lasting peace in Haiti, whereas those offering oppos1tion can only expect such treatment as their conduct merits. Tbe United immediate assurance that the United States would procure a States Government is particularly anxious for immediate ratification by temporary loan to the Haitian Government, and represented the present senate of this treaty, which was drawn up with the full inten­ that it bad no funds at its disposal, even to pay salaries and tion of employing as many Haitians as possible to aid in giving effect to its provisions, so that suffering may be relieved at the earliest pos­ current expenses. No such assurance was received, but, exer­ sible date. Rumors of bribery to defeat the treaty are rife, but al'e cising further pressure upon the GoYernment, Admiral Caperton, .not believed. Hawever, should they prove true, those who accept or under instructions from Washington, seized a consignment of give bribery will be vigorously prosecuted.' It is ea:pected that vou will be able to make this Btitfic'iently cleat· to reniove all opposiUon and unsigned bank notes intended for the Haitian Government, noti­ to secure i·m.111-ed·iate ratification. Ack.nowledge. Da.niels.:u [Italics fying 'the Navy Department that the notes so seized would be ours.] signed by the National Bank and turned over to the Haitian 15 " The admiral complied with this command. In view of the Government' immediately after ratification of the convention.' express and covert threats thus conveyed; on the following day, This was done in spite of the fact that the issue of these notes November 11, 1915, the treaty was ratified by the senate. had previously been authorized by the Haitian Government. " From the beginning of August, 1915, until long after the so­ The admiral and the charg~ d'affaires separately requested the called ratification of the treaty, the situation in Haiti can best authorities in Washington to permit the former to turn ove:c to be described ill the words of Admiral Caperton: 'The s tus the Haitian Government funds sufficient for current expenses of our administration in Haiti was at this time purely one of aml for the payment of back. salaries. Th.e admiral informed military control.' 22 Durjng this period offensive military op ra­ President Dartiguenave that 'funds would' be immediately avail­ tions were conducted by our force against ­ able upon i·atification of t11e treaty.' The President seemed aries, which resulted in considerable loss of life to the Hai­ utterly discouraged by. this action, and h11mbly pointed out tians, under circumstances which will not be now d.iscusseu. that the delay in ratifying the treaty. was not due to any lack of effort by himself or his cabinet; that the withholding of HAITI UNDER THE TREATY. funds only furnished another weapon to those opposed to the "Although war has never been declared by us against Haiti treaty; and that if the United States Gowrnment persisted in and there has been no possible cause for war against her or withholding all funds ratification would become so clifficuJt that her people during the greater part of the six years following be and his cabinet would resign ' rather than attempt the fight the ratification of the treaty, martial la.w has been maintained in the senate under this handicap.' 10 in Haiti by our marines, and martial law. is in force there to­ "Finally, on October 3, 1915, Secretary Daniels authorized day. Repeated trials and sentences by our provost courts ancl A

't . OONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 8949

" Commentary upon this sad chapter in American history ·is now at the enu·of its ·term of office, no negotiations should take superfluous. A stain has attached to our national honor which, place 'With such Government which involve the future of Haiti unless speedily expunged, will become an indelible blot. ·For or which can in any material respect affect its future. this gr~at Nation to play the 'part of a bully toward another, " 7. The functions of a department of colonies and depend­ weak in material resources and physically powerless to main­ encies assumed by the Navy Department and conferred. on it tain its sovereign rights against incalculable odds, is nothing by mere erecutive -action are unauthorized by Congress or by short of political immorality. The command of ·self-restraint other sanction of law, and ·should be condemned as -essentially. leads one to refrain from drawing parallels, and a desire to illegal and as a usurpation of power. avoid all sordid considerations does not permit a reference "K We declare, without qualifieation, that the honor and good to the economic injury that our country ·would inevitably sus­ name of the United States, the preservation of the sovereignty, tain were it to delay further the undoing of this stupendous and the cherished liberty of Haiti and her right to fair dealing wrong. on the part of the United States, ·as well as the possibility of THJl PRESENT GOVllRNMl!lNT .IN HAITI. assuring the continmmee in the future of honorable and ami­ "In the spring of ·1917 the senate and chamber of deputies cable relations :between our country and Latin America, based were in se sion engaged in considering the draft ·of a new con­ on trust and confidence, all require-:- stitution for the country, :submitted by American officials. " (a) The immediate abrogation by the United -States of the lUuch opposition existed to ·several provisions of the proposed treaty of 1915, unconditionally and without qualification. constitution, chiefly to one which would allow foreigners to " ( b) The holding of elections of representatives to the legisla­ acquire and own land. The President nnd . cabinet favored tive bodies of Haiti and of a President by the free will of the the draft; a rdeadlock was imminent. Thel'.eupon .the P1·esident people at an early day. . dissolved the chambers. Since then the1'e have been no elec­ "(c) !J'he negotiation1of a newrtreaty with a new Haitian ad­ tions to and no sessions of the chambers, which in consequence ministration for friendly .cooperation' between the United States are now defunct. Such semblance of government as remains in and Haiti upon ·such terms , as shall be mutually satisfactory the hands of the native Hatians is exercised by the President, to both countries and by ·the methods that obtain between free a cabinet, and a council of state, whose members hold office and independent sovereign ·states." solely during the pleasure of the President. It is common REll'llRlllNCll·S, knowledge in .Haiti that the present Government owes its con­ 1 Official report or he.arings before ·a select committee of the United tinuance in power solely to the .support and presence of our States "Senate, pursuant to &mate Resolution •112, authorizin·~ a special marines. committee to inquire into the occupation and administration 'O! the " The •term of President Dartiguenave ·will e:-q>ire on May 15, territories of the Republic of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, p. 338. 1922. Under the Haitian constitution the President is chosen : Ibid., · p. 122. 1a Ibid., p. .348. by the senate .and chambers in joint meeting; the senators and a Ibid., p. 320. u Ibid., p. 35:J. ~ Ibid., p. '313. 1l> Ibid., p. 381. deputies are chosen by direct popular vote in January of an Ii Ibid., p. 315. 16 lbicl., p. 381. even-numbered year, intlicated by presidential decree. No e Ibid., p. 313. 17 Ibid., p. 383. 7 Ibid., p. 327. 18 Ibid., p. 387. call for an eleetion in January, 1922, was issued and there can 8 Ibid., p. 204. 19 lbicl., p. 391. ·therefore be no session of the chambers in April to elect a e Ibid., p. 334. 20 Ibid., p. 398. President for the new :term commencing May 15. There will io Ibid., p . .335. 21 Ibid., p. 394. n Ibid., p. 336. 22 Ibid., p. 404. thus exist either a vacancy or, without constitutional authority, 12 Ibid., p. 338. the present incumbent, or a nominal successor, will be ap­ pointed by the council of state. In any event, after May 15, TH.II LAWYERS WHO .AR.II SlG-NATORIBS OF THl!l BRfl!lF. 1922, the Government will ·be even less representative than it Frederick Bausman, of Seattle, is a former judge of the has been since the treaty. It is not unreasonable to assume Supreme Court of Washington and senior member of the firm of that Washington could without difficulty induce the Haitian Bausman, Oldham, Bullitt ·& Eggerman. Government to 1 proceed to the election of chambers and of. a Alfred Bettman, of Cincinnati, formerly city solicitor of ·Cin­ successor to President Dartiguenave at ari early day. It is cinnati and special assistant United States :Atturney General, only with such a new Haitian Government that any negotia­ is a member of the firm of l\foulinier, Bettman & Hunt. tions for a realignment of Haitian-American relations or for William H. llrynes, of New Orleans, is the senior member of an adjustment of ·Haitian finances can fairly be carried on. the firm of Brynes, Mooney, ·Booth & Norman, a former Louisi­ To negotiate with the Government of President Dartiguenave ana State senator and a ·member of the State constitutional con­ would be in keeping with the methods employed in 1915 to vention of 1921. force acceptance of the treaty. The continuance of this state Charles C. Burlingham, of New Yo:rk, is senior member of the of affairs is intolerable to those ,proud of American traditions firm of Burlingham, Veeder, Masten & Fearey, has been ·presi­ and moved by the -spirit of liberty and justice. tlent of the New York Board of :Education, and was United CONCLUSIONS, States delegate to the International Conference on Maritime Law in 1909. " From the foregoing ·summary of the salient facts as to our _ intervention in Haiti and descriptive of the present status of Zechariah Chaffee, jr., is professor at the Harvard Law the Haitian Government we deduce these .general ·and specific School. conclusions : Michael Francis Doyle, of :Philadelphia, was special agent of " 1. The presence of our military forces iri Uaiti after the the Department of -State to care for American citizens in disturbances of July 27-28, 1915, had quieted down was vio­ Europe at the beginning of the war, and acting counselor in lative of well-recognized American principles. 1915 of the American Legation, Switzerland, and of the Ameri­ " 2. The seizure and withholding by our force in 1915 of Hai­ can Embassy, Vienna. tian national funds was a violation of international law and of Walter L. Flory, of Cleveland, is a member of the firm of the repeated professions by responsible American Government Thompson, Hine & Flory. officials of our position and attitude toward Latin-American 'Raymond B. Fosdick, of New York, is a member of the firm Republics and weaker governments. of ·Curtis, Fosdick & Belknap. He was chairman of the com­ "3. The imposition and enforcement of martial law without mission on training camp activities of the War and Navy 'De­ a declaration of war by our Congress and the conduct of offen­ partments in 1917-18. sive operations in Haiti by Admiral Caperton prior to the Felix Frankfurter is professor at ·the 1Harvard Law School, acceptance of the treaty by Haiti were equally clear violations former law officer of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War De­ of international law and of our own Constitution. partment, major and judge advocate, Officers• Reserve Corps, " 4. The methods employed by the United States in Haiti to and ex-chairman of the War Labor Policies ·Board. force acceptance and ratification of the treaty framed by the Herbert J. Friedman, of Chicago, is a member of the firm of United States, namely, the direct use of military, financial, and Kelly, Friedman, Schwartz & Doyle, and was a member of the political pressure, violate every canon of fair and equal dealing Federal Industrial Commission in 1918. between independent sovereign nations and of American profes­ .John P. Grace is.mayor of Charleston, S. C., and a.member of sions of international good 'faith. the firm of Logan & Grace. " 5. The maintenance in Haiti of any United States military Richard ·w. 1Hale, of 'Boston, is senior member of the furn of fol'ce or of the control exercised by treaty officials under cover Hale ·& Dorr. of the •treaty of September, 1915, amounts to a conscious and Frederick A. Henry, of .Cleveland, is a former judge of the intentional.participation in the wrong of the original aggression Court.of :Appeals of Ohio and a member .of the 'firm of -Snyd~r. and coercion. Henry, Thomsen, Ford & Seagrave. "6. The present native Government of Haiti, chosen in 1915, ~erome S. Hess, of New York, ·is senio.r member of the firm lJD.Srrppot'ted by any elected representatives since 1917, being of Hardin & .Hess. 8950 COXGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JU:NE 19,

William H. Holly is a Chicago attorney who has given espe­ sired It for a naval. base: .All these efforts ·railed. The Haitians ad­ hered firmly to the constitutional provision, which forbatle the cession cial ' attention to the history and development of constitutional of territory. During Hl14 and 1915 the United States began overtures law. · to Haiti of a different character. A treaty giving .Americans control · Charles P. Howland is a New York attorney. of the customs and finances was prooosed. The cession of Mole St. Nicholas appears also in the earlier e.Xcha.nges. In October, 1914, Mr. Francis Fisher Kane, senior member of the firm of Kane & BryaD, Secretary of State, wrote to President Wilson, ur~g the imme­ Runk, of Philadelphia, is former United States district attorney diate increase of our naval forces in Haitian waters, ' not only for for the eastern (listrict of Pennsylvania. the purpose of protecting foreign interests, but also as an evidence of the earnest intention of this Government to settle the unsatisfac­ George W. Kirchwey, of New York, has been dean of the tory state of affairs which exists." More naval vessels were sent. At Albany Law School, and from 1891 to 1916, successively, pro­ the same time the United States offered to assist the President ot Haiti to put down certain threatened revolutionary disturbances. fessor of law, dean of the law school, and Kent professor of Certain conditious were attached to this a sistance, and it was re­ law at Columbia University. He is a director of the American fused. In November and December modifications of previous treaty Society of International Law. drafts were again submitted. They proposed the control and adminis­ tration of the Haitian customs by the United States, and were again Louis l\larsha.11, of New York, bas been for years prominent in refused. legislation and legal reform, member of three New York State On December 13, 1914, without warning to the Haitian Government, constitutional conventions, chairman of the committee on .American marines landed in the Haitian capital from the U. S. S. Machias. They went to the vaults of the National Bank

tioned in the above plebiscite order-as well as Admiral Caperton and Santo Domingo. The American minister at that time gave assurance to General Barnett, who was commandant of the Marine Corps from 1914 the Dominican Government that these forces were solely for the pur­ to 1920. pose of protecting the American ~ation. On May 7 these forces bad TUE HAITIAN MEHIIORIAL. rncreased so greatly that it appeared evident to President Jimenez that To--day Haiti remains under martial law, but recently the situation they were there for another purpose, and he resigned jn protest against there began to attract attention in the United States and elsewhere. this violation of Dominican sovereignty. In the summer of 1920, following the publication of articles in· the The next day General Arias, the minister of war, was invited and Nation, President Harding made of the Haitian and Dominican situa­ escorted personally by the American minister to the American Legation tions a campaign issue. Secreta1·y Daniels denied the accusation of where he was induced to enter a conference with Federico Velasquez. It wrong-doing by the Democratic administration, but sent a naval com­ was proposed to Arias that, in return for certain favors and remunera­ mission to investigate. This commission found nothing materially dis­ tions, he would use his influence and the military under his command creditable to report. On October 2, 1920, Barnett, Com­ to aid the election of Velasquez. Arias refused, declining to abet the mandant of the Marine Corps, expressed himself as shocked by " the scheme to foist illegally and by force majeure an undesired candidate indiscriminate killings in Haiti." Another naval commission was sent on the ~ominican people. On May 11 Fede1ico Henriquez y CarvaJal to investigate, and it reported approximately as had the fi,rst. Shortly was nommated for president of the Republic in the chamber of deputies afterwards a delegation of representative Haitian citizens came to the and confirmed by the senate on May 23. On May 13 tbe American United States, representing the Haitian people and particularly the minister formally notified the Dominican Government of the intention popular organization known as the Union Patr1otique1 d'HaitL These of the United States Government to land a large armed force and to delegates, refused an audience by the State Department, composed a occupy the capital, and tt __ ~ tening bombardment of the city and un­ detailed memorial-with documents-which was sent to the Secretary restricted firing upon the natives if hi any way they interfered with of Rtate and to the chafrmen of the Committees on Foreign Relations the landing of the American forces. The next day, May 18 the of the Senate and House. It was also read into the official record last .American minister notified the Dominican Cong-re s that Federico' Hen­ August of the enatorial commission of inquiry, of which Senator riquez y Carvajal was not acceptable to the United States as president. MEDILL McCORMICK was chairman. This memorial makes charges of On June 5 the American minister gave formal notice to the Dominican administrative incompetence and malfeasance by the civilian officials. Government that the receiver general of customs would take charge of It lists 25 specimen ah·ocities which, it charges, were committed by all the finances and funds of the Government. Under the treaty of the American military and were vainly called to the attention of the 1907 with the United States, an American appointed by the United naval corumis. ion or inquiry headed by Admiral 'Mayo. The memorial States Government was in charge of the collection of customs of the makes the following conclusion (pp. 32 and 33 of the record of the Dominican Republic. It was his duty under this treaty to turn in all senatorial commission of inquiry) : but the sum of $100,000 mont])ly to the Dominican Government. All "T11e Haitian Republic was the second nation of the New World­ above this $100,000 was to go, one half to the Dominican Government Recoud only to the United States-to conquer its national independence. for its own uses the other half to the sinking fund of the loan con­ We have our own history, our own traditions, customs, and national tracted under the treaty. The Dominican Government instantly and ~pirit; our own institutions, laws, and social and political organiza­ vigorously protested against this procedure. On June 11 Federico Hen­ tions; our own culture; our own literature-French language-and riquez y Carvajal, bowing to the expressed opposition of the United our own religion. For 111 years the little Haitian Nation has man­ States, declined election to the presidency. His resignation wa ac­ aged its own affairs; for 111 years it bas made the necessary effort for cepted by the Dominican Congress, which then decided to elect as its material, inteJlet:>tual, and moral development as well as any oiher president a man who had had no affiliations with any of the existing nation-better tha n any other nation. because it bas been from the political parties, namely, Dr. Francisco Henriquez y Carvajal, who had start absolutely alone in its difficult task, without any aid from the out­ been practicing medicine in Santiago de Cuba for the previous 12 years. side bearing with it along the harsh road of civilization the glorious On June 16, following orders from Washington, the receiver general mis~ry of its beginning. And then, one fine day, under the merest pre­ of customs took charge of all revenues-internal as well as the customs text, without any possible explanation or justification on the grounds revenues which alone were stipulated in the treaty of 1907-and SP. t of violation of any American right or interest, American forces landed himself up as disbursing agent of the republic. Dominicans made on our national territo1·y and actually abolished the sovereignty and vigorous protest, pointing out that this action was in violation of the jndependence of the Haitian Republic. treaty of 1907. " We have just given an account of the chief aspects of the American The r~eiver general admitted his inability to conform to the wishes military occupation in our country since July 28, 1915. of the Dominican Government, stating that his orders were received " It is the most terrible regime of military autocracy which has ever directly from the State Department of the United States, and that be been carried on in the name of the great American democracy. had but to obey. On July 31 Doctor Heruiquez was inaugurated as " The Haitian people, during these last five years, have passed through president. No objection was raised by the United States to his elec­ such sacrifices, tortures, destructions, humiliations, and misery as have tion. On August 18 notice was sent to the Dominican Government by never before been known in the course of their unhappy history. the American authorities that no money coming into the hands of the "The American Government, in spite of the attitude of wisdor;n, receiver general would be paid to tile Dominican Government. On moderation, and even s11bmisRion, which it has always found in dealing August 23 the American minister presented a note demanding the with the Haitian Government, bas never lived up to any of the agree­ acquiescence of the Dominican Government to the conditions rejected ments which it solemnly entered into with regard to the Haitian people. November 19 of the preceding year by President Jimene:tr--virtually "The Haitian people are entitled to reparations for the wrongs and the same treaty then in effect in Haiti. The Dominican Government injuries committed against them. refused. On October 17, foll0wing instructions from Washington, the " The great American people can only honor themselves and rise in receiver general formally refused recognition to the Dominican budget universal esteem by ha~tening the restoration of justice-of all the jus­ to pay the salaries of its officials and employees and the pensions of its tice due a weak and friendly nation which the agents of its Govern­ widows and orphans. On November 29, 1916. a -, proclamation of ment have systematically abused. · occupation " was made by the United States. It wsts issued over the " Reparations are due for the human lives that have been taken and signature of Capt. H. S. Knapp, United States Nav.h who sub. equently for the property that has been destroyed or abstracted. An impartial declared himself to be " supreme legislator, supreme judge, supreme investigation will provide the necessary statements and supply the executor." basis for the estimates to be determined. JI:ELD IN IRON BO~DAGE. "The present political aspirations of the Haitian nation have been For five years Americans held Santo Domingo in the iron bondage of . formulated by the Union Patriotique, a comprehensive national associa- martial law. Public meetings were forbidden, the press censore> d, . tion which, through its numerous branches throughout the country and protestors court-martialed. Every governmental function was taken in all levels of society, includes virtually all the Haitian people. The over by American marines. During this period, also, the occupation undersigned have been sent to the United States by this association to built excellent highways, cleaned up towns, and greatly improved the make the will of the country clearly known. school system, using Dominican funds for the e ends. l\lany Domini­ "The Haitian people are filled with peaceful sentiments, hut there is cans were also killed in action. The occup!ltion bolds all Dominicans no doubt that they intend to recover definitely the administration of killed in action to be bandits; the Dominicans consider them patriots. their own affairs and to r esume under their own responsibility the en­ The Dominicans have never ceased to protest before the world against tire life of the country, with full sovereignty and independence. They the occupation of their country. The sentence of imprisonment and will never rest until they have obtained them . . fine of the poet, Fabio Fiallo, because of bis article of protest against " The salient aspirations of the Haitian people are summarized as the invasion of his country, attracted wide attention in Latin America. follows: A plan for withdrawal was proposed by the Wilson administL·ation in "1. Immediate abolition of martial law and courts-martial. December, 1920. A similar plan was proposed by the Harding admin- ' "2. Immediate reorganization of the Haitian police and military istration through the proclamation issued by the military governor on forces, and withdrawal within a short period of the United States June 14, 1921. The plan set a date eight months ahead for the with­ military occupation. drawal of the Amencan forces and the restoration of the national "3. Abrogation of the convention of 1915. Dominican Government. It constituted the military governor the "4. Convocation, within a short period, of a constituent assembly, provisional Dominican executive, gave him the power to promulgate with all the guaranties of electoral liberty. an electoral l~w . and to convene the people t o the elections. It also "But the Haitia n people desire too strongly the friendship of the gave him the power to name the Dominicans who, together with repre­ great American people, and are too anxious for their own material, in­ sentatives of the .American Government, would agree (1) to ratify all tellectual, and moral development not to wish and bespeak for them­ acts of the military government; (2) to intrust the command and or- selves the impartial and altruistic aid of the United States Government. ganization of the Dominican forces to .American officials. . They have urgent needs vital to the development of the natural re­ This plan aroused the unanimous resentment of the Dominican sources of the country and essential to the full expansion of its agri­ people. They protested solemnly that they desired their freedom with­ cultural, industrial, and commercial activity. The satisfying of these out qualifications. They refused to ratify the acts of the military needs is absolutely necessary for the continued progress of the Haitian government which included a loan that carried interest varying from community. 9 to 19 pei· cent. As the cooperation of the Dominicans was neces­ "Nothing would serve better to bring about the speedy reestablish­ sary, the plan went by the board. ment of normal relations between the two countries than the friendly That is the status of the Dominican Republic to date. It asks its aid of the United States Govemment in the economic prosperity and unconditional sovereignty as an absolute right. It desires that the social progress of the Haitian Republic." Am 1>ricans retire and leave them in peace. Th'! contentions of the American Government, justifying its occu­ SITUATION IN SANTO DOMINGO. pation of the Dominican Republic, are vigorously denied by the The Dominican situation may be said to have begun on November 19, Dominicans. They assert, first, that they have not violated the treaty 1915. On that date, one week after the final ratification by Haiti of of 1907 by increasing the public debt, and that the indebtedness to the the treaty giving the United States military and financial control, a United States has been paid far in excess of requirements (they pre­ virtually similar draft was presented to President Jimenez, of -the sent the official figures to prove these assertions) ; second, that the Dominican Republic. It was pi·omptly and emphatically rejected. The revolutionary disturbances were of a purely political and minor char­ following April, after a disagreement between President Jimenez and acter which in no sense affected American lives or property, or the his minister of war, Desiderio Arias, impeachment proceedings were execution of the treaty of 1907 ; third, that granting a difference of entered upon against the President in the Dominican Congress. On interpretation of these two prece

SUMMA.RY AND INDICTME"NT. The facts justify a temporary intervention. The charges turn on To sum up : The cases of Haiti and Santo Domingo are closely anal­ what has happened in the seven years that have elapsed since then. ogous. In both instances the United States clearly desired to gain For since July, 1915, Haiti has been governed by the Navy Department control of these Republics. In both instances, when attempts to secure at Washington. In those seven years the Secretary of the Navy and this by peaceable means failed, advantage was taken of internal dis­ the admiral in Haiti have proceeded in an extraordinary fashion. order to land forces. Then, what could not be obtained by peaceable Twice Admiral Caperton " induced " the Haitian Legislature to post- means was sought by mHitary pressure. In Haiti the United States 0 1 wa able to force through a treaty, and to-day this treaty is held up ~~de b~~~ :~~~~~I:ia~~d~ lriie~~~~d~~~a1"~~c~~~ ~::tc~~~~: r~in~b~ as the sanction for all America's acts in that Republic since. In successor. Finally they picked Sudre Dartigaenave, who had promised Santo Domingo the treaty could not be forced through, and a ruthless to accede to any terms which the United States might name, including destruction of all forms of Dominican self-governmet followed. These the surrender of the customs and the cession of Mole St. Njcholas. acts are indisputably proved by the record. They comprise the gravest Dartiguenave was elected by a legislature guarded by American ma­ breach of fundamental .American traditions in our history. They vio­ rines. Admiral Caperton's chief of staff was on the floor 9f the voting late international law. They violate the Constitution of the United ball. States. They violate every treaty involved. They constitute essen­ Two days later we presented our treaty of financial control and tially the same kind of aggression as that which Germany practiced military intervention. It is enough to say that the treaty is a com­ against in 1914-and without even . the invalid excuse of plete sunender of all Government authority to America. It is annexa- "military necessity." While we were preparing to enter the struggle tion in everything but the hypocritical preamble. • against Germany to oppose ruthless military conquest we were secretly 'I.'he Haitian Legislature objected to the treaty and the cabinet threat­ practicing it. ened to resign. So in September the Navy Department declared martial The activities in Haiti and Santo Domingo were guarded by a rigid law. The purpose, as Admiral Caperton explained, was this: military censorship and were practically unknown in the D'nited States " Successful negotiation of treaty is predominant part present mis­ until 1920. They are not widely known to-day. sion. After encouutering many difficulties treaty situation at prPsent The people of both the e countries are clamoring for their independ­ looks more favorable than usual. This bas been effected by exercising ence. The Haitians demand the abrogation of the convention of 1915, military pressure at propitious moments in negotiations. Ye terday imposed upon them by force, and the withdrawal of the occupation. two members of cabinet who have blocked negotiations heretofore re­ In the next few weeks the Senate of the United States will have the signed. President himself believed to be anxious to conclude treaty. opportunity to decide whether or not the Nation will adhere to the tra­ At present am holding up offensive operations and allowing President ditions in which it was conceived and grew to greatness. The issue is time to complete cabinet and try again. Am therefore riot yet ready to far larger than Haiti and Santo Domingo. Shall the United States begin offensive operations at Cape Haitien, but will hold them in a'bey­ follow the course of Japan in Koreo, of England in Egypt, of Ger­ ance as additional pressure." many in Belgium? Or shall it follow the path of honor, justice, fair All kinds of pressure, military and financial, was exerci. ed and dealing, and common decency to weak and friendly neighbor States? finally the treaty was signed. Haiti became an American pos ession We are at the parting of the ways. Haiti and Santo Domingo are the rulect through the Navy Department. acid test. The continuance of the occupation, the manipulation of the election the forcing of the treaty are all in the highest degree irregular. They Mr. KING. I ask that the report, which has been read, be are an exercise of irresponsible power which may in the exact senRe of printed in 8-point type, including the names. the term be called imperialistic. The world does not believe that the problem of a country like Haiti The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the request can be solved by any simple formula about the right of self-determina­ of the Senator from Utah? tion. There may be a case for a certain supervision of the Haitian Mr. l\'IcCORMICK. What is the request? Government. But there is no cai::e whatever for the manner in which this affair has been conducted. To take control of a sovereign nation The PRESIDING OFFICER. The request is that the article however mjsgoverned and troublesome, is a very serious step. ' formerly read shall be printed in 8-point type. It should not be undertaken on the private initiative of one Govern­ Mr. McCORMICK. And is the request that this article be ment department, acting almost entirely in the dark. The only condi­ tions under which the conti·ol of a country like Haiti becomes even read or p1inted? tolerable is by international mandate, after unbiased study of the evi­ 1\Ir. KING. Printed. dence, and subject to inspection by other powers. In the case of Haiti The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the re­ the Navy Department ignored the American Congress and the .Ameri­ quest of the Senator from Utah? The Chair hears none. can peoplet.. ig!lored tl}e Hait.ian Congress and the Haitian people, ig­ nored our Latlil-Amencan ne1~hbors. Mr. KING. I ask that an editorial appearing in the New We are thus holding Haiti rn a manner that displays a contempt of York World of Sunday, April 30, 1922, entitled "The Seizure of morals, law, and good faith. We have not shown, now that we are great and powerful, that decent respect for the opinion of mankind to Haiti," may be printed in the RECORD. which in the hour of our own birth as a Nation we solemnly appealed. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered. l\lr. KING. l\lr. Pre ident, this editorial ought to cause Sen­ The matter referred to is as follows: ators to give consideration to the importance of the policy in­ volved in the amendment which I have offered. Those in official THE SEIZURE OF HAITI. positions Ila ve pursued a course with which tbe American Twenty-four American lawyers of the highest standing in their com­ munities have drawn up an indictment of the .American Government people were unacquainted. We have in effect made war on which no one--tbe President, the Congress, or any citizen who cares Haiti, conquered her people, taken possession of her territory for the good name of this country-can fail to read without seeing that placed military forces in all parts of the country, re(luced het: be is in honor bound to act. These lawyers charge that in the seizure of Haiti the United States Government has departed from well-recog­ Government to a mere shadow. There has been a conque. t of nized American principles, is guilty of breaches of international law, Haiti, our occupation was accomplished by force, and our pos­ has been faithless to our promises, has violated the Constitution of the session of the island can not be defended in morals or upon any United States, has violated "evPry canon of fair and equal dealing," and has consciously and intentionally participated in a wrong of aggres­ principle of international law. sion. I ask that an article appearing in the New York Globe of No more humiliating charge bas ever in our history been made by Monday, May 1, entitled "Haiti: A blot on the 'scutcheon," may responsible men against the American Government. It is unthinkable that such a charge should not be sifted to the very bottom. The charge be likewise printed in the RECORD. must either be proved or disproved. If disproved, it must be recanted. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it so or­ If proved, the wrong charged must be righted. The 24 accusing lawyers do not stand alone. Their findings are dered. supported by a group of eminent citizens which. is headed by Senator The matter referred to is as follows : On-EN, of Oklahoma. The charges are made by men as conservative as Mr. Louis Marshall, of New York. and Mr. Moorfield Storey, of HAITI: A BLOT ON THE 'SCUTCHEON. Boston; by Democratic Senators, like WILLIAM H. K1KG, of Utah; and As far as the West Indies are concerned, Secretary Hughes seems to RC>publican Senators, like WILLIAM E. BORAH. The accusers represent believe that any situation can be smoothed over by the use of language both parties and all shades of opinion in .American life. sufficiently diplomatic and also sufficiently obscure. "This Govern­ The salient facts, as brought forward by the 24 lawyers, are as ment," he told a committee which called upon him in Washington last follows: - Saturday to prote t against our military despotism in Haiti "is pro­ Ilaiti won its independence from France in 1804. It lost its inde­ ceeding in this matter at this time in the desire to secure, in the fir. t pendence to America in 1915. Ilaiti is a primitive country with a place, an effective coordination of the action which is being taken in population of about 3,000.000. Except for a small educated class in connection with the administration, so that di,lliculties which have the towns, the people are largely illiterate. We may assume that Haiti existed in the past may be removed. It is also considering nil that is has been badly governed. We must note, however. that " foreign in­ essential for the tranquillity and well-being of the people of Haiti, and vestments have at all times been rPspected, the interest on Haiti's of course, we are desirous that the military occupation shall end foreign debt has been scrupulously paid." just as soon as it can properly end." Haiti is a rich country, ancl her constitution rigidly excluded for­ This utterly meaningless statement can be paralleled almost word eigners from the ownership of lll.nd. Haiti is jn a strategic position. for word by assertions the Japanese Government once made about She "controls" one of the principal routes to the Panama Canal. Korea and is now making about Shantung and eastern Siberia. As a Being rich, strategically important, weak, and badly governed, Haiti lawyer Mr. Hughes is well aware that our marines seized and con­ is a temptation to conque. t. During the early part of the European quered Haiti by no right save that of superior power. When our war a number of typical Central American revolutions took place, and troops were landed in 1915 American prerogatives were possibly six times in 1914 and in 1915 our Government made direct overtures for jeopardized by a temporary condition of disorder in Port au Prince, the control of the Haitian customs. They were rejected. Seven days but our right of permanent occupation was about the same as Ger­ after the last rejection we landed marines at Port au Prince, seized many's right in Belgium. Following the landing the marines held a $500,000 in the vaults of the 1\ational Bank of Haiti, and carried the r1rumhead election, in which a candidate first pas ed upon by the Navy money to New York. The bank was four-fifths French and one-fifth Department was duly elected, and then, after overthrowing the Haitian American. In March, 1915, we sent another special mission asking for constitution, obtained a treaty and a new constitution which suited control of Haitjan finance. The demand was refused. In May we again the convenience of American bankers. sent a mission asking for the right of military intervention and harbor Our latest move is to offer a "loan." which tbe Haitians will be com­ privileges. There was bargaining which came to nothing. pelled to accept and which will furnish an excuse for continued occu­ Finally, on July 27, 1915, tbei-e was a bloody outbreak. A massacre pation or for a new intt'rvention at any time whf'l1 the interest pay­ of political prisoners took place and the Presi

8954 CONGRESSION.A_L RECORD-SENATE. JUNE 19,

The whole induent retleets discredit upon Mr. Hughes, even though in co.njunctioD: with the House of Representatives and the Presiclent, he may be the victim of reactionary subordinates. The plain facts i:eitfuture poliey of the United States in the premi es: Now, the.refore, are that we bave conquered Haiti and that we are controlling it in the inter ·ts of the Navy Department and of a few bankers and investors. Resolved) That it is the sense of the Senate that. pending tbe receipt Th<> occupation rule 'Call " properly end " whenever we conclude to and con id ration 'Of the report o! said committee. no loan or i sue of dea l as ju tly with little and weak nations as we are compelled to do bonds be made by the Haitian Government under the direction and ad­ w1th large and powerful ones. It ought never to have be,."1ln. vice of representatives of the United States, and tbe Pre ident of the Uni~ed States is .h~r.eby respectfully requested to direct the financial l\Ir. KING. Mr. President, on the 19th -0'f January of this adviser of the Ha1tia.D Government and the receive1· of customs to y ar I offered a resolution, which I ask may be incorporated in withhold taking any action for the- consummation o! a new loan to the the REOORD Without reading. Haitian Government or the i sue of Haitian bonds until such time as the report of said committee shall have been received and considered Tlle PRE !DING OFFICER. Without objection, it will be by the Senate and the executive department of the Government. so ordered. The re olution (S. Res. 219) is as follows: :Mr. KING. On February 3 I submitted a resolution a king Whereas the relations between the United States and the Republic that the Secretary of the Navy be directed to furnish full and of San to Domingo and the Republic of Haiti have assumed a condition complete information to the Senate of all costs to the United which is un•atisfactory to the inhabitants of said countries and other­ States resulting from the naval occupation of Haiti and the Re­ wi p disadvantageous to the United States, which condition is due in large measure to the pre ence of the naval force of the United States public of Santo Domingo. I ask that that may be printed in in said countries and the exerci e by the United States of the control the RECORD. of t he finances and revenues of said countrie ; and The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so Whereas the purpose of the intervention by the United States in the political affairs of said countries, the direction of their revenues ordered. and finance , a nd the police of tbe same by the United States naval The resolution ( S. Res. 234) is as follows: forces has been accomplished, and there is no further advantage either to the UnHPd States or said countries f1·om any continued intervention Resolved., That the Secretary of the Navy be, and he is hereby, in their affairs: Now, therefore, be it · directed to furnish full and complete information to the l:ienate of all Jles ol-i;ed, That it is the sen e of the Senate of the United States co ts to the United State r ulting from th~ naval occupation of Haiti that the P re ident should wit hdraw the naval forces of the United and the Republic of Santo Domingo. States now in Santo Domingo and Haiti and should arrange an abro­ Mr. KING. On February 2.3, after we had been advised that ga tion of any treaty, protocoJ.i or other agreement providing for the cont rol of the revenues of .t1.aiti or Santo Domingo by the United the President of the United State had selected Brig. Gen. John Stat es, or providing for the intervention of the United States in the H. Russell as high commissioner to Haiti, with the rank of political affa irs of either of said countries, and that it is the sense of ambassador extraordinary, without having sent the nomination the Senate that Santo Domingo and Haiti should be free from any external interference with their domestic policies or internal admin­ of General Russell to the Senate for the advice and consent of istration. the Senate with respect to his appointment to said office, I Mr. KING. This resolution in effect declared what I con­ offered a resolution ( S. Res. 249) asking that the Committee ceived to be the proper policy to be pursued by the United States on the Judiciary be requested to investigate the question as to in dealing with the P..epublic of Haiti and the Dominican Re­ the power of the President, under the Constitution, to appoint public. Without calling into question the rea ons which may an ambassador extraordinary to Haiti without the advice and have ju tified occupation, I declared in the resolution- consent of the Senate in that behalf, and report their findinas0 That it is the ense o! the Senate of the United States that the Presi­ and opinion to the Senate. . dent hould withdmw the naval forces of the United States. Mr. POINDEXTER. Does the Senator want that printed I am gratified to know that the able lawyers whose brief twice, He has read it, and now, as I understand, he asks to­ or report has been read have made recommendations in favor bave it printed. of the abrogation of the protocol and the withdrawal of the l\Ir. KING. No; I shall not ask that it be printed. naval forces of the United States from the further occupation Mr. President, I regret that no action has been taken upon of these two Republics. any of these -resolutions, unless it be the last one. As I recall, 1\Ir. President, later we were advised that it was the purpo e the Secretary of State made some response to the Judiciary of the Government of the United States, acting through naval Committee, claiming that Brigadier General Russell was merely forces and offioials, to obtain a loan or force a loan upon the the personal representative of the Pre ident. Haitian people to the extent of $14,000,000. As a matter of fact, The administration seems quite unconcerned about the wron"' the purpo e is to authorize a loan of $30,000,000. I felt that which has been done to the people of two helpless nations. Our ,.,,-e ought not to pur ue a course of that character, and on Feb­ Republican friends criticized the former administration-but ruary 3 I offered a re olution relative to this matter. I ask only during the campaign. They are now silent and apparently that that resolution, without reading, may be printed in the indorse the course of the last ad.mini tration, and seem pre­ pared to continue the wrongful and unlawful occupation of two R ECORD. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so Republics. ordered. If the various committee to which the resolutions were sent The resolution ( S. Res. 233) is as follows : had reported, or if Congress had declared any policy which it intended to pursue with respect to the Republic of H aiti and Wber E.'as t be United States, tbro.ugh its naval forces and officials a·cting under the direction of the State Department, is in control of the R public of San Domingo, I should not have offered tbis Ilaiti and the Haitian Government; and amendment to the pending bill ; but it seemed to me that the Whereas it is propo ed that a loan of $14,000,000 be negotiated in failure of Congress and the Government to annorinc it policy behalf of Haiti, to be paid by the Haitian people ; and Whereas such a loan is not desired by the Haitian people and is called for some action by ome legislative or executive body, believed by them to be unwarranted and illegal and contrary to the and it seemed to me that this was the only way we could hring best in tE>res ts economically and politically of Haiti and her people : to the attention of the Government and of the country what I TherE>fore be it Resolved, That t he Secretary of State be, and he is hereby, directed c-0nceive to be an improper, high-handed, and oppressive cour. e. to inform the Senate by what authority such proposed loan is being I have asked leave to put these documents and articles in the n egotiated, t ogether with t~ terms and conditions thereof and the RECORD. They con titute, in my judgmeilt, an indictment -reasons therefor; B e i t f urther resolved, That no debt should be created by the United against the policy of the United States in dealing with tv.~o Stat or by persons repre-senting it which would be a charge upon friendly Republics. I am sure that the Senate, understanding Haiti or the Haitian people or the Haitian Government. the amendment and the purpose of it, will support it. I can not :i\fr. KING. ThEii, on April 20, I offered a resolution asking conceive how Senators believing in the right of a people to that the loan shou1d not be authorized until the committee ap­ determine their own destiny can justify the continued militarYi pointed by the Senate, and which was then considering this occupation of these countries. We are not wanted there. Our important matter, should file their report. I ask that that reso­ course bas prevoked hostility, resentment, and hatred. Our flag lution also may be inserted in the RECORD. to the e unhappy people does not stand for liberty and ju ·tice The PRESIDI.1. ~G OFJnCER. Without objection, it is so or- but for force and oppression. Let America say to all the world, dered. it is not imperiali ·tic ; it covet no territ-0ry ; it will oppress The re olution (S. Iles. 288) is as follows: no peoples. We can secure the respect, indeed the affection, of Whereas the Senate on July 27, 1921, by Senate Re olution 112, au­ all peoples if we will follow the teaching. of the fathers and thorized and directed a pecial committee to investigate the affairs of ob erve the principle of justice and righteousnes which should the Haitian Government, and .all questions affecting the relations be­ govern nations as well as individuals. It is time that we twPP.D the United St ate and Haiti; and Whereas an inv tiga tion of the aforesaid matters has been made sought to " exalt a nation "-our Natio11-that it may lead the by said committee ; and world in the paths of peace and fell-0wship. Whereas t he report of said committee is no'w in process of prepara­ tion, which report will undoubtedly make recommendations as to the Mr. POMERENE. Mr. President, I supposed others were f uture policy of t he Uniterl Sta tes in tbe premises ; and going to addre s the Senate on this amendment. I r cognize Whereas it is inadvisablP that any further commitments of a finan­ it presents a subject of very great importnuce. I have heen cial character be made by t he Haitian Go>ernment under t he direction si nce I have or ndvice a nd a pproval of the United Stat es, until the Renate shall privileged to serve on a good many committe-e i·ecPive and co nsider t he report of said committee and shall determine, been in the Senate consirleri.ng subjects which were of im- 1922. CONGR.ESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. 8955 portance. The information which I have gathered through a l\fr. McCORMICK. I rose to suggest that those who have period of several months leads me to state that never have I mnde careful inquiry into the facts know that Mole St. Nicholas been interested in any investigation in which there was so much has no value at this time as a naval base. of misrepresentation, so much of distortion of the truth, and so Mr. POl\IERENE. That is quite true, because we have a many half truths told, as about the conditions in Haiti and naval base or coaling station at Guantanamo, Cuba, and there the Dominican Republic. I want to say, preliminarily, that I is no desire for one at Mole St. Nicholas, so far as I know; at regret that it was ever found necessary for the United States least I have heard of none. · to go into th<>se two countries, and I regret that it is necessary Mr. BORAH. That is true of the present; but it was not now. for the time being, for us to remain there. supposed to be true at the time we were making an attempt to Statements have been made repeatedly charging that it was get it. our purpose to take over the sovereignty of these two Repub­ l\lr. POl\fERENE. I can not, of course, say what was in the lics, and occasionally those who are interested in the subjects minds of special officers. have referred to statements which may have been marle by of­ I propose to discuss this question from this standpoint alone: ficers of the Marine Corps, and little or no attention has been What is our duty now? I am not approving many of the things given to the statements which were made by President Roose­ which have been done there in the past. l\Iy belief is that the velt when the treaty with the Dominican Republic was first marines did the best they could under the circumstances: Some made or statements which have been made since by President very regrettable things have occurred during our occupancy. It Taft, by President Wilson, and I think more recently by Presi­ is true that in certain instances there were cruelties of such a dent Harding, that we have no desire to remain there. character as to make an American hang his head in shame. I certainly would not consent to our taking over the sov­ There were cruelties on both sides. I give no approval to any­ ereignty of the island without knowing that it was by the uni­ thing of that sort. But let me illustrate: ver ·al consent of the people of that island, and I would have When these cruelties in Haiti first became known to our au­ to change my view before I would consent to have the United thorities they were traceable to a marine who was connected States take ·over either one of these Republics under any cir­ with the gendarmerie. After the facts became known in Haiti, cumstances. I do not like the idea of colonial possessions. I immediately an in>estigation was begun. It was true that a prefer that we limit our activities to our own continental ter­ certain marine committed excesses, but at the time it became ritory. I am quite sure that whatever may be said by a few known to those in charge of the marine occupancy he was then people of very suspicious minds, there has been no disposition out of the service, and upon trying to locate him they found on the part of anyone who is authorized to formulate a foreign that he was confined in an asylum for the insane in the United policy of the Government to take O\er either of these Ite­ States, a raving maniac. publics. Let me give another illustration so far as it applies to the Let me illustrate: Some time, :fiye or six years ago, a Captain Dominican Republic. There some cruelties were perpetrated. Reed, who was in the Dominican Republic with the marines, A. few men were killed by a captain of the marines, .and when discovering that there was an incipient revolution, asked the this knowledge came to the occupying forces in the Dominican men connected with the marines to make certain inquiries, and Republic in\estigation was begun at once. He was arrested. among other inquiries he asked them to find out what, if any, While be was under guard in bis own tent awaiting court­ sentiment there was looking to the annexation of the island. martial he did the one sane act in his life. He picked up his Since that time this communication, which was a voluntary own pistol and shot out his brains.· communication, sent out on his own responsibility, came to the 1\lr. President, I give these instances as indicating what was attention of the Navy Department, and I am advised that he done by a few marines- thank God, very few-and as indi­ was reprimanded, a.nd a reprimand spread upon the record. cating what we have done to control the situation. If Sena­ One of_ the admirals, I believe, in Haiti, at some time in the tors will investigate the subject of our occupancy of these two course of the earlier history of this controversy, telegraphed or Republics, they will find that among the Haitians they will cabled to the Navy Department and made some suggestion to say, with reference to the alleged crueltie perpetrated by the the effect that a proposition had been made by some one con­ American marines, that they were inconsequential com pa red nected with the Haitian Government to give us a coaling station with the cruelties that would have been perpetrated unde the at l\!ole St. Nicholas. It is true, as was suggested by the dis­ same circumstances upon the Haitians by native Haitians. tinguished Senator from Idaho [l\!r. BORAH], several times some Now, naturally it suggests itself to the mind, why were not years ago, there were negotiations begun looking to the ceding these different cruelties or acts of cruelty earlier brought to to the United States of a coaling station in Haiti and one in the the attention of the officials in the island? Let me suggest, as Dominican Republic, but the brief which has been read here re­ bearing upon the subject, that in Haiti until we got there, there fers· to it as " an attempt" to get this coaling station. If by were not to exceed 200 miles of highway that could be passed "an attempt" they mean that there were some negotiations over e\en in dry weather by any sort of vehicle; that Haiti, looking to the securing of the coaling station, then they are not with 3,000,000, but between 2,000.000 and 2,500,000, people right. If they mean to suggest that it was an attempt to seize in a territory of about 9,000 square miles, was, with the excep­ a coaling station, or get it by virtue of superior force, then it tion I have given, without any highway what oever, and that misrepresents the fact. there were simply winding trails through the tropical virgin ~Ir. KING. Will it interrupt the Senator if I ask him a forests to the interior, no better defined th[!n were the trails question? in this country made by the Indians before the white man et 1\lr. POl\fERENE. I yield for a moment, but I desire to pro­ foot therein. In the earlier days there was little or no means ceed as rapidly as I can. of communication by telephone or telegraph. ~Ur. KING. Is it not a fact, I inquire of the able Senator, Officers were sent there. They found a state of revolution. that more than 40 years ago, and at repeated intervals since It was necessary to patrol a large part of the northern part of then, and prior to the events of which we are now speaking, Haiti. That was the home of the Caco or brigand. That was the United States sent its war vessels to Port au Prince, to the point where the revolution always broke out. Cape Haitien, ancl to Mole St. Nicholas, and that there are Now, what was the immediate occasion of our going there? numerous statements in the State Department evidencing the In June, 1915, a revolution was in progress. A man by the purpose on the part of the United States to secure, if possible, a name of Sam was president of the Haitian Republic. In Haiti cession of naval stations at Haiti as well as in San Domingo? revolutions are usually begun by the outs against the ins, and Mr. McCORMICK. Mr. President-- one faction scarcely gets control of the Government until a new ~lr. POMERENE. I deny that statement. It is true that our revoJution is begun. war ves els have gone down there in the interest of peace and The revolutionists in and about Port au Prince go up in good order: It is ti·ue that President Gr-ant, when he occupied the Caco regions, make contracts with the chiefs, and the the chair as Chief Executive, was insistent upon our taking chiefs organize their armies and march down on the capital. po session of the Dominican Republic; but that proposition was At this particular time Pres:dent Sam had arre ted some 75 or turned down by the United States Senate. more of the leading rernlutionists: They were in prison. The As I said a moment ago, and I want this borne in mind in other revolutionists were largely on the outside, camped around connection with anything I have to say to-day, I would not the city. President Sam, for some reason best known to him­ consent under any circumstances I can now conceive of to take self, ordered his troops to go into the pri on, and they shot or possession of either of these Republics for the United States, bayoneted the prisoners without any trial. Only two of the in­ and whatever I shall suggest as to what ought to be done I do it mates escaped. They were in a prison cell, and the troops with the sole purpose of trying to work out the good of the could not find the key. The e two were hidden behind the dead . Haitian and Dominican people. bodies of those who were nearest to the front. The Senator from Illinois desired to interrupt a moment A little later the reYolutionists got po:::session of the capital ago. and President Sam, for his own protection, entered the French 8956 CONGRESSION.A_L RECORD-SENATE. Ju:NE 19,

Legation. He thought he was secure under international law, The PRESIDING ,OFFICER. Does the Senator from Ohio and so he was but he was not secure against the re>olutionists. yield to the Senator from Idaho? They entered the French Legation, took possession of Sam, shot l\fr. POl\.IEREJ\"E. I yield. bim, dismembered his body, and his torso was d1·agged through Mr. BORAH. But the interesting feature of this question tha streets at the end of a rope. The revolution had spread to me is this: Supposing these things to be true, is the United over all the northern part of the island. Our marines were States going to take possession of all of the Oentral American there for the purpose of preserving order. It is true that countries and islands of which iUis true? about this time 01' a little later we tOQk possession of the ports, Mr. POMERENE. No, sir; I rdo not think so; and I want but who was there to administer them? The revolutionists? to have conditions improved down there so we can get out. The government? Why, the government was o''erthro'\\'Il. 1 should like to get out to-morrow if we could. Of course Now, .Mr President, we of course can have before us a we can get out. .However, ~ wish in this connection, prelimi­ theoretical case and say that certain things were done there nary to a statement that I am going to make, to say that this which would be "Contrary to our ideals of government, but let committee went down there and invited many people to come me say to you that no one will make a more serious mistake and testify. We wanted to hear them. Wherever charges were - than to believe a government can be managed there as we made of cruelty and we ourselves could not get the witnesses, would manage our own home affairs here. we referred them to the commanding officer in charge to get his Later on. the revolution continuing, armed forces were or­ inspeete>rs to work in order to find out what the facts were; ganized. They were going through the island. Our marines and many of those facts were presented later. Let me say a had to patrol the entire island to get possession and to subdue word with regard to the character of this testimony. the revolutionists. It is true, I have no doubt. that while this l\fr. WILLIS. Mr. President-- was going on there wel'e some excesses committed. It is true The PRESIDING OFFIOER. Does the senior Senator from that the revoluti-Onist were blll'ning hamlets and taking prop­ Ohio yield to his colleague? erty. It is true that some of our marines bmned down some l\1r. P01\1ERENE. Yes. of those hamlets in the midst of the Caco rE>gion. I do not like Mr. WILLIS. If it will not interrupt my colleague, I should that. You do not like it. But the question was, What should like to ask him to pursue just a little furthe1· the suggestion be done? It is true, too, that there were a number of fatalities. which has been made by the Senator from Idaho [Mr. BORAH], A statement was made here to the effect that ti1ey amounted to in response to which my colleague said, "Yes; we could get 2,500. The best judgment of the committee, at least of those out of there." In my colleague's judgment, what would be members of the committee who have gone into it, is that the the effect now if we did get out of there? total fatalities were probably in the neighborhood of 1,500. Mr. POMERENE. I thank the Senator. Hi~ question merely Then, Mr. President.• when we try to weigh what our marines anticipated what I was going to say. should have done, bear in mind the other side of it. too. The There were many witnesses whom we should have liked to marines suffered very many cruelties from the Haitians. Some call before the committee who would not come; they were of them were killed after being taken prisoners. One statement afraid to come. They were -not of the politician class, but was made to us by one of the marines, an officer and a high­ they were the solid, substantial citizens, many of them being class man, that a Haitian gendarme was -0ut on patrol duty. engaged in charitable work. Some were not natives of the He was anested by the Haitian revolutionists. country, while others were. We were told by American officials A couple of hours thereafter he was reody Mr. President, the brief which was filed here said that Haiti is taking it away from us." had been a Republic since 1804. Yes, ·m name, perhaps. but Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President-­ not since 1804. The very able lawyers who present the brief 'l\1r. POMERENE. I yield. are able to write one brief when they do not know the facts, 1\fr. NORRIS. I want to assure the Senator before I pro· and they would write a different brief if they did know the facts. pound my interrogatory that I desire only to get the facts. I Professor Kelsey, in speaking of conditions in Haiti, says it have been greatly impressed, however, with another pha5

their consent. Are we justified even in imnroving a country T11e PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Ohio without the consent of its people, if we make them pay for it'? yield to the Senator from Nebraska? Mr. POllrfERENE. Either I or some o.f· my associates on the i\tr. POMERENE. I yield. committee will go into that before we :finish this discussion. I Mr. NORRIS. I want to ask the Senator about that election. wanted to pm: ue a little further- the query of my distinguished Was it the same election about which the Senator from Idaho colleague. quoted from some of the dispatches'? The information came to us from all hands and all sides, out­ Mr. PO~lERID~E. 1 think it was; yes. side of what was known as the Unione Patrfotique, the Hatians :llr. NORRIS. Assuming tho e to be true, does the Senator did not want us to go. I ha.d myself a two how's' conference think that election could be anything lmt a farce? with one of the finest types of men I ever met, a rare combina­ )fr. PO:MEREN::ID. Mr. President, the Senator asks a fair tion of the spiritual and the practicaL I. am not going. to give question, and i! such an election were to be held in the United bis name, because it would jeoparoize bis. safety if I should, States I should say it was not fair; but I take it that if the but when, at the conclusion of our conference, I said to him, Senator was there in a position of responsibility he would want " Suppose the- United States Government w.ere to issue an order such an election as could be had; and bear in mind that while to have the marines vacate the island to-morrow, what would this constitution was adopted, there is a provision in that be the result?" I ne\"er saw a more pained expression on any constitution in substance, as there is in our own Constitutio~ man's face. As I interpreted it. he thought that my question that it can be amended from time to time. I read a moment indicated wbat our program wa.s going to be, and, halting hi ago from the article by Professor Kelsey, in whica he, in sub­ bead, he said, "Senator, I have Ilea.rd many Haitians say that stance. speaks of all of the elections as being a farce ; and the if the marines were to leave the last would be scarcely out of elections, such as they bad, were after some.- revolutionist had sight of land until a shot would be fired. and then a revolution." got control. and then called an election to keep him in power. Latex on I repeated that statement to three or four other men Mr. NORRIS. I can see how that would be a farce; but was in whom I had equal confidence, because they made a great not this one the same way, where our Government had control? impression upon my mind, and tbey confirmed the statement ::\fr. POMERE1'~. Maybe so. / \ which I have just made. :Ur. NORRIS. Let me ask the Senator another q.uestion. But it may be said conditions in Haiti are not om affair. It 1' as not the vital thing in tbat constitution that we insi ted may be they are not. I know of a negro out in my State who shoulcl be adopted the change that enabled people·who were not wa discussing the subject and in lilting that we should get outJ cHizens of the Haitian Government to own real estate there? of the i land, and when it was suggested that if we did it would Mr. PO~I.ERE J. E. I do not know about that, and I do not be followed by revolution, he said, "That is all right; they have like that provision in the constitution at all, and it can be got a right to kill one another if tbey wish." That may be the changed at any time they wish to change it. view of some, but it is not mine. My belief is that if we get ~Ir. XORRIS. Does the Senator think it could ever be out of Haiti on January 1, 1923, tben we will have to go back. changed "While om: sol

There are two distinct civilizations in Haiti. One repre­ bad finished some little job he had to do, he went out to see sents the wealth and culture of the island. They are refined, what had become of the wheelbarrows, and he saw these 60 courteous, educated, interested in their particular type of the Haitians proceeding in Indian file, each carrying a wheelbarrow Haitian. Tltey represent about 2 per cent of the people in the on his head. They had never seen a wheelbarro'v did not island. Tbe highest estimate I have ever heard placed upon know how it worked, and when be told the foreman' to put it it was 5 per cent. I think 2 per cent more nearly represent down and shove it along on the wheel they chuckled as children the fact; so that we have from 95 to 98 per cent of these people would when they find an automatic toy and learn to operate it. that can neither read nor write, some of them worshipers of · At another time he was a representative of the Haitian treas­ voodooism. During the examination one Doctor Sylvain, presi­ ury department in connection with hi duties with the marines dent of the Union Patriotique, did not want to testify before and it was his business to go about the island and find out how the committee, but he wantM to make a ·peech, and it was the revenues were being e:A"J>ended. He gives one instance like uch a speech as you would hear from any clever lawyer. this: The Haitian Government had been paying rental for a When 80me reference was made to the work that we had none building used as a choolhouse. The schoolhou e had been do'.\"Il there by way of sanitation, by way of prison reform, by bm:ned down ome years before, but yet they \Vere paying rent way of the building of roads, and SOIJle reference was made to on it. He told of his looking into the qualifications of the school­ education, in reply to a question which was asked by the rlis­ teacher . He found that there was a teacher of music. He tinguished Senator from New Mexico [Mr. Jo~Es]. he said: coulct neither sing nor play any instrument ; he di

is the one in which we ought to make the greatest effort. What future time to issue additional bonds which would be on a parity effort has been made on the part of the Government to educate with those issued to-day. mo e people? . l\Ir. KING. l\1r. President, will the Senator yield-- Mr. PO~fEilENE. A very extensive effort has been made in Mr. POl\IERENE. Pardon me just a moment. I will yield the Dominican Republic. a little later. These matters are all very interesting. Mr. NORRIS. I judged so from the answer the Senator from Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, will the Senator tell us what Illinois gave, but why have we not made the same kind of an rate of interest th

8960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JUN~ 1H,

$14.000,000 to take up another loan not yet due and that only land values to be decreased if the tax which falls upon tbe crop drew 6 per cent interest. of the peasants' land is to be removed? Mr. McCORMICK. The franc at that time was about 17 as l\lr. ODDIE. l\lr. President-- compared to 10, if the Senator would be accurate in estimating The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Ohio tllat loan at 7! per cent. E•en now, in the present era of cheap yield to the Senator from Ne•ada? ruoney, the new loan to the Republic of Bolivia is 8! per cent. l\1r. POM:ERENE. I vield. 1\lr. NORRIS. The Senator must realize it is more than 7! .Mr, ODDIE. I shouia like to say in answer to the Rtate­ per cent. ment of the Senator from "Ctah [Mr. Krno] that in Haiti all . 1\lr. McCORMICK. I accept the Senator's estimate. over the mountains there are coffee trees growing wild, and it l\lr. NORRIS. The contract says it shall be at 7! per cent, would be impo sible to turn over all of the coffee lancls to for­ but that the bondholders shall pay only 92 cents on the dollar. eigners or to anybocly else unless a large part of the island be l\Ir. POl\IERENE. The statement made by the Senator from turned over to them. There is very little cultivated coffee in Nebraska-and I think it is correct-is that the proposed loan Haiti; it grows wild there as blackberrie do here, to a •ery wa · payable in 10 year . At 92 cents on the dollar that would large extent. The natives go up on the mountains and pick the be 8 per cent for the 10 years, and figuring it out just roughly, coffee and carry it into the market. it " ·ould make the loan run about Bi per cent during the entire :Mr. BORAH. They will not be doing that after the for- pe1iod, or thereabouts. But that is only one part of the ques­ eigners get hold of the land. - tion. As the Senator from Illinois has aid, at that time the Mr. ODDIE. I do not see how the foreio

and perhaps colonel . They had under their charge Haitian l\Ir. ODDIE. 1\Iy attention was dive1ted a moment ago. Did petty officers and gendarmes, who were sent out to get labor. the Senator give the record of the Presidents of Haiti in the The Haitian petty officers and gendarmes would go out and last 10 years of Haiti? get the men and bring them in. Often they \•;rere not given l\Ir. PO~lERENE. I did not. cressor KELSEY'. Yes; I wa told by the French priest that they asked me about sanitation. l\lr. President, when the marines were the learters in that community. went down there the streets and alleys were so filthy that Senator Po~IEREXE. Kow, proceed with your stor:r. they were hardly passable. If Senators will examine the Profes..;;or KELSEY. I said, " Why not replace the American officers of report mad them what had been done in the past in the de'"elopment of schools, and they answered one point Now they have peace and order. Before there was no peace after another. Finally I said to them, toward the close of the con­ and no order. It was one series of revolutions after another. ference, "Gentlemen, I don't want yon to answer this; I want you Let me, if I can place mr hands upon it, call attention to a to think about it... I said, "You have practically told me that yon baYe no confidence whate>er in the abllit~· of the Haitian Government tatement made as to conditions in Haiti as well as in the either to maintain law and ore those people a civil form of government and estigution and at our bearings. those who a:re criticizing this poliey, because, as I have aid. we If he had been, I think he would agree with me that much of haye simply read the telegrams, the official letters, the offieial this propaganda bas been inspired by German interests. Ger­ pronouncements, and we have now an official program of the man interests controlled the wharfing privileges at Port au rresent adm.inistration: It is the program itself, the policy Prince in Haiti. They had a lease for many years on the main itself, to which we desire to confine our attention and not the and only wharf there, which gave them the right to collect a mistakes of the marines. I ha-rn not said anything about any tax on the incoming and the outgoing freights. The German cruelty upon the part of the marines. I think that is purely iew of the poo:t' Haitians have been called on to subscribe money for this situation is concerned, about particular acts of cruelty, c>xcept propaganda. That is not right. The American Government is as those acts of cruelty reYeal the effect of an impe1ial­ too grand and big a Government to permit a people who are de­ istic policy of this kind. I want to deal with the policy pendent on it to a large extent, while this occupation exists, to which always leads to acts of cruelty. The policy itself is one of pay to make the American Government do its duty. I hope cruelty. that we will take the big, broad view, the view to which America I do not think we can get out of Haiti to-night. We have is entitled, and not be prejudiced by certain mistakes which wrecked their Government. To leave there to-night woul<.1 lenve may have been made by our Government, nor the mistakes which them without any Government at all, would leave them fle-­ may have been made by individual members of our Navy unu bauclled by eight years of military rule. But we can in good Marine Corps, and look on these organizations in a big, generous faith make preparation which will leave no mistake about our way, protect their good name, and help us solve a difficult prob­ purpose to get out of Haiti, and the fir t evidence of our good lem as Amel'ica should help. · The question in my mind is not so faith, in my opinion, will be changing the form of gornrnment much how we got into Haiti. 1\µstakes have been made, as I from a militaristic form of gove1·nment to a civil form of go"ern­ say, and we all admit it, but the que tion confronting us to-day ment. That ought to be done without delay. These people, you is, What are we to do regarding that country? What do those say, ought to be trained in civil government if we expect them people themselves want? We have talked to scores of the na­ ever to become capable of goYerning themselves. No people tives, and we are convinced from what they have tolll us that were ever trained to self-government, or in capacity for govern­ if we should get out to-day or in the very near future there ment, under military rule. They are not even permitted to meet would be another revolution immediately and those people dow-n there and discuss their public affairs. They are not per­ would then lose the peace and protection they have enjoyed a mitted to have a public meeting to interchange view . _I\. man large part of the time since our occupation, which they had not who criticizes any act of the military form of government, bad for generations before. I am convinced from personal ob­ criticizes any act of the administration, objects to its laws, or servations and interviews with them that a large part of those criticizes the conduct of the occupation foi·ces, is immediately people do not want us to leave now. an-ested. Can you train people to self-government under such I ask the Senate to l<>ok on this question in the big, American a prograin as that? way, to condemn the unjust attacks on our Navy and Marine The able. Senator from Ohio referred to the view e:xpr sed Corps, to give credit where it is due, and join with us in trying by President Roosevelt and of President Wilson with reference to help solve this complicated and difficult problem in an Amer­ to San Domingo, and also views expressed, he thought, by Presi­ ican spirit and in an American way. dent Harding. President Harding did express some \iews in Mr. BORAH. )Ir. President, I want to say a word or two in 1·egard to this, whieh I will .read. reply. First, as to ·what the able Senato1· from Nevada refers l\Ir. POl\IERENE. Will the Senator yield? to as propaganda.. Mr. BORAH. Yes; I yield. 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 8963

~rr. PO:\IERENE. Of cour e, I under tane the fact that we are creating large obligations and have treaty fact and when he was advising the Ameri.can people a to what terms which enable us to stay there until those debts are paid; his policy was, he said : and when we take into con ideration that in the meantime I will not empower an Assistant Secretary of the Navy to draft a American investments will go in there by the millions of dol­ constitution for helpless neighbors in the West Indies and jam it lars, I undertake to say that the policy which we are now down their throats at the points of bayonets borne by United States marines. We ba,·e a higher ervice for our gallant marines than that. pursuing. regardless of what the intent and motive of those • ·or will I mi. use the power of the ExecutiYc to cover with a veil who are promulgating it will be, will inevitably lead to per­ of . ecrecy repeated acts of unwarranted interference in domestic af­ manent occupancy ·of those islands. faini of the little republics of the Western Hemi ·phei:e, uch as in the The influence which took us in there will not be nearly so la8t few years have not only made enemies of those who should be our friends but have rightfully discredited our country as their tru ·ted strong as the influence will be which will bold us there. The neighbor. debt, instead of decreasing, will increase from year to year. The At the time the President made that statement he llad beeu investment, instead of decreasing, will increase from year to year. in the Senate six year·; he bad been familiar with these affairs. The only thing which will be left to the Haitian peoJ)le will be He was here at the time we were considering tbe Nicaraguan a mere shell of a form of government, and we will be there per­ treaty. He was entirely familiar with our policy iu Central manently and there to stay. All the more reason, therefore, Mr. American countries and in the adjoining i!-4lantl.. He might President, why we should without hesitation declare our policy haYe changed his Yiew with reference to ~ ome of the featnres and formulate for those people a civil form of government. of the matter, but in my judgment he ·was entirely correct when But that is not all. The Senator from Ollio says we should tie . aid that our conduct down there ha· forfeited the esteem stay there until we shall train them to self-government. How of our neighbors. long will that be? They have been in existence for 100 years. If the pre ·s of the Central American countries ::iml the South As a republic or as a government, wl1ether we call it a des­ American countries, out 'ierlling themsehes dur­ an expression of the public sentiment of those countries, or if ing this century. At the time that Touissant L'Ouverture le

• 8964 CONGR.ESSIOYAL RECORD-SENATE . JUNE 19,

in Haiti; that it is needed to put through public woTkS, road loans at the rate of 59, 56, and 47, to a gold value of $2,868,131. building, etc. But from this sum the following may be imme­ I simply call attention specially to the amount that they real­ mediately subtracted : ized on those loan . 1. The debt to France of $6,668,980. This debt consists of two Mr. BORAH. Very well; ·but the point which I am , eeking to parts-the debt of 1805 at 6 per cent and the debt of 1910 at make is that an these things disclose that the idea of our get­ 5 per cent. At the present writing France has made no demand ting out of Haiti is a , induding the fact claimed by the Haitian in my judgment all theRe thing inuicate a policy toward tho e Government that the road did not follow the difficult moun­ people and toward Central American countries which we have tainous route t:hJ·o-1gh the interior provided for and on the basis not the courage to openly announce. of which so high a rate of construction wa charged, and for Mr. POllERENE. Mr. President, if the Senator means to other reasons, the Haitian Government declined to pay. Matters sugge t that I am in favor of any policy other than what I dragged along until after the American occupation the Haitian have indicated here I have to -say that he i mi. taken. I want Government and the Haitian Railway agreed to put the matter to get out of the island. I would favor aetting out to-morrow into the hands of Mr. Addison Ruan as arbitrator. Mr. Ruan if I tllought we could do so with safety to those people. was then the financial adviser of Haiti, but he was asked to Mr. BORAH. I am speaking of our policy as a Government. serve as arbitrator, not in his ·ofllcial capacity but as an Mr. POMERENE. I think that the Senator is.. even unjust individual. Some months after his appointment as arbitrator to the Government. It is true there have been people from he went to Panama. The papers in the case he kept with him time to time who have made suggestions \Vhich might be con­ for 18 months, repeated requests for a decision being fruit­ strued along the line indicated by .the Senator from Ida.ho, but less. At the end of that time the papers were returned just as ofte» as those . tatements have been made they have, -without any decision. Now, without any decision having been one way or another, been disaffirmed. Our forejgn policies are ottictnlly rendered, it is suddenly declared that the um of made by our Presidents and by our State Department, and $1,621,500 must go to the railway partly owned and controlled by I do not think the Senator from Idaho will find anything in the National City Bnnk. the policy of a Democratic administration or of a Republican 3. There is further to be subtracted $965,000 of intere t on administration that is susceptible of the construction which the the internal d bt. What i the internal debt? For years in Senator has placed upon our action. Haiti the Government i. sued bonds which are the sole local :Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, of course, I exonerate the Sena­ and the favorite method of investment by Haitians. There are tor from Ohio from entertaining any such view, because he no saving banks in Haiti and the Haitian bond occupies some­ has Raid that be doei; not; but l do say that the logic of the thing of the position of the French rente. Haiti had always Senator's speech is that we hould retain our forces in Haiti scrupulously paid this debt. It was defaulted for the'first time indefinitely. I bave no hesitancy, however, in saying that the under the A.merican OC'cupation and the interest on it has not policy whicb. this Government has adopted toward the Central been prud :::;ince 1916. Now, it is alleged that this new loan American countries and certain i lands is a policy which must will be a great relief to tbe suffering Haitians who have for ultimately result in our retaining permanent 'PO session of them. six year. not received the interest on their inve d:ment. But It will re. ult in that action on our part ju t as surely as time the fact is that virtually no Haitians hold the~e bonds to-day. goes on. That is why I criticise the policy and have been op­ Little by little under the ter1ific pressure of poverty while the posing it for 10 years. I bave seen this policy grow. I saw it country wa held in the military grip of the occupation the begin with Nicaragua, ·pread to Guatemnla, to Haiti, to Santo Haitians were forced to sell these bonds at lower and lower Domingo. This tlling i not accident. It is a policy. p1ices. Almost without exception they were purchased by the Not only that, :Mr. President, but there are a great many National City Bank. (Very recently a considerable lot of these people who are closely connected with the Government who do bonds bearing 7 per cent interest was sold at 47 to the bank.) not he itate to say that. in their opinion-not officially speak­ Under tbe new Joun the holder of these bonds will receive, in ing-that it is the only thing we can ultimately do. .addition to a 7 per cent bond, the .accumulated interest since ~Ir. STERLING. Will the Senator yield for a moment? 1916. For example, a thousand-dollar bond sold at $470 will Mr. BORAH. I yield. be worth, the minute the loan is provided, $1,000 plus six times Mr. STERLING. I should like to ask the Senator if since $70 or $1,420. American occupation of the island tile Haitian public debt has 4. There is, also, a great variety of claims against the Gov­ not been g1·eatly reduced? ernment of one kind or another, inclucUng a note to the National Mr. BORAH. No; I do not under. ta:nd that it has been i·e­ City Bank, amounting altogether to $2,0::)9.720. duced at all. To recapitulate (loan of $14,000,000) : ::\fr. STERLING. Has the Senator examined the statement T tal sum received by Haiti------$12, 880, 000 of Mr. ~fcllhenny, the :financial officer tl1ere? French debt------$6, 668, 980 Haitian railways______1, 621, 500 Mr. BORAH. I have read it. J nternal debL------965, 000 Mr. STERLING. As I rea<.l that statement, the debt on National City Bank note, etc______2, 059, 720 February 28, 1919, was something over $35,000,000, wber as Total------11, 315,200 the total debt on February 28, 1922, was but $19,08:),331, less sinking fund re erves, so that deducting the sinking fund re- N t amount which Haiti will receive______1, 564, 800 erves there is left a net public debt of $18,470,899.83. Taking Mr. POMERENE. Ur. President, would it interrupt the Sen­ that statement upon its face, it would show-and the figur s n.tor if I were to state what the three loans nettecl to the Gov­ seem to be quite undisputed-that there ha been a great r · ernment of Haiti just before the occupation llY our Government? duction in the public debt. As the committee ''' re informed, the Eaitian . Government Mr. BOR:A.H. I know there has been a shifting of the evi­ had made during three years preceding our occ.'upation internal dences of debt. That is Tery easily done.

•

/ 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 8965'

stan~ing January 1, 1922, ·$7,534,000 and $1,627,000, respectively, now Mr. STERLING. Has not the reduction of the public debt a prior charge upon customs revenues. come from the collection of customs by the American authori­ Special provisions : The military government of Santo Doming<> ties and the application of those customs to the payment of the engages that during the term of this loan no future bonds of the Re­ public will be issued, secured by customs revenues, other than the total foreign debt? aut)?.orized amount of bonds of this issue (namely, $6,700,000 and an Mr. BORAH. In my opinion, the debt will be much larger additional amount, not exceeding $3,300,000, which may subsequently be at the end of the 1st day of January, 1923, than it was when issued after previous agreement between the Government of the Repub­ we went into Haiti. lic and the Government of the United States). l\Ir. P1·esident, General Russell, the administrator in the • • • • • • • . W~ recommend these bonds for investment. Price, 941 and interest island, is now insisting on a loan of $30,000,000-- y1eldmg about 6 per cent. • l\rr. l\1cCORl\IICK. No, l\Ir. President. LEE, HIOOINSO~ & Co. 'l'he PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Idaho BROWN BROS. & Co. yield to the Senator from Illinois? DILLON, READ & Co. l\fr. BORAH. General Russell d-0es not insist that such a ALEX. BROWN & SONS. loan shall be made at once, but that is to be the ultimate Those bonds are practically guaranteed bonds of the United amount. I yield to the Senator from Illinois. States. They are sold to customers upon the theory that the Mr. McCORMICK. Mr. President, unless the Senator from military government of Santo Domingo guaranteed them, to wit. Idaho has some very -recent information, I desire to say that guarantees that they will become the legal obligations of any there has been no change to date in the terms proposed for the Dominican government and that the customs receipts and loan prior to the appointment of General Russell as high com­ revenues will be maintained and kept up for the purpose of missioner. As I stated earlier in the debate, the last protocol paying them. I do not see why it was necessary to sell a bond for the loan, now se\cral months old, authorized an issue of like that at 94!. That ought to be a perfectly good bond, be. $40,000,000, but contemplated an issue of only $16,000,000, the cause, if not the technical legal obligation, the moral obliga­ authorization being made so that if the additional bonds were tion of the United States is behind the payment of those issued at any later time they would be on a parity with those bonds. issued in the first instance. So, Mr. President, I say that our program if unchanged in Mr. BORAH. The best evidence of what I have said is to these islands means a permanent stay. We have either o-ot to be found in a communication made by General Russell on April change that program or we must follow it out to its Iogicai con­ 5, 1922, covering the entire subject matter, and I ask to ha\e clusion and remain there as permanent occupants, or, if not it printed as a part of my speech at the· close of my remarks. permanently, then for a time indefinite, a time the end of which I think all the facts I have stated will be borne out by that we can not now foresee. If that be true, Mr. 'President in the statement. name of modern civilization, let us give them a civil form -of Mr. McCORMICK. The statement to which the Senator from government. Let us take away the military authority and the Idaho refers, of course, has been read to the committee and is military dominancy, which strikes down any citizen of those in the bearings of the committee. islands who undertakes to criticize the acts of the officers and l\Ir. BORAH. I am not trying to educate th.e committee. I give them a civil form of government under which they' may am merely trying to put in the RECORD substantiation of what I enjoy the rights of citizens in a free country and develop the have said, and I think I ought to do that. spirit and the character of self-reliant, ind-ependent citizens, The PRESIDING OFFICER (l\1r. l\!cNARY in the chair). who may at some time be capable of governing themselves. ·• Without objection, the communication referred to will be printed And then let us make haste to get out and restore them their in the RECORD. rights, their property, their independence. Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, we have not discussed Santo Mr. STERLING. Mr. President, will the Senator permit me Domingo to-day, and it is now too late to enter upon such a dis­ fo interrupt him? cussion; but I wish to say just a word in regard to Santo Do­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Idaho mingo, and especially with regard to the loan which we propose yield to the Senator from South Dakota? to make for Santo Domingo. As I understand, we earlier made Mr. BORAH. I yield. a loan of $2,500,000. That was turned over to the banks at 96}, l\Ir. STERLING. The Senator refers to our givinoo them a and the banks were paid $75,000 extra for negotiating the loan. civil form of government. Row will we go about oofng that· The loan draws interest, if I remember correctly, at 6-! per cent. how will we impose a form of civil government upon the Sant~ I have before me the prospectus as issued by Lee, Higginson Dominicans? fx, Co. ; Brown Bros. & Co., who were very active in Nicaragua Mr. BORAH. I think we can establish such a form. and, doubtless, their experience there increased their appetite Mr. STERLING. I do not know whether we ca.n or not. for something more of the same kind ; Dillon, Read & Co. ; and We hold the under altogether different conditions. Alex. Brown & Sons. The prospectus reads: Our interest in Santo Domingo or Haiti is not the same. It is not a pnrallel case nt all. NEW ISSUE. l\Ir. BORAH. In other words, Mr. President, if it be deemed Acting under authority of the United States Government the military government of Santo Domingo issues on be-half of the Dominican Repub­ impossible to establish for those people and maintain a civil lic $6,700,000- form of government, either through cooperation with them or Tell me under what authority the military government of through counsel in advance, we come to the only alternative-­ Santo Domingo can issue a loan binding the people of Santo that of ruling them indefinitely under a military form of gov­ Domingo? We have no treaty with Santo Domingo authorizing ernment. Does any Senator suppose that they will ever be any us to do anything of the kind. It is an act of arbitrary and more fit for self-government than they are to-day if we stay brutal authority upon the part of the military occupancy of there under a military form of government even for 50 or 100 Santo Domingo. ~ years? Twenty-year customs administration 5i per cent sinking fund gold l\Ir. STERLING. We are there for the preservation of order bonds, repayable at maturity at 101 and interest. Dated March 1 1922 a~d for the maintenance of peace at the present tilne, and they Due March 1, 1942. The issue of these bonds has received the e.pprovai of the United States Government required by the terms of the Amel'ican­ win never establish an orderly government unless peace is Dominican convention of 1907. maintained. There is no Dominican convention of 1907 which authorizes any such thing. There is a Dominican convention, but it does .APPENDIX. SecretaiL'erie d"Etnt des Relation. Erterieures-Documents Diplo­ not authorize any such action as this upon the part of this matiques. Government. Selon Ia demande de l'Ambai:>sadeur des Etats-Unis d'Amerique en Interest March 1 and September 1. Coupon bonds in denominations cette r~ idence, le Secretaire d'Etat des Relations Exterieures tui re­ of $1.000 and . 500. Registerable as to principal only. tourne inclus la lettre du 4 Avril 1922 adressee a. Son Excellence le Security: The military government of Santo Domlngo- President de la Republique au sujet de la question d'Empront. 1\Iark you, Mr. President, " the military government of .Santo La dlte lettre est remplacee par celle plus explicative du 15 Avril Domingo"- adress~e au Secreta.ire d"Etat des Relations Exterieures. PORT AU PRINCil, le 15 Avril 1922. guarantees the acceptance and validation of thi.'3 bond Issue by any Government of the Dominican Republic as a legal binding and irrevo­ cabl.e obligat~on of tb~ Dominican Republic, and further' agrees that LEGATION" OF THE UNITED STATES OF AM"ERICA durmg the hfe of this loan customs duties will be collected by an No. 1. Port au Prinoe, Haiti, April 15,' :mf!. official appointed. by the President of the United States and that the Mr. MINISTER: I have the honor to refer to the memorandum o! loan now authorized shall have a direct lien on these customs reve­ your -excellency, datro December 30. 1921, and to your excellency's nues. Fot· the past 14t years the annual average customs revenues note of January 31, 1922. .My Gove1·nment has noted your excellency's have amounted to over twice present interest and fixed sinking fund statement that the Haitian Government believt-s that in point of iaw charges. the protocol -of October 3, 1919, has lapsed, but that the difficulty re­ These bonds will become a first charge upon customs revenues (subject garding the time limit mentioned in the protocol may be overcome by only to the expenses of their collection) after the retirement not later a cl!luse _inserted in the loan law, and your excellency·s further sug­ than 1929, of the loans of 1908 and 1918, of which there' were out- gestion, lll paragraph 9 of your memorandum of Decomb~r 30, 1921, 8v66 CONGPESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. JUNE 19, that provi ions should be inserted in the loan law regarding the con­ " 2. The executive power is hereby authorized to contract a loan to version of the bonds of the two remaining French loans. the amount of $40,000,000 payable in or within 30 years from the I am instructed to say that my Government, while still regarding dates of issue. the protocol as being valid, and in full force and effect, is nevertheless " 3. Said loan may be issued in series. on ucb terms, in such willing that the difficulties which have arisen should be overcome by a amounts, at such rates of intere t, and with such provisions for sink­ supplementary understanding between the two Governments. It feels, ing funds and for redemption o! bonds as may be agreed upon by the however, that the loan law should only embody the provisions neces­ minister of iinance (or such other officer as should properly be named), sary to confirm the authority of the Haitian executive power to con­ in accord with the financial adviser. tract the loan; and that the other que tions affecting the validity of " 4. Until such loan is paid in full the payment of interest therf'on the protocol, the method of issuing the proposed loan, and the disposi­ and the amortization thereof shall constitute a fir t cha1·ge on all the tion of the proceeds thereof, should be settled by an exchange of notes internal revenue of the Republic, and a second charge on the customs between the two Governments. revenue of the Republic next in order until the expil·ation of the To put into effect, thC'rdore, the proposal of my Government that treaty o! September 16, 1915, after payment of salarie , allowances, the··e matters be dealt with by an exchange of notes, I am in tructed and expenses of the general receh·er and the financial adviser and their to inform the Government of your excellency in this manner that asRistants appointed in accordance with aid treaty. inasmuch as unde1· the provisions of the protocol of October 3, 1919, 5. The control of the collection and allocation of uch hypothecated between the nited States anc1 Haiti, and to carry out the purposes for revenue, after the expiration of said treaty and until aid loan is paid which the protocol was made, the Republic o! Haiti agref>d to 5ssne in full, shall continue to be vested in an officer or officer appointed by not later than two years after the date of the signature of the protocol the President of Haiti on nomination by the Pre ident of the United a national loan of $-10 ,000,000 gold, payable in 30 years, and Inas­ States, as provided in the protocol above referred to. much as the Republic of Haiti h as not a s yet issued any part of said With regard to the suggestion contained in your excellency' note loan, although said pei-iod of two years has expired, the Government of January 31, 1922, which I had the honor to tran mit by telegraph of the United States will a~ree to an extension of the period provided to my Government. to the efft'ct that in its note of D ceml)er 30 la t, in the protocol for the flotation of the loan, provided that the the Haitian Government demonstrated that without new taxes the agreement assumed in the protocol shall be carried out within a rea­ loan offers suhmittcd by ~I essr . Lee, lliggin on & Co., if accepted, sonable time. would cauRe t he Haitian Government to be confronted by an annual I am further instructed to state that the Government of the nited deficit o! 1,000,000, I am instructed by my Government to state that States will consider that the provisions of the protocol are fulfilled if it continues, as at all times in the past willin~ to assist the Haitian the bonds of the loan shall be issued in serfrs, the amount of each Government in the matter of drafting laws imposing new taxes and series, the terms on which it is to be sold, the rate of intere t, the in the matter of improving the collection of taxe under existing laws. terms of the sinking fund applicable thereto, and the provisions as to In this connection, I am instructed to ugogest to your excellency the when and bow said bonds shall be redeemed all to be fixed by the desirability of the immediate consideration and early enactment by it IIaitian Government in accord with the financial adviser. of the internal revenue law draftf'd' with the as istance of American I am further instructr d to state that it is the under tancling of the experts and submitted to your excellency's Government considerably Government of the nited States that the proceeds of said bonds. ns ovPr thtee years ago after full discussion between officials of the two well as the bonds th msclves, may be used for payment of obligations Government!". mentionE.:': :in articles 3 and 7 in said protocol, and that the res­ With reference to the request made by your excellency in your note ervation of bonds for the two-year period for conve:raion, refeITed to in above mentioned of January 31, 1922, that thi Government lend Its said article 7, is applicable only to such of the bonds as are allo­ good offices to the Haitian Government to obtain certain improvements cated to the purpose of conversion and does not preclude the imme­ in the conditions of the loan, I am in h·ucted by my Govnnment to diate use of bond or the proceeds of bonds not so allocated for other inform your excellency that as soon as its reque ts, repeate pre ent negotiations, to trnnsmit to th<' financial Finally, I am instructed to s_a:y that my Gover1:1ment considers that adviser of Haiti, temporarily in Washington, the neces ary full powprs the internal funded debt of Ila1ti, as represented m the bond issues of from the Haitian Government has been complied with, the nt 1!)12 1913 and 1914, A, B, and C, do not come within the provisions will be very glad, as heretofore, to continue to give it:s assistance aJl(l of the protocol as " pecuniary claims," but are liquidated debts, and counsel to the financial adviser in the formal negotiationR he wo;, hl that it would, therefore, be prol_)er ~or th~ Ilait~an G;overnment to .re­ then be enabled to undertake in behalf of your excellPncy's GovPrnnwnt. deem these bond issues or to mamt!llll their service without subm1ss10n and your excellency may rest assured that the financial adviser, with to the claims commi:-sion. the full cooperation of the Department of 8tatf>, will endeavor to ohtrin As soon as the GovPrnment of your excellency will inrlicate to my whatever improvements in terms may be possible from the hankers for Government that it is prepared to proceed with the obligations as umed whosf> proposalR wa · expressed by the Haitian Government in its by it under the protocol, and especially to fulfill its obligation as memorandum of December 30 last. to a bond issue in pursuance of the waiver by my Govf'rnment con­ Be pleased to accept, Mr. Minister, the assurance of my high c·on­ tained in this note of the time lim1t mentioned in thf> protocol, which sideration. expired on October 3, 1921, for the is ~ uance of the stipulated bonds by JOHN II. Ru SELL, the Haitian Government, my Government would be gratified to receive Amel'icau High Commissione>'. a reply to my note stating that the Government o! Haiti bas noted His Excellency Mr. J. BARA'G, that the Government of the United States. provided the loan is i sued Minister of Foreign Affairs, Port au PrincP. within a reasonable time, waives t!J.e . tipul~tion of the pr~tocol est~b ; Jishing a period of two y('ars w1tbm wh1~h th~ Republic of H ~u tI Mr. l\fcCORMICK. i\Ir. Presitlent, the report of the com­ should have performed tl:~ e agreement ~ade m article 6 of the i>rotocol mittee dealing with the occupation of Haiti has been prepared of October 3, 1919, to 1 sue the .nationa~ loan of $40,qoo,ooo; that the Government of Haiti take~ this occasion to confi!.·m. its agreem~nt for some time, awaiting the leisure of one of the member. of to issue a loan of that amount, a nd to state t)rnt it is lD accor~ with the committee until he might read it and join the other mem­ the suggestions of the Government of the 1Jn1ted States made 1,n the note under reply, namely, that the bonds of the loan ~hal~ b~ issued ber in signing it. An examination of that report when it ;s in series, the amount of each series, the term~ oi:i which it 1s ~o be published will disclose the achievement and the failure of the old the rate of interest, the term of the srnkm~ funrl. applicable American intervention as far as the committee wa able to thereto and the provisions as to when and how said bontls 1hall be red~ emPd all to be fixed by the Haitian Governmf>nt: .in 'cord with determine each. t he financial adviRer. and that the Gove.rnment of Ha~t1 f1a·tber state;; I do not join my friend from Idaho [Mr. BORAH] in the view that the understanding of the Government o~ the U_n1ted States a to that a policy · which holds good for tbe Antilles necessarily the use of the bonds or the proceeds thereof. 1~ also m accordance with thP understanding of the Government of Haiti. • holds good for Central America, or that a policy which holds I am instructed further to state that it would appear that the secre­ good for Cuba has no application in Haiti. We intervened in tary of tate for finance of Haiti should J'.!OW p.ominate a member of the Cuba because, in the judgment of the people and the Govern­ claims commi~sion, to be foJlowed by nonunations of two other meml_lers of the commis ion, one each by the Secretary of State of the Umted ment of the United States, there wa in the island a condition States and the financial adviser of Haiti, and tbe three membe1·s so to us intolerable in a country o close to our shores. We in­ nominated to be appointed by the Government of Haiti, as agreed up?n tervened in Cuba, not once but twice, by force of arm . To-day in the protocol. In this rt'lation my Government desires to be rn­ formed a to the applicable Jaws of Haiti upon the question of whether we are intervening in Cuba as effectively, as unqualifiedly, as it is necessary for the Haitian legislature to enact legislation providing if the representative of the United s ·tates in Habana were fo1· the constitution of the commission, the payment of salaries to its supported by a brigade of Infantry. - The Cuban cabinet bas n'rmbe1·s and other pertinent matters, or whether such matters could resigned, the uban budget has been revised, the Cuban civil be "!Palt 'with by the executive alone. \\·ith reoard, to the outline of your excellency's memorandum ot service is being reorganized, at the instance and under tbe Dc:·ember go, 19:ll, of the suggested law authorizing the loan, I am pres ure of the representative of the Government of the United Jn-;tructed by my Government to state that it is unable to agree to States, because legally '\.Ye have certain rights to intervene thiH outline in so far as it departs from the provisions already agreed up·m between the two Governments, as embodied in the protocol. My under the Platt amendment, and because since the time of our Government considers that. by virtue of the last sentence of Article X intervention in Cuba it has been the policy of the GoYernment of the protocol, the Republic of Haiti bas obligated itself to enact a law of the United States to assure the ·olvency and stability of strictly following the provisions of the protocol. I am instructed to say, however, that my Gove~nment avails itse,U: with much pleasure republican governments in the Antilles. of the suggestion contained ID your excellency s note of January 31, We intervened in another sense in the Virgin Islands. We 191~. to make known the provisions that it considers it would be purchased them outright. · Our intervention in the Dominican proper to carry in the law authorizing the loan. I therefore have the honor to submit the following draft of a loan law to take the place of Republic is an old story. Let it be noted that preci. ely as, t he outlines of a law suggested in the Haitian memorandum of Decem­ after the administration of Governor Magoon-and it wa , in ber :.rn. last : effect, a military administration-we withdrew, o to-day the " Whereas in order to carry out the purposes of the treaty between representatives of the Dominican people are in Washington th" United States and Haiti of September 16, 1915, as extended by tne additional act between the United States and Haiti o! March 28, 1917, negotiating for the withdrawal of the American forces after a protocol was concluded between the two Governments on October 3, the validation by the Dominican Congres of the acts of the 191!): and intervening Government. · "Whereas certain modifications in this protocol were agreed to in an I think that any examination of the Dominican debt will di - exchange of notes between the two Governments; and •· Whereas it is now necessary to authorize the executive power to close that whatever may have been borrowed by the m ilitary contract the loan provided for in the protocol as thus modified: Be it government, the net debt of the Dominican Republic i ~ome enacted as follows : five millions less to-day than it was at the begiuniug of the in­ " 1. The provisions o:f said protocol, modified as above, are adopted .as laws of the Republic. tervention, and thi de pite the expenditure of very nearly ten / 1922. CONGRESSI01 AL RECORD-SENATE. 8967

millions on public works, th multiplication of sehool build­ You can not undo in a day that which has been doing for ings, and the enrollment of five timeS' as many school children years. The first step toward the establishment of that civil as were enrolled before the interventfon. government !or which the Senator from Idaho1 sl>e-aiks was taken Even those who oppose the refunding of the Haitian debt when our responsibility was vested in a single officer o:f the concede, I assume, the measure in which it has been reduced United States in Haiti. The withdrawal oi! the armed forces under the occupation. What some of them, at Ieast, have not can not be immediate. The reduction, which must be gradual, seen is the true history of Haiti, which dul'ing its exi tence as has b en begun. Concentration of those forces in one or- two an independent State has made no politi.cal progress, and which, principal centers must r>recede the entire abrogation of the au­ relatively to its neighbors, has suffered an economic degen­ thoiity of the provost courts. eTation. The administration of justice must be retormed. .A. state of During the course of the debate allusion has ~en made to the afl'airs which has continued for half a dozen years can not be fact that not more than ~ per cent of the population are literate. stopped in six month~. That would be revolution in itself. Wbat I think the debate ha not brought out is the true char­ GradnaJly, progressively, the military authority in Haiti: can acter of Haitian society, of the Haitian people, living in a be limited and t!he number of m~rines reduced until at the- end country from which very nearly all wst:iges of public imp¥ove­ of 18- months or two years civil authority will be supreme, and ments, roads, irrigation works, towns. and villages have disap­ the Haitian Go emment, with the assistanee o:tl half a dozen peared, a country in which during the old days the travel.er American officers, may make a fair adventure toward the inde­ could hardly find a trail pas able for pack animals. If in the pendent maintenance of peace and order, unaided by the arm d capital he met men and women of charm and culture, in the in­ forces of the Umted States. terior he might meet otheFs outside of their little huts very Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, I believe that the question in­ nearly as naked as the inhabitants of tropical Africa. volved in this amendment pFesents a good many difficulties. .\t the time o:f the overthrow of the French Government in As to what we ought to do I concede is a question of a great deal 180-1 then" were no Haitians trained in publi administrati-On. o:f doubt. I do not tbink the policy we have> pursued has been In organizing and maintaining a government th~ Haitian people­ fair or open-handed. While I think of it, some time ago a dele­ were confronted with an impo sible task; and. af.l a result, gation of di tinguished gentlemen deHve"Fed an address to the through the years revolution ..,ucceeded revolution, public works Secretary of State on this question, couched in very dignified • decayed, the roads vanished', and agrieulh1re disappeared. and polite Icmgua·ge, based entirely, as they claim in the address, FinaUy, during the decnd before American intervention, eight upon official information and testimony ; and I confess that at rre..;idents held office. although each was cllosen for a term o.f th time it was presented I was shocked at the way this delega­ sef'en years. tion was treated by the Seeretary of State, and by the abrupt I think no candid student of th record. w)latner hi:, bias manner in \\hich he brushed them aside and gave practically might be, would qualify the statement that pres· ure wa exer­ no co11Bideration to their argum.ents. ci:ed by American officers in the electi-011 of President an{'l in Whether they were wrong o:r wb-ether they were right, I can the ratification of the treaty precisely a pre surn wa · ex r­ npt ee how anyone can read this address with-out being im­ cised in Cuba to compel the acceptance of the Platt amendment; pre:-i:- d with its fairne s, from the point of view of those pre­ bnt it is true that since the ratification of the treaty with Haiti senting it, and the courteous way in which it was presented, three-quarters or more of the country and four-fifths of tlle and I now ask unanimous consent to print in the REconn, as an population has known peace for six years and more. The out­ append~x to my remarks, this address delivered to the Sec1·e­ break between l\lail:isade and Hinche touch d the life of not tary of State on the 27th day o:f April, 1922, together with the more than a fifth of the peopfe--covered an area of not mor names of the persons comprising the delegation at the time it than a quarter of the country. was pre sen tecl. l\Ir. KL"'\'G. W~1 the Senator yield? Tbe PRE.'IDL"'\'"G OFFICER. Is th.ere objection? The Chair Tlle PRESIDING OFFICJill.t (Mr. McNARY in the- ch ir). hear none. and it is so ordered. Does the S{>nator from Illinoi yield to the Sen tor from l'"l'ah? ( ::5ee Appendix A.) l\Ir. .i.:lcCORMICK. Certainly. i\lr. NORRI.'. I d 'lire al8o to have printed as an appendix l\lr. KING. I wa interested in the statement ju. t made by to my remarks. with-0ut reading, an article entitled "The Sig­ the Senator about the six years and a half of pence. I think nificance of the American Occupnti-0n of Haiti," by Judson King, the record will support the statement that more II itians were executive secretary of the Nati-0nal Popular Government League. killed in 1919 than there were under Haitian rule for the pre-­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection? The Chair ceiling 10 or 15 years. It has be€'n stated in the record, and a , hear._ none, and it is so ordered. number of persons have indicated, that the number of Haitians (See Appendix: B.) kiJled since the occupation was between 2,250 and 3.500. In l\Ir. NORRIS. There is one aspeet of this question which it 1919 the record seems to indicate that there were perhaps be­ seems to me ha not receivE>d the con ideration it ought to re-­ tween 1,500 and 2,000 killed; so that if we have brought peace ceh·e at the hands of the committee, of the Congress, or of any we lla"Ve also brought war and the sword and the killing of a of the representatives of the American people. It is not alone large number o.f Haitian . what we are doing in Haiti or Santo Domingo or Nicaragua, l\Ir. l\fcCORl\IICK. l\Ir. Presideut. I rlo not beli ve thnt any­ but I think we ought to take a broad enough vie·w of the field one who has attemptee has been organized, increa ingJ.y officered by native thought to be prejudiced, to be moved by an idea of conquest Haitian ; that the reYenues have been effecti"Vely collected at in Central American countries and in Ilaiti and Santo Domingo. the customhouses; that arrears of amortization and of interest We put our .A.rmy into Nicaragua, for instance, changed their ha Ye been paid~ that the debt held in France has been reduced Government officials entirely by the force of arms, established by a third. Wherein we have failed is that until a short'time a Gornrnment contrary to the ·wishes of the people of that ago we did not centralize the re ponsibility of the United States country, and then proceeded to make an agreement with our­ under the treaty, and so make ready early, as the Senator from selves by which we eould say that we had the consent of that Idaho [Me. BORAH] has pointed out, to establish a civil adminis­ Government to continue in oar occupation of the country. It tration. seems to me we have done practically the same thing in Haiti. This report to which I have referred, and which has awaited If we admit, for the sake of the argument, tba:t somebody the signature of one of the members of the committeey holds ought to go into Haiti and that something ought to be done that it is not in consonance with oar avowed purpose to main­ there, we should at least be fair with the world and make a tnin the prornst courts. to try Haitians under military law, even statement of our intentions before we do anything. 'Ve should for the two offenses for which they are tried in the provo t not take a step until the law-making power of the conntry­ courts-nttacking; the armed forces in the country or inciting Congress-bas, after due deliberation and consid·eration, passed to insurrec1.ion through the press. upon the policy and authoriZ"ed the Executive to carry it out. 8968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JUNE 19;

These invasions of foreign territory have taken place without expect the Haitians to grow up in a patriotic desire to be of the question ever having been submitted to the American people; service to their country and to be honest in busine s, in poli­ have taken place without the matter ever having been decided tics, in government, when our own Government, right at the by the Congress of the United State ; have taken place simply very threshold of our interference, resorts to trick that no because the executive authority desired to have it done. Both man can defend on the theory of honesty or honor? What kind political parties have been guilty of the same course, so it is of precedent are we establishing for those people when we re­ not a partisan question under any circumstances. It should sort to this coercive method, this method in reality of force, not be, of course, under any conditions. to compel them to change their laws without their consent? This policy has brought the Government of the United States Having brought about the change, we take the next step to into disrepute with many of the nations of the world, and they make our control permanent. We get our financie1·s interested. look with suspicion upon our intentions. Why have we practiced We get the almighty dollar involved in it, and then we know a procedure in Haiti which would be a disgrace for Tammany that our Army and our Navy must, if worst comes to worst, or any other political organization to pur ue in a county, be the guaranty of the men who have loaned their money. municipal, or township election? The evidence stands undis­ The record shows that the P1·esident appointed l\Ir. Mc­ puted that our Secretary of the Navy sent a telegram outlining Ilhenny ..as the financial adviser of the Haitian Government, a policy to be pursued in Haiti which, reduced to the real mean· not because the Haitian Government wante

any possible misunder tanding. We have not done it at any that the Civil Service Commission got into an awful quar1·e1 1 step. and that they were having all kinds of trouble. There were We say, of course, that we are only there temporarily, and two Democrats· and one Republican. l\Ir. Mcllhenny, o it was yet we are doing things in the way of issuing bonds and getting claimed. by the other members of the commission, in isted on up schemes of taxation which leaYe those people practically making the Civil Service Commission a political attachment of under the subjection of the Government of the United States government. The other two members, one Democrat and one without limit. Purchasers are inuuced to buy bonds on the Republican, disagreed with him and outvoted him. They had theory that the Government of the United States is going to a quarrel. It will be remembered there was a great deal of control the Go\ernment there at least during the life of the attention given to it at that time by the country. The thing was bonds which are offered for sale. · blocked. They could not get anywhere with l\Ir. Mcllhenny, When the Secretary of the Navy, in a confidential COIJlmuni­ who was president of the commission and who did his best cation to one of the admirals of the ~avy, tells him that he to dominate the commi sion. must get the President and the Cabinet together ; that he must Something had to be done. I do not know just why it was. tell them that we are going to coerce them into changing their The Senator from Washington [l\lr. PoINDE.-X:TER] suggests to constitution and making a treaty, not becau e they want the me that it finally got where the ~resident had to discharge all change in the constitution, not because they want to enter into of them. He did not have to do so, but he did. He decided that that kin

passed by floor after floor until the wants of the president of imperialists in every age." They are the excuses by which 'King Leo­ pold, of Belgium, sought to cloak bis atrocities and plunder of the Congo ; that great commission were satisfied. Does anyone think that by which England explains her rape of Egypt and India ; of France in kind of man is a pretty good fellow to deal with the ignorant Morocco ; of Germany in west Africa ; Japan of Korea, and so on, and Haitians? Is that a qualification that would fit him for the it is a sad day when the Government of the United States resorts to position in which he was 'finally placed? that kind of hypocrisy. But, Mr. President, the great sin of it all is that when we THE CONCOMITANTS OF MILITARY CONQUEST ARE PRESENT. Whenever a great nation attempts the subjugation of a weaker people pile these political appointments up on these innocent people atrocities follow as a matter of course. This is the world's history. It we make them pay. They must toil and work and raise the is proving true of America as of other nations. The official record of taxes and defray the expenses of our mistakes, and to pay our the bearings of the spf'cial committee to investigate the occupation and administration of Haiti and Santo Domingo discloses that there have political debts, to take care of our dirty linen, politically speak­ been committed not only the ordinary crimes of political despotism, ing, of course. This is our policy in Haiti. As a citizen of the such as the control of executive officials, lawmaking bodies and courts, United States, I feel ashamed of it. When we stand out before denial of free speech, free press, and free assembly, the seizure of funds and control of eustoms collections, but, sadly enough, those historic the world as one of the leading nations of civilization and take barbarities which in this age are a disgrace to any civilized nation, a

1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE . 8971

Indianapolis, Ind., on March 26 last, as reported in the Indlanapoli>: nn immediate return to the principles of law and jm;;tic<'. accomp:i.nied Star of the 27th, said : by the most emphatic and concrete acts of friendship and of repara­ " Much of the trouble with the marines in Haiti which bas led to tion on the part of this Government, can restore thP r <> gard in which unfavorable reports bas been due to a lack of prohibition in the country. we were once held. Representatives of the workers have always made There is no prohibition. You can buy enough rum there for 1 cent to it clear that they think as soon as the American peop le understand set you crazy." . . . f they will repudiate their Government's action and demand that the Dr. Carl Kelsey, also a defender of the occupation, ID his repor~ o good name of the United States be cleared. the American intervention;... published in the Annals of the A..mencan Not only in Haiti, but throughout the Caribbean and South America Academy of Political and i:social Science, says (p. 142) : . . we have become known as "The American Colossus," and suspicion of " Unfortunately drunkenness was not. unk?own o~ the part of b1J1h us has now become magnified by our actions in Haiti and Santo Do­ officials (of the Marine Corp ) and ~en· wives! while 19cal. standa_ro,'. mingo, as well as in Nicaragua, Cuba, and elsewhere. were shocked by the sight of women m automobiles smokmg m pubhc. RACE PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES. VIOLATIOXS OB' WOl'tIEX. The race question is sufficiently acute in the United States as to we forbear to go into the sho~king accounts of viol~tions of womeu cause our Government to hesitate at any act which will accentuate it and young girls, although there is at our command evidences o~ man) Yet it is undeniable that the colorert people throughout the United cases of rape and violation ; nor do we care here to emphasize tht' States are fully aware of what bas happened in Haiti and rPsent it pr~valence of and danger from venereal disease, and. the f~ct that ma.ny because they are of the opinion, as shown by their newspapers and return infected with tropical fevers and other tropical diseases. i-peakers, that our Government would not, in this day of civilization WHY THESE ATROCITIES ARE NOTED HERE. practice such tyra.nny, oppres ion, and physical atrocities upon a white population. Official protests by the National Association of Colored The foregoing atrocities, which could be multiplie~ ma~y tim~s, ar, set forth here to emphasize the fact that the Umted States is ,n ot People, made to you in 1920 hy this organization after an investigation immune from the results universally incidental to the larger _crime of the occupation, clearly reflect this rapidly mounting sentiment. of deliberate military conquest. They are t~e natuTa~ .concom1tan.ts BAD FOR LEGITHUTE COMMERCE. of such action as our Government has taken ID the Haitian Repubhc. In recent years our Government has made heroic efforts and spent and the responsibility. for· them, shocking a~ they may b~ to om sen~, much mouey to increase our legitimate commerce with the South Ameri­ of humanity and pubhc decency, must be laid at th~ door of .t?ose Pl.1· can countries, which is now at a very low ebb. Friendly sentiment maril responsible for the violation of. the Repubhc of ~a1ti. I~ I . l>etween peoples ts a powerful factor in successful commerdal rela­ idle t~ protest that they were done agamst orders and by 1rrespons1!Jl< ~ ions. To allay fear and build friendship was the declared purpose of individuals. The evil results remain to stain the h~nor of . America the South American tour of Secretary of State Root in 1906 and of and to arouse su picion against us throughout all Latm Amenca. :Secretary Colby since the war. From this point of view our invasion <}f Haiti and Santo Domingo is one of inconceivable stupidity and NOT AN ATTACK UPON NAVY OR MARINES. well-nigh irreparable loss. Hon. Horace G. Knowles, who has also been This is not to be considered or interpreted as an attack upon the Oniteu State Minister to Bolivia as well as to Santo Domingo and is American Navy or Marines. Military oilicers ser•e under ordeys fr~nn thoroughly COnVt'rsant with the Situation, in diSCURSing tht> effect o! the civil government· and when any government orders the su~Jugat1on the circulation of Fombona·s pamphlet, " In the Clutch of the Eagle's of a liberty-loving and :patriotic peoi;>le, a s it mu t be a~:n1tted th· Claws." and similar documents, says in a letter: Haitians are, resistance is bound to follow, 3:nd. the offic~ns forced to "Before the wat· our commercial competitors were able to create in adopt means to end. Without doubt the maJonty of our officers and he mintls of Latin Am0ricans merely a bugaboo, but which was suffi­ men are of too high character to violate their own honor and th ~ dent to cause these peoples to form a prejudice against the United humanitarianism of this age by such deed.s as aboye related. Wat ~t ates and buy only those things from us they could not obtain else­ however relea es the instincts of cruelty mhe~ent ID some men ann lions. Just rPcently th~re arr~ved trengthen the United Rtates." from Nicara~ua '>4 marines-young men sentenced to the penitentiary The Haitian people are now organizing a boycott against all Ameri­ in terms of from'" 8 to 40 years for various offenses. Undoubt.edly they ·an-ma1le gootls-a voluntary boycott against which our officials will were guilty, but the larger questi9n :ir~ses, 'YhY were they in Nicaragua'! be powerlu;s-antl are taking steps to get their imports from non­ Was it in pursuance of an impenahshc pohcy? AmeriC'an OlJrces. The arrival r ecently of a European mt>rc bant ship BRIEF FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE U"N"ITEO STATES XOT FOR HAITIANS. J. t Port au Prince was made a gala occa ion. It waR met by an official This is a brief for the people of the United States and not for the l'OmmittPe of welcome, h t;> aded by a high official of Haiti. Abundant testimony can be produced to verify th <~ Re RtatPments. people of Haiti. That the great majority of Haitians ~r~ .a b.ackward The re ult is that honeRt, legitimate commerce with the whole of South and primitive people, aR judged by onr standards of cn·.11Izat10n, a;1-1d .\merica, pursued accorcling to the lawful rights of free p i>o plPs , is being that they have bad frequent revolutions-in common with all Lahn­ j<'opardized. grf'atly hampered by the hatreds anrt fears growing out Ame1·ican countries-was a matter of common knowledge. long ago. of our impprialistic policy. This pollcy reacts, as we ;;hall see later, These facts give no. valid grounds for om· unwarranted action. only to the benefit of a small numbe1· of 11 developmPnt" and 11 ex­ THEY OWE US ::-!OTHING. ploiting" interests, bent on "quick returns," and who, if their "in­ It should be noted, however, that an appreciable perce.ntage of the tprest;; are properly safrguarded" by our Governm0nt, <'xpect profits population are men and women of fine culture and education. It. must "far in excer;:;: of 10 per cent" on their capital. (Hearings, p. 757; not be for..,.otten that they were solvent and had set·upulously p~1cl the 1 estimony of l\Ir. Forrest.)" intel'est o.Jl the public debt, and that in all of the much.-complamed-9f Ot;R lXTERNATIONAL l~B'LUEl\CE CO~IPROMlSEO . revolutions not a single American citizen had lost bis llfe or had hlS Another result of this action is to compromise us as an influence property molested. · n mainta ining just international relations that remove the causes I!\ISPIREO REVOLUTIONS. of war, and particularly in protecting the rights of small nations. And in speakin"' of revolutions it is pertinent to take note of the In what position have been or are American statesmen and diplomats testimony of Rev~ L. Ton Evans that revolutions in Haiti were f1·e­ to mention " Kor+>a." " Shantung," or " Siberia '' to Japan, when she quently fomented by foreigners. It would appear that not all of them can reply " Haiti and Santo Domingo." England's black and taus in hacl been due to the "savagery and brutality" of the liai~ian , but to Treland or her forces in India anc.l Egypt, or the troops of France the plots of exploiters from civilized wbite nations, includrng our own. nnd ..,pain in North Africa. have committed no grPater atrocitif's than A.t page 156 of the bearings occurs tbe following: ou·r own in Haiti. State Department officials advise press eo1Trspond­ "The CHAIR:\IAX . l\Ir. Evans, are th<:se foreigners who foment revolu­ <.'nts to the effect that they are satisfif'd political soverf'i~nty will not tions accustomed to make monetary advances to revolutionary generals 1e restored to Haiti for years to come. In the meantime monarchical at usurious i;ates? 13ritaiu has grantee.I the Irish free state and partial self-government "Mr. EVANS. Yes, sir; most decidedly. to Egypt . "The CH.un~rA!ll . Selling arms? WHO WANTS IT? " l\lr. EVA~S. That is so. Why, then, are we in Haiti? Increasing thousands of American "Tbe CHAIB:.\IAN. In short, they have a direct profit in inciting citizens are asking this question. ~h e official answer that it was r evolutions? necessary to seize the Ilaitian ports at the time of the war to prevent "Mr. EvA:ss. Absolutely so, and in constantly fomenting political t heir occupation by Gel'man or French forces and to quell "disorder" disturbances. For instance, in August of 1911, when returning from does not explf1in our continued domination of the island. no1· the re­ the World·s Baptist Alliance, which I attended as Haiti's representative lentles severity by which our armed forces have put down the resist­ at Philadelphia, a German banker from Haiti sat next me at the table ance of the people to the destruction of their liberties. The po sible on the boat. In conversing about the recent revolution. of 1910 and occup:ition of Haitian ports by France, England, or Germany was not 1911 he said * * • that he actually knew more about them than threatC'rn d because of disorders in Haiti, but was an incifinite date 01· promise of with­ of New York, indicates the interests be represents have in view the t.lrnwal, bas been the creation of widespread hatred, suspicion, and seizing of lands that native Haitians held for over a century trndet· fear, always the forerunners of revolution, war, and international mis­ squatter rights without, therefore, the rights of Je :.::a l tit le dC'eds, 1.mt understanding. immune, under the old constitution, to foreign ownership. These in- The people of Haiti and Santo Domingo, with the exception of a few terests urged a ruodern survey of the isl:1nd by thP occnpntion in whom the great mass consider traitors to their country, now bate and order to establish definite title deeds. and it appears t hat far ove.r despise everything connected with the .d...merican Government, and only 1 200,000 acres of valuable lands have already been grnul>ed. The m- 8972 CONGRESSION.._i\L RECORD-SENATE. JUNE 19,

habitants are at the mercy ot devotees o! commercial penetration, I "U'here bas been ra lot of bunk about helping •the Tlnitlnns. I am who are counting on the absence of title deeds to warrant the whole· I not here to help the Haitians. l am here to make money out of Haiti sale sequestration of Haitian lands. , for myself and my i'riends. I am an expert in •discovering new 't<'rri­ torles for development for banks. It is true • • • I have helped ' "ASSURANCE IN WASHINGTON." I some Haitians, but I have helped them incidentally and for purely The Haitian-American Corporation ot New York is one crf the com­ selfish reasons." panies formed to "organize extensive plantations" in Haiti, build , Mr. Davis is "generally referred to as spokesman of the occupa· sugar mills etc. :Mr. H. M. Pilkington, technical expert, vice presi- 1 tion," nnd openly aspires to be named as American financial adviser to dent and manager of the America! Development Co., and formerly Haiti to succeed .Mr. Mcllhenny. technical expert to the Ilaitian-American Corporation, in his testi· Can any intelligent American citizen doubt tbat our treaties with mony, at page 790 of the hearings, says : Haiti and Santo Domingo would have remained inviolate and the oc~ "The original financing of the Ilaitian-American Corporatf.on was cupation never would ba.-ve occurred bad not certain powerful New brought about and put to ·the pubUc directly and definitely upon .as- 1 York and New England banking interests believed, as Mr. Davis says surance in Wn.shington by competent people and competent officials in his Pan Amei:ican article: that the treaty between the United States and Haiti was in fact to be " I believ6 that never in the history of the Americans has there a living thing. The lai:ge feature in the floating of the securities of existed an equally favorable opportunity for profitable investment by this company, all of which floating ca~e under my personal obser!a· properly equipped American organizations as that afforded by Haiti tion at the til!le, was predicated, one ~ght say, ~holly as. to secur1~y and Santo Domingo." upon the implied bona fides of the Umted States m carrymg out this treaty the basing of which was security for foreign capital." OUR FUTURJil POLTCY. Thls is an amazing statement. The question arises : By what a~tbor- ; The decision of our Government to be taken in the near future will tty does any official of this Government, outsiaE of Congress itself, affect the welfare and destiny of the people of the United States quite undertake to pledge the United Stateti in such a matter? as much as those of the people of Haiti. It will decide whether we Connections of a sinister charactei between persom connected with remain a democrelections in Haiti not later than July 1, 1922, for a constituent na­ Obviously this is a repetition of the old, old imperialistic trick of ac­ tional assembly, to 1be composod of one member for each existing com· complishing what diplomatists call a fait accompli, to be followed by mune, to convene said assembl) in meeting not. later than August 1, the claim that we can not relinquish our control because our national 1922 ; and to vest the said assemblJ with the functions and powers of interests are at stake. framing and adopting a ne-. con titutior fo1 Haiti and of choosing LAllOR AT 20 CE!«TS A DAY. and installing In office a President and Government of Haiti. .Another action of our Government which bas favored the investment " 3. Within a period of six months afte1 the date •When the President interests and worked havoc with the people of Haiti-as described by of Haiti, chosen by said constituent assembly shall havl notified the Prof. Pierre Hudicourt, testifying in behalf of the Haitian de jure Government of the United States of the adoption o~ a constitution and goV"ernment-was the executive fia't b) which .Admiral Caperton, acting of the assumption of office b;- the said President, to withdraw all mili­ under orders from Washington set the exchange value of the Haitian tar:t and naval forces of the United States from the territory of the gourdes, nominally approximatmg1 the A-merican dollar, at five to one. Republic of Haiti and to cause to be restored to such reconstituted The 'Haitian monetary unit is depressed four-fifthE and labor is paid Haitian Government all functions anel' day has actually been Ret out in advertisements the United States." as an inducement to the puolic to buy stocks and securities of the newly organized Haitian investment companies, and the wage rate of PAN AMERICAN ACTION URGED ll'OR ll'UTURE. $1. 75 per day in Ouba is given in contrast. Such Haitian laborers as Finally we urge the necessity of taking immediate steps to establish can are leaving the island for fairer fields, unmindful of the procla­ a Pan .American Congress of at least the leading North a:nd 'onth mation (given on page 392 of the bearings) of the "benevolent, un­ American powers for the settlement of any differences or difficulties selfish, and helpful purposes " of the United States Government and that may arise in the future If it became necessary to maintain order the promise that if Haitians would cooperate "there will be plenty in some o! the weaker and more restless Republics. and especially i! of work with good wages for the country's peasantry and employment military intervention became necessary, let it be done, not by ourselves for the abilities and intelligence of the upper classes." The implica­ alone, a course which carries a"D assumption of our owu impeccable tions of this statement are unmistakab1e. superiority, but by joint action with our nejghboring Republics. In Here, then. is disclosed the <>nly class of American citizens who have this way, and -perhaps in this way only, can we demonstrate the Rinc

"If I should be. as I ful1Y expect to be, elected Presid~nt -0f this .NATIONAL CITY BANK LCU~. just and honorable Republic, I will not empower an A sistant Secretary "The proposition is ma.de ·to tbe Hanian Government tbat the Na­ of the Navy to draft a constitution for helpless neighbors in the West tional City Bank shall loan it $14,000,000, of whicll the Haitians would Indies and jam it down their throats at the point of bayonets borne by actually get $12,880,0QOh·for it is to be seld at 92, and they must pay United States marines. We have a higher service for our gallant n per cent interest on t e $14,000,000. marines than that. Nor will I misuse the po~r of th~ Executive to " Out of the $12,880,000 the railway intere ts represented by Vice cover with a veil of ecrecy !"f'pP.ated acts of unwarranted interferen:ce President Farnham, of the National City Bank of New York, are to get in tbe domestic affairs of tbe little Republics of the Western ~enns­ $1,621,500 immediately in payment ·tor a railway which the Haitians phere. such as in the last f PW years have not only made enemies of never bargained for. those who should be our friends but have rightfully discredited our " These interests did not live up to the terms of the bargain they country a thPir tru~ d neighbor." did make; they never followed the line laid down, but built three sec­ We "recall the f'lati. faction this expression of opinion gave to so tions in areas which they intended to exploit. many of the .American people at the time. They were only beginning to "The Americans who have invaded Haiti propose to pay off tbe apprehend the ruthle ne. a-nd &ignificance of our Haitian conquest French debt of $6,668,000, the $1,621,500 claimed by the railway inter­ whPn Mr. Harding denounced it in unmistakable terms. E'sts, and the $965,000 of Haitian internal debt. That leaves $1,564,800. ·wjtJ1 that declaration freBh in our memorie we can not allow our­ 'l'his sum, if the plans of the schemers ~o through. is to be devoted to Relves to question the probability of a prompt deci. ion to reverse our irrigation projects and roads, not for Ila.itians but for the immediate imperialistic policies in the West Indies, which ;in the speech we quote benefit of the American land-grabbers. were so justly condPmned. With the sentiment of that speech and the principles vitalizing it, every true .Ameri<'an must f:ympathize; and so FORCED TREATY. in behalf of the .Amerkan people we confidently solicit the restoration " By tlle most brutal and arbitrary methods these interests, working by tbe President to the little Republics of Haiti and Santo Domingo through the United States Government, bave forced a new treaty pro­ the sovereignty over their domestic affairs which our Go.ernment has viding complete control of my country's finances, control o.f the customs not only violated but i continuing to violate. collections, a receiver general-who is a carpetbagger from Louisiana­ Re8~ctfully submitted. Financial .Adviser Mc!lbenny, and all. The country is now in complete Robe1-t L. Owen, president, United States Senator from Okla­ vassalage. homa ; Wiliiam Kent, Kentfield, Calif., former Congress­ " The National City Bank, which bas gotten the banking monopoly o.t man and member Federal Tariff Commission ; Prof. Haiti, is empowered by this pernicious treaty to issue and fix the value E. A. Ross, Madison, professor of sociology, UnivP.,r ity of the people's money. The , which was worth $1 in of W'isconsin. ai1tbor of ·• South of Panama." " Wb1i.t is American money, Admiral Caperton has arbitrarily fixed at 20 cents. • .America," etc.; .Jack~on H. Ral.ton, Washington, at­ It means that the sugar and cotton and other interests there may pay torney, author ot. "International A.i·bitral Law and for their labor, which was $1.75 a day, but little more than 20 cents a ProcedurP " ; Louis F. Post, Washington, editor, author, dar.. That is the wage of labor there now. former .Assistant Secretary of Labor; .J. H. McGill, ' Our constitution provided against foreign exploitation by forbidding Valparaiso, Ind., president l\IcGill Manufacturing Co. · foreigners to own land in Haiti. Under the new treaty the way is per­ Dr. John A. Ryan, Wa hington, pl'ofessor induRtria1 fectly open for the sugar, the cotton, the mining, and other American E'thics, Catholic Univer ity ; A. M. Todd, Kalamazoo, interests to. go in and acquire Haitian territory. The grants of 1804 Mich. pre ident A. :I.I. Todd Co.: Frank Morrison, apportioned the land among tile patriots who achieved independencP. Washington, secretary .American Federation of Labor; The sugar people have decided to get this land surveyed, requiring the Charles Edwsru Russell, Washington, author " The production of title deeds. Most of it was acquired under squatter's Outlook for the Philippines,'' etc. ; William H. .John­ rights, fully sanctioned by the laws of Haiti, and the titles are not sion, Washington, aresident International .Association recorded. The American Legation at Port au Prince are aiding and of Machinists; Herbert Quick, Berkeley SpringR. W. Va., abetting the ugar interests in their purpose of ousting the Haitian E'ditor, author of "The Fairview Farm," etc. : Harry .A. people from their freeholds. Mr. Forrest said, in his recent testinlony, Slattery, Washington, former secretary National Con­ ' Our object is to get big returns, and we can not do this unless things servation Association; Dr. Delos F. Wilcox, Elmhurst, are done to make it possible.' N. Y. consulting franchise expert ; and .Judson King, "Neither Haiti nor Sant-0 Domingo has yet had its day in court at 1 Washington and before American public opinion. Their sitle has not execudve secretary. been heard. I am here to present to the Senate committee, headed by ..April 27, 1922, 637 MunsP.y Building, Washington, D. C. Senator McCORMICK, the friend of Mc!lhenny and Forrest, and if pos­ (NOTE.-For convenience the connections of the signatories above are sible to the administration and the American people. inserted by us in this mimeographed copy.-J. K.) "It is important to remember that up to the time of American inter­ vention the Ilaitians scrupulously paid tbe interest -0n their external and internal debt ; that i more than several of your own Southern .APPE:SDIX B. States did. So long as they did so the Monroe doctrine could not be N.A.l'IO 'AL POPULAR GOVER:SME:ST LEAG"CE, invoked. 6:r1 Munsey Buildi.ug., Washington, D. 0. FORCED NEW CONSTITUTIO~. [Bulletin ~o. 72, February 9, 1922. By .Judson King, Executive ".An electi-On of a President under the constitution which was w1·itten Secretary.] for us, according to his own boast, by Assistant Secretary Franklin THE SIG:SIFICA~CE OF TlDD A !ERIC.AN OCC"C'PATIO::-f OF HAITI. Roosevelt, has been due. but by orders of the Marine Corps n:o such election has been held. The United States during its occupation of The ninth session of the League Forum W'R.S addressed by Dr. six and a half years has al>olished every real form of self-government in Pien·e Hudicourt. of Port au Prince, Haiti, upon the subject " A Haitian Haiti. We are at the mercy of the arbitrary acts of every marine pri­ Statesman's View of the American Occupation of Haiti." vate, of every small civil official. Now, it is planned that the Haitian D-0ctor Hudicourt is a lawyer of internati-0nal reputation and high finances shall be subject to American control for 30 years. standing, a member of the permanent court of appt>als at The Hague, " The senatorial commis. ion, consisting of Senators McCORMICK. of pro!es or of international law in the Haitian National Law School, Illinois, chairman; POMEJUL.~lll, of Ohio ; JONES, of New Mexico; and member of the American Institute of International Law, and has actively Onorn, of Nevada, has spent weeks in the United States listening to participated in the diplomatic relations between tbe United States testimony of marine officers and bankers interested in Haiti. When it and Haiti. He is a man of fine presence, speaks good English, a.nd came to hear the Haitian side, to hear the story of six years of tyranny, made a profound impression upon the forum by bis simple dignity, it spent actually only five days on the island, of which but one and a llis iirm grasp of the leg.al, economic, and humanitarian principles in­ hair was devoted to taking testimony. The rest of that time was volved. largely spent in the company of the Marine Corps a.nd of American His address was a revelation to the Americans present, because the investors. facts produced from the official r-et"'ord prove beyond cavil or inspired " Immediately on its return, although the commi. sion had announc d propaganda that the Government of the United States for the pa~t six in Haiti that the case was by no means closed, and that hearin15s would yPars ha been doing exactly i:he i;ame things in Haiti and Santo Do­ continue, it rendered a decision in a preliminary report. This report mingo that .Japan, France, and England have been doing in Africa recommended that the marines stay in Haiti; that there be no abroga­ and Asia, and for the same reasons. tion of the treaty; and that a high commissioner, who would be a •ll'• The American people have been kept in profound ingorance of what tual dictator, should coordinate the various civil and military functions, the American Government, under the direction of the President. was and that the loan must be put through at once. doing in Haiti. No mention of Ilaitian activities was made by the "If the United States desires to annex Haiti, to make it an American Secretary of the Navy in his annual reports from 1915 to lD:?O. colony, of which America's every single act affords convincing evidence, DOCTOI! HUDIOOURT'S ADDRESS. why not say so? Why continue the sham and the hypocrisy of pre­ Doctor Hudic-0urt, who bas been invited to appear before the Senate tending, against the will of the entire Haitian people, that you are there commit:tee investigating the situation in Haiti, showed that the "Cnited for philanthropic reasons?" States is carrying on a policy of economic imperialism in Haiti similar SO:\IE TELEGRAMS. to that of the great powers of Europe in Africa and Asia. The policy In his historical survey of the occupation, wbich the press has never applies, in fact, to the ring of the Caribbean, and it was roughly indi-· presented to the .American public, Doctor Gruening quoted the message cnted that American troops now was i::b()'('ked by the facts brought out in the discussion cabinet officers, and establish martial law. The message reads in part: that the American Government bas expended probably $50,000,000 in " Successful negotiation of treaty is predominant J?art present mission. an atrocious and utterly illegal subjugation of Haiti, for no other After encountering many difficulties treaty situation at present looks j)urpose as yet adduced than to permit the looting of that Republic more favorable than usual. This has been effected by exercising mili­ by the National City Bank of New York and the cotton and sugar mag­ ta:ry pressure at propitious moments in negotiations.'' nates, who desire to get ho.Id of the lands o! the Haitian people and Moreover, Secretary Daniels cabled to Admiral Caperton, November exploit Haitian labor at 20 cents a day. 12, 1915, "I am confident if the treaty fails of ratification that my After a brief historical introduction of Haitrs case by Dr. Ernest Government has the intention to retain control in Haiti until the df'-­ Grmmin, managing editor of The Nation, of New York, Doctor Hudicourt sired end is accomplished. * * * It is expected that you will be set forth Hs legal aspect . Ineidentally be lodged the following charge able to make this sufficiently clear to remove all opposition and to ao-ainst .John A. Mcilhenny, financial adviser to the Republic of Haiti, secure immediate ratification." whose duty it is to prepare its national budget: Concerning the corvee, or enforced labor imposed by the marines, " ~lr. Mcllh~nny i h're in Washington helping to force a $14,000,000 Doctor Gruening said : "It is significant that the figures of Haitians loan on tbe Haitian peoplE', which they don't want. but which the Na­ killed in the years following the corv:ee were very mrrch greater thnn tional Cjty Bank of New York, t.M Haitian-American Sugar Corporation, th y were before the invasion, casualties in the next year being 1,73:!, and R. E. Forrest, exploiter o.f cotTon lands, president of too West In­ whereas less than 100 had been killed in each of the first two years of dies Trading Co .. and per onal friend of SPnator McCORMICK, do want. the occupation." He said further: " For this Mcllhenny is drawing his salary of $10,000 a year from "There has been no Haitian legislature since 1917. The prespnt the Ilaitian people, plus $500 in gold per month for 'traveling ex­ Pre ident' term expires in May. and the Haitians are demanding the J>enses' while working for these interest'3. Haiti is not receiving his right to bold a free election, the abrogation of the treaty, and ad­ E-ervlces. No nati-Onal budget tor Haiti bas twen p1·epared since Mc­ herence to the M.onroe docrrine as hert>tofore interpreted." Ilhenny was appointed two years ago, nor has he made any accounting An important series of articles on the Haitian situation by Doctor to the Haitian people as to what he is doing with their money. Gruening is now running in the Nation. 8974 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. Ju J]~ 19,

The PRESIDING OFFICER (l\fr. JONES of Washington in Mr. CURTIS. I desire to announce the following pair · : the chair). The question is on the· amendment offered by the Tlle Senator from Delaware [Mr. BALL] 'Yi th th , 'enator Senator from Utah [Mr. KING] to the amendment of the com­ from Florida . [Mr. FLETCHER] ; mittee. The Senator from Vermont [Mr. DILLI ·onAM] with the S n­ l\Ir. POINDEXTER. l\Ir. President, I ask unanimous con ent ator from Virginia [l\1r. Gus ] ; that when the Senate conclude. its busines · to-day it shall take The Senator from West Virginia [Mr. ELK.I'S) with the Sen­ a recei:;s until 11 o'clock to-morrow morning. ator from l\Iississippi [Mr. HARRISON] ; The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Washington The junior Senator from Kentucky [Mr. En~srr] with the asks unanimous consent that when the Senate conclude its senior Senator from Kentucky [l\fr. STA "LEY] ; business to-day it shall take a recess until to-morrow morning at The Senator from Maine [Mr. FERNALD] with the Senato1· 11 o'clock. Is there objection? The Chair hears none, and it from .New 1\le.xico [Mr. JONES] ; is so oruered. The Senator from Indiana [Mr. NEW] with the Senator from Mr. ODDIE. Mr. Pre ident, the question ha been pretty ~Tennessee [Mr. MCKELLAR] ; and thoroughly discussed, but I .want to say again that a serious The Senator from Maine [l\Ir. HALE] with the Senator from condition faces us to-day, and an obligation re ts hea>ily on our Tennes ee [Mr. SHIELDS]. boulders to protect the Haitian people. I will say again, no .l\Ir. CALDER. I transfer my pair with the ·enior Senator matter how the condition aro ·e, it faces us to-day and the from Georgia [Mr. HARRIS] to the junior Senator from Mary­ obligation rests on u · to take care of them. If we ignore them, land [Mr. 'VELLER] and vote "nay." if we get out or say 've will get out in a very short time, we will Mr. TRA~ll\fELL. I desire to announce the unavoidable ab­ be doing a very barbarous and inhuman thing. We will be sence of my colleague LMr. FLET HER] on account of siekne::; . blamed and condemned by all the world, as well a · by South His pair with the senior Senator from Delaware [Mr. BALL] has America. beerry Spenctn· I w··u say again that we owe ·a respon. ibility to the Haitian Bursum H rtlin Nichol ·o'n l·iterling peoplf·; we desire to be their real frienus ; and the propaguuda CaldPr Kellogg Norbeck Hutherland Cameron Kendrick Ortdie 'rownsend whicL is being carried on is damaging to them. If Senator will Capper Lenroot Phipps Trammell carefully read the report of our committee when it is sub­ Caraway Lodge Poindexter Wadsworth mittnd, I think they will be convinced that we intend showing Curtis McCol'mick Pomerene "'arren Dial Mccumber Sheppard Watson, Ind. nott ing but kindliness and friendship to the Haitian. , and that Edge McKinley Simmons Willis if tbe i·ecommendations of this report are followed the Haitians France McNary Smith wm be better off for such action. NOT VOTIKG-44. Air. KING. l\lr. President, I am willing to take a vote upon Ashurst Fletcher l\lcKellar Reed tLis amendment now; asking leave to add to it the words neces­ Ball Glass l\IcLean Robin;on &iry to include Nicaragua. Colt Gooding Mo ·es Hhield:; The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on the amend­ Crow Hale Myers ~·hortrirlA"C Culberson Harreld ·ew 8tanfield \'IJ.ent of the Senator from Utah [Mr. KING], as modified, to the Cummins Harris Owen 8 tanley "imendment of the committee, which will be stated by the Secre­ Dillingham Harrison Page •'wanson du Hitchcock Pepper l'.nderwood tary. Elkins Jones, N. l\Iex. Pittman Wat. on, Ga. The READING CLERK. On page 64, at the end of line 9, it is Ernst Jones, Wash. Ransdell Weller proposed to insert the following proviso : Fernald Keyes Rawson lrilliums Provided, That no part of said sum shall be used for the purpo e of So. l\lr. KING'S amendment to the committee amendm n t was maintainin~ or employing marine.·, either officers or enlisted men, in the Republic of Hniti, or the Dominican Republic, or Nicarairua, after De­ rejected. cember 31, 1922, except in the event of an uprising in either Republic The I RESIDING OFFICER. The que tion is on agreeiug t(\ menacing the lives of citizens of the l.Jnited 8tates 01· the lives of sub­ the committee amendment. ject of a foreign power or powers friendly to the United States, and then only for the purpose of affording protection to said citizens or The amendment wa. · agreed to. subjects. Mr. WALSH of Montana. l\lr. Pre:ieen promoted tC\ pair with the senior Senator from New Hampshire LMr. l\IosEs], the permanent rank of commander in the Supply Corps, Unit('(} Statl'.' which I transfer to my colleague [Mr. RANSDELL] and vote Navy, with rank as such immediately after the officer whos date o( "nay." entry into the Supply Corps, United States Navy, was June 9, 189!>. Ir. EDGE (when his name was callecl). I transfer ruy gen­ A point of order was macle against that arueu

Mr. LODGE. I desire to offer tbe amendment which I send The PRESIDIKG OFFICER. The question is on concurring to the desk. in the amendments made as in Committee of the Whole, with The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will state the the exception -0f the amendment <>n page 66, reserved by the aruendment. Senator from '.Montana [1\Ir. W .ALSH]. The ASSISTAN'r SECRET.a.RY. It is proposed to add to the bill: The amendments were concm.·red in. That the President be. and he is hereby, authorized to nominate and, 1\Ir. WALSH of Ma sachusetts. I offer the amendment which by ancl with the advice and con ent of the Senate, to appoint Capt. that it. William R. Rush a rear admiral on the retired list of the United States I send to the desk and ask the Secretary may read Navy, to take rank immediately after Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves: The PRESIDL""\G OFFICER. The amendment will be re­ Provided, That the said William R. Rush shall be carried as additional ported. to the number of rear admh·als now authorized by law. The READING CLERK. On page 35, after line 25, insert the Mr. KING. I raise a point of order against the amendment following additional _pronso: ' that it is general legislation upon an appropriation bill. Pro'l:ideserve status as of May 16, 1921, of order. and employ on active duty for the fiscal year 1'.923 only, the 40 men, formerly of class 5, United States Na.val Reserve Force, who were com­ · Mr. KING. On page 57, line 18, I mo-ve to strike out the missioned in "the regular line of the Navy at reduced grades as a result numerals " $10,817 ,398 " and to insert in lieu thereof of the examlnation held on May 16, 1921 : Provided further, That such ~· $8,270,950." officers may, p.rior to July 11 1923, after successfully passing such ex­ aminations to determine their qualifications for their reserve grade as The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary ad\ises the may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy, be transferred to and Chair that that amendment bas already been agreed to. So the appointed in the Regular Navy in accordance with the provisions of the Senator's amendment to the committee amendment will not be act of June 4, 1920. in order except in the Senate or on a reconsideration of the yote The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Chair desires to state to by which the amendment was agreed to. the Senator from l\Iassachusetts that this is an amendment to a Mr. KING. The understanding was that I should have per­ committee amendment, and that the committee amendment has mission to offer this amendment. I ask unanimous consent been concurred in. that the vote by ·which t11e committee amendment was agreed to l\Ir. WALSH of l\Iassachusetts. I move it as an independent may be reconsidered. amendment to be added at the end of the paragraph, omitting The PRESIDING OFFIOER. Without objection, the vote the words "Provided further." will be reconsidered. l\lr. POINDEXTER. I make the point of order against the Mr. KING. The purpose of my amendment is to reduce the amendment. number of marines. I have accurate figures, furnished me by The PRESIDING OFFICER. The point of order is sus­ the clerk of the committee, as to the number of enlisted men tained. and officers in the Marine Corps at various times, which show Mr. WALSH of Montana. I asked that the amendment on that the strength of the Marine Corps has been as follows: page 66 might be reserved in order that I might make a point On June 30, 1899, there were 6,062 men authorized, and 3,614 · of order against it. actually in the service; there were 211 officers authorized, and The PRESIDING OFFICER. To the amendment on page 66, 142 actually in the sernce. at the end of line 14, the Senator from Montana makes the On June 30, 1908, the authorization was for 9,521, but there point of order that it is legislation on an appropriation bill. Is were 8,822 in the service. The authorized strength of the offi­ that the point of order? cers was 333. The number actually in the service was 262. 1\lr. WALSH of Montana. That it is general legislation on On June 30, 1910, the authorized strength was 9,521. There an appropriation bill. .were actually in the ervice 9,121. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Chair sustains the point of On June 30, 1916, the authorized strength was 9,947. The order. actual strength was 10,056. They seem to baYe had more in The amendments were ordered to be engrossed and the bill the ·en·ice than were authorized. to be read a third time. On June 30, 1917, there were 30,000 auth01ized; 24,172 actually The bill was read the third time and passed. in the service. Mr. POINDEXTER. I move that the Senate insist on its On June 30, 1918, the authorized strength was 30,000, but amendments, ask a conference with the House, and that the there were actually 45,384 in the service. Chair appoint the conferees on the part of the Senate. On June 30, 1919, there were 75,500 authorized, but 45,343 in The motion was agreed to ; and the Presiding Officer ap­ the service. pointed l\Ir. PomJ>EXTER, l\fr. H.Ar,E, l\1r. NEWBERRY, l\1r. SwAN­ On August 31, 1919, there were 27,400 authorized, and 27,514 so:N, and Mr. GLASS conferees on the part of the Senate. in the service. On June 30, 1920, there were 27,400 authorized, and 16,000 in DUTY ON MACHINE TOOLS. the service. Mr. WILLIS. l\lr. President, I ask unanimous consent to On June 30, 1921, there were 27,400 authorized, and 21,003 in have printed in the REcoRn a brief statement from the National the serV'ice. Now it is proposed to authorize a strength of Uachine Tool Builders' Association relative to a duty on ma­ 21,000 -rnen and 1,096 officers. I am advised, and as a member chine tools. of the :Na•al Affairs Committee it was my understanding, that There being no objection, the statement was ordered to be for n number of years there has been a sort of an understand­ printed in the REconn in 8-point type. ing or gentlemen's agreement that there should be a ratio be­ [National l\Iachine Tool Builders' Association, office of general tween the marines and the number of enlisted personnel in the manager, 817-818 Provident Bank Building. August H. Tuech­ Navy of 5 to 1, which would call at this time for 17,500 marines. ter, president, Cincinnati, Ohio; E. J. Kearney, first vice pres­ In my opinion, we ought to reduce the number of marines to ident, Milwaukee, Wis.; C. Wood Walter, second vice pres­ 10,000, but in deference to this understanding of the past, and ident, Cincinnati, Ohio ; Winslow Blanchard, treasurer, Cam­ knowing that I could not get votes enough to carry such an bridge, "A" 1\lass.; Howard W. Dunbar, secretary, Worcester, amendment, I have been constrained to offer the amendment l\Iass.; Ernest F. DuBrul, general manager, Cincinnati, Ohio.] which I have just ·Submitted. It seems to me there ought to be CmcmNATI, Omo, June 17, 1922. no objection to it. It will save a few million dollars. There ID1:JSt be a reduction in the marines. It looks as though there Subject: Ta.riff on machine tools. is a determination to make the Marine Co:r;ps more important Hon. FRANK B .. WILLIS, than the Army. They have been strongly organized, they have U·'fltited States Senate, Washington, D. 0. bad many friends everywhere, and they have been able to secure DEAR SENATOR WILLIS: On June 8, when the machine-tool nsually what they wanted. paragraph of the tariff bill -was under discussion in the Senate, I submit, without taking the time to discuss the matter as it unfounded slurs by misinformed Senators influenced enough Re­ ought to be discussed, that there ought not to be any objection publican Senators to reduce the machine-tool rate from 35 per to the acceptance of the amendment. cent to 15 per cent, the rate made by the Underwood tariff. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on the amend­ Senator SIMMONS charged the manufacturers of this industry ment offered by the Senator from Utah to the amendment of with sustaining exorbitant prices and profits, "particularly on the committee, which the Secretary will report. automobiles, guns, and machines " ; that they were selling in The READING CLERK. On page 57, in line 19, strike out South America in successful competition with the Germans; '' $11,866,372" and insert "$8,270,950." that they had great organizations that did practically what they The amendment to the amendment was rejected. pleased ; and so on. The amendment was agree

the prices that produce the profit . Some of them may success­ Go\ernment mone!. I~ ii' e:-timnt~ll that the industry was ex­ fully compete with tlle Germans in South America. Some no panded to t?ree times its former size. To-day, in its readjust­ doubt have great organizations. Some may do just as they ment, th~ mdus~ry ~ace a. corresponding contraction to the plea e. But why should the machine-tool industry be joined in peace basis.. Besides, it foreign market is gone, and that market a scathing denunciation of such people? was absorb~g probably between 20 and 30 per cent of the If Senator SIMMOKs had grounds for these statements, in so to~l P:?duction before the war. This expanded capacity is now far as some automobile and firearms producers were concerned, a Iiab1li~y, not an asset, and is far in excess of reasonable the statements were all erroneous as applied to the machine-tool expectation of u e. industry, which was lumped with these others in the di ·cus­ . C~rtai~ly the bes~ justification for a protecti\e tariff is the sion. ~ustifican.on of n3:t10nal defense. The machine-tool industry Machine tools are not small tools, as some Senators have be­ IS ~ ~ey ~dustry_ m national defense. If it is ruined by com­ lieved, and as some may still believe. The term " machine petition with foreign enemies this country would be in a terrible tools" would be clearnr to the nontechnical if they knew that it state when it came to defen e in any future war. applied to the great mass of metal working machinery used in ~ar. from being a monopoly that charge· what it pleases, at the forming or working into finished shape of all metal part . this tI~e these manufacturers are fighting tooth and nail for This class of machinery is the most important of all the indus­ every httle order. A large excess of war-made machines is trial machinery group, using the term " industrial " as distin­ on the seco1Hl~and market; all costs are still exceedingly high guished from ''agricultural" and "transportation." The output and demand is very small. All these circumstances make it of machine tools is about 25 per cent of the output of all in­ impo sible for this industry to get any profit at all, and there dustrial machinery. On the high quality and productivity of have been numerous failure . the machine tool depends the quality and amount of production The German machine-tool industry was also expanded to per man of all the industries making metal goods and machin­ take care of the war needs of the Central Powers, and it is in ery of every other class. On this industry the other metal in­ the ha.nu o~ strong concerns. A 15 per cent rate on foreign dustries ,must depend for low costs with high American wages. v:iluation wil~ help the Germans to kill off their American ~ivals; and this. by the action of a Republican Senate establish­ It is the genius of the machine-tool builder that makes possible mg a Democratic rate at the instigation of Democratic Senators cheap automobiles, sewing mac;hines, washing machines, phono­ from Arkansas and North Carolina-States that have no metal­ graphs, and radiophones. The accurate instruments, close­ working industries of any consequence. shooting weapons, huge quantities of war material so necessary You_r own State of Ohio is the largest producer of machine in the late war, all depended on the genius of the American tool~ m al~ the United States. and we appeal to you as repre­ machine-tool builder for their production. . e~tin~ this State to call the attention of the Renate to the Therefore this industry deserves something better than a mere ~nJU t1~e that has b~en done to this inclu try, not only in the fling of vituperation at the hands of the misinformed. If this ill ·considered reduction, without any reflection or information industry is throttled, all others must suffer. · ~s to the rate.. but in unju ~ t, unfair slurs directed against an In refutation of Senator SnrMoNs's statement as to exorbitant mdustry that In-es by the "Weat of its brow. profits, the experience of this industry was that the 1914 prices · Thi industry has to bid for its material and labor against were so low that the manufacturers faced ruin. Testimony had all other mechanical indush-ies. Being put in a lower rate been submitted to the Underwood committee showing that the ~lass a~ 15 per .cent, w~en all of its cu tomers and competing machine-tool industry had ea.med only 8.95_ per cent on its mdustries are gIYen a higher rate, was an injustice of the Un­ invested capital for the 10 years prior to 1913. Prices in 1914 derwood law that the House bill sought to correct with a rnte were extremely low because of prospective German competition of 35 per cent. To continue to w-ork such an injustice on that was just coming in under the Underwood Tarifl\ that had an important industry, with 53,000 wage earners, an indu - made the rate 15 per cent. try o essential to the national defen e and progre , is beronu If the industry before the war could not earn oYer 8.95 per rea on. cent with the lower wages paid at that time, it will be strange It is hoped that the Senate will rescind the action in makin"' if it earns anything with "Wages and material and all other this amendment, and will. at lea ·t, resto.re the machine-tool ite~ cost more than double the 1914 rate and machine-tool prices to a rate coyered by the o-called "basket clause" where it only 40 per cent more than 1914. was some years ago, with all other· mechanical intl~stries with The export market formerly enjoyed by the machine-tool whom it competes for labor and material, and who in turn must industry has now been almost annihilated. The large German depend on the machine-tool indu. trr for their vital improve­ steel combinations, engineered by the German ti·ust organizers­ ments in methods of production. Krupp, Hugo Stinness, and others-control large machine-tool Very truly your , works and are now taking steps to enter the American market. E. F. D"GBRUL, General Manager. They certainly can and will do so if the rate of 15 per cent ls RECE ' • maintained, since German copies of American machine now ~ell for only one-third of the present price of American · .Mr. CURTIS. I mo\e that the Senate tnke a reces the re­ originals. ce being under the unanimou -consent agreement, ~ntil 11 Senator KING on the same day said that the prices were more o'clock to-morrow. than 100 per cent over the 1914 price, that the manufacturers The motion was agreed to, and (at 6 o'clock and 7 minutes were taking advantage of a monopoly, and that they charged p. m.) the_ Senate, under the order previou ly entered, took a practically what they desired. The following figures, taken from recess until to-morrow, Tuesday, June 20, 1922, at 11 o'clock the 1919 census, are sufficient proof that Senator KING'S re­ a. m. mark could not apply to the machine-tool industry. According to the census figures of 1919 the machine-tool industry's invested HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. capital was $213,000,000. The total value of its product in that year was $212,000,000. We are told that the sale of repair :MONDAY, June 19, 19~~. parts of the lowest-priced automobile, built by a prominent Democrat, amount to more than that in one year for that one The Hou ·e met at 12 o'clock noon, and was called to order concern. So when it comes to volume this industry can not be by the Speaker. so damnable a monopoly as Senator KING intimated. • The Chaplain, Rev. Jame Shera Montgomery, D. D., offered The machine-tool industry in 1919 had 403 establishments the follo'\\i.ng prayer : employing 53,111 wage earners. The average of wage earner~ Heavenly Father, again our eyes are open to the wide reaches per shop was therefore 132. Where is that monopoly that of the impartial love of a divine Pro'Vidence. We rejoice in Senator KING says wa taken advantage of by the manufacturers the glad outlook of the day and week. l\lay we bring buoyant to charge the public what they desired? The actual facts are hearts and minds to our duties. Impres u that it is always ju t the opposite. This indu try of scattered, small establish­ best to believe the best and do the best. Faithfulne s to prin­ ment is to-day struggling for existence, and has been doing so ciple is essential to Thy favor and to the e teem of our fellow . for over 18 months, as a reaction from the war conditions. Direct u by Thy wisdom, girn courage to conquer every temp· -This inuustry was absolutely es ential to the successful con­ tation, and strength to ari e from e\ery failure. Thus enable duct of the war. Without metal-working machines, machine us to strive for the victorie that count and tell for God and tools, as technically known, war munitions could not have been man. Amen. made. The enormous demands of the war for such· machines were patriotically supplied by the expansion of the machine­ The Journal of the proceedings of Saturday, June 17. 1922, tool industry with its own capital or borrowed money-not with. was read and approve~.