WHA16 PB-11 Eng.Pdf (‎1.640Mb)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

WHA16 PB-11 Eng.Pdf (‎1.640Mb) WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION MONDIALE ORGANIZATION DE LA SANTÉ f * SIXTEENTH WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY \ А1б/р&в/11 \J 24 April I965 Provisional agenda2,2 item s»»” ORIGINAL: ENGLISH REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF THE PROGRAMME AND BUDGET ESTIMATES POR I964 (Article8 (f))l Estimated government contributions towards the implementation of WHO-assisted projects in their own countries Since the proposed programme and budget1964 estimates (Official Recordsfor No. 121) were prepared, additional information has been obtained regarding the estimated amounts which the individual governments will contribute towards the costs of implementing WHO-assisted projects in their own countries. The attached Annex gives a complete list, by regions, of the and countries amounts as now estimated by the governments which15 April. have reported up to It includes all figures already shown in Official121 as amended Records to No. date. Where no information has been received the countries concerned have not been listed, А1б/р&в/11 page 2 ANNEX ESTIMATED GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WHO-ASSISTED PROJECTS IN THEIR OWN COUNTRIES , Region and Couhtry Estimated Government Contributions 1962 196З I964 US$ ....U8$ US$ AFRICA Basutoland 112 278. 5б ООО 56 000 Bechuanaland 221 200 Cameroon 591 600 633600 Central African Republic 112 500 114 000 2 000 Chad 1 000 000 1 000 000 Comoro Archipelago 10 204. 10 204 Congo (Brazzaville) 80 000 30 000 Dahomey . I94 040 . 262 040 Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland26O 000 263 200 5 950 Gabon 270 700 282 000 Gambia 53 472 28 000 28 000 Ghana 2 526 154 2 585 920 Ivory Coast 430 600 430 600 Kenya 1 252 100 1 267 1001 267 100 Liberia 195 000 190 000 Madagascar 78 000 80 000 Mali 380 870 538 680 467 345 Mauritania 125 306 Mauritius 335 532 398 485 438 333 Nigeria 1 92З 982 1 719 1З21 123 000 Portugal (Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Sao Tomé and Principe)431 780 431 78O Sierra Leone 377 609 393 569 Swaziland 42 053 44 377 Tanganyika 2 856 Togo 219 250 293 550 276 211 Upper Volta 220 000 220 000 Zanzibar 83 300 81 350 76 000 TOTAL - AFRICA 11 127 080 11 476 893 3 819 939 A16/P&B/11 pago3 Annex Region and Country Estimated Government Contributions 1962 1963 1964 US$ US$ US$ THE AMERICAS VO CO 0 1 0 OJ —I 0 00 Argentina 11 ro 11 106 10 737922 Bolivia 531 176 531 176 531 I76 Brazil 9 810 000 15 980 000 16 000 000 British Guiana 375000 375000 375000 British Honduras 54 568 54 568 54. 568 British Virgin Islands 50 000 50 000 50 000 Chile 900 000 400000 400 000 00 CO in Colombia 3 858 829 3 858 829 3 829 Costa Rica 297713 297 713 297713 Cuba 3 700000 3 700 000 3 700 000 Dominican Republic l 850 000 1850 000 1 85O 000 Ecuador 746071 746071 660 357 El Salvador 708 930 708 930 708 930 French Antilles and Guiana 16 000 16 000 16 000 Guatemala 3 611 398 4 145861 4 472186 Haiti 678 988 712 907 725030 Honduras 1 757060 1 746265 1 746265 Jamaica 375000 350000 275000 Mexico 7 030 000 7 030 000 6 830 000 Nicaragua .. ..... 786 729 781 729 781 729 Panama 9 494219 9 632 184 9 766149 Paraguay342 l 920 1 351 537 1 351537 Peru 834 823 834 823 834 823 Surinam and Netherlands Antilles170 000 120000 120 000 Uruguay 1 900 000 1900 000 1900 000 Venezuela 1 725000 1 725000 1725000 West Indies 700 000 700 000 700 000 Inter-Country Programmes095000 l1 095000 1 095000 TOTAL - THE AMERICAS 65 505506 71 799675 71 563214 А1б/Р&в/И page 4 Annex Region and. Country Estimated Government Contributions 1962 196З 1964 US$ US$ US$ SOUTH-EAST ASIA Afghanistan 803 997 832 334 836 642 Burma 782 ¿(45 1 072 O5O 1 072 050 Ceylon 19 З28 41 348 32 780 India 41 397 827 31 304 986 609 969 Indonesia 1 744 266 2 715 484 2 83О 587 Nepal 512 074 927 887 915 289 Thailand 1 563 042 1 587 257 1 708 293 West New Guinea (West Irian) 320 889 2 489 254 12 432 TOTAL - SOUTH-EAST ASIA 47 143 868 40 970 6OO 8 018 042 EUROPE France 12 653 12 65З 12 653 Greece 1 452 597 1 656 I65 1 300 332 Morocco 2 194 694 2 393 614 2 563 032 Poland 2 08I 905 3 164 742 1 788 512 Spain 188 708 212 358 235 000 Turkey 7 072 746 8 414 848 8 661 062 Yugoslavia 606 005 647 290 657 290 TOTAL - EUROPE 13 609 308 16 501 670 15 217 881 EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN Cyprus 1 762 912 1 588 781 1 649 423 Iran 10 270 809 3 912 348 11 918 301 Israel 34 000 35 666 24 999 Jordan 333 200 530 000 783 600 Kuwait 198 824 15 401 30 803 Lebanon 200 090 117 490 92 450 А1б/Р&в/И page 5 Annex Region and Country Estimated Government Contributions 1962 196З 1964 us$ US$ us$ EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN (continued) Pakistan 5 207 430 6 858 739 11 469 337 Saudi Arabia 4 492 350 4 945 900 5 370 950 Somalia 241 895 233 668 Sudan 831 980 1 448 560 Syria 452 087 497 454 189 210 United Arab Republic 1 042 544 1 962 758 1 595 890 Yemen 24 433 24 433 24 433 TOTAL - EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 55 092 554 22 171 198 33 149 З96 WESTERN PACIFIC Australia 14 494 British Solomon Islands Protectorate137 966 111 084 31 250 Cambodia 2 951 075 l 892 078 2 069 617 China 352 601 621 646 499 613 Cook Islands 949 Fiji 101 214 1 898 5 425 French Polynesia 15 000 15 000 15 039 Hongkong 10 230 1 368 4 968 Japan 8 687 9 669 10 200 Korea 59 569 765 825 1 029 527 Laos 104 014 93 605 220 116 Macao 11 000 Malaya 3 423 978 5 330 312 429 802 New Zealand 4 200 3 080 6 160 Niue 1 400 North Borneo 235 012 267 727 270 339 a i d/ p&b / i i page 6 Annex Region and Country Estimated Government Contributions 1962 1963 1964 US$ US$ US$ WESTERN PACIFIC (continued) Papua and New Guinea 215 Philippines 1 874 518 176 129 Ryuku Islands 662 3 350 Sarawak 123 O69 I63 790 182 178 Singapore 3 769 602 1 722 142 1 313 018 Tonga 10 372 10 439 4 176 Viet Nam, Republic of 1 128 153 1 760 995 1 778 911 Western Samoa 32 965 28 619 3 334 Inter-Country Programmes 8 350 16 700 16 700 TOTAL - WESTERN PACIFIC 14 365 946 13 005 455 7 893 723 GRAND TOTAL 176 844 262 175 925 491 139 662 195.
Recommended publications
  • GENERAL AGREEMENT on ^ TARIFFS and TRADE *> *****1958
    GENERAL AGREEMENT ON ^ TARIFFS AND TRADE *> *****1958 Limited Distribution APPLICATION OF THE GENERAL AGREEMENT Territories to which the Agreement is applied Annexed hereto is a list of the contracting parties and of the territories (according to information available to the secretariat) in respect of which the application of the Agreement has been made effective. This list is a revision of that which appeared in document G/5 under date of 17 March 1952. If there are any inaccuracies in this list, the contracting parties concerned are requested to notify the Executive Secretary not later than 1 October 1958 so that a revised list can be issued, if necessary, before the opening of the Thirteenth Session* L/843 Paee 2 Contracting parties to GATT and territories In respeot ot which the application of the Agreement has been made affective AUSTRALIA (Including Tasmania) AUSTRIA BELGIUM BELGIAN CONGO RUANDA-URUNDI (Trust Territory) BRAZIL (Including islands: Fernando de Noronha (including Rocks of Sao Pedro, Sao Paolo, Atoll das Rocas) Trinidad and Martim Vas) BURMA CANADA CEYLON CHILE (Including the islands of: Juan Fernandez group, Easter Islands, Sala y Gomez, San Feliz, San Ambrosio and western part of Tierra del Fuego) CUBA (Including Isle of Pines and some smaller islands) CZECHOSLOVAKIA DENMARK (Including Greenland and the Island of Disko, Faroe Islands, Islands of Zeeland, Funen, Holland, Falster, Bornholm and some 1700 small islands) DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (Including islands: Saona, Catalina, Beata and some smaller ones) FINLAND FRANCE (Including Corsica and Islands off the French Coast, the Saar and the principality of Monaco)! ALGERIA CAMEROONS (Trust Territory) FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA FRENCH GUIANA (Including islands of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Zimbabwe Case Study on Trade Negotiations
    Working Paper ZIMBABWE CASE STUDY ON TRADE NEGOTIATIONS Richard Hess October 2001 Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD UK 2 ISBN 0085003 565 1 © Overseas Development Institute 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. 3 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 5 Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Zimbabwe Background ......................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Zimbabwe’s economic structure 7 Agriculture 7 Manufacturing 7 Mining 7 Transport and Communications 8 The Financial Sector 8 Current situation 9 1.2 Trade strategy 11 1.3 Time series trade and investment data 12 Exports 13 Export products 14 Export markets 15 Imports 16 By product 16 By source 17 Investment 18 1.4 Overview of existing trade agreements 21 World Trade Organization 21 ACP/EU Partnership Agreement 22 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 23 Southern African Development Community (SADC) 24 Zimbabwe/South Africa Bilateral Agreement 25 Zimbabwe’ Bilateral Agreements with Botswana, Malawi and Namibia 27 2. Trade Negotiations in the Last 10 Years
    [Show full text]
  • Board Christopher
    International Symposium on “Old Worlds-New Worlds”: The History of Colonial Cartography 1750-1950 Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 21 to 23 August 2006 Working Group on the History of Colonial Cartography in the 19th and 20 th centuries International Cartographic Association (ICA-ACI) The British War Office 1:250,000 mapping of Cape Colony 1906-1914 Dr Christopher Board formerly Senior Lecturer, London School of Economics [email protected] Abstract After the second Anglo-Boer War when the two coastal colonies were joined by two new ones previously Boer republics the British were keen to remap the entire territory of South Africa. Despite plans drawn up in 1903 only three projects were begun. There are a few references to similar mapping of the Southern Transvaal and a preliminary paper on the Cape Colony Reconnaissance series by Board. The latter series at 1:250,000 covered the north-west region of the Colony, 35 sheets were surveyed and/or compiled but only 33 were published. The Royal Engineer Survey teams responsible for mapping the Cape Colony were withdrawn in November 1911 leaving most of the rest of the Colony to rely on poor maps of varying accuracy and quality dating to the recent war or before it. This paper not only charts the progress of mapping the series known as GSGS1764 from analysing published maps, but draws on collections in London and Cambridge which contain unpublished compilation material and the elusive model sheet for the series. Its discovery and description throw light on the War Office’s requirements for mapping in the dying days of an era of colonial mapping.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Invites the Administering Power to Take The
    8 General Assembly-Eighteenth Session 3. Invites the administering Power to take the nec­ United Nations programmes of technical co-operation essary measures for the transfer of powers, not later and the specialited agencies. than 6 July 1964, to the people of Nyasaland, in accord­ 1277 th plenary meeting, ance with their will and desire ; 11 December 1963. 4. Congratulates the Governments of Nyasaland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern 1955 (XVIII). Question of British Guiana · Ireland on the steps taken towards the achievement of the aims set out in the Declaration on the granting of The General Assembly. independence to colonial countries and peoples. Recalling its resolutions 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1%0. 1654 (;~VI) of 27 November 1961 and 1810 1277th plenary meeting, ( XVII) of 17 December 1962, 11 December 1963. Having c_onsidercd the part of the report of the Spe­ cial Committee on the Situation with regard to the 1954 (XVIII). Question of Basutoland, Bechuana­ Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of land and Swaziland I mlependence to Colo!iial Countries and Peoples relating 15 The General Assembly, to British Guiana, Recalling its resolution 1817 (XVII) of 18 December N otinq with drep reqret that the Government of the 1%2 regarding the Territories of Basutoland, Bechuana­ United Kingdom of Great B,itain and Northern Ireland land and Swaziland, which was adopted in accordance has not permitted the visit to British Guiana of the with the terms of its resolutions 1514 (XV) of 14 De­ c;ub-Committee established on the suggestion of both the cemher 1%0, 1654 (XVI) of 27 November 1%1 and Go".e_rnment of British Guiana and the principal op­ 1810 (XVII) of 17 December 1962, posi_tion party with a view to seeking, together with the mterrstrd parties.
    [Show full text]
  • UK and Colonies 1. General 1.1 Before 1 January 1949
    UK and Colonies 1. General 1.1 Before 1 January 1949, the principal form of nationality was British subject status, which was obtained by virtue of a connection with a place within the Crown's dominions. On and after this date, the main form of nationality was citizenship of the UK and Colonies, which was obtained by virtue of a connection with a place within the UK and Colonies. 2. Meaning of the expression 2.1 On 1 January 1949, all the territories within the Crown's dominions came within the UK and Colonies except for the Dominions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Newfoundland, India, Pakistan and Ceylon (see "DOMINIONS") and Southern Rhodesia, which were identified by s.1(3) of the BNA 1948 as independent Commonwealth countries. Section 32(1) of the 1948 Act defined "colony" as excluding any such country. Also excluded from the UK and Colonies was Southern Ireland, although it was not an independent Commonwealth country. 2.2 For the purposes of the BNA 1948, the UK included Northern Ireland and, as of 10 February 1972, the Island of Rockall, but excluded the Channel Islands and Isle of Man which, under s.32(1), were colonies. 2.3 The significance of a territory which came within the UK and Colonies was, of course, that by virtue of a connection with such a territory a person could become a CUKC. Persons who, prior to 1 January 1949, had become British subjects by birth, naturalisation, annexation or descent as a result of a connection with a territory which, on that date, came within the UK and Colonies were automatically re- classified as CUKCs (s.12(1)-(2)).
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report to the Colonies, Basutoland 1899-1900
    This document was created by the Digital Content Creation Unit University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2010 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL. No. 313. BASUTOLAND. REPORT FOR 1899-1900. (For Report for 189&-99, see No. 288.) Dwtntrt to tort) $0110*0 of parliament 09 (Ktommano of ftn JHarrctn. January, 1901. LONnont !' R IN TED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFIOF* Bv DAHLINO k BON, LTD., 84-40, BACOW STHKRT, B, And to hn pnrchnwi, either dir«otly or through anr Bookw,ll«r, from EYRE At srOTTISWOODB, EAST HARDINO STRKRT. Fr,KKv HTBKRT, E.O., »nl 32, AIMNGDON STHKET, VVKMTMINHTBR, S.W.; or JOHN MENZTE8 k Co., Kc.<R STRRRT. RDINBDROH. and 90, WOT Nil.* STIIKKT. <Jf,A«(Jow; or BODGES, FIGGIS, k Co., Lumen. 104, UuArroN SxaKirr, DOBLXB, 1901. iCd. 431-5.] Pric$%&. COLONIAL REPORTS. The following reports relating to Her Majesty's Colonial Posses- lions have been recently issued, and may be obtained from the sources indioated on the title page :— ANNUAL. No. Colony, Year. 292 British New Guinea 1898-99 293 Bermuda 1899 294 Barbados •> 295 Malta ... ... ... ••• ••• • •• *t 29G FIJI ... ... J>> «•• ••• »» 297 Turks and Caieos » 298 Bahamas... 99 299 Sierra Leone 99 300 ' Gambia ... 99 301 Seychelles 19 302 Mauritius and Rodrigues 11 303 Trinidad and Tobago 99 304 Straits Settlements 99 ;J05 Gibraltar 99 30(5 Gold Coast 9* 307 Ceylon 99 308 Leeward Islands •9 309 St. Helena 1* 310 British Honduras 99 311 St. Lucia... 99 312 St. Vincent 99 1 MISCELLANEOUS. No. Colony. HitbjecU 1 Gold Coast... Economic Agriculture. 2 Zululand ... i •. • *. ; Forests. 3 Sierra Leone • *• ..
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Colonies, Basutoland 1938
    This document was created by the Digital Content Creation Unit University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2010 No. 1898 .S;.afaftual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of die People of Price is. 6/. net Reports, etc., of Imperial and Colonial Interest THE COLONIAL EMPIRE, 1*33-39 Statement to accompany the Estimate* for Colonial and Middle Eastern Services, 1939 [Cmd. 6023] is. 6d. (la. 8<L) NUTRITION IN THE COLONIAL EMPIRE Economic Advisory Council. Report of Committee. let Report—Part I. [Cmd. 6050] 38. (3s. 4d.) 1st Report—Part II. Summary of Information regarding Nutrition in the Colonial Empire [Cmd* 6031] 2s. 6d. (2a. 8d.) ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE COLONIAL EMPIRE A comprehensive Survey, including Memoranda on the Economic Situation of the individual Dependencies tod on the Product* of the Colonial Empire Survey for 1936 [Colonial No. 149] £t 7s. 6d. {£1 8s. ad.) COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT Report of the Colonial Development Advisory Committee for the period rat April, 1938, to 3"* Match, 1939 [Cmd. 6062) 9d. (iod.) LOCAL LEGISLATURES IN THE COLONIAL EMPIRE Return showing the composition, etc [H. of C. 169,1937/38] 6d. (yd. EDUCATION OF AFRICAN COMMUNITIES Memorandum by the Advisory Committee on Education in the Colonies [Colonial No. 103] 6d< (jhl.) HIGHER EDUCATION IN BAST AFRICA Report of tiie Commission appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies [Colonial No. 142] 2s. 6d. (as. M.) THE INTRODUCTION OF PLANTS INTO THE COLONIAL DEPENDENCIES OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE A Summary of Legislation as at the end of December, 1936 [Colonial No. 141] is. (is, id.) VOCATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN THE COLONIAL EMPIRE A Survey [Colonial No.
    [Show full text]
  • The White Horse Press Full Citation: Singh, Meena. "Basutoland: a Historical Journey Into the Environment."
    The White Horse Press Full citation: Singh, Meena. "Basutoland: A Historical Journey into the Environment." Environment and History 6, no. 1 (February 2000): 31–70. http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/3033. Rights: All rights reserved. © The White Horse Press 2000. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism or review, no part of this article may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including photocopying or recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission from the publishers. For further information please see http://www.whpress.co.uk. Basutoland: A Historical Journey into the Environment MEENA SINGH Centre for History and Economics King's College, Cambridge CB2 1ST ABSTRACT Reconstructing the environment of Lesotho in order to assess soil erosion at different time scales, highlights conflicting views about the initiation of accel- erated erosion. Indigenous agricultural practices were sensitive to the fragile environment and aimed to ensure a protective vegetative cover. The imposition of colonial conservation techniques overlooked local wisdom regarding soil erosion prevention, was often ineffective, and arguably accelerated soil erosion. Loss of flat fertile land to the Boers, changes from indigenous agriculture to commercial cultivation, concentration of population on steep slopes, were among causes that contributed to accelerated erosion, and to indigenous agricul- tural systems becoming less effective. KEYWORDS Soil erosion, historical sources, colonial conservation, indigenous knowledge, environmental reconstruction, vegetative cover INTRODUCTION The universe is made of stories, not atoms. Muriel Rukeyser [1913-1980] The aim of this essay is to assess the evidence for environmental degradation in Lesotho, using a wide range of historical sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Africa
    24 Southern Africa SHULA MARKS For much of the twentieth century British policies in southern Africa have been dominated by calculations about South Africa. The Union, later Republic, of South Africa has occupied a unique position in British Imperial strategy and imagination. Undergirding this status materially was South Africa's gold, while sustaining it ideologically were the labours of Sir Alfred Milner's 'kindergarten', that group of bright young men from Oxford who were brought to the Transvaal to reshape its institutions after the South African War (1899-1902), and who were themselves reshaped by the experience. As Lionel Curtis, ideologist of Imperial Federation, put it in a letter in 1907: 'South Africa is a microcosm and much that we thought peculiar to it is equally true of the Empire itself... When we have done all we can do and should do for South Africa it may be we shall have the time and training to begin some work of the same kind in respect of Imperial Relations.'1 Interconnected networks of City, Empire, and academe gave South Africa its importance to the advocates of Commonwealth at least until 1945. The role played by the 'kindergarten' in the unification of South Africa provided its members with a model for their wider vision of Imperial Federation, propounded in their Round Table movement and their journal of the same name; the fortunes made by mine magnates such as Rhodes, Beit, and Bailey were devoted to furthering the schemes of the Round Tablers, whether through scholarships, chairs of Imperial history, or the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House; their friendships For the purposes of this chapter, southern Africa has been defined as the Union of South Africa, the High Commission Territories (Basutoland, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland), Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi.
    [Show full text]
  • Church and Land in Basutoland: the Paris Evangelical Mission and Its Implications
    Article Church and Land in Basutoland: The Paris Evangelical Mission and its Implications Ntabanyane S. K. Tšeuoa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8415-1516 University of KwaZulu-Natal [email protected] Abstract This paper investigates how the Paris Mission acquired land in Basutoland upon the arrival of its missionaries in 1833 and in subsequent years. It also looks at changing notions of land and the missionaries’ utilisation of it throughout their tenure in Basutoland. It explores how the Basuto as a people understood the possession of land vis-à-vis the European notion of buying and selling land as a commodity. Particular focus is given to the extent of the misunderstanding that took place upon the initial allocation of land to the missionaries of the Paris Mission, as well as to the Methodist Wesleyan Mission missionaries who settled at ThabaNtšo (Nchu) in 1833. The missionaries gave Moshoeshoe some gifts— an act which was misconstrued by the two parties. The missionaries thought that the gifts were in exchange for the land granted to them and that they were actually buying it, while Moshoeshoe on the other hand thought that the gifts were a gesture of allegiance and goodwill to him as the king. To achieve the goal of the study, all old stations of the Paris Mission were looked into, as well as their founding missionaries to ascertain how land was granted to them by Moshoeshoe, and then how that land was utilised by the mission and the community. The study perused archival materials kept in the Morija Museum and archives.
    [Show full text]
  • An Obscured Narrative in the Political Economy of Colonial Commerce in Lesotho, 1870–1966
    Historia 59, 2, November 2014, pp 28-45 An obscured narrative in the political economy of colonial commerce in Lesotho, 1870–1966 Sean Maliehe Introduction Literature on the history of Lesotho’s1 local business is still in its infancy. With the exception of two biographies of Frasers, a company owned by British immigrants,2 scholarly work in this area is subsumed under major political and social themes of the country’s history.3 Of importance among these, is a chapter by Motlatsi Thabane in a collected work, Essays on Aspects of the Political Economy of Lesotho, 1500–2000. In his chapter, Thabane historicises various aspects of colonial economy and society.4 Among these, he explores the history of colonial commerce. Adopting a critical political economy approach, he demonstrates how European traders monopolised commerce in Lesotho; and how in the process, they marginalised Basotho and Indian traders. In the colonial period, the business community consisted, hierarchically, of European (of British descent), Indian and Basotho traders.5 Commerce, namely, retailing and wholesaling, was the main business activity. Led by Frasers, European traders controlled colonial commerce in Lesotho.6 It was only at the beginning of the twentieth century that a number of Basotho acquired licences to open trading stores. This coincided with the arrival of Indian traders in Lesotho, mostly from South Africa.7 Furthermore, Thabane also constructs how Basotho contested their exclusion and their marginalisation in political and economic spheres. Currently, this work remains the only published scholarly work on colonial commerce in Lesotho. There is therefore much to be done by historians in this field.
    [Show full text]
  • From Granary to Labour Reserve: an Economic History of Lesotho Colin Murray
    3 From Granary to Labour Reserve: An Economic History of Lesotho * Colin Murray Introduction More than one hundred years ago, in 1863, Lesotho was described as "the granary of the Free State and parts of the (Cape) Colony".1 Today it is an im­ poverished labour reserve. Its dependence on the export of labour to South Africa is starkly illustrated by the following facts. Firstly, perhaps 200 000 migrants from Lesotho are regularly employed in South Africa, out of the country's total popu­ lation of one and a quarter million.2 Nearly 130 000 men were employed in the mines alone in 1977, supplying a quarter of the industry's complement of black labour.3 Secondly, the earnings of these migrants far exceed Lesotho's Gross Domestic Product. Thirdly, according to a recent survey, about 70 per cent of mean rural household income is derived from migrant earnings. Only about 6 percent is derived from domestic crop prpduction. Contrary to the Prime Minister's assertion in the Second Five Year Development Plan, agriculture does not "support 80 per cent of the population".5 It is the "backbone of the economy"6 only in the resi­ dual sense that there are very few other employment prospects within the country. The population of Lesotho today is aptly described as a rural proletariat which scratches about on the land. There is a well established tradition in South African economic historiography — that of economic dualism7 - which attempts to explain poverty in the rural peri­ phery of southern Africa by invoking African failure to respond to changing con­ ditions and, specifically, features intrinsic to African social structure which inhibit the capacity to innovate.
    [Show full text]