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TRAINING PROJECTS

OUTLINES

FIREFIGHTER AIRCRAFT

CRASH RESCUEMAN

SSN 1383

NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU • JULY 1950

ft.

NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU MANUAL

N G B 13 8 3

TRAINING PROJECTS

OUTLINES

FIREFIGHTER AIRCRAFT

CRASH RESCUEMAN

SSN 1383

NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU JULY 1950

United States Government Printing Office Washington : 1950

82 10/093nL50-53 2134

TP 1383-1 PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Am Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION

1. PURPOSE. 6. The Installation Fire Chief is respon To acquaint you with the purpose, policies, sible for operation of Fire Protection and and organization of the Department of Fire Aircraft Crash Rescue. He may delegate Fighting and Crash Rescue Training. authority to one or more assistant fire chiefs. To familiarize you with the instruction The Fire Chief is in command of rescue and and grading method used in this course. fire fighting operations until all personnel have been rescued and/or the fire is extin To teach you the purpose and use of Tech guished. nical Order OO-5-l. c. The Crew Chief is responsible for the To teach you the procedure for accomplish ing the Individual Run and Crash Reports. 2. EQUIPMENT. oanumnp cirri cer Charts : Organization, Base Unit. instaliascion Protection, Comparison, War and Fire. fire marshal DA AGO Form 5-1, Individual Run Re port. DA AGO Form 5-4, Individual Crash Run Report. ASSISTANT TIRE UAHSHAL 3. REFERENCES. TO 00-1-1— Numerical Index of Tech INSTALLATION nical Publications. FIRE CHIEF TO 00-1-2— Alphabetical Index of Technical Publications. TO 00-5-1— Technical Order, Supply ASSISTANT Catalog (Stock List) and TIRE CHIEF Special Publications Sys tem. CEEff CHUT 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. I a. The Base Commander has the overall responsibility. The Installation's Fire Mar TIBS shall is responsible for Fire Protection and CHASH RESCOOUB Aircraft Crash Rescue. He may delegate authority to one or more assistant fire mar INSTALLATION EIRE DEP. shals. Figure 1. FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 138a-l PAGE 2 operation and specified maintenance of an craft Crash Rescue Organization to make individual unit, composed of one truck and these inspections. assigned personnel. Fire Fighting is the branch of fire science d. The Fire Fighter and Crash Rescueman which establishes standards and prescribes is responsible for his Individual job with practices for the rescue of personnel and the fire fighting unit. control and extinguishment of fire. The stand e. The training received from this course ards and prescribed practices are controlled will enable you to rescue personnel, control by frequent inspections and tests. It is the and extinguish fires, and instruct these sub responsibility of the Fire Protection and jects proficiently. It is the primary objective Aircraft Crash Rescueman Organization to of all fire fighters to save personnel and prop give on-the-job training for fire fighting per erty. The rescue of personnel is of prime sonnel. importance and is not confined to any given It can be conceived from the above infor category of people ; it may be men, women or mation that, whenever fire prevention fails, children. FIRE is inevitable; when fire safety fails, The policy of the Air Force, to maintain LIFE is in jeopardy: then it becomes a high degree of efficiency in the fire fighting the mission of the fire fighting branch to personnel, is to perpetuate a scheduled train correct these situations. To correct these ing program and maintain daily records on situations, it is necessary to emphasize FIRE training charts. SAFETY AND FIRE PREVENTION. To understand the importance of Fire The importance of Fire Protection may Protection in the Air Force, the following be shown by comparing War and Fire Pro definitions are given: tection. (Fig. 2.)

flHS PROTECTION Protection ± Fire Fire Fire Prevention Safety Fighting Figure 2. Three branches of fire protection.

/. Fire Prevention is the branch of fire science which establishes standards and pre nn irraTanticn scribes practices for the prevention of acci rubttaf Sofatgr dental and unintentional fires. The standards proaiary A Jostle* and prescribed practices are controlled by DofonM•Mlamd frequent inspections. It is the responsibility wxlftOn.Tar * Tiro of the Fire Protection and Aircraft Crash Rescue Organization to make these inspec Figure S. tions. Fire Safety is the branch of fire science The purpose of the Department of Fire which establishes standards and prescribes Fighting and Crash Rescue Training is to practices for the escape of personnel under train Air National Guard personnel in air fire and emergency conditions. The standards craft crash, structural, natural cover fire and prescribed practices are controlled by fighting, emergency rescue, standardize fire frequent inspections and tests. It is the re fighting and rescue procedures, and conduct sponsibility of the Fire Protection and Air- on-the-job training, using developmental TP 1383-1 PAGE 3 teaching principles. To accomplish this, the FUNDAMENTALS OF TEACHING Fire Fighting and Crash Rescue Instructor (30 hours) Course is established in three separate i. Your training in the Fundamentals of branches. Teaching for on-the-job training will consist STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING of the following: (20 hours) (1) Training Project Demonstration. g. In the Structural Fire Fighting Branch, (2) Introducing the Lesson Project. you will acquire necessary and valuable (3) Supervising the Project Study Pe knowledge which will enable you to train riod. others successfully, intelligently, and safely in the practical problems involved in struc (4) Checking the Study Period. tural fires. (5) Discussion. Your training in the Structural Fire Fight (6) Demonstration. ing Branch will consist of the following : (7) Accomplishment of Training Proj (1) Introduction and Orientation. ect Outline. (2) Class 750 Pumper Truck, Fire De (8) Evaluation of Training Project partment Hydraulics, and Protec Outline. tive Equipment. (9) Critique of Student Accomplish (3) Class 500 Pumper Truck. ment. (4) Class 325 Pumper Truck. (10) Development of On-the-job Train (5) Interior Fires, Types of Buildings, ing Course. Forcible Entry and Preservation of (11) Aids to Training. Evidence. (12) Student Evaluation. (6) Exterior Fires. (13) Planning and Developing Training (7) Gasoline Tank, Automobile and Na Project Outlines. tural Cover Fires. (14) Practical Application of Develop mental Teaching Methods. CRASH FIRE FIGHTING (30 hours) h. Your training in the Crash Fire Fight j. The instructional methods used in the ing Branch will consist of the following : course will be of the type which will create the greatest student participation. (1) Class 110 Crash Truck. (2) Class 125 Crash Truck. The training Project Outlines (TPO's) are used in all phases and present problems (3) Class 150 Crash Truck. to be accomplished that will parallel as near (4) Class 155 Crash Truck. as possible, the work you will perform. (5) Single Engine Aircraft, including Training Project Outlines will be taught Jet Engine. in the following manner: (6) Two-Engine Aircraft, including (1) Introduction. Jet Engines. (2) Supervised Study. (7) Four-Engine Aircraft, including Jet Engines. (3) Checking the Study Period. (8) Four-Engine Aircraft (MB — simi (4) Discussion and Demonstration. lar to B-29), including Jet Engines. (5) Accomplishment of the Work Proj- (9) Six-Engine Aircraft. (10) Two-, Four-, and Six-Engine Air (6) Individual Instruction. craft Operating Under Night Con (7) Evaluation. ditions. (8) Critique. TP 1383-1 PAGE 4

LISTEN TO AND OBSERVE FUNDAMENTALS OF TEACHING ATTENTIVELY ALL PRACTICAL Daily (TPO) grades — 70 percent DEMONSTRATIONS. OBSERVE ALL Written test — 30 percent SAFETY PRECAUTIONS The course final grade is determined as A;. The grading method is known as the follows : point system. It is based on the following Structural fire fighting — 33i/3 per scales : cent Crash fire fighting — 33 V3 percent Scale value Interpretation 5 Superior understanding of information pre Fundamentals of teaching — 331/3 sented and/or completion of the assign percent ment quickly and efficiently. Learned what m. Technical Orders are official publica to do, how to do it, and the relationship of the project to others studied in the unit. tions which are compiled and distributed in 4 Above average understanding of informa loose-leaf form by the Air Material Com tion presented and/or completion of the mand, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, assignment with little hesitancy. Learned Dayton, Ohio. These publications contain what to do and understood generally the specific directives and technical information underlying principles. covering the assembly, operation, storage 3 Average understanding of information pre and maintenance of all equipment and mate sented and general idea of what was to be done. Finished the assignment but with rials used in the Air Force. minor errors of omission or commission. All Technical Orders covering equipment Made false starts, changes, and repeti contain the following information: tions. 2 Below average understanding of the infor (1) A general description which in mation presented and lacks sufficient cludes photographs, diagrams and knowledge and/or dexterity to complete proper nomenclature for all parts. the assignment. Additional instruction re (2) Detailed instructions for assembling quired. the equipment. 1 Inferior understanding of information (3) Detailed instructions for operating taught. Could not complete the assign the equipment. ment with major assistance from the instructor. (4) Detailed instructions for storing, maintaining and repairing the I. Grades will be given in whole numbers equipment. for each TPO. Phase, written, and practical (5) A list of all parts showing part grades will be carried out to one decimal. number, nomenclature, property Practical examinations will be given in Struc classification and how many of each tural and Crash Fire Fighting phases. Writ part goes into the assembly. ten examination will be given in the Funda A list of all the Technical Orders is pub mental of Teaching phase. The final grade lished in the Numerical Index of Technical is determined by averaging all project grades. Publications (T.O. OO-l-l). This basic in Final phase and course grade will be based dex is kept up to date by a supplement which on the following percentages : is issued every two weeks. STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING In addition to the basic index, an Alpha Daily (TPO) grades— 70 percent betical Index (T.O. 00-1-2) is published and Practical test — 30 percent made available to aid inexperienced person nel in determining the Technical Order num CRASH FIRE FIGHTING ber of a specific item of equipment. This Daily (TPO) grades— 70 percent index is divided into four sections. Sections Practical test — 30 percent one and two contain the listing of publica TP 1383-1 PAGE 5

tions on aircraft and aircraft engines. Sec The first step in locating any technical tion three lists all the other publica information in the basic index is to properly tions on equipment and accessories. Section classify the subject, that is, determine the four is a topical index of captions and head property class containing the item about ings used throughout the other sections of which information is desired. A list of the the index which has been included solely for property classes is contained in the table the purpose of making the entire index easier of contents of the index and should be used to use. at any time that doubt exists to which class With few exceptions, all Technical Orders an item belongs. are identified by a number consisting of The instructor will conduct a discussion three parts, such as TO 19-25A-47, TO 19- concerning the informational procedures just 25A-49, etc. The method of applying num read. Ask questions on any points that are bers to the publications is as follows : not clear. An important duty of a Fire Fighter and (1) All Air Force equipment and ma Crash Rescueman is the compilation of re terials of a similar nature are quired reports. The thoroughness and accu grouped together and each group racy of these reports cannot be overstressed. is assigned a number. For example, These forms furnish higher authorities with all aircraft instruments are placed complete details concerning the adequacy of in Class 05, all ground servicing, fire prevention, fire safety and fire fighting vehicles, marine and motorized equipment and training. equipment are grouped in Class 19 : Two two forms that the Fire Fighter and etc. This, then, is the number which Crash Rescueman will complete are: forms the FIRST PART of the three-part number which appears (1) The Individual Run Report (DA on all ground servicing, vehicles, AGO Form 5-1) (pages 10 and 11). marine and motorized equipment (2) The Individual Crash Fire Report Technical Orders. (DA AGO Form 5-4) (pages 12 (2) The SECOND PART of the three- and 13). part number identifies the partic n. The following questions will be used ular subdivision of the class to by the instructor as a basis for determining which the Technical Order applies: points in the Informational Procedure that i.e., 05-30 applies to altimeters in may need clarification. the aircraft instrument class; 19- (1) What is the responsibility of the 25A applies to fire trucks and asso Fire Marshal? ciated equipment in the ground (2) Who is responsible for operation servicing, vehicles, marine and mo and specified maintenance of an in torized equipment class. Alphabeti dividual unit? cal letters are occasionally added to this second part to segregate fur (3) What is Fire Prevention? ther the equipment covered. (4) Why should emphasis be placed on Fire Safety and Prevention? (3) The THIRD NUMBER of the series identifies a specific item in the sub (5) What two forms are completed by division of a group; i.e., 05-30-7 the fire fighter and crash rescue? is written specifically about the Pi (6) What is the purpose of Technical ll altimeter; 19-25A-47 contains Orders? information on the operation and (7) Explain what each of the three maintenance instruction for fire sections of a Technical Order num pump, GF 60 (American-Marsh). ber indicates. TP 1383-1 PAGE 6

5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. b. Where is the Individual Run Report a. You will be conducted on a familiariza kept on file? tion tour of the Department of Fire Fighting c. What are the three branches of Fire and Crash Rescueman by your instructor. Protection? He will stress points to be observed in the d. How long is the Individual Run Report areas, location of the offices, drinking foun retained by the Fire Company? tains, latrines, clothing and drying room, and e. How often should forms be filled out on supply room. a Run and Crash Fire? 6. Upon returning to the classroom, the /. What section of the Technical Order instructor will conduct a critique of the Index lists the Technical Orders on ground points observed on the tour and of the entire servicing, vehicles, marine and motorized TPO. equipment? c. Accomplish the Individual Run Report g. What is the number of the Technical (DA AGO 5-1). Refer to the sample form Order which is the basic index of all Tech in the informational Procedure. Use the nical Orders? following information and any additional 7. CRITIQUE. information you deem necessary to complete the form. The instructor will conduct a critique of this training project outline and will use the (1) Fire Truck, 750 Pumper. most effective means of summarizing the fol (2) Alarm Time, 0830 Hours. lowing key points: (3) Fire Phone, 17. a. The organization of a Base Unit. (4) Location, Building 222. b. Organization of Fire Protection and (5) Caused by grass fire spreading to Aircraft Crash Rescue Unit. trash under building. c. Responsibility for Fire Protection and (6) Hydrant No. 10. Aircraft Crash Rescue activities at Base Level. d. Accomplish the Individual Crash Fire Report (DA AGO 5-4). Refer to the sample d. Objectives of Fire Fighters and Crash form in the Informational Procedure. Use Rescueman Instructor's Course. the following information and any additional e. The importance of on-the-job training information you deem necessary to complete in maintaining a high degree of efficiency for the form. fire fighting personnel. /. Importance of fire prevention, fire safe (1) Crash Fire Trucks, 125, 150 and ty, and fire fighting activities within the Air 155. Force. (2) Weather, fair. g. The importance and value to individuals (3) Temperature, 65 degrees. in attaining a high grade in this school. (4) Humidity, 10%. h. The importance of understanding thor (5) Wind direction, northwest. oughly the grading method used in grading (6) Velocity, 15 mph. students. (7) Type of aircraft, B-29. i. Importance and use of technical orders and index. 6. EVALUATION (Self). Importance of supplying correct infor a. Is a form required to be filled out when mation on Individual Run Report and Indi ever a crash fire occurs? vidual Crash Fire Report. TP 1383-1 PAGE 7

9 FIRE DEPARTMENT POST INDIVIDUAL RUN REPORT Lowry Air Force Base

#:"'o r "£e STATION NO. l DATE l Jan 50

ALARM DATA TIME RESPONDED RECEIVED 'o',OO TO FIRE TO COVER-IN

£ Box No.—#– D Phone D. Other AM 1620 P.M. A.M. P.M.

TIME RETURNED TO STATION TOTAL TIME OUT milEAGE A.M. P.M. HOURS MiNUTES IN OUT Traveled 17OO 40 887 876 ll LOCATION OF FIRE OR ORIGIN Of ALARM Building 840°

DESCRIPTION Of PROPERTY INVOLVED Warehouse l Story Frame

CLASSIFICATION Of ALARM FIRE no FIRE D # In Building D. In Brush, Grass, Rubbish, etc. [T] Rescue or Emergency D. Accidental Alarm D. In Vehicle D. In Brush, Grass, Rubbish near Bldg. D.Plane Crash (Standby) D. Other (Specify) D In Airplane D. Other (Specify) D False Alarm

Eouipment USED OR CONSUMED NUMBER AMOUNT ITEM NUMPER I AMOUNT TIEM Unit 2%-sellon Soda-Acid Lines Booster Hose Unit 2%-9allon Foam Ft. 1%-inch Hose Unit 2%-9allon Pump Tank 20O Ft. 2%-inch Hose Unit 5-gallon Pump Tank Ft. Ladders Unit 15-pound Carbon Dioxide Lb. Foam Powder Unit 50-pound Carbon Dioxide | Gal. Foam Solution Gal. Carbon Tetrachloride Lb. Calcium Chloride (Nonfreeze) Unit 40-gallon Soda-Acid (Other) Unit 40-gallon Foam (Other) (Other) (Other) PiOSE LINE

fT. LINE INCH HOSE INCH NOZZLE HOUR MINUTE Hydrant Line 1 Pumper 2OO 2 1/2 l 5 Booster Hydrant Line 2 Pumper Booster Hydrant Line 3 Pumper Booster WORMING TMME of PUMPER ESTIMATED OUANTITY water USED HOURS minuTES 5 *250 HyDRANT 54 "#250 BOOSTER

W. D., A. G. Q. form No. 5-1 This form supersedes W. D., a G.O., form 5-1,4-September 1944, (Old W. D. A. G. O., form 419) *-* *-ato 1 December 1944 which asy %e used until existins stocks are exhausted.

Ş Figure 4. TP 1383-1 PAGE 8

EQUIPMENT DAMAGED OR DesnROYED

None

GOUIPMENT LOST OR FOUND

NOme

PERSONNEL ON DUTY WHEN ALARM RECEIVED

Smith, Brown, Mitchelih, Adeams.

PERSONNEL NOT RESPONDING-REASON None

Off-DuTY PERSONNEL RESPONDING None

MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF VEHICLE GOOd

REMARKS (Indicate Accident, iniury, fetality, Etc.):

None > OPERATION Of UNIT AND STORY Of CALL

Give complete essential details as briefly as possible, including sequence of operations, exact location, observations as to origin and progress of fire, untoward happenings, etc. Information of value in final investigation by board of officers is essential. Where appropriate, make sketch showing location of hydrants, pumper, hose lines, and other operations with respect to building, or buildings, involved.

Ok - C. *ALT1:19. To "cun 54. The fire was under control within two minutes, Estimated damage has not been received at this time.

skETCH,

"" w.B. Smith *&# chief f"Jan 50

CHECMEd By TITLE (Chief or Assistant Chief)

fru. s. covernment printino office: 1944 16-41666 t-way Figure 5. TP 1383-1 PAGE 9 REPORT I DATE OF REPORT; 10 INDIVIDUAL CRASH FIRE REPORT lh June 19^9 ID- POST LAMB LOCATION OF Bunway_12 East End

1 mile INDICATE CLASSIFICATION | | NO FIRE | | EMERGENCY TAXI LINE OF ALARM FIRE CRASH □ EMERGENCY □ EMERGENCY DATE AND TIME OF EMERGENCY TIME OF ALARM TIME FIRST APPARATUS TIME FIRE OUT ELAPSED TIME ARRIVED lh June ks 0730 0732 0733 ANY DELAY OR FAILURE IN RECEIPT OF ALARM DELAY OR FAILURE IN None None

EQUIPMENT CRASH TRUCKS AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT UNITHOW WASOF EQUIP EACH MENT NOTIFIED Crash Alarm System Fire Phone RESPONSE BY class class class CLASS OF ARRIVAL IN ORDER 125 150 155 500 Pumper 7PMENT RESPONDING ON FIELD BY class 110 In motor pool EQUIPMENT FAILURES 'none ' DAMAGE TO EQUIP OR MENT OTHERWISE BY FIRE None FIRE FIGHTING WHO COMMANDED FIRE FIGHTERS ON DUTY NOT Chief Moore 21 None ANY FAILURE IN None FACTUAL DATA T»E OF AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT IN USE AS_ c iq Navigator Training GASOLINE QUANTITY INVOLVED NATURE OF GROUND SURFACE 300 gallons Concrete Runway OTHER MATERIALS (JBonfe, AmmnmHIf. Off* «c) None CAUSE OF EMERGENCY Un tnmU ft—mt Engine Fire NATURE OF Broken fuel lin©

WHAT WERE CONDITIONS UPON ARRIVAL OF CRASH CREWS (At tHaO) Fire on ground and in accessory section

GENERAL TEMPERATURE. REL. HUMIDITY WIND DIRECTION VELOCITY WEATHER Fair 65 10 West 10 mph ESTI MATED COST OF DAMAGE POINT OF ORIGIN OF FIRE $1,000.00 Eight Engine

WD ABO HUM cm Eeplaoa WS AGO tana fr:*. WJofj 1M4. whloh nmj to ami. mt m 1 Figure 6. TP 1383-1 PAGE 10

EMTINGUISHING AGENTs USED QUANTITY | UNIT ITEM QuANTITY | UNIT ITEM GAL warER (Z-Pre-re) Les I roam Powder cal warER (He re." Gu. |Foam solution Foam Nozzle Iss. co, Guiz.: IOO GAL | Foutsourion rocnozzi: I.OOOTILas co, (c...To MOO can cic OTHER (Specify) OTHER (Specift) RESCUE &###in - unnuuard_ INJURED UNEURNED MINOR BURNS | SERIOUSBURNS NUMBER ESCAPED UNAIDED 5–– O E. O c) 5 Number Rescued alive . t 5 O 5 al ©

NUMBER REMOVED DEAD | O O | 5 "f © TOOLS USED CLOTHING HOSE LINE PROTECTION Ré:to None Bunking Foam and Foam-Fog

ExTENT OF INJURIESTO PERSONNEL IN AIRPLANE None

ANY INJURY OR LOSSOF LIFETOOTHER PERSONNEL

None

&#"######"? with foam.

comMENTS AND RECOM Crash Fire anč"TGscue Units should have been motified when aircraft was approaching the base. "Recommend" fire department be motified before landing is made

Diannanye REPORT DETAIL ENTREACTION OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT (Continue on separate sheet and include sketch) Alarm was received at 07:50. Response was immediate. The C-97 had allready landed and was at the end of Runway 12. The fire was controlled and extinguished immediately.

signature of Officer NCHARGE OF CRASM FIRE FIGHTING signature of COMMANDING Officer /s/R.R. Lowes R. R. Lowes, Chief

* b. s. sevensmen warmneernes Figure 7. TP 1383-1 PAGE 11

8. GRADING POINTS.

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 — 1 1. Did the student correctly use the supplied infor mation in accomplish ing DA-AGO Form 5-1? 2. Did the student supply additional correct in formation in ac complishing DA-AGO Form 5-1? 3. Did the student correctly use the supplied infor mation in compiling DA-AGO Form 5-4? 4. Did the student supply additional correct in formation in ac complishing DA-AGO Form 6-4? V TP 1383-2 PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

CLASS 750 PUMPER TRUCK

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-2 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. (1) When did the operator set the brake To teach you the identification, operation, in the film? (including individual duties of crew mem (2) What gear was selected when mov bers) and inspection and maintenance (in ing truck forward? cluding polar) of the Class 750 Pumper (3) What procedure was followed be Truck. fore traveling over rough terrain? 2. REFERENCE. When starting up inclines? TM 5-692, Fire Department Techniques. (4) What precautionary measures were taken when parking down-grade? TM 5-687, Inspection and Preventive When parking up-grade? Maintenance Services for Fire Protection Equipment and Appliances. (5) What precautionary measure was taken when backing truck? 3. EQUIPMENT (6) What method was used in slowing a. One Class 750 Pumper Truck fully truck preparatory to stopping be equipped. fore applying brakes? b. One Hose Loader. c. Your Instructor will demonstrate driv c. TF 11-553, Motor Vehicle Driver's Ele ing of the Class 750 Pumper Truck. mentary Instruction and Inspection (25 min utes). (1) Starting, moving forward, and shifting of gears. d. TF 10-2054, Motor Vehicle Driver's First Echelon Maintenance Designed for (2) Stopping, using engine to reduce Drivers (20 minutes). speed, and applying foot brake and emergency brake. 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. (3) Backing of truck and importance For identification, read paragraph b, pages of outside guide. 3 and 4, TM 5-687. d. The Class 750 Pumper is equipped with EVALUATION (Self) a 750 g.p.m., two stage, pressure-volume type (1) What is the capacity of the Class centrifugal pump. In order to identify this 750 Pump at 200 p.s.i.? pump as a pressure-volume (series-parallel) (2) What type of pump is mounted on pump, it must be equipped with a change-over the Class 750? valve. This valve changes the pump from (3) What is the capacity of the booster pressure (series) to volume (parallel) oper tank? ation as the requirements for engine pressure (4) How many fifty-foot sections of dictate. For example, on long hose lays, the 2^-inch hose are carried on the pressure (series) position is selected, and Class 750? on short or medium lays, the volume (paral (5) What is the length of the booster lel) position is used. line? Pump controls and gauges are located at the "pump operator's station" midship of the b. Your Instructor will preview TF 11-553 truck on the left side of the vehicle. on procedures for driving truck (25 min The pump is driven by the vehicle's engine utes) . through a special pump transmission. When Instructor will show film. the pump is equipped with rotary gears, the Instructor will review film. same transmission is utilized for the fire Evaluate your understanding of proce pump as for priming purposes. Pumpers dures shown in the film by answering these which are not equipped with rotary gear questions : pumps for priming, utilize the vehicle engine TP 1383-2 PAGE 3

for reducing air pressure in the pump and by use of the priming pump or utilizing the suction line. This is accomplished by con intake side of engine through the priming necting the pump to the intake side of the device. engine. PRIMING THE PUMP. With the engine The 750 centrifugal pump is equipped with idling, shift the pump gear shift lever from a change-over valve, pressure and compound neutral to prime position. Pull out the primer gauges, vacuum pump or engine priming de valve control and engage the priming pump. vices. It is also equipped with either an auto The engine throttle may now be opened to matic relief valve or pressure regulator. The regulate the engine speed to about 700 to word "relief" valve, as the word implies, 1200 r.p.m. Similarly, except for placing the relieves the pressure at a predetermined priming pump into operation, controls can pressure. The relief valve should have a pre be pulled to initiate draft by using the engine determined pressure setting of 120 p.s.i. priming device. Whenever the pump is needed, a minimum GAUGE. The two gauges are the pressure loss of time is encountered in either raising and the compound gauge. The pressure gauge or lowering the pressure from this predeter registers the pressure on the discharge side mined setting. This information is beneficial of the pump, and the compound gauge regis to crew chief and nozzleman for control and ters the pressure or vacuum on the suction use of nozzle stream pending time required side; however, where two gauges are used for proper setting. on the centrifugal type pump, both must be The regulator controls the engine pressure of the compound type. by regulating engine r.p.m. and is connected PUMPING. While the pump is turning from the discharge side of the pump to the over, with the engine at idling speed, open the carburetor. The pressure regulator, when discharge valve to the hose which lines are at spring tension is utilized, should also be set tached. The desired working pressure, as read at 120 p.s.i. when truck is not in use at the on the pressure gauge, is reached by gradu fire station. When pressure regulator is of ally opening hand throttle. After the desired the hydraulic-diaphram type, this procedure working pressure is obtained, where the re does not apply as water under pressure must lief valve is employed, it may be possible to be present for operation and setting. Except lower the engine speed slightly. In all cases, for priming, the procedures for operating run the engine at the lowest speed at which all Class 750 centrifugal pumps are similar the required pressure can be maintained. whether operating from hydrant or draft. Where the pressure regulator is employed, Either the soft or hard suction can be used the engine speed is determined by the desired when operating from hydrant; however, the engine pressure, and no further setting is hard suction must be used when operating required. from draft. THE AUTOMATIC RELIEF VALVE. The Preparatory to drafting, remove the hard pump operator seldom knows in advance suction and connect it to the pump, connect when a hose line is to be shut-down. If a strainer to male end of suction, attach single line is operating from the pump, a rope to suction and/or strainer, submerge sudden closing of the line causes a momen strainer and hose, and secure rope to appa tary backing up of the pressure in the pump, ratus to prevent strainer from being too and the pressure may be sufficient to rupture close to bottom or surface. Before starting the hose line or pump casing. If more than draft operation, make sure that all connec one line is being used and one of the lines tions are tight. Before water will be forced is shut down suddenly, the pump may con into pump, the air pressure must be reduced tinue to run as long as one line is open, but in the pump and suction hose. This is done the pressure built up may be sufficient to TP 1383-2 PAGE 4 cause a reaction at the nozzle and injure set to release at a predetermined pressure, personnel holding it. To prevent this from and its operation activates by the actual happening, when the pressure spring tension pressure at which the pump is discharging. on the automatic relief valve, the valve opens The pressure regulator valve operates in in order to permit water to flow into the principal along the same line as the relief suction side of the pump and relieve the dis valve in that it may be set to release at a charge pressure. When the pressure below predetermined pressure, and its operation is the setting of the spring, caused by the open actuated by the actual pressure at which the ing of other hose lines is reduced, the valve pump is discharging. closes and the flow from the discharge to suction side ceases. To set the automatic relief valve, starting CONTROL ROD - TO CARBURETOR from the predetermined setting of 120 p.s.i., back the knurled nut until the pressure on the gauge begins to drop, then screw in until original pressure is restored. Whenever the pressure is changed, this control must be reset in the same manner. Screw the nut in for higher, and out for lower pressure. PRESSURE REGULATOR VALVE. There are two common types of pressure regulator valves. The pressure regulator valve may be

a: o J4 r- OLU aa cr : Figure 2. uj : : QC CD : < Figure 1, water at pump pressure enters ^ ! CD regulator or governor chamber C and reacts x : 50 o : against diaphram D, against the opposite side of which rests piston P, backed by the compression in spring S. The pressure of the lC. piston against the diaphram may be increased or decreased as desired by turning screw control cap K, varying the compression in the spring. When the discharge valves are \\ CONTROL closed, the pump pressure in C increases and VALVE overbalances the spring pressure on the other side of the diaphram, causing the piston to DRAIN \X9J move to the right. Piston P is connected to VALVE>/ SHUTy OFF the carburetor of the motor by a series of VALVE 0 rods and levers L and M in such a way that a slight movement of the piston to the right £ UJ will cause the valve to partially close. When a. valve partially closes, the fuel supply is re duced, the speed of the motor lessened, and Figure 1. the pump pressure reduced to normal. When TP 1383-2 PAGE 5

the discharge valves are opened, the pressure out of the water. Open the bleeder valve on in C is reduced and permits the spring to all discharge gates to drain off water. Dis move the piston to the left, thus opening the connect suction hose and replace on truck. carburetor valve, speeding the motor and Replace caps on intake and discharge gates. pump, and obtaining the desired pump pres RETURNING TO QUARTERS. When the sure. When resetting the pressure regulator operation is completed and you are ready or governor regulator for standby or at the to return to the station, unlatch the road station, set the regulator at 120 p.s.i. if it is transmission gear shift lever and shift it to a spring-loaded pressure regulator. Prede neutral. Shift pump control lever from termined pressure cannot be set on the hy pump to road position. draulic type. PUMPING FROM BOOSTER TANK. When pumping from a hydrant, where the When pumping from the booster tank, the desired working pressure is not reached and same procedure is followed as when pump there is less than 5 pounds of pressure on ing from the hydrant. Instead of connecting the compound gauge, no further attempt to the suction to the hydrant, open the tank increase the pressure should be made. The valve. Instead of opening the discharge gate, pump will then be delivering the maximum open booster discharge valve. Following ces capacity of the hydrant. Change to smaller sation of the pumping operation, decrease nozzle tips or change the cross-over valve the engine speed the same as when pump from volume to pressure position. ing from a hydrant. Due to the low dis When pumping from draft, where the de charge and low pressure of the booster sired working pressure is not reached and a nozzle, it is seldom necessary to employ the vacuum of at least 10 inches is showing on cross-over valve. Effective engine pressure the compound gauge, smaller nozzle tips must is approximately 80 to 100 p.s.i. be used or the cross-over valve must be changed from volume to pressure position. EVALUATION (Self). CHANGING FROM VOLUME TO PRES (1) What operations does the pump SURE OR VICE VERSA. When making this operator perform before leaving the change, throttle the engine until the dis cab, when pumping from the hy charge pressure is 25 p.s.i. on the pressure drant? gauge, then turn the cross-over valve control (2) In what gear is the road trans to the opposite extreme. There is no inter mission when pumping? mediate position for the cross-over valve. (3) To what is the suction connected Turn it to the one extreme or the other. first, to the pump or hydrant? TEMPORARY SHUT-DOWN. When tem porary shut-down is required, it is not neces (4) When is the cross-over valve placed in pressure (series) position? sary to stop the pump. Close the throttle until the pressure is reduced to approxi (5) What type suction hose is used mately 20 pounds. Upon resuming operation, when drafting? open the throttle until the desired working (6) How is the air drawn from the pressure is again established. (NOTE : The pump? pump operator will not shut down the pump until so ordered by the crew chief) . (7) What are the two gauges on the 750 Pumper? SHUTTING-DOWN OPERATION. When pumping is completed, shut the pump down (8) What is the difference in the func by first closing the throttle, then closing all tion of the gauges? discharge valves and the hydrant, or in the (9) At what speed should the engine event of drafting, raise the suction strainer run while pumping? TP 1383-2 PAGE 6

(10) What procedure is used in setting EVALUATION (Self). the pressure with the automatic (1) What is the initial operation in relief valve? commencing a straight lay? (11) Why is it sometimes necessary to (2) Where does the plugman alight change to smaller nozzle tips or from truck on the straight lay? from volume to pressure when (3) In what position is the hose laid at pumping from hydrant? the hydrant? How is the hose line (12) What should the pressure be indi held secure? cated on pressure gauge when (4) Where is the hydrant wrench placed change is made from pressure to after the cap has been loosened on volume or vice versa? the hydrant? (13) What is the approximate pressure (5) How tight is the hose connection to be maintained for temporary made when screwed to the hydrant? shut-down? (6) Does the nozzleman face the male HOSE LOAD. or female coupling when discon (1) ACCORDION. Read paragraph 21, necting a line? section c, page 36, and see figure (7) What procedure is used by the 43, page 35, of TM 5-692. nozzleman if the coupling cannot (2) HOSE LOAD FINISH. For dough be broken by hand? nut roll, read paragraph 22, (8) What are the duties of the crew section a, page 36, and see figure 46, chief on a straight lay? page 38, of TM 5-692. (9) What are the duties of the pump (3) STRAIGHT LAY. Read paragraph operator on a straight lay? 23, section a, page 37, and see fig Your Instructor will demonstrate with ure 48, page 40 of TM 5-692, Posi your assistance: tions duties of crew members when (1) HOSE LOAD, using the accordion making a straight lay. load as outlined above. PLUGMAN. Read paragraph 24, sec (2) HOSE FINISH, using the dough tion c, page 38, of TM 5-692. nut roll as outlined above. NOZZLEMAN. The next step in this (3) STRAIGHT LAY, including crew operation will be performed by the positions, as outlined above. nozzlemen. Read paragraph 24, sec tion d, pages 39 and 42, and see figure HORSESHOE LOAD. Read paragraph 21, 50, page 42, of TM 5-692. Read section b, and see figure 44, page 36, of TM section b, page 42, and see figure 54, 5-692. page 45, of TM 5-692, Advancing HOSE FINISH. For Skid Load, read para Hose from Straight Lay. graph 22, section b, page 37, and see figure CREW CHIEF. Directs and assists in 47, page 39. the operation. He may remove REVERSE LAY. Read paragraph 23, booster line as outlined in figure 48, section b, page 38, and see figure 55, page 46, page 40, operation No. 1. of TM 5-692, Advancing Hose from Reverse PUMP OPERATOR. Places pump in Lay, and figure 65, page 51, of TM 5-692, gear for booster operation as out Positions and duties of crew members when lined in paragraph c. He assists making a reverse hose lay. nozzlemen in breaking the line, at NOZZLEMAN. Read paragraph 25, sec taching the nozzle, and advancing tion c, page 42, and see figure 55, page 46 and the line. figure 47, page 38, Dropping the Skid Load. TP 1383-2 PAGE 7

CREW CHIEF directs the operation. He EVALUATION (Self). will assist nozzleman in removing hose and (1) Why should all drains and valves equipment. be closed on pump? PLUGMAN. The plugman will remain on (2) Where should the pumper be posi the truck, step to the side rear platform, and tioned when drafting from pit? proceed to the hydrant. At the hydrant, he Your Instructor will demonstrate the will brake the hose line, connect the line to drafting operation as outlined heretofore. discharge side of pump, and turn on dis charge valve. He will assist the pump opera e. Inspection and Maintenance (including tor in making a truck-to-hydrant connection. polar) . Instructor will preview training film No. PUMP OPERATOR performs duties as TF 10-2054, Motor Vehicle Driver's First heretofore outlined. Echelon Maintenance Designed for Drivers EVALUATION (Self). (20 minutes). Instructor will show film. (1) Where is the horseshoe load started? Instructor will review film. (2) Where is the skid load started? (1) Before operation inspection. (3) How is the skid load started? (2) During operation inspection. (4) Where is the double male connec (3) After operation inspection. tion located and used when making An inspection of fire trucks will be per a reverse lay? formed daily, after each run, and weekly. (5) What are the duties of the nozzle- For daily inspection, read paragraph 14, man on a reverse lay? page 10, of TM 5-687. (6) What are the duties of the crew EVALUATION (Self). chief on a reverse lay? (1) What is the suggested time for (7) What are the duties of the plug- performing daily inspection? man on a reverse lay? (2) When should : (8) What are the duties of the pump (o) The fuel tank be refilled? operator on a reverse lay? (6) Oil be added to the engine? Your Instructor will demonstrate with (c) Water be added to the radiator? your resistance : (d) the tires be checked and for (1) HOSE LOAD, using the horseshoe what? load as outlined in paragraph 21, (3) How should the battery be checked ? section b, figure 44, page 36, of (4) When should the battery be re TM 5-692. charged or replaced? (2) HOSE LOAD FINISH, using the (5) What specific gravity reading skid load as outlined in paragraph should be maintained in the battery 22, section b, page 37, and figure during sub-zero weather? 47, page 39, of TM 5-692. (6) How much free travel should the (3) REVERSE LAY, as outlined in foot brake and clutch pedal have? paragraph 23, section b, page 38, of (7) Why should the drains and valves TM 5-692. be closed on the fire pump? Pumping from draft as outlined in para Your Instructor will demonstrate daily graph c, is similar to pumping from hydrant inspections as outlined in paragraph 14, page except for priming. 10, of TM 5-687. TP 1383-2 PAGE 8

For After-Each-Run Inspection, read Operation No. 2 paragraph 15, page 11, of TM 5-687. Crew will load the hose bed with 1,000 EVALUATION (Self). feet of 2%-inch hose by using the "hose loader" and making the horseshoe load and (1) What procedure is used when dirty the skid load finish as outlined in Informa or salty water has been pumped ? tional Procedure. Upon completion of hose (2) What procedure is used when the load, crew will make the reverse hose lay, lining is found to be loose in the each crew member performing his duties as suction hose? outlined in Informational Procedure. Hose (3) What would cause a slight leak will be reloaded on truck and equipment re around the packing gland? placed. (4) What procedure is used in checking Operation No. 3 primer-pump oil reservoir? Crew will load the hose bed with 1,000 feet of 2i/2-inch hose by using the "hose Your Instructor will demonstrate After- Each-Run Inspection as outlined in para loader" and making the horseshoe load and graph 15, page 11, of TM 5-687. For Weekly the skid load finish as outlined in the In Inspection, read paargraph 16, page 12, of formational Procedure. Upon completion of TM 5-687. the hose load, the crew will make the reverse hose lay and operate from draft as outlined EVALUATION (Self). in Informational Procedure. Hose will be re (1) What procedure is followed in loaded on truck and equipment replaced. cleaning the battery? EVALUATION (Self). (2) How far above the battery plates (1) What is the capacity of the Class should the water be ? 750 pump at 250 p.s.i.? (3) How is the rust and scale removed (2) How many feet of 214-inch hose from the booster tank? are carried on the Class 750? (4) What procedure is used for check (3) What procedure is followed when ing the pump? backing the truck? Your Instructor will demonstrate Weekly (4) What type of pump is mounted on the Class 750 Pumper? Inspection, as outlined in paragraph 16, page 12, of TM 5-687. (5) What is your understanding of a two-stage, pressure-volume type 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. centrifugal pump? You will be assigned as a crew member to (6) What is the purpose of the cross a crew of four. You will be further assigned over valve? to a position on the Class 750 Pumper Truck. (7) What is the procedure for setting an automatic relief valve? Operation No. 1 (8) What are the procedures for setting The crew will load the hose bed with 1,000 the pressure regulator valves? feet of 2^-inch hose by using the "hose loader" and making the accordion load and (9) What are the duties of each crew the doughnut roll finish as outlined in In member when laying a "straight formational Procedure. Upon completion of hose lay"? hose load, the crew will make the straight (10) What are the duties of each crew hose lay with each crew member performing member when laying a "reverse his duties as outlined in Informational Proce hose lay"? dure. Hose will be reloaded on truck and (11) Where is the horseshoe load equipment replaced. started? TP 1383-2 PAGE 9

(12) What procedure is followed after 7. GRADING POINTS. dirty or salty water has been Above Below pumped ? Grading points average Average average (13) What are the parts and points to + 1 0 — 1 be inspected and receive mainte 1. Did student plugman nance after each run? wait until truck stop (14) What are the four methods of ped before alighting winterizing the trucks? with hose and plug wrench? 6. CRITIQUE. 2. Did student go directly You will assist in performing inspection to hydrant, lay hose and maintenance procedures as outlined in around hydrant, and hold hose by laying Informational Procedures. end of hose on top of Instructor will conduct a critique of this line and putting foot training project outline and summarize the on top to secure? following key points: 3. Did student loosen hy a. Operation of the pump. drant cap with hy drant wrench and (1) Changing from road to pump gear. place wrench on hy (2) Changing cross-over valve from drant valve stem? volume to pressure position. 4. Did student connect (3) Increasing pressure for long lays. hose hand tight to hy drant on side toward 6. Crew positions and duties on Straight fire and turn on hy Lay. drant valve? (1) Plugman. 5. Did student crew chief (2) Nozzleman. alight from truck and (3) Crew chief. advance to point of operation with booster (4) Pump operator. line? c. Crew positions and duties on Reverse 6. Did student nozzleman Lay. wait until truck stop (1) Nozzleman. ped at point of emer gency to alight? (2) Crew chief. 7. Did student remove suf (3) Plugman. ficient hose for work (4) Pump operator. ing line, disconnect d. Position and duties of pump operator hose coupling, connect when pumping from draft. nozzle, and advance with line to point of e. Hose Loads. operation? (1) Accordion Load. 8. Did nozzleman alight (2) Horseshoe Load. from truck and pull (3) Doughnut Roll Finish. sufficient working line and nozzle? (4) Skid Load Finish. 9. Did student pump oper /. Inspection and Maintenance. ator position truck (1) Daily properly at hydrant? (2) After each run. 10. Did student pump oper (3) Weekly. ator put pump lever in pump position be You will assist in performing maintenance fore leaving driver's on hose and equipment used in this project. seat? TP 1383-2 PAGE 10

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 — 1 11. Did student pump oper ator connect suction to truck before con necting to hydrant? 12. Did student plugman disconnect hose and connect hose to dis charge side of pump on the opposite side of truck from hydrant? 13. After connecting hose to pump, did student plugman observe and correct kinks in hose and leaky couplings while going to point of emergency? 14. After operation, did every student in crew assist in reloading hose? 15. Did student assist in performing mainte nance to hose and equipment? TP 1383-2A PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP LOWRY AIR FORCE BASE, DENVER, COLORADO

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PART I

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-2A PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. In donning protective clothing on the ap To teach you donning and care of protec paratus, the garments will be put on in the tive clothing and breathing equipment. following order: coat, helmet (or hood), and gloves. 2. EQUIPMENT. Instructor will demonstrate the donning . Coat, duck, fireman. of protective clothing, starting from the bed: . Trousers, fireman, bunking. (1) Place feet into boots, pull trousers Boots, fireman, rubber. up, place suspenders over shoulders, . Suspenders, trouser. and proceed to the designated spot Gloves, insert, wool. on the apparatus. Helmet, fireman, plastic. (2) While holding on with one hand, . Hood, protective, fire fighting. put either the right or left arm h. Mask, gas—Special, M2A2; All-Pur through the coat sleeve and repeat with the other arm; buckle the coat. pose, M1-III-A1. (3) Place helmet and/or hood on the 3. REFERENCE. head and secure the chin strap. TM 5–692. (4) Slip on gloves. 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURES. Protective clothing and equipment should Read paragraph m, page 3, of TM 5–692, be inspected after each use to determine regarding protective clothing and equipment. whether torn or worn places are present. In In addition to clothing and equipment listed the case of the hood, further inspection is in paragraph m of TM 5–692 is the hood, necessary regarding the condition of the protective, fire fighting, and gloves, insert, transparent face piece. wool, which are worn by crash rescuemen. All garments of protective clothing should The hood replaces the helmet for crash res be thoroughly washed with water using a Cuennen. brush. Soap should be used only when neces Protective clothing and equipment must sary. Washing should be followed by placing be worn at every crash and fire incident. the garments in a prescribed location for Donning of protective clothing is some drying and/or storage. what similar to attiring ones-self with ordi The standard breathing equipment author nary clothing, except that the coat, gloves, ized for fire fighting personnel is the mask, and helmet and/or hood are stored at the gas, special, M2A2, all-purpose, M1-III-A1, designated location on the apparatus and and is carried on the apparatus. The mask must be donned while enroute to the crash will protect the wearer against a variety of and/or fire. Never release both hands from noxious gases when the oxygen content is the truck at the same time while donning above 16%. The all-purpose type canister clothing enroute. The trousers and boots are has a usable and Safe life of two hours. On stored at the side of the bunk when not in the canister is a space provided for register use or being dried. Due to the fact that only ing each period of use. It is most important one complete set of clothing is authorized, to record each use immediately to insure the coat, hood, and gloves must be dried at safety to the subsequent wearer. a designated location near the apparatus, Instructor will demonstrate donning of where its use necessitates no delay in re mask as follows: sponding to the crash or fire. Gloves should (1) Remove from apparatus and case. be kept in coat pockets except when being dried, and then they will be attached to the (2) Adjust body strap. uppermost Snaps of the coat to prevent their (3) Remove helmet. loss during donning. (4) Remove face piece from carrier. TP 1383-2A PAGE 3

(5) Place face piece on head. c. Where should gloves be hung during (6) Adjust head harness. drying? (7) Replace helmet on head. d. What is the safe life of an all-purpose gas mask canister? The mask should be thoroughly inspected after each use in order to determine the ser 7. CRITIQUE. viceability of canister, corrugated tube and The instructor will conduct a critique of face piece, including flutter valve, head har this training project and will use the most ness and body straps. effective means of Summarizing the follow The mask should be kept thoroughly clean, ing key points: face piece should be washed very carefully a. Clothing and equipment worn by fire with warm water and mild soap, and rinsed fighting and crash rescueman. and dried thoroughly after cleaning. b. Procedures for donning protective The mask should be stored on apparatus clothing and equipment. in a dry place. c. Procedures for inspecting protective 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. clothing and equipment. a. Students will draw the following pro d. Procedures for cleaning and storing of tective clothing from the Department Supply protective clothing and equipment. Unit: e. Procedure for donning and use of the (1) Bunking coat. all-purpose gas mask. (2) Bunking trousers. f. Inspection and maintenance of the gas (3) Boots. mask.

(4) Suspenders. 8. GRADING POINTS. (5) Gloves.

(6) Helmet. - - Above Below Grading points average | Average average (7) Hood. + 1 0 - 1 b. Students will perform inspection of 1. Did the student follow each garment and don clothing and gas mask correct procedure for donning clothing? as prescribed in informational procedure. 2. Did the student know how 6. EVALUATION (Self). to inspect protective a. Where are the various components of clothing? protective clothing and equipment kept when 3. Did the student know the not in use? value of proper mainte b. When should protective clothing and nance and storage of equipment be inspected? protective clothing?

TP 13 83-2 A PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PART I TP 1383-2A PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. In donning protective clothing on the ap To teach you donning and care of protec paratus, the garments will be put on in the tive clothing and breathing equipment. following order: coat, helmet (or hood), and gloves. 2. EQUIPMENT. Instructor will demonstrate the donning a. Coat, duck, fireman. of protective clothing, starting from the bed : b. Trousers, fireman, bunking. (1) Place feet into boots, pull trousers c. Boots, fireman, rubber. up, place suspenders over shoulders, d. Suspenders, trouser. and proceed to the designated spot e. Gloves, insert, wool. on the apparatus. /. Helmet, fireman, plastic. (2) While holding on with one hand, g. Hood, protective, fire fighting. put either the right or left arm h. Mask, gas — Special, M2A2; All-Pur- through the coat sleeve and repeat pose, M1-III-A1. with the other arm ; buckle the coat. (3) Place helmet and/or hood on the 3. REFERENCE. head and secure the chin strap. TM 5-692. (4) Slip on gloves. 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURES. Protective clothing and equipment should Read paragraph m, page 3, of TM 5-692, be inspected after each use to determine regarding protective clothing and equipment. whether torn or worn places are present. In In addition to clothing and equipment listed the case of the hood, further inspection is in paragraph m of TM 5-692 is the hood, necessary regarding the condition of the protective, fire fighting, and gloves, insert, transparent face piece. wool, which are worn by crash rescuemen. All garments of protective clothing should The hood replaces the helmet for crash res be thoroughly washed with water using a cuemen. brush. Soap should be used only when neces Protective clothing and equipment must sary. Washing should be followed by placing be worn at every crash and fire incident. the garments in a prescribed location for Donning of protective clothing is some drying and/or storage. what similar to attiring ones-self with ordi The standard breathing equipment author nary clothing, except that the coat, gloves, ized for fire fighting personnel is the mask, and helmet and/or hood are stored at the gas, special, M2A2, all-purpose, M1-III-A1, designated location on the apparatus and and is carried on the apparatus. The mask must be donned while enroute to the crash will protect the wearer against a variety of and/or fire. Never release both hands from noxious gases when the oxygen content is the truck at the same time while donning above 16%. The all-purpose type canister clothing enroute. The trousers and boots are has a usable and safe life of two hours. On stored at the side of the bunk when not in the canister is a space provided for register use or being dried. Due to the fact that only ing each period of use. It is most important one complete set of clothing is authorized, to record each use immediately to insure the coat, hood, and gloves must be dried at safety to the subsequent wearer. a designated location near the apparatus, Instructor will demonstrate donning of where its use necessitates no delay in re mask as follows: sponding to the crash or fire. Gloves should (1) Remove from apparatus and case. be kept in coat pockets except when being dried, and then they will be attached to the (2) Adjust body strap. uppermost snaps of the coat to prevent their (3) Remove helmet. loss during donning. (4) Remove face piece from carrier. TP 1383-2A PAGE 3

(5) Place face piece on head. c. Where should gloves be hung during (6) Adjust head harness. drying? (7) Replace helmet on head. d. What is the safe life of an all-purpose gas mask canister? The mask should be thoroughly inspected after each use in order to determine the ser 7. CRITIQUE. viceability of canister, corrugated tube and The instructor will conduct a critique of face piece, including flutter valve, head har this training project and will use the most ness and body straps. effective means of summarizing the follow The mask should be kept thoroughly clean, ing key points : face piece should be washed very carefully a. Clothing and equipment worn by fire with warm water and mild soap, and rinsed fighting and crash rescueman. and dried thoroughly after cleaning. b. Procedures for donning protective The mask should be stored on apparatus clothing and equipment. in a dry place. c. Procedures for inspecting protective 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. clothing and equipment. a. Students will draw the following pro d. Procedures for cleaning and storing of tective clothing from the Department Supply protective clothing and equipment. Unit: e. Procedure for donning and use of the (1) Bunking coat. all-purpose gas mask. (2) Bunking trousers. /. Inspection and maintenance of the gas (3) Boots. mask. (4) Suspenders. 8. GRADING POINTS. (5) Gloves. Above Below (6) Helmet. Grading points average Average average (7) Hood. + 1 0 — 1 b. Students will perform inspection of 1. Did the student follow each garment and don clothing and gas mask correct procedure for donning clothing? as prescribed in informational procedure. 2. Did the student know how 6. EVALUATION (Self). to inspect protective a. Where are the various components of clothing? protective clothing and equipment kept when 3. Did the student know the not in use? value of proper mainte 6. When should protective clothing and nance and storage of protective clothing? equipment be inspected?

TP 1383-3 PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Am Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

CLASS 500 PUMPER TRUCK

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-3 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. h, page 47, and see figure 60, page 48, of To teach you the identification, operation, TM 5-692. For procedure on kinking a (including individual duties of crew mem charged line, read paragraph f , page 35, Hose bers) and inspection and maintenance (in Clamp, and see figure 42, page 34, of TM cluding polar) of the Class 500 Pumper 5-692. Truck. EVALUATION (Self). 2. REFERENCE. (1) Why should the additional hose be TM 5-692, Fire Department Techniques. laid into position before applying TM 5-687, Inspection and Preventive the hose clamp? Maintenance Services for Fire Protection (2) What procedure may be used when Equipment and Appliances. the hose clamp is not available in expediting the replacing or extend 3. EQUIPMENT. ing of hose lines? One Class 500 Pumper Truck fully (3) Where is the hose clamp placed on equipped. hose line preparatory to shutting off One Hose Loader. water?

4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. Your Instructor will demonstrate with For identification, read paragraph b, pages your assistance : 3 and 4 of TM 5-687. (1) Shutting off water by use of the Evaluate your understanding by answer hose clamp. ing the following questions : (2) Shutting off water by kinking line. (1) What is the pump capacity of the 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. Class 500? Your position will be designated and you (2) What type of pump is mounted on will be assigned to a crew of 4 by your In the Class 500? structor on the Class 500 Pumper. (3) What is the capacity of the booster o. You will assist in: tank? (1) Loading the hose bed with 1,000 (4) How many 50-foot sections of 2V&- feet of 2i/^-inch hose by using the inch hose is carried on the Class hose loader and making the "ac 500? cordion load" with doughnut roll (5) What is the length of the booster finish. line? (2) Making a straight hose lay. (6) What is the maximum pump ca (3) Replacing second section of hose pacity at 200 p.s.L? from nozzle, using hose clamp. The class 500 Pumper operates similar to (4) Extending two sections of hose, the Class 750 Pumper. using hose clamp. Your Instructor will demonstrate: (5) Kinking hose for replacement of (1) Driving. first section or nozzle section. (2) Pumping from hydrant. (6) Reloading hose on truck. (3) Pumping from draft. 6. You will assist in : Crew positions and duties are the same (1) Reloading of top layer of hose, as outlined for the Class 750 Pumper Truck. using the skid load. For procedure on replacing ruptured sec (2) Making reverse hose lay. tions or extending hose lines, read paragraph (3) Drafting water from pit. TP 1383-3 PAGE 3

(4) Kinking hose and replacing second 7. GRADING POINTS. section of hose from nozzle. (5) Reloading of hose on truck. Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 c. You will assist in : — 1 (1) Loading the hose bed with 1,000 STRAIGHT HOSE LAY feet of 2^-inch hose, using the 1. Did student plugman "hose loader" and making the wait until truck stop "horseshoe load" and skid load fin ped to alight from ish. truck with hose and hydrant wrench? (2) Making a reverse lay. (3) Drafting water from pit. 2. Did student go directly to hydrant, lay hose (4) Handling booster line. around hydrant, over (5) Reloading hose on truck. lap end of hose, and secure hose with foot? d. You will assist in performing inspec tion and maintenance of Class 500 Pumper 3. Did student loosen hy as outlined in Informational Procedure. drant cap with wrench and place hydrant EVALUATION (Self). wrench on hydrant (1) What is the capacity of the Class valve stem? 500 pump at 200 p.s.i? 4. Did student connect (2) What type of pump is mounted on hose to hydrant hand the Class 500 Pumper? tight on connection toward fire and turn (3) When replacing a bursted section on hydrant. of hose, where should the hose clamp be applied ? 5. Did student crew chief alight from truck and (4) What are the procedures for kink advance to point of ing a hose line when water is to be operation with booster shut off? line? (5) What are the procedures to be fol 6. Did student nozzleman lowed in drafting water with a wait until truck stop Class 500 Pumper? ped at point of emer (6) Why should a thorough inspection gency to alight? be conducted on the truck after each 7. Did student remove suf run? ficient hose for work ing line, disconnect 6. CRITIQUE. hose, place end of Instructor will conduct a critique of this loose hose line back training project outline and summarize the into hose bed, connect following key points : nozzle, and advance with line to point of a. Operation of pump. operation? (1) Similarity to Class 750 Pumper. 8. Did student pump oper (2) Drafting procedures. ator place pump into b. Use of hose clamp. operation properly for e. Technique of kinking hose to shut off use of booster line? water in hose line. 9. Did student use correct You will assist in performing maintenance procedure in shutting on hose and equipment used in this project. off water with hose clamp? TP 1383-3 PAGE 4

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 — 1 10. Did student use proper procedure in shutting off water with hose clamp?

REVERSE HOSE LAY 11. Did student nozzleman alight from truck and pull sufficient working line and nozzle? 12. Did plugman stand on aide platform while traveling to hydrant? 13. Did student pump oper ator position truck at hydrant properly? 14. Was pump lever placed in proper position be fore student pump operator alighted from truck? 15. Was suction hose con nected to pump first? 16. Did student plugman disconnect hose and connect to discharge valve on opposite side from suction hose con nection? 17. Did student plugman observe for and/ or tighten leaky coup lings while returning to point of operation? 18. Did student assist in reloading hose after each operation? 19. Did student assist in per forming maintenance to truck after com pletion of TPO? TP 1383-4 PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Am Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

CLASS 325 PUMPER TRUCK

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-4 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. Class 325 Pumper for visual identification To teach you identification, operation, (in of tools and appliances. cluding individual duties of crew members) OPERATION OF THE CLASS 325 and inspection and maintenance (including PUMP. Engage the pump while the engine polar) of the Class 325 Pumper Truck. motor is idling. (Never attempt to engage the pump while the throttle is advanced and 2. REFERENCE. the engine is running at high speed.) The pump is engaged by positioning the shift TM 5-692, Fire Department Techniques. lever 180 from neutral position. When about TM 5-687, Inspection and Preventive a quarter of the total shift lever distance is Maintenance Services for Fire Protection traveled, the friction clutch engages and ac Equipment and Appliances. celerates the pump to the speed of the driv ing mechanism. The last quarter distance of 3. EQUIPMENT. travel permits the positive drive member to One Class 325 Pumper Truck fully engage. When the pump drive joins to the positive drive members, however, it may equipped. make contact end to end instead of engaging. One Class 750 Pumper Truck fully When this happens, disengage the clutch equipped. lever fully and repeat the movement of put One Class 500 Pumper Truck fully ting the pump into gear. Operate the pump equipped. shift lever slowly to prevent excessive slip One Hose Loader. ping of the friction clutch when picking up the load, thus preventing clashing of the posi tive drive member. Do not force the pump 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. lever. For identification, read paragraph 5, pages When operating from the hydrant, posi 5 and 6, of TM 5-687. tion the Pumper within easy reach of the hydrant, depending upon the length of the EVALUATION (Self). suction hose. Connect the suction hose to the (1) What is the capacity of the Class pump, then to the hydrant. The hydrant 325 Pumper Truck? should be opened fully. Engage the pump gear, open those discharge gate or gates (2) What type of pump is mounted on which are intended for use and advance the truck? throttle to maintain the desired pressure. (3) Upon what type of chassis is the Either a soft or hard suction may be used Class 325 mounted? when taking water from a hydrant dependent (4) What is the capacity of the booster upon the existing hydrant pressure and cur tank? rent water volume requirements. (5) What is the maximum pump dis When operating from draft, attach the charge at 200 p.s.i.? strainer to the male end of the hard suction hose after it is connected to the pump. In all (6) How many fifty-foot sections of cases when drafting, the hard suction hose 2V^-inch hose are carried on a Class must be used. When submerging the hard 325 Pumper Truck? suction hose with a strainer and rope at (7) How many booster lines are carried tached, make sure that the strainer is not on this truck? resting on the bottom of the water container. Connections on the suction hose and pump You will accompany your Instructor to the must be tight in order to initiate drafting of TP 1383-4 PAGE 3 water. Air pressure must be sufficiently re pump and the booster hose. Engage the pump duced in the suction hose and pump in order and open the throttle to the desired oper to draft water. This reduction of air pres ating pressure as indicated on the compound sure is done by the use of a priming mecha gauge. (80-100 p.s.i. is considered adequate nism which is a part of the engine. for a booster line). When the booster oper ation is completed, throttle the engine to PRIMING THE PUMP. Close the dis idling speed and take the pump out of gear. charge valve, engage the pump, open the Close the booster tank valve and booster line valve between the vacuum primer and pump valve, open the bleeder valves on the pump, casing, and increase the engine speed slight and reload the booster hose. ly. When the prime has been accomplished, close the valve between the vacuum primer You will evaluate your understanding by and the pump casing. Increase the engine answering the following questions : speed, open the discharge valve slowly and (1) In what gear is the road transmis maintain the desired engine pressure as indi sion placed when pumping with the cated on the compound gauge. Class 325 Pumper? GAUGES. The Class 325 is equipped with (2) Where is the suction hose connected two compound gauges which indicate either first? the positive pressure or vacuum. (Positive (3) What type of suction hose is used pressure is caliberated in pounds per square when drafting? inch and vacuum pressure in inches). The engine should be run at the lowest speed at (4) What device reduces air pressure which the required pressure can be main in the suction hose and the pump tained. on the Class 325? TEMPORARY SHUT-DOWN. When a (5) What is the recommended pressure temporary shut-down is required, it is not for a temporary shut-down? necessary to stop the pump. Close the throt (6) What type of gauge is found on tle until the pressure is reduced to approxi the Class 325 Pumper? mately 20 pounds. Upon resuming operation, (7) Why is it necessary to use a strainer open the throttle until the desired working when drafting? pressure is again established. Never shut the pump down until ordered to do so by the (8) What is the recommended speed crew chief. for the engine while pumping? SHUTTING-DOWN OPERATION. When Your Instructor will demonstrate opera the pumping operation has been completed, tion of pump: shut down the pump by closing the throttle, (1) When operating from hydrant. take the pump out of gear, and close the discharge valve and hydrant. In the case of (2) During priming of the pump and drafting, raise the suction hose from the operating from draft. water supply and return to the truck and (3) During a temporary shutdown. open the bleeder valves on the pump in order (4) When pumping from the booster to permit drainage. Disconnect the hose from tank. the pump and replace all caps. (5) When shutting down the operation. PUMPING FROM BOOSTER. When Crew positions and duties are the same as pumping from the booster, determine that outlined for the Class 750 Pumper. all valves and caps on the pump are tight and the valve between the booster tank and "CATCHING AN ENGINE." The same pump is open. Open the valve between the procedure is followed when catching an TP 1383-4 PAGE 4 engine as previously has been taught for (1) The first truck to arrive will make catching a hydrant on a straight lay, except a reverse lay, proceed in the safest instead of catching the hydrant, the end of and most direct route toward the the hose will be slid carefully under the water supply until all hose has been wheel (rear or front) and the foot forced laid, and stop. The hose will be con against the outside edge of the tire and hose. nected to the discharge gate toward the fire in the same manner as a Your instructor will demonstrate patch normal reverse lay. The pump oper ing the engine. ator will remove the suction cap on Where the engine is working at the hy the opposite side from the hose line drant and a reverse hose lay is to be made and connect the 4V& x 2V£-inch dou by another Pumper, the same procedures ble female to the suction side of the are followed except working engine's dis pump. When the second truck ar charge valve connection will be utilized in rives, the pump operator will assist stead of connecting engine to hydrant. A in connecting the hose line to the spare pumper will immediately return to intake of the pump. See figure 1. point of operation for further orders. When it is necessary to lay exceedingly long hose lines, engines are placed in tandem. In this manner, one engine utilizes water forced to it from the one next in line to the source of the water supply. The operation is similar to pumping from hydrant in that a minimum of five pounds must be main tained on the intake side of the pump indi cated by the compound gauge in order to supply effective fire streams. When fire trucks arrive at the scene of a Figure 1. fire it is determined by the senior fire officer that the magnitude of the fire is beyond the (2) The second truck will make a re capabilities of the booster line operations and verse hose lay. The nozzleman will that the water supply is sufficiently removed catch the wheel of the first truck, from the fire location to warrant a relay and connect the line to the intake operation, the following procedures will be of the pump. The truck will proceed used where three Pumpers are utilized. in the direction of the water supply

1«T 2ND TRUCK truck

Figure t. TP 1383-4 PAGE 5

until all hose has been laid. The (4) What is the minimum pressure to second truck stops and performs be maintained on the intake side the same procedures as outlined for of the pump as indicated on the the first truck. See figure 2. compound gauge? (3) The third truck to arrive will make (5) What is the purpose of the relay a reverse hose lay, following the operation? same procedures as outlined for the (6) Why is a relay operation similar second truck. The pump operator to pumping from hydrant? will connect to the hydrant as pre (7) What means of communication can scribed for a normal reverse lay. be used when Pumpers are working See Figure 3. in relay operations?

1st 2m 3RD TRUCK TRUCK TRUCK

Figure S.

Contact will be maintained between en Your Instructor, with your assistance, gines by the use of hand signals. Fifty pounds will demonstrate the relay operation using of nozzle pressure will be maintained. Proce three Pumpers. dures of pumping for the engine closest to 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. the nozzle will be the same as for the reverse Your position will be designated, and you lay. Other engines will act as water supply will be assigned to a crew of 4 by your In units, maintaining an intake pressure of five structor on the Class 325 Pumper. pounds. The shut-down and reloading of the hose and equipment is the same as for the a. You will assist in : reverse hose lay. (1) Loading the hose bed with 500 feet of inch hose by using hose load EVALUATION (Self). er and making the "horseshoe load" with the skid load finish. (1) What is the procedure for "catch ing an engine?" (2) Making a straight hose lay using both booster lines. (2) What procedure is followed when reverse lay is made to another (3) Reloading hose on the truck. pumper working at the hydrant? 6. You will assist in : (3) What is the procedure for relay (1) Reloading of the top layer of hose operation using three Pumpers? using the "doughnut load." TP 1383-4 PAGE 6

(2) Making a reverse lay to the draft (4) What method is used in reducing ing pit and drafting water. air pressure in the suction hose and the pump on the Class 325 c. You will assist in: pumper? (1) The relay operation using the Class 325, 500, and 750 Pumpers. (5) What is the recommended pressure for a temporary shut-down? Your position will be designated, and you will be assigned to a crew of 4 on a desig (6) What is the procedure for catching nated Pumper by your Instructor. an engine? a. You will assist in : (7) What is the minimum pressure to (1) Loading the Class 750 Pumper with be maintained on the intake side 500 feet of 2i/k-inch hose, making of the pump as indicated on the the "accordion load" with a dough compound gauge? nut roll finish. (8) Why is the relay operation neces (2) Loading the Class 500 Pumper with sary? 500 feet of 2%-inch hose, and mak ing the "horseshoe load" with a skid (9) Why is a relay operation similar load finish. to pumping from a hydrant? (3) Loading a Class 325 Pumper with 300 feet of 2i4-inch hose and mak 6. CRITIQUE. ing the "accordion load." The Instructor will conduct a critique of this training project outline and summarize The Class 750 Pumper will be the first the following key points: truck to initiate a relay operation. The Class 325 Pumper will be the second a. The operation of the Class 325 Pump in tandem. from hydrant and draft. The Class 500 Pumper will be the third 6. The importance of loading hose so that truck in operation. the couplings will not have to turn when the hose is playing out of the hose bed. 6. You will assist in : (1) Reloading hose after which the ap c. Loading the hose so that no two cou paratus will be driven to an area plings will be together. designated by your Instructor. d. The procedure for "catching" another (2) Performing "After-Each-Run" in Pumper. spection and Maintenance of a Pumper designated by your In e. The procedure for laying hose line to structor. another pumper positioned at the hydrant.

EVALUATION (Self). /. The purpose and procedure for the re lay operation. (1) What type of pump is mounted on the Class 325 Pumper? g. Importance of "After-Each-Run Inspec tion and Maintenance procedures. (2) What is the capacity of the booster tank? You will assist in performing mainte (3) Where is the suction hose connected nance of the hose and equipment used in first? this project. TP 1383-4 PAGE 7

7. GRADING POINTS.

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 — 1 DID STUDENT 1. Properly place pump in operation when pump ing from hydrant? 2. Observe gauges while operating? 3. Properly operate pump when pumping from booster? 4. Properly place pump in operation when draft ing? 5. Secure the suction hose and locate strainer the proper distance from bottom of drafting pit? 6. While catching the en gine, properly secure hose against edge of the tire? 7. Properly perform "Aft er-Each-Run" Inspec tion and Maintenance? 8. Perform his individual duties on the straight and reverse hose lays? 9. Perform his individual duties on the relay operation? 10. Perform his assignment in the maintenance of equipment?

TP 1383-5 PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP LOWRY AIR FORCE BASE, DENVER, COLORADO

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

INTERIOR FIRES

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383–5 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. prevent any misunderstanding of the fire To teach you: alarm. The pump operator will then start a. The methods of receiving and respond the truck and respond to the fire as directed ing to fire alarms, including the size-up. by the crew chief. In the event that the emer gency is not in your particular company’s b. The methods of ventilating, forcible area, you will stand by in readiness until entry, rescuing personnel, and administering notified by the fire alarm operator. first aid. c. The procedures for confining and extin SIZE UP. Read paragraph 33, pages 63 guishing interior fires, including salvage and 64, of TM 5–692. operations. EVALUATION (Self). d. The procedures for the overhaul and (1) What is the procedure for the crew the preservation of evidence. when the alarm is sounded? 2. REFERENCE. (2) Why is the truck not started as soon a. TM 21–11, First Aid for Soldiers. as the alarm is sounded? b. TM 5–692, Fire Department Techniques. (3) What four conditions should the c. TM 5–696, Automatic and Manual Fire crew chief consider when making Alarm Systems, Inspection Tests and Main a size-up? tenance. Your Instructor, with your assistance, will demonstrate the receiving and the respond 3. EQUIPMENT. ing to a fire alarm, and making a size-up. a. One Class 750 Pumper fully equipped. (NOTE: The Instructor will cause a fire to b. One Class 500 Pumper fully equipped. be started in the training building). c. One training building. (1) Answer alarm (using fire Phone). d. One gas mask, diaphram type, model (2) Dispatch information to the crew M3A1, All-purpose, IVAL. chief. 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. (3) Start the truck and respond to the Interior fires are those fires which origi fire. nate inside the building and have not com (4) Make size-up of burning building. municated to the outside. Interior fires VENTILATION. Read paragraph 35, page present a variety of variable and complex 65, of TM 5–692. conditions due to the intense heat and con centration of obnoxious and toxic gases EVALUATION (Self). resulting from combustion or incomplete (1) What safety precautions should be combustion. considered when ventilating? Read section 4, paragraphs 13, 14, and 15, (2) Why should ventilation be perform pages 37 through 39 of TM 5–696. ed on the leeward side first? When receiving the fire alarm, the person (3) Why should charged lines be laid must be positive that he receives the correct at the point of entry before the information. Upon hearing the “alarm”, the opening is made? crew will quickly assume their respective positions on the apparatus and commence (4) Why should ventilation be made donning of their protective clothing. The above the seat of the fire? truck will not be started until the crew chief (5) Why should roof openings be ex has received the necessary information re tended down through the room ceil garding the location of the fire. This will ing? TP 1383-5 PAGE 3

·) FORCIBLE ENTRY. Read section 4, of CONFINE AND EXTINGUISH INTE TM 5–692. RIOR FIRES INCLUDING SALVAGE OPERATIONS. Read paragraph 36, page EVALUATION (Self). 66, Fire Extinguishment, and paragraphs (1) When is forcible entry necessary? 26, 27, and 28, pages 53 through 57, Salvage, (2) Name four standard forcible entry Of TM 5–692. tools used in structural fire fight ing? EVALUATION (Self). (3) Why should floors and sheeting be (1) How is the base of the fire located? cut at an angle? (2) What is the advantage of using a (4) Where should the wedge of the water vapor curtain when locating door opener be inserted when pry the base of the fire? ing a panel door open? (3) What safety precautions should be (5) Why should you stand to one side taken during extinguishment? when making forcible entry through (4) What is the purpose of Salvage a door or window? work in fire fighting? (6) What are the four precautions to Your Instructor will demonstrate, with be taken when removing board ceil your assistance, the following operations. ing with a pike pole? (1) Confining the fire. Your instructor will demonstrate the use of forcible entry tools: (2) Using salvage covers. (1) Pike pole. (3) Extinguishing the fire. (2) Door opener. OVERHAUL AND PRESERVATION OF (3) Pickhead axe. EVIDENCE. When the fire has been extin (4) Crow bar. guished, an overhaul should be made of the RESCUE OF PERSONNEL AND THE building and the area to determine whether ADMINISTERING OF FIRST AID. Read all the fire has been extinguished. Do not pages 60 and 61, Fireman's Carry, of FM molest the contents any more than is neces 21–11. Read page 52 and see diagram on sary. When articles are removed from the page 53, Artificial Respiration, of FM 21–11. building during the fire fighting operation, notify the fire officer in charge. The less the EVALUATION (Self). contents are disturbed, the better chance the (1) What is the advantage of the fire investigating party will have in determining man’s carry. the cause of the fire. (2) How many steps are necessary in getting a man into position for EVALUATION (Self). using the fireman's carry? (1) What is meant by overhaul? (3) When is it necessary to perform (2) What is the purpose of preserving artificial respiration? evidence? (4) How long should artificial respira tion be continued? (3) What procedure is followed when (5) What cadence should be used when contents of building are removed applying artificial respiration? during the fire fighting operation? Your instructor will demonstrate rescu of dummy personnel, using the fireman' drag and carry, and the administeringo artificial respiration. TP 1383-5 PAGE 4

You will assist in filling the booster tanks EVALUATION (Self). on the Class 750 and 500 Pumpers. (1) What is the procedure for the crew You will assist in loading the Class 750 when fire alarm is sounded? and 500 Pumpers with 1,000 feet of 2%-inch hose, using the “horseshoe load” with the (2) What is the purpose of the size-up? skid load finish. (3) What is the purpose of having Your instructor will designate the simu charged line present prior to venti lated fire station and the area to be used for lating a burning building? this operation. (4) Why is ventilation necessary before You will rotate to each position until you entering a burning building? have performed the duties of: (5) What is the purpose of the salvage (1) Crew chief. operations? (2) Pump operator. (6) What is the purpose of the over (3) Plugman. haul? (4) Nozzleman. (7) Why is the preservation of evidence necessary? The Class 750 Pumper will respond first and make a reverse lay. 6. CRITIQUE. The Class 500 Pumper will respond second and make a reverse hose lay to the Class 750 The Instructor will conduct a critique of Pumper, (The 750 Pumper will be positioned this training project outline and summarize at the hydrant) and return to the fire and the following points: utilize the booster line. (1) Receiving alarm and responding to You will assist in: the fire. (1) Receiving and responding to the (2) Methods of sizing up the burning fire alarm. building.

(2) Performing the size-up of the fire. (3) Procedures for ventilating the burn (3) Ventilating the burning building. ing building. (4) Performing forcible entry into the (4) Methods and tools used in forcible burning building. entry. (5) Rescuing personnel from the burn (5) Procedures for rescue of personnel ing building and administering first and administering of first aid. aid. (Note: Gas mask will be don ned before entering burning build (6) Importance and use of the gas mask ing.) in firefighting. (6) Confining and extinguishing the (7) Methods of confining the extin fire. guishing the fire. (7) Performing salvage operations. (8) Procedures for salvage, overhaul, and preservation of evidence. (8) Overhauling and preserving of evidence. You will assist in performing maintenance (9) Reloading hose and equipment on on the equipment and the hose used in this the pumpers. project. TP 1383-5 PAGE 5

7. GRADING POINTS.

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 - 1

. Did the student take his proper position at the sounding of the alarm?

. Did the student make the correct size-up while approaching the fire?

. Did the student remove the necessary equip ment at the scene of the emergency?

. Did the student use the correct procedure when ventilating?

. Did the student try to open the doors and the windows before making the forcible entry?

. Did the student remove the dummy personnel and administer first aid by the correct pro cedures?

Did the student perform the salvage and the overhaul procedures properly? . Did the student perform the procedures for the preserving of evidence properly? . Did the student perform the proper maintenance on the equipment?

TP 1383-6 PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP LOWRY AIR FORCE BASE, DENVER, COLORADO

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

EXTERIOR FIRES

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-6 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. tion and general conditions of the fire. The To teach you: next point is the occupancy of the building. a. The procedures for making the size-up The third step in the size-up is the exposure of a fire. risk. The types of exposures encountered in b. The methods of covering exposures. volve both life and property. Personnel on the leeward side of the fire c. To confine, control, and extinguish ex may be exposed to dangerous fumes and terior fires. gases thrown off by the fire. d. The proper procedures of salvage, over Properties directly across the street or ad haul, and the preservation of evidence. jacent to the fire building are fire exposures. 2. REFERENCE. The direction of the wind will determine in TM 5–692, Fire Department Techniques. which direction the greater exposures are located. In covering exposures, first attention . EQUIPMENT. will be given to the more seriously exposed One Class 750 Pumper fully equipped. hazards. . One Class 500 Pumper fully equipped. Means of confining the fire to the build One Class 325 Pumper fully equipped. ing in which it is burning or protecting ex . One training building. posures is accomplished by use of water | streams. The size of the water streams are One hose loader. of great importance. Read paragraph 29, 4. INFORMATION PROCEDURE. sections a and b, page 59, of TM 5–692, and Read the following information: Section X paragraph 34, sub paragraph b, Exterior fires are interpreted to mean page 64, of TM 5–692. those fires which have originated from the When responding to an exterior fire, the exposure of heat from another burning build first fire company to arrive will lay a hose ing or an outside fire. Exterior fires are also line to cover the most hazardous exposure, originated from interior fires which have which is normally on the leeward side of the communicated to the outside through win fire. dows, doors, ventilators, roofs, or any por The second line will be utilized to cover tions of the building, and commences to en the exposures on the windward side of the velop the building with flame. Due to the fire. intensity and magnitude of the exterior fire, The third line will be utilized to attack large quantities of water should be used the fire. quickly to bring the fire under control. Sound judgment must be exercised when fighting exterior fires to prevent an “exposure fire.” In some exterior fires, it is far better to pro tect exposure risks with the hose stream than to continuously attack the burning building. The size-up of a fire means the making of a quick survey of the situation as encoun tered by the fire department upon arrival. Correct sizeup is of tremendous importance. Upon this, the size-up, the initial plan is based. The heaviest responsibility rests upon the first fire officer to arrive at the Scene of LINE NO. 3 an emergency. The first steps of the size-up are the loca Figure 1. TP 1383-6 PAGE 3

EVALUATION (Self). (2) What is meant by overhaul and in (1) What is meant by size-up? vestigation? (2) Upon what is the success of the (3) What is the purpose of the preser operation based? vation of evidence? (3) Why is a correct size-up of tremen (4) When will the fire fighter remove dous importance? contents from the building? (4) Who assumes the greatest respon Your Instructor will demonstrate salvage, sibility at the scene of the emer overhaul, and preservation of evidence in gency? exterior fires.

(5) What is the first step in making a 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. size-up? Your position will be designated, and you (6) How many types of exposures are will be assigned to a crew of four by your encountered? Instructor on a designated pumper. (7) What consideration should be given You will assist in filling the booster tank to the wind direction? on the truck. (8) How is the fire confined to the You will assist in performing the daily building in which it is burning? inspection on an assigned Pumper. (9) Where should the water be applied You will assist in loading the Class 750 on the fire to be most effective? Pumper with 1,000 feet of 2%-inch hose by (10) Why is the first line laid to cover using the “horseshoe load” with the skid load the exposure on an exterior fire? finish. (11) Where are the most hazardous ex The Class 750 Pumper will be the first posures located at an exterior fire? truck to arrive. You will assist in making (12) What line is generally used to initi a reverse hose lay, and will respond upon a ate extinguishment of exterior fire? signal from your Instructor. Your Instructor will demonstrate size-up You will assist in covering the lee-side ex and covering exposures as heretofore out posure as outlined in Informational Proce lined. dure. SALVAGE OPERATION. The procedure You will assist in loading the Class 325 for performing salvage operations on exte Pumper with 600 feet of 2%-inch hose by rior fires are similar to those of interior using the “accordion load” with a doughnut fires. roll finish. OVERHAUL AND PRESERVATION OF The Class 325 Pumper will be the second EVIDENCE. After extinguishment, an over truck to arrive. You will assist in catching all inspection must be made to determine the Class 750 Pumper and making a straight whether all of the fire has been extinguished. hose lay by using the booster line, and will Do not molest the contents anymore than is respond upon a signal from your Instructor. necessary, and never remove any articles You will assist in covering the windward from the building until approval is given by side exposure as outlined in Informational the fire office in charge. The less contents Procedure. are moved, the better chance the investi You will assist in loading the Class 500 gating party has to determine the cause of Pumper with 1,000 feet of 2%-inch hose by the fire. using the “horseshoe load” with a skid load EVALUATION (Self). finish. (1) What is the purpose of salvage The Class 500 Pumper will be the third covers? truck to arrive. You will assist in catching

TP 1383-5 PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP LOWRY AIR FORCE BASE, DENVER, COLORADO

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

INTERIOR FIRES

** - ... " #

- - - - : - *

£ *..

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

TP 1383-5 PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Am Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

INTERIOR FIRES

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY JT 1383-5 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. prevent any misunderstanding of the fire To teach you : alarm. The pump operator will then start a. The methods of receiving and respond the truck and respond to the fire as directed ing to fire alarms, including the size-up. by the crew chief. In the event that the emer gency is not in your particular company's b. The methods of ventilating, forcible area, you will stand by in readiness until entry, rescuing personnel, and administering notified by the fire alarm operator. first aid. c. The procedures for confining and extin SIZE UP. Read paragraph 33, pages 63 guishing interior fires, including salvage and 64, of TM 5-692. operations. EVALUATION (Self). d. The procedures for the overhaul and (1) What is the procedure for the crew the preservation of evidence. when the alarm is sounded? 2. REFERENCE. (2) Why is the truck not started as soon a. TM 21-11, First Aid for Soldiers. as the alarm is sounded? b. TM 5-692, Fire Department Techniques. (3) What four conditions should the c. TM 5-696, Automatic and Manual Fire crew chief consider when making a size-up? Alarm Systems, Inspection Tests and Main tenance. Your Instructor, with your assistance, will demonstrate the receiving and the respond 3. EQUIPMENT. ing to a fire alarm, and making a size-up. a. One Class 750 Pumper fully equipped. (NOTE : The Instructor will cause a fire to b. One Class 500 Pumper fully equipped. be started in the training building). c. One training building. (1) Answer alarm (using fire Phone). d. One gas mask, diaphram type, model (2) Dispatch information to the crew M3A1, All-purpose, IV AL. chief. 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. (3) Start the truck and respond to the Interior fires are those fires which origi fire. nate inside the building and have not com (4) Make size-up of burning building. municated to the outside. Interior fires VENTILATION. Read paragraph 35, page present a variety of variable and complex 65, of TM 5-692. conditions due to the intense heat and con centration of obnoxious and toxic gases EVALUATION (Self). resulting from combustion or incomplete (1) What safety precautions should be combustion. considered when ventilating? Read section 4, paragraphs 13, 14, and 15, (2) Why should ventilation be perform pages 37 through 39 of TM 5-696. ed on the leeward side first? When receiving the fire alarm, the person (3) Why should charged lines be laid must be positive that he receives the correct at the point of entry before the information. Upon hearing the "alarm", the opening is made? crew will quickly assume their respective positions on the apparatus and commence (4) Why should ventilation be made donning of their protective clothing. The above the seat of the fire? truck will not be started until the crew chief (5) Why should roof openings be ex has received the necessary information re tended down through the room ceil garding the location of the fire. This will ing? TP 1383-5 PAGE 3

FORCIBLE ENTRY. Read section 4, of CONFINE AND EXTINGUISH INTE TM 5-692. RIOR FIRES INCLUDING SALVAGE OPERATIONS. Read paragraph 36, page EVALUATION (Self). 66, Fire Extinguishment, and paragraphs (1) When is forcible entry necessary? 26, 27, and 28, pages 53 through 57, Salvage, (2) Name four standard forcible entry of TM 5-692. tools used in structural fire fight ing? EVALUATION (Self). (3) Why should floors and sheeting be (1) How is the base of the fire located? cut at an angle? (2) What is the advantage of using a (4) Where should the wedge of the water vapor curtain when locating door opener be inserted when pry the base of the fire? ing a panel door open? (3) What safety precautions should be (5) Why should you stand to one side taken during extinguishment? when making forcible entry through (4) What is the purpose of salvage a door or window? work in fire fighting? (6) What are the four precautions to be taken when removing board ceil Your Instructor will demonstrate, with ing with a pike pole? your assistance, the following operations. (1) Confining the fire. Your instructor will demonstrate the use of forcible entry tools : (2) Using salvage covers. (1) Pike pole. (3) Extinguishing the fire. (2) Door opener. OVERHAUL AND PRESERVATION OF (3) Pickhead axe. EVIDENCE. When the fire has been extin (4) Crow bar. guished, an overhaul should be made of the RESCUE OF PERSONNEL AND THE building and the area to determine whether ADMINISTERING OF FIRST AID. Read all the fire has been extinguished. Do not pages 60 and 61, Fireman's Carry, of FM molest the contents any more than is neces 21-11. Read page 52 and see diagram on sary. When articles are removed from the page 53, Artificial Respiration, of FM 21-11. building during the fire fighting operation, notify the fire officer in charge. The less the EVALUATION (Self). contents are disturbed, the better chance the (1) What is the advantage of the fire investigating party will have in determining man's carry. the cause of the fire. (2) How many steps are necessary in getting a man into position for EVALUATION (Self). using the fireman's carry? (1) What is meant by overhaul? (3) When is it necessary to perform (2) What is the purpose of preserving artificial respiration? evidence ? (4) How long should artificial respira tion be continued? (3) What procedure is followed when (5) What cadence should be used when contents of building are removed applying artificial respiration? during the fire fighting operation? Your instructor will demonstrate rescue 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. of dummy personnel, using the fireman's Your Instructor will assign you to a crew drag and carry, and the administering of of 4 men and your position will be designated artificial respiration. on the Class 750 and 500 Pumpers. TP 1383-5 PAGE 4

You will assist in filling the booster tanks EVALUATION (Self). on the Class 750 and 500 Pumpers. (1) What is the procedure for the crew You will assist in loading the Class 750 when fire alarm is sounded? and 500 Pumpers with 1,000 feet of 2i/2-mch hose, using the "horseshoe load" with the (2) What is the purpose of the size-up? skid load finish. (3) What is the purpose of having Your instructor will designate the simu charged line present prior to venti lated fire station and the area to be used for lating a burning building? this operation. (4) Why is ventilation necessary before You will rotate to each position until you entering a burning building? have performed the duties of: (5) What is the purpose of the salvage (1) Crew chief. operations ? (2) Pump operator. (6) What is the purpose of the over (3) Plugman. haul? (4) Nozzleman. (7) Why is the preservation of evidence necessary? The Class 750 Pumper will respond first and make a reverse lay. 6. CRITIQUE. The Class 500 Pumper will respond second and make a reverse hose lay to the Class 750 The Instructor will conduct a critique of Pumper, (The 750 Pumper will be positioned this training project outline and summarize at the hydrant) and return to the fire and the following points : utilize the booster line. (1) Receiving alarm and responding to You will assist in: the fire. (1) Receiving and responding to the (2) Methods of sizing up the burning fire alarm. building.

(2) Performing the size-up of the fire. ( 3 ) Procedures for ventilating the burn (3) Ventilating the burning building. ing building. (4) Performing forcible entry into the (4) Methods and tools used in forcible burning building. entry. (5) Rescuing personnel from the burn (5) Procedures for rescue of personnel ing building and administering first and administering of first aid. aid. (Note: Gas mask will be don ned before entering burning build (6) Importance and use of the gas mask ing.) in firefighting. (6) Confining and extinguishing the (7) Methods of confining the extin fire. guishing the fire. (7) Performing salvage operations. (8) Procedures for salvage, overhaul, and preservation of evidence. (8) Overhauling and preserving of evidence. You will assist in performing maintenance (9) Reloading hose and equipment on on the equipment and the hose used in this the pumpers. project. TP 1383–5 PAGE 3

FORCIBLE ENTRY. Read section 4, of CONFINE AND EXTINGUISH INTE TM 5–692. RIOR FIRES INCLUDING SALVAGE OPERATIONS. Read paragraph 36, page EVALUATION (Self). 66, Fire Extinguishment, and paragraphs (1) When is forcible entry necessary? 26, 27, and 28, pages 53 through 57, Salvage, (2) Name four standard forcible entry Of TM 5–692. tools used in structural fire fight ing? EVALUATION (Self). (3) Why should floors and sheeting be (1) How is the base of the fire located? cut at an angle? (2) What is the advantage of using a (4) Where should the wedge of the water vapor curtain when locating door opener be inserted when pry the base of the fire? ing a panel door open? (3) What safety precautions should be (5) Why should you stand to one side taken during extinguishment? when making forcible entry through (4) What is the purpose of salvage a door or Window? work in fire fighting? (6) What are the four precautions to be taken when removing board ceil Your Instructor will demonstrate, with ing with a pike pole? your assistance, the following operations. (1) Confining the fire. Your instructor will demonstrate the use of forcible entry tools: (2) Using salvage covers. (1) Pike pole. (3) Extinguishing the fire. (2) Door opener. OVERHAUL AND PRESERVATION OF (3) Pickhead axe. EVIDENCE. When the fire has been extin (4) Crow bar. guished, an overhaul should be made of the RESCUE OF PERSONNEL AND THE building and the area to determine whether ADMINISTERING OF FIRST AID. Read all the fire has been extinguished. Do not pages 60 and 61, Fireman's Carry, of FM molest the contents any more than is neces 21–11. Read page 52 and see diagram on sary. When articles are removed from the page 53, Artificial Respiration, of FM 21–11. building during the fire fighting operation, notify the fire officer in charge. The less the EVALUATION (Self). contents are disturbed, the better chance the (1) What is the advantage of the fire investigating party will have in determining man’s carry. the cause of the fire. (2) How many steps are necessary in getting a man into position for EVALUATION (Self). using the fireman’s carry? (1) What is meant by overhaul? (3) When is it necessary to perform (2) What is the purpose of preserving artificial respiration? evidence? (4) How long should artificial respira tion be continued? (3) What procedure is followed when (5) What cadence should be used when contents of building are removed applying artificial respiration? during the fire fighting operation?

Your instructor will demonstrate rescue 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. of dummy personnel, using the fireman’s Your Instructor will assign you to a crew drag and carry, and the administering of of 4 men and your position will be designated artificial respiration. on the Class 750 and 500 Pumpers. TP 1383-5 PAGE 4

You will assist in filling the booster tanks EVALUATION (Self). on the Class 750 and 500 Pumpers. (1) What is the procedure for the crew You will assist in loading the Class 750 when fire alarm is sounded? and 500 Pumpers with 1,000 feet of 2%-inch hose, using the “horseshoe load” with the (2) What is the purpose of the size-up? skid load finish. (3) What is the purpose of having Your instructor will designate the simu charged line present prior to venti lated fire station and the area to be used for lating a burning building? this operation. (4) Why is ventilation necessary before You will rotate to each position until you entering a burning building? have performed the duties of: (5) What is the purpose of the salvage (1) Crew chief. operations? (2) Pump operator. (6) What is the purpose of the over (3) Plugman. haul? (4) Nozzleman. (7) Why is the preservation of evidence necessary? The Class 750 Pumper will respond first and make a reverse lay. 6. CRITIQUE. The Class 500 Pumper will respond second and make a reverse hose lay to the Class 750 The Instructor will conduct a critique of Pumper, (The 750 Pumper will be positioned this training project outline and summarize at the hydrant) and return to the fire and the following points: utilize the booster line. (1) Receiving alarm and responding to You will assist in: the fire. (1) Receiving and responding to the (2) Methods of sizing up the burning fire alarm. building.

(2) Performing the size-up of the fire. (3) Procedures for ventilating the burn (3) Ventilating the burning building. ing building. (4) Performing forcible entry into the (4) Methods and tools used in forcible burning building. entry. (5) Rescuing personnel from the burn (5) Procedures for rescue of personnel ing building and administering first and administering of first aid. aid. (Note: Gas mask will be don ned before entering burning build (6) Importance and use of the gas mask ing.) in firefighting. (6) Confining and extinguishing the (7) Methods of confining the extin fire. guishing the fire. (7) Performing salvage operations. (8) Procedures for salvage, overhaul, and preservation of evidence. (8) Overhauling and preserving of evidence. You will assist in performing maintenance (9) Reloading hose and equipment on on the equipment and the hose used in this the pumpers. project. TP 1383-5 PAGE 5

7. GRADING POINTS.

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 - 1

. Did the student take his proper position at the sounding of the alarm?

Did the student make the correct size-up while approaching the fire?

Did the student remove the necessary equip ment at the scene of the emergency?

Did the student use the correct procedure when ventilating? . Did the student try to open the doors and the windows before making the forcible entry?

Did the student remove the dummy personnel and administer first aid by the correct pro cedures? . Did the student perform the salvage and the overhaul procedures properly? . Did the student perform the procedures for the preserving of evidence properly? . Did the student perform the proper maintenance on the equipment?

TP 1383-6 PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

EXTERIOR FIRES

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-6 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. tion and general conditions of the fire. Th« To teach you : next point is the occupancy of the building. a. The procedures for making the size-up The third step in the size-up is the exposure of a fire. risk. The types of exposures encountered in volve both life and property. 6. The methods of covering exposures. Personnel on the leeward side of the fire c. To confine, control, and extinguish ex may be exposed to dangerous fumes and terior fires. gases thrown off by the fire. d. The proper procedures of salvage, over Properties directly across the street or ad haul, and the preservation of evidence. jacent to the fire building are fire exposures. 2. REFERENCE. The direction of the wind will determine in TM 5-692, Fire Department Techniques. which direction the greater exposures are located. In covering exposures, first attention 3. EQUIPMENT. will be given to the more seriously exposed a. One Class 750 Pumper fully equipped. hazards. b. One Class 500 Pumper fully equipped. Means of confining the fire to the build c. One Class 325 Pumper fully equipped. ing in which it is burning or protecting ex d. One training building. posures is accomplished by use of water streams. The size of the water streams are e. One hose loader. of great importance. Read paragraph 29, 4. INFORMATION PROCEDURE. sections a and b, page 59, of TM 5-692, and Read the following information : section X paragraph 34, sub paragraph b, Exterior fires are interpreted to mean page 64, of TM 5-692. those fires which have originated from the When responding to an exterior fire, the exposure of heat from another burning build first fire company to arrive will lay a hose ing or an outside fire. Exterior fires are also line to cover the most hazardous exposure, originated from interior fires which have which is normally on the leeward side of the communicated to the outside through win fire. dows, doors, ventilators, roofs, or any por The second line will be utilized to cover tions of the building, and commences to en the exposures on the windward side of the velop the building with flame. Due to the fire. intensity and magnitude of the exterior fire, The third line will be utilized to attack large quantities of water should be used the fire. quickly to bring the fire under control. Sound judgment must be exercised when fighting exterior fires to prevent an "exposure fire." In some exterior fires, it is far better to pro tect exposure risks with the hose stream than to continuously attack the burning building. The size-up of a fire means the making of a quick survey of the situation as encoun tered by the fire department upon arrival. Correct sizeup is of tremendous importance. Upon this, the size-up, the initial plan is based. The heaviest responsibility rests upon the first fire officer to arrive at the scene of an emergency. The first steps of the size-up are the loca Figure 1. TP 1383-6 PAGE 3

EVALUATION (Self). (2) What is meant by overhaul and in (1) What is meant by size-up? vestigation? (2) Upon what is the success of the (3) What is the purpose of the preser operation based? vation of evidence? (3) Why is a correct size-up of tremen (4) When will the fire fighter remove dous importance? contents from the building? (4) Who assumes the greatest respon Your Instructor will demonstrate salvage, sibility at the scene of the emer overhaul, and preservation of evidence in gency? exterior fires. (5) What is the first step in making a 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. size-up? Your position will be designated, and you (6) How many types of exposures are will be assigned to a crew of four by your encountered? Instructor on a designated pumper. (7) What consideration should be given You will assist in filling the booster tank to the wind direction? on the truck. (8) How is the fire confined to the You will assist in performing the daily building in which it is burning? inspection on an assigned Pumper. (9) Where should the water be applied You will assist in loading the Class 750 on the fire to be most effective? Pumper with 1,000 feet of 2^-inch hose by (10) Why is the first line laid to cover using the "horseshoe load" with the skid load the exposure on an exterior fire? finish. (11) Where are the most hazardous ex The Class 750 Pumper will be the first posures located at an exterior fire? truck to arrive. You will assist in making (12) What line is generally used to initi a reverse hose lay, and will respond upon a ate extinguishment of exterior fire? signal from your Instructor. Your Instructor will demonstrate size-up You will assist in covering the lee-side ex and covering exposures as heretofore out posure as outlined in Informational Proce lined. dure. SALVAGE OPERATION. The procedure You will assist in loading the Class 325 for performing salvage operations on exte Pumper with 600 feet of 214-inch hose by rior fires are similar to those of interior using the "accordion load" with a doughnut fires. roll finish. OVERHAUL AND PRESERVATION OF The Class 325 Pumper will be the second EVIDENCE. After extinguishment, an over truck to arrive. You will assist in catching all inspection must be made to determine the Class 750 Pumper and making a straight whether all of the fire has been extinguished. hose lay by using the booster line, and will Do not molest the contents anymore than is respond upon a signal from your Instructor. necessary, and never remove any articles You will assist in covering the windward from the building until approval is given by side exposure as outlined in Informational the fire office in charge. The less contents Procedure. are moved, the better chance the investi You will assist in loading the Class 500 gating party has to determine the cause of Pumper with 1,000 feet of 2Vk-inch hose by the fire. using the "horseshoe load" with a skid load EVALUATION (Self). finish. (1) What is the purpose of salvage The Class 500 Pumper will be the third covers? truck to arrive. You will assist in catching TP 1383-6 PAGE 4

the Class 750 Pumper and making a straight 6. CRITIQUE. hose lay by use of the booster line. You will The Instructor will conduct a critique of respond upon a signal from the Instructor. this training project outline and summarize You will assist in attacking the burning the following key points: building as outlined in Informational Proce (1) Size-up. dure. (2) Covering exposures. You will assist in performing salvage oper (3) Salvage operations. ations. (4) Extinguishing the fire. You will assist in performing overhaul (5) Overhaul. operations of the entire fire area. (6) Preservation of evidence. You will call to the attention of your in structor any conditions or material which You will assist in performing maintenance might disclose the cause of the fire. on the hose and equipment used in this You will assist in reloading hose and equip project. ment on the designated Pumper and drive 7. GRADING POINTS. to the area designated by your Instructor. You will assist in performing after-each- Above Below Grading points average Average average run inspection and maintenance of the as + 1 0 — 1 signed Pumper. Did student use correct procedure for making EVALUATION (Self). size-up? (1) Why was the Class 750 Pumper Were exposures on the used at the hydrant rather than the lee-side covered first? other trucks? S. Which truck covered ex (2) Why did the first truck cover expo posures on the wind sures on the leeward side of the ward side? fire? 4. Was the attack of the fire (3) Where is the line on the second made properly? truck connected? 5. Were correct procedures (4) What exposures does the second used for overhaul? truck cover? 6. Did the student report (5) Why is overhaul necessary after any evidence? extinguishment ? 7. Were exposure lines used (6) Why is it necessary to preserve intermittently on burn ing building? evidence? TP 1383-7 PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Ant Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

GASOLINE TANK FIRES

PART I

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-7 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. WATER FOG. When water fog is being used, the fog must be applied from a near To teach you: vertical plane. The 12-foot applicator will a. The procedure for making a size-up on be used. A Pumper line will be laid to the gasoline tank fire. gasoline tank fire and the 12-foot applicator 6. The methods of control and the extin attached to the nozzle. Approach the gaso guishment of gasoline tank fires. line tank fire by keeping the fog pattern be c. The procedure for making the overhaul, tween you and the fire at an angle to afford and the preservation of evidence. the greatest protection. Control the ground fire and close the valves which are leaking 2. EQUIPMENT. gasoline. As soon as the ground fire has been a. One Class 750 Pumper fully equipped. controlled and the source of the supply stop 6. One trainer gasoline tank. ped, raise the fog applicator above the tank c. One fire foam-making unit, backpack, and extinguish the fire in the gasoline tank. low pressure, type A, 100 to 200 pounds, 5- gallon capacity, for 2V^-inch fire hose, na tional standard fire hose. 3. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. Gasoline tank fires are considered in two separate categories. They are the open-top type and the filler manholes type. SIZE-UP. Size-up means the making of a quick survey of the situation upon arrival. A quick but thorough size-up is of vital im portance. The operation is based upon the size-up. The first fire office to arrive will make the size-up and assume the initial re sponsibility. The first step of a size-up is the location Figure 1. and condition of the fire. The next step is the exposure. EVALUATION (Self). The two types of exposures are life and (1) Why is the fire on the ground con property. The direction of the wind will de trolled first? termine the exposure requiring immediate (2) In what position is the fog pattern attention. held when approaching the fire? EVALUATION (Self). (3) How far above the fuel is the fog (1) Why should the approach be made pattern held? from the windward side? Your Instructor will demonstrate, with (2) Why should we consider the direc your assistance, the size-up, control, and the tion of the wind when making a extinguishment of a gasoline tank fire with size-up. water fog. NOTE: Instructor will cause a (3) What are the two types of gasoline fire to be started in the gasoline tank fire tank fires? trainer.) (1) Use 750 Pumper and make a re CONTROL AND EXTINGUISHMENT. The two extinguishing agents which will be verse lay. used to extinguish the gasoline tank fires (2) Connect 12-foot applicator to 2V2- are water fog and foam. inch nozzle. TP 1383-7 PAGE 3

(3) Approach tank fire with fog pat ground fire and then raise the foam nozzle tern between operator and fire. to a level where the foam stream can be (4) Control ground fire around valve. deflected from the inside wall of the tank. The (5) Close valves on the tank. foam will flow over the burning gasoline and extinguish the Are. (6) Extinguish the ground fire. (7) Extinguish the tank fire by: EVALUATION (Self). (a) Raising the applicator above the (1) Where will the foam pattern be di tank. rected when extinguishing the fire (6) Lowering the fog pattern to just inside the tank? above the base of the fire. (2) What effect does the foam have (c) Move the applicator around at upon the fire? the top of the tank until the fire is extinguished. Your instructor will demonstrate, with your assistance, the controlling and extin OVERHAUL. Inspect the tank and the guishing of a gasoline tank fire with foam. area to determine that all fire has been ex (NOTE: Instructor will cause fire to be tinguished, and cool the tank to prevent started in the gasoline tank fire trainer.) reignition. FOAM. When foam is used, attach the (1) Use the same hose previously laid. foam nozzle to the 2V^-inch hose line, then (2) Connect the foam nozzle to the 21/2- attach a siphon foam line from the back-pack inch line. unit to the foam nozzle, and don the back (3) Attach siphon foam line from the pack unit. The same hose line laid for the back-pack unit to the foam nozzle fog applicator will be used for this project. and don the back-pack unit. While approaching the fire, deflect the foam (4) Signal for the pumper operator to stream from the ground at the near edge of open the discharge valve to charge the fire and control the fire around the valve. the line. Close the valve. Extinguish the remaining (5) Control the ground fire around the valve. (6) Close the valve on the tank. (7) Extinguish the ground fire. (8) Extinguish the tank fire by: (a) Raising the foam nozzle above the tank. (6) Deflect foam from the far inside wall of the tank. (c) Continue the application of foam until the fire is extinguished, then signal for the valve to be closed on the hose line.

OVERHAUL. The overhaul procedure is the same as outlined in the use of water fog.

EVALUATION (Self). (1) What effect does foam have on a Figure S. gasoline tank fire? TP 1383-7 PAGE 4

(2) How is the foam applied to a gaso 6. CRITIQUE. line tank fire? Your Instructor will conduct a critique and stress the following key points. 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. (1) Control of heat by water fog. You will be assigned to a crew of four (2) Stopping flow of fuel by shutting and your Instructor will designate your posi off valve. tion on the Class 750 Pumper. (3) Extinguishing ground fire by the You will assist in filling the booster tank. use of water fog. You will assist in loading the Class 750 (4) Extinguishing fire in the tank with Pumper with 1,000 feet of 2V£-inch hose, water fog. using the "accordion load" and the dough (5) Use of the foam nozzle. nut roll finish. (6) Control of the fire with foam. You will assist in checking the foam unit (7) Extinguishing ground fire with and determining that the back-pack con foam. tainer is full of foam. (8) Extinguishing tank fire with foam. Your Instructor will designate the simu lated fire station and the area of this opera You will assist in performing maintenance tion. on the hose and the equipment used in this You will rotate to each position until you operation. have performed the duties of: 7. GRADING POINTS. (1) Crew chief. (2) Pump Operator. Above Below Grading points average Average average (3) Plugman. + 1 0 — 1 (4) Nozzleman. Did the student approach the fire with water fog You will assist in controlling and extin correctly? guishing gasoline tank fire using fog and Did the students shut off foam as demonstrated by your instructor. the gasoline valve properly? You will assist in reloading the hose and equipment. Was the ground fire ex tinguished before ex tinguishing the tank EVALUATION (Self). fire? (1) What is the procedure for extin Did the student deflect guishing a gasoline fire with fog? foam stream from the ground on approaching (2) What is the procedure for extin tank to control ground guishing a gasoline tank fire with fire around leaking foam? valve? (3) What procedure is used for over 5. Did the student deflect haul? the foam from the far edge of the tank prop (4) Why should the ground fire be ex erly? tinguished before extinguishing the Did the student inspect gasoline tank fire? the area and tanks (5) Where is the first point of attack thoroughly during the overhaul? on a gasoline tank fire? TP 1383-7A PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING STRUCTURAL FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

AUTOMOBILE FIRES

PART II

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-7A PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. CONTROL THE FIRE. Control the fire To teach you : around the body of the car and force open a. The procedure for making a size-up. the doors by the use of the door opener be tween the door and the frame. 6. The method of rescuing personnel and the employment of safety measures. RESCUE OF PERSONNEL. Enter the c. The control and extinguishment of the vehicle, grasp personnel under the arm pits, automobile fire. and remove them from the vehicle. The in jured person should be dragged with his face d. The overhaul and the preservation of upward. Use the utmost care to prevent addi evidence. tional injury during rescue. 2. EQUIPMENT. STOP THE FLOW OF FUEL. Crimp the a. One Class 500 Pumper Truck fully fuel line with the side-cutter or pliers. equipped. EXTINGUISH THE FIRE. The remain 6. Two dummies. ing fire can be extinguished with a hand foam 3. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. and CO 2 extinguisher or the foam hip-pack The automobile fire is somewhat similar booster hose line unit. to aircraft fires in that the primary fuel is OVERHAUL THE FIRE. Inspect and gasoline ; however, due to the relatively small extinguish any resultant fires by checking amount of gasoline carried, the automo with bare hands for hot spots. bile fire is in a separate category. Regard less of the source of heat which ignites the PRESERVE THE EVIDENCE. Evidence gasoline in the automobile, the fire is gen that is generally available in automobile erally centralized around the engine, usually fires are cigarette butts within the upholstery in the vicinity of the carburetor and/or of the vehicle or defective fuel or electrical fuel line. Like other types of fires, the pri lines. mary objective is to rescue personnel and EVALUATION (Self). then extinguish the fire. The stopping of the (1) How are automobile fires similar to fuel supply can be effectively done by crimp aircraft fires? ing the fuel line, and in many cases, the use of the hand foam and CO 2 extinguishers (2) Why is the automobile fire easier from the Pumper are sufficient for complete to control than the aircraft fire? extinguishment. (3) Where is the fire generally located in an automobile? SIZE-UP. Automobile fires, like all other types of fires, must be evaluated while ap (4) How is the fuel in the ruptured proaching the positioning. Some of the more fuel line shut off? important points to be observed are: (5) What tool can be used to force o. Approach with extreme caution to pre the doors open on an automobile? vent running over injured personnel who (6) Why are the hand extinguishers may have been thrown or who may have capable of extinguishing an auto crawled away from the automobile fire. mobile fire? 6. Determine the degree and extent of (7) What unit is available on the burning. pumper if the hand extinguishers c. Determine the rescue requirements. are incapable of extinguishing the d. Determine the exposure risk. fire? e. Formulate the attack plan. (8) Why is it necessary to use the bare /. Determine the location for the Pumper hands in performing the overhaul truck. inspection? TP 1383-7A PAGE 3

Your Instructor will demonstrate, with 6. CRITIQUE. your assistance, the following: The Instructor will conduct a critique of (1) Size-up. this training project outline and summarize (2) Control of the fire. the following key points: (3) Forcible entry. a. Amount of fuel carried in an automo (4) Rescue of personnel. bile. (5) Stopping the flow of fuel. b. General location of the fire in an auto mobile. (6) Extinguishment. (7) Overhaul and investigation. c. Precaution to be exercised when ap proaching an automobile fire. 4. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. d. Procedures for rescue of personnel and Your Instructor will assign you to a crew extinguishment of fire. of 4 men on the Class 500 Pumper and desig nate your position on the truck. You will assist in performing maintenance on the equipment and the hose used in this You will assist in filling the booster tank. project. Your Instructor will designate the area for training operations. 7. GRADING POINTS. You will rotate each position until you have performed the duties of: Above Below Grading points average Average average (1) Crew chief. + 1 0 — 1 (2) Pump operator. 1. Did the student exercise (3) Plugman. caution when approach ing the automobile? (4) Nozzleman. 2. Did the student position You will assist in: the truck properly? (1) Making size-up. 3. Did the student control (2) Controlling the fire. the lire properly? (3) Rescuing dummy personnel. 4. Did the student rescue (4) Stopping the flow of fuel. dummy personnel by grasping them under (5) Extinguishing the fire. their arm pits? (6) Overhauling and preserving evi 5. Was the dummy dragged dence. from the vehicle with You will assist in reloading the Class 500 his face upward? Pumper with the booster line and equipment. 6. Did the student crimp the fuel line properly? EVALUATION (Self). 7. Was the fire extinguished (1) What precautions should be exer properly? cised in approaching an automobile fire? 8. Did the student use his bare hand when check (2) What are the procedures to be fol ing for heat? lowed in rescuing personnel and extinguishing the fire on a burning 9. Did the student present any evidence found? automobile?

TP 1383-7B PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

NATURAL COVER FIRES PART III

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-7B PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. SPOT FIRES are fires started in advance To teach you : of the main body of fire by windblown sparks or bits of burning materials. Spot fires can a. Procedure for making a size-up. also be caused by rolling burning material or b. Methods of rescuing personnel and em burning logs and trees floating down streams ploying safety measures. coming to rest on the bank some distance c. Control and extinguishment of natural from the original fire. This creates a dan cover fires. gerous situation. A number of spot fires may merge and cause a new head in advance, to d. Mop-up and preservation of evidence. one side, or even to the tail of the main fire. Men and equipment may be trapped between 2. EQUIPMENT. these fires, and large losses may result. A a. One Class 325 Pumper Truck fully well-organized crew must be on the alert to equipped. locate spot fires and get them under control b. Twelve long-handle shovels. before any damage results.

c. Four bales of hay. A natural cover fire consists of four parts. They are as follows : 3. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. a. Read the following information : (1) FIRE LINE. Natural cover fires move rapidly. The perimeter or fire Natural cover fires are the most devastat line is the hottest part of the fire. ing to our natural resources and wild life. The interior is a smoldering mass Many of our Air Force Bases present natural with only a few flames and many cover risks in varying degrees. Aircraft glowing embers or sparks. Natural crashes are the source of some natural cover cover fires are best controlled along fires. Natural cover fires are divided into the the fire line. following four categories: ground, surface, crown, and spot fires. (2) HEAD. The point where the fire is progressing the fastest is called the GROUND FIRES are fires which travel head. A natural cover fire may have at ground level under leaves, humus, peat, several heads, depending on the and other organic materials which have be type, abundance, and location of come a part of the soil. This type of fire fuel. Fire heads generally travel moves slowly. with the wind. SURFACE FIRES are fires in grass, (3) FLANK. All portions of the fire weeds, grain, brush, and shrubs. This type line between the head and the tail of fire travels rapidly if the wind is high are called flanks. The burning sec and the fuel is in abundance. The heat is tion between the heads is called a intense but short lived because of the flash flank. burning of these fuels. CROWN FIRES are the most devastating (4) TAIL. The tail is the upwind portion type of forest fires. They spread through the of the fire. This is the point where tops or crowns of trees. A crown fire which the progress of the fire is the slow generates enough heat to carry itself from est. This is usually near the origin crown to crown is called a "running" crown of the fire. fire. One which depends upon heat from the accompanying ground fire for its spread is Following is a diagram showing how a called a "dependent" crown fire. natural cover fire is classified. TP 1383-7B PAGE 3

Figure 1.

The steps in the size-up of a natural Personnel should be evacuated from the fire cover fire are as follows : area as soon as possible, always keeping in (1) Determine the size of the fire. mind that they should be moved from the (2) Determine the wind direction. downwind side. The choice of this starting point must not be made haphazardly, but (3) Determine what kind of fuel the must be based upon a careful analysis of fire is burning and toward what the existing and prospective conditions of kind of fuel it is headed. the fire as determined by fuel conditions, (4) See if there are any natural bar weather conditions, and topography. riers near by to help stop the fire such as streams, roads, plowed The aim in the initial attack is to stop fields, or burned out areas. the spread of the fire as quickly as possible. If there are numerous spot fires ahead of the (5) Determine the hot spots, where the main blaze which may "take-off", they may fire is burning the fastest and where warrant first attention. Otherwise, as a gen it may jump or throw sparks into eral rule, the attack should begin at the point a new supply of fuel. or points where the fire is spreading or will The most important consideration in fight spread most rapidly under the worst condi ing a natural cover fire is to choose the tions. Such points would be the side of the proper point from which to begin the attack. hill adjacent to accumulations of highly in TP 1383-7B PAGE 4 flammable fuel, the uphill side of a fire on a an organization if called upon to help on a steep slope, or the side of the fire which is larger fire. or will be driven by the prevailing wind. Regardless of the size of the fire, whether Attacking a fire directly at its head is pos it be ten acres or a thousand, the steps to be sible only when the fire is not advancing taken to stop further spread, to provide as rapidly and when a large number of men much safety for the fire fighter as possible, are available. Working directly in front of a and to extinguish the fire are essentially the rapidly advancing fire is hazardous and there same. They are: is always the possibility that the fire may (1) Clear brush and low limbs from out-flank control lines. It is much better in the fire line. such instances to begin work at safe points (2) Dig or scrape the fire line to fresh on the flanks and work toward the head. soil. All of these things must be considered in the (3) Fell burning snags near the fire size-up, and carelessness will result in de line. laying extinguishment of the fire, increased loss, and possible injury to personnel. (4) Burn out dry, unburned fuels be tween fire edge and fire line. EVALUATION (Self). (5) Hold fire inside fire lines until it (1) What are the four categories of dies down. natural cover fires? (6) Mop-up fire and work on it until (2) What is a spot fire? How does it it is extinguished. originate? As the size of a fire increases and large (3) What is the difference between a numbers of men are needed to control it, ground and a surface fire? three factors become increasingly important : (4) Where is the fire line located? (1) Organization and assignment of re (5) What is meant by hot spots? sponsibilities. (6) From where should the personnel (2) Planning and supervision of the be evacuated? attack. (7) What is the initial aim in fighting (3) Effective use of manpower. a natural cover fire? (8) When is it advisable to make a (The use of machinery might be men direct attack on the head? tioned as a fourth factor, but for the most part it is used to replace or supplement (9) What is a crown fire? manpower.) CONTROL AND EXTINGUISHMENT If fifty men were needed on a fire, the fire OF NATURAL COVER FIRES. All but a boss in charge would divide and organize few of the several hundred fires that start his men into two 25-men crews, each with a each year are controlled by a small crew of foreman. On large fires, a sector boss is from one to five men. Occasionally, during placed in charge of two to four foreman periods of critically dry fire weather, a fire crews. As the size of the fire and crew in gets started in an area where there is a crease, the fire boss may place a division boss large amount of fast-burning fuel on the in charge of two or three sector bosses. The ground. Under these conditions, a fire may division bosses are responsible for all action spread so rapidly that it becomes too large certain assigned parts of the fire boss who, for a small crew to control. in every case, The following information on how crews The first job of the fire boss is to be sure are organized and function on the larger his crews have transportation to the fire, fires will teach you how to work and fit into tools with which to fight the fire, and suf TP 1383-7B PAGE 5

ficient food and drinking water. The princi edge of the fire as the men can work pal job of the fire boss is to plan ways to get safely, and burn out the area be the fire extinguished in the shortest possible tween the fire line and the edge of time. To accomplish this he will plan to : the fire immediately. (1) Attack the danger spots first and do (4) Take advantage of the night and just enough work on them to stop early morning for accomplishing the spread of the fire. This includes most effective work. Promptly fell felling of dangerous snags. snags which might spread the fire (2) Clear for and then build a fire line in the heat of the day. around the fire in the shortest pos (5) Keep a close watch for spot fires sible time. This operation can be and put them out promptly when speeded by first building a narrow discovered. line and improving it if necessary (6) Separate burning material, dig out after the spread of the fire is burning roots, remove decomposed stopped. The smart fire boss will material from the fire line, widen substitute railroad grades, roads, the fire line where necessary, place rock slides, and other barriers for burning logs parallel with slope to constructed fire line wherever this prevent them from rolling, and cut can be done faster and safely with low-hanging or mossy limbs where out including too much unburned there is a danger of ground fire area. igniting them and spreading to the (3) Construct a fire line as close to the crowns.

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART (NATURAL COVER FIRE FIGHTING)

FIRE BOSS

CREW BOSS CREW BOSS

STRAW BOSS STRAW BOSS STRAW BOSS STRAW BOSS STRAW BOSS STRAW BOSS

CREWS CREWS CREWS CREWS

Large fires are fought in the same way as Whoever is in charge of the fire is the fire small fires but they need more men and more boss, whether it is a straw boss with only his and bigger equipment. Instead of one man or 5 or 6 men, or a crew boss with 5 or 6 straw one small crew fighting the whole fire, that bosses and their crews, or a sector boss with man or crew has only one special job to do, several crew bosses under him. as part of a big team, on a big fire. The fire boss is responsible for: Three or four small crews of five or six (1) Lining up the crews and telling men under strawbosses are grouped together them where and how to work. under a crew boss. This crew boss may have to fight the whole fire with this crew, or he (2) Planning the attack and bossing may be only one of several crew bosses with the job. similar groups and be assigned to fight only (3) Making the best use of the man a part of the fire. power on hand. TP 1383-7B PAGE 6

(4) Making the best use of equipment when the progress of the fire is slow, or the and tools. fuel is scattered and short and there are (5) Getting supplies, tools, food, and only small flames. In such cases, the heat is the rest needed. insufficient to drive the fire fighters away from the fire line. The initial attack may be The first warden at the fire is the fire boss on any part of the fire line under these until someone with more authority comes conditions. and relieves him. PARALLEL ATTACK. This attack is (7) Provide adequate drinking water used on a fast-running fire in any type of on the fire line for the fire fighters. cover to avoid intense heat and objectionable (8) If a camp is necessary, place it as smoke. On a fire such as this, the initial at close to the fire as possible and avoid tack is made on the tail of the fire while hiking men long distances to and control units work along flanks and gradually from work. Hiking wastes energy. close in to pinch out the head or heads. (9) Have men either pack their lunch EFFECTIVE USE OF MANPOWER. It or provide them with a lunch on the has become general practice to use the "one fire line. Avoid hiking men to and lick" or progressive method for fire line con from camp for their lunch. struction. The key idea of this method is (10) Provide each crew with a first aid continuous forward movement of the clear kit. ing and digging crews. The method reminds (11) Establish an adequate service of one of a continuously moving freight train, supply which includes designation each fire fighter being a box car. of a camp boss. The men assigned to clearing and digging EVALUATION (Self). are given the right tools (axes, pulaskies, (1) What weather conditions aid in hazel hoes, etc.), and lined out in a single fighting natural cover fires? file. They work 10 to 15 feet apart to avoid striking or getting in each other's way. In (2) What is the difference between practice, they pause momentarily and take stopping a small and a large nat "one lick" at the material to be cleared, dug, ural cover fire? or scraped, then step ahead one to several (3) Why is it necessary to organize paces to repeat. The men hold their positions and divide large fire fighting crews ? in the line and do not pass each other. The (4) What are the principle responsibili rate of forward movement depends upon the ties of the fire boss? number of men in the line and the amount (5) What portion of a natural cover of work to be done. As each man moves fire should be attacked first? forward, he does only a small amount of (6) How can railroads, roads, rock work needed to finish the line. The last man slides, rivers, and plowed fields be should complete the necessary work. Those used in constructing a fire line? ahead of the last man in each crew should (7) When should the fire line be con stay out of his way, but they should not structed? leave him with too much unfinished work. The last man in the crew automatically sets (8) What actions should be taken when the pace for the crew. burning roots are found adjacent to the fire line? For example, if one 25-men crew was sent to a fire, the fire boss would divide his crew The following are methods of attacking into 3 units and assign them to jobs as different types of natural cover fires: follows : DIRECT ATTACK. This is performed In the first unit of 11 men, the most ex TP 1383-7B PAGE T perienced man would lead off and locate the (3) What is the approximate distance fire line, followed by 4 men clearing the between men constructing a fire line and 6 men digging. line? In the second unit of 7 men, 4 would be (4) What does the forward movement felling dangerous snags along the line, and of the men constructing a fire line three would use torches to burn unburned depend upon? material between the fire line and the fire (5) What is the purpose for construct edge. ing a fire line? Four of the 7 men in the third unit would (6) What are four indirect methods of hold the fire and keep it from crossing the control on natural cover fires? line. The last three would begin the most (7) What determines the width of a urgent mop-up work next to the fire line. The fire break? objective of the whole crew would be to get (8) What is meant by "back-firing"? a safe line around the fire as quickly as possible. For the inexperienced man, woods work On a large fire, one or more foreman and fire fighting are dangerous tasks. How crews may be assigned to clearing and an ever, a few simple precautions taken against equal number to digging. Another crew would specific hazards will enable the uninitiated fell snags. Several foreman crews would to work in comparative safety. follow to "hold" the line and begin the mop- ROLLING LOGS AND STONES. In up. As a rule, on all but small fires the crews rough country, rolling logs and stones are a are divided and work on at least two sides constant hazard. All moveable dangerous of the fire. logs should be turned so they cannot roll INDIRECT METHODS OF CONTROL. across the fire line. In the case of burning Natural fire barriers are lakes, rivers, creeks, snags and logs, all crew members should deserts, or bare rock formations. Other fire form the habit of continually maintaining breaks such as roads, highways, survey lines, a sharp lookout for danger. transmission lines, or cleared areas are effec Water should be applied to the fastest ad tive barriers. vancing spots due to its extinguishing effect. Fire breaks should be twice as wide as the All fires are potentially dangerous until height of the material in a given area. For they are completely out. The object of mop- example, trees that are 50 feet high will up work on fires is to put them out as quick require a fire break 100 feet wide. ly as possible. After the fire line has been con structed and the unburned material in the When back-firing, use extreme caution but area between this line and the fire edge has do not hesitate because in so doing you may been burned out, there is a tendency for lose the control you have gained. Back-firing the crew to relax or let down. As a result, widens the fire break very fast and allows many fires have gotten away after control fire fighters greater control of the fire. In appeared certain. Experienced fire bosses rec dry cover, fires may be started with matches, ognize the period immediately following the oil-soaked rags, gasoline, or flame throwers. construction as one of the most dangerous and plan to have a holding crew work im EVALUATION (Self). mediately behind the line construction crew. (1) What are the two types of attacks It is the job of the holding crew to cool down performed in fighting a natural the fire and do the necessary work to prevent cover fire? it from crossing the line. This is accom (2) What is the accepted method for plished by throwing dirt to knock down the constructing a fire line? heat and flames, felling the last of the burn- TP 1383-7B PAGE 8

VARIOUS COHPmONS WITHIN THEBURNEP OUT AREA REQUIRING MQMJP

Figure 2. ing snags that are throwing sparks across consideration when trapped in natural cover the line, looking for and putting out spot fires. Whenever a ditch, creek, or river is in fires, and removing burning chunks, logs and close proximity, utilize the near bank as a hot burning fuels from near the fire line. heat barrier as illustrated below: Before the fire crew may leave the fire, all burning material which might possibly cause the fire to cross the lines must be extin guished. On small fires, every spark must be extinguished for a distance far enough into the fire to prevent the fire escaping under any possible conditions. The drawing below will illustrate some of the more important factors to be considered in mop-up work. The following are two methods to be given Figure 3. TP 1383-7B PAGE 9

Another method is to ignite fuel and travel (2) Why are all natural cover fires in same direction of fire as illustrated be- potentially dangerous? *ow: (3) What precautions are taken after MOP-UP AND PRESERVATION OF a fire line is built?

Figure U.

EVIDENCE. Fire apparatus is of great (4) What is the purpose of a holding value in fighting natural cover fires and crew? should be used whenever terrains and road (5) What would be your actions if conditions will permit. trapped by a fast-burning surface EVALUATION (Self). fire where no ditches, rivers, or (1) What precaution is taken against creeks were present? rollings logs? (6) When is the direct attack used? TP 1383-7B PAGE 10

(7) Why is it important to have an b. You will assist in filling the booster avenue of escape when fighting a tank on the Class 325 Pumper. natural cover fire? e. Your Instructor will designate the area (8) Why is the mop-up important on to be used, and you will assist in preparing natural cover fires? the area for use. (9) When is the mop-up operation d. You will rotate each position until you complete? have performed the following duties: (10) When is the mop-up operation (1) Class 325 Pumper crew : commenced? (a) Crew chief. SIZE-UP OF THE FIRE. Determine the (6) Pump operator. size of the fire, the wind direction, the type (c) Plugman. of fuel that is burning, and toward what (d) Nozzleman. kind of fuel or other hazards it is headed. (2) Shovel Crew: STOP THE SPREAD OF THE FIRE. (a) Crew chief. Make a direct attack from the flank and es (6) Shovelman. tablish the fire line. Make a parallel attack, (c) Shovelman. using the "one-lick" method, back-fire, and maintain the fire line. (d) Shovelman. (e) Shovelman. EXTINGUISH SPOT FIRE. Give immedi ate consideration to the spot fires. PROBLEM NO. 1. SURFACE FIRE AND EXTINGUISH FIRE. Mop-up, see that all SPOT FIRES (GRASS). The Instructor will the fire is completely extinguished, spade up cause the fire to be ignited, and you will assist smoldering fuel, and cover with mineral soil. in: (1) Making a size-up. Outline the in PRESERVE ANY EVIDENCE. Preserve formation gained through the size- any newspaper, bottles, cans, or other evi up. dence found which may have valuable in (2) Making a direct attack on the fire formation in determining the cause of the edge from the flank and confining fire. With your assistance, your Instructor will the fire. demonstrate size-up, make direct attack on (3) Extinguishing spot fires. fire line, confine the fire, mop-up, and preser (4) Mopping-up the fire. vation of evidence. (5) Preserving evidence. Give to your With your assistance, your Instructor will Instructor any material that may demonstrate the procedures for extinguish have value in determining the cause ing grass fires by using the booster lines of the fire. from the Class 325 Pumper Truck. PROBLEM NO. 2 SURFACE AND SPOT The attack will be made from the flank FIRES (GRASS). The Instructor will cause and extinguish the head and the flank from the fire to be ignited, and you will assist in within the burned out area. Direct the stream utilizing the Class 325 for extinguishing the of water in a near horizontal sweeping mo grass fire by using the two booster lines. tion. PROBLEM NO. 3. CROWN FIRE. Your 4. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. Instructor will designate two shovel crews a. Your Instructor will designate your of five men each and two dirt diggers. The position and you will be assigned to a crew Instructor will cause the fire to be ignited, of five members. and you will assist in utilizing the shovels TP 1S83-7B PAGE 11 in throwing mineral soil to control and ex (6) Attack and confine the fire. tinguish the snag fires. (a) Direct or indirect method. You will assist in clearing the training (6) One-lick method. area and reloading the Class 325 Pumper (c) Back-fire. Truck. (7) Mop-up. You will assist in performing inspection ( a ) Extinguish and /or secure the fire. and maintenance on the Class 325 Pumper Truck. (8) Preserve evidence. (a) Newspapers, cigarette butts, and 5. CRITIQUE. matches. a. Your Instructor will conduct a critique (6) Bottles and cans. of this training project and summarize the (c) Point of origin, highways, and following key points: railroads. (1) Types of natural cover fires. (d) Camp sites. a) Ground. 6. You will assist in performing mainte 6) Surface. nance on the equipment used in this training c) Spot. project. d) Crown. 6. GRADING POINTS.

(2) Safety precautions. Above Below Grading points average Average average a) Ditches and streams. + 1 0 — 1 6) Burning out escape path. 1. Did the student maintain (3) Extinguishing agents. the correct distance when developing the a) Mineral soil. fire line? 6) Water. 2. Were prescribed safety precautions practiced? (4) Natural fire lines. 3. Did the student extin a) Rivers and streams. guish the spot fires 6) Railroads and roads. promptly? c) Fire breaks and burned-out areas. 4. Did the student use the d) Plowed fields. "one lick" method when developing the fire (5) The size-up. line? a) Determine the extent of the fire 5. Did the student spade spot fires properly? and the type of fuel that is burn ing. 6. Did the student use his hand in determining (6) Determine the wind direction if the fire was out? and its velocity, potential fuels 7. Did the student back-fire that may be involved, and the from the fire line prop exposure risks of life and prop erly? erty. 8. Did the student use the (c) Determine the method of attack. booster line properly?

TP 1383-8 PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Ara Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

CLASS 110 CRASH TRUCK

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-8 PAGE 2 This eight inches is called a "pigtail". Fold 1. OBJECTIVE. the hose back over the layer just laid, and To teach you : feed the second layer back to the rear of the a. The identification and the nomenclature bed. Fold the hose over on the inside layer of the Class 110 Crash Truck. of hose and lay the second layer back and 6. The operation (including individual flush with the near edge of the hose bed. duties of crew members) of the Class 110 This procedure is carried out until the entire lengths of the hose are racked, making each Crash Truck. c. The maintenance (including polar) of layer fold flush with the near edge of the the Class 110 Crash Truck. hose bed. The right hoseline is racked by the same 2. REFERENCE. procedure as the left hoseline. a. AF Manual 64-25, Aircraft Crash Res The CO 2 hoseline and reel are located at cue. the rear of the truck between the two foam b. TO 19-25A-9, Trucks and Trailers, Intervals of Inspection and Operation Pre lines. ventive Maintenance Services on AF Crash EVALUATION (Self). Trucks and Piloted Equipment. (1) Upon what type of chassis is the c. TO 19-25A-41 Procedure for Winter- Class 110 Crash Truck mounted? ization of Mounted Equipment on Aircraft (2) What is the capacity of the foam Crash Rescue Fire Trucks and Trailers. tank on the Class 110 Crash Truck? (3) What is the g.p.m. at 100 p.s.i. on 3. EQUIPMENT. the Class 110 Crash Truck? a. One Class 110 Crash Truck fully equip (4) What type pump is mounted on the ped. Class 110 Crash Truck? 6. One AF Form 42. (5) How many 50-pound CO 2 cylin 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. ders are mounted on the Class 110 Read the following information: Crash Truck? For identification of the Class 110 Crash (6) What is the length of the CO 2 Truck, read pages 12 and 13 of AF Manual hoseline? 64-25. (7) How many 50-foot sections of lYi- The Class 110 Crash Truck makes a head- inch foam lines are on the Glass 110 on approach and positions at-a-near-diagonal Crash Truck? on the nose or the tail of the aircraft. It (8) What is the length of each foam has two foam lines, 100 feet each in length. Each foam line consists of two fifty-foot handline? (9) What position does the Class 110 sections of lV^-inch hose. The hose is racked Crash Truck assume at an aircraft in a long, narrow hose bed located on each side of the foam tank. emergency? To rack the lines the following procedures You will accompany your Instructor to the Class 110 Crash Truck, make a visual are used: The left handline connects the female end inspection of the truck, and learn the crew of the hose to the wye gate. Make an oval positions and the related equipment. shape bend in the hose, and start the hose The crew consists of five men. Their posi into the hose bed. Feed the hose into the bed tions and duties are: until it reaches the back of the hose bed. Fold The PUMP OPERATOR rides in the left the hose over to the outside edge of the bed side of the cab. He drives the truck and and feed it out until it is approximately eight inches past the near edge of the hose bed. operates the pump. TP 1383-8 PAGE 3

The CREW CHIEF rides in the right side the hinge lock in place to prevent the pump of the cab. He instructs the driver while en- from jumping out of gear. He alights from route to the emergency, identifies the point the cab, grasping the outside throttle with of operation, and takes charge of the hand- the left hand and the tank dump valve with linemen and the rescueman at the scene of his right hand. He opens the throttle and the emergency. the tank valve and simultaneously observes The RIGHT FOAM HANDLINEMAN the pressure gauge. When the pressure gauge rides on the right side of the rear platform needle registers 100 p.s.i., he sets the throt and holds on to the guard rail. He removes tle, and checks to see that the tank valve is all hose from the hose bed, goes to the point opened completely. He opens the two doors of the operation, and takes the position ad exposing the four 50-pound cylinder valve jacent to and on the right of the crew chief. ends. If CO 2 is not needed at the time, he goes to the rear of the truck and checks the The LEFT FOAM HANDLINEMAN rides wye gate valves to make sure they are open, on the left side of the rear platform and assists in straightening out the kinks in the holds on to the guard rail. He opens the dis foam lines, and removes the first aid fire charge valves on the wye gate while enroute fighting equipment and places it at the point to the emergency, removes all the hose from of operation. He makes frequent checks on the hose bed, goes to the point of the oper the pump pressure and the foam supply re ation and takes his position adjacent to and maining in the tank. When CO 2 is required, on the left side of the crew chief. the pump operator places his left hand on The RESCUEMAN rides on the rear plat the top-left CO 2 cylinder valve and his right form between the foam handlinemen and hand on the top-right CO 2 cylinder valve holds on to the guard rail. He removes the and opens both simultaneously by turning crash kit and the CO 2 horn and carries both valves counter-clockwise. When addi them to the point of the operation. He opens tional CO 2 is required, he follows the same the crash kit and lays the CO 2 horn on procedure as outlined for the top two valves. top of the opened kit. He carries out such When this operation is completed, he closes other duties as assigned by the crew chief. both the top valves by reversing the proce dure. EVALUATION (Self). The CREW CHIEF rides on the right side (1) Where does the pump operator of the cab. He gives instructions to the driver ride? while enroute to the emergency. He alights (2) What is the length of each foam from the truck after it has stopped, identi handline? fies the points of operation, and takes charge (3) How is the foam line racked in the of the handlinemen and the rescueman. hose bed? The LEFT HANDLINEMAN rides on the (4) Who removes the CO 2 horn? left side of the rear platform facing the cab, (5) Where does the crew chief ride? and holds to the guard rail. He opens the (6) Who opens the valves on the wye valves on the wye gates upon the approach to the emergency. When the truck stops, he gate? places his left hand in the "pigtail" loop and Your Instructor will demonstrate each his right hand around the foam nozzle and crew member's position and duties. the top layer of the hose. He steps off back The PUMP OPERATOR rides on the left ward from the rear platform, and pulls off side of the cab. He drives the truck, starting all of the hose from the bed, goes to the point in first gear and double clutching to shift of the operation, and takes his position ad into other gears. He stops the truck smooth jacent to and on the left side of the crew ly, places the gear shift in neutral, places chief. TP 1383-8 PAGE 4

The RIGHT HANDLINEMAN rides on when a crash truck is transferred the right side of the rear platform facing from one base to another? the cab, and holds to the guard rail. His (5) What items are checked on the duties are the same as those of the left hand- daily inspection? lineman except that he does not open the (6) What items are checked on the valves on the wye gate. after-each-run inspection? The RESCUEMAN rides on the rear plat (7) What items are checked on the form between the right and the left foam weekly inspection? handlinemen, facing the cab, and holds to Your instructor, with your assistance, will the guard rail. He removes the CO 2 horn demonstrate daily, after-each-run, and week and the crash kit and carries both to the ly inspections using an AF Form 42 as out point of operation. He opens the crash kit lined in TO 19-25A-9. and places the CO 2 horn on top of the opened For information on winterization, read kit. He carries out such other duties as as paragraphs 1, 2, 3, and 4, pages 1, 2, 3, and signed by the crew chief. 4, of TO 19-25A-41. For charging the 50-pound CO 2 extin EVALUATION (Self). guisher, read TM 5-687, pages 36 to 43, paragraph 44. (1) Where should crash fire trucks be quartered ? EVALUATION (Self). (2) What should be done with fire ap (1) What is the percent of the rated paratus where heated buildings are weight of an extinguisher when it not available? requires recharging? (3) What parts of the fire trucks need special protection? (2) What is the best position in which (4) What parts of the fire trucks need to place the cylinder when recharg special attention when away from ing? quarters ? (3) What valve should be closed first (5) What method can be used to pro when the extinguisher has been tect the pumps and the lines? fully charged ? (6) What do we mean by "Drain Sys With your assistance, your Instructor will tem" in winterizing a crash truck? demonstrate recharging the 50-pound CO 2 (7) How can the operator tell the ap cylinders as outlined in TM 5-687. proximate pressure when the For information on daily, after-each-run, gauges are frozen? and weekly inspections and services, read 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. sections 1 and 2, pages 1, 2, and 3, of TO Your Instructor will assign you to a crew 19-25A-9. of five men, and you will be assigned to a position on the Class 110 Crash Truck. You EVALUATION (Self). will rotate until you have performed each (1) What is the AF Form 42, and what crew member's duties. is it used for? You will assist in accomplishing the AF (2) How many consecutive daily in Form 42 on the Class 110 Crash Truck. spections are made on a single AF You will assist in filling the foam tank Form 42? and 50-pound CO 2 cylinders on the Class 110 (3) Where are the after-each-run in Crash Truck. spections entered on an AF Form Your Instructor will designate the area to 42? be used for this project and the distance to (4) What happens to the AF Form 42 be traveled for each operation. TP 1383-8 PAGE 5

You will perform the duties of the follow (c) Loading and unloading of the ing positions demonstrated by your In hose. structor. (3) Position of the crew members. (1) Crew chief. (4) Duties of each crew member. (2) Pump operator. (5) Inspection and maintenance of the (3) Left handlineman. Class 110 Crash Truck. (4) Right handlineman. (a) Purpose and use of the AF (5) Rescueman. Form 42. You will assist in performing inspection (6) Filling of the foam tank. and maintenance of the Class 110 Crash (c) Recharging of the CO 2 cylinders. Truck as outlined and demonstrated in In formational Procedure. You will assist in performing the "driver's" maintenance on the truck and EVALUATION (Self). equipment, including washing and polishing. (1) What is the capacity of the pump on the Class 110 Crash Truck at 7. GRADING POINTS. 100 p.s.i.? Above Below (2) What is the required number of Grading points verag Average average men for a crew on the Class 110 + 1 0 — 1 Crash Truck? 1. Did the crew chief re (3) What procedure is used for load main on the truck un ing the foam line on the Class 110 til it stopped before Crash Truck? alighting? (4) Who operates the pump on the 2. Did the crew chief take Class 110 Crash Truck? charge of the hand- linemen and the res (5) Where does the rescueman ride on cueman? the Class 110 Crash Truck? 3. Did the driver start the (6) What is the capacity of the foam truck in first gear? tank on the Class 110 Crash Truck? 4. Did the driver place the (7) Who opens the CO 2 valves on the pump lever into gear four 50-pound CO 2 cylinders on before leaving the the Class 110 Crash Truck? cab? (8) How long is the %-inch CO 2 hose 5. Did the driver set the line on the Class 110 Crash Truck? hand brake? 6. CRITIQUE. 6. Did the driver correctly obtain the desired Your Instructor will conduct a critique pressure? of this training project outline and sum 7. Did the driver straight marize the following key points: en out the kinks in (1) Identification of the Class 110 the hose? Crash Truck. 8. Did the driver frequent (2) Operation of the Class 110 Crash ly check the amount Truck. of foam remaining in the tank? (a) Operation of the pump, and its capacity and pressure. 9. Did the left handline man turn on the (6) Operation of the CO 2 cylinder valves on the wye valves. gate while enroute? TP 1383-8 PAGE 6

Above Below Grading point* average Average average + 1 0 — t 10. Did the left handline- man remove all the hose from the hose bed? 11. Did the left handline- man go to the left side of the crew chief and position himself properly? 12. Did the right handline- man go to the right of the crew chief and position himself prop erly? 13. Did the right handline- man remove all of the hose from the hose bed? 14. Did the rescueman re move the crash kit and the CO 2 horn and carry them to the point of opera tion? 15. Did the rescueman stand by at the point of op eration for further instructions from the crew chief? 16. Did the student assist in the accomplishing of AF Form 42? 17. Did the student assist in the maintenance of the hose and the equipment used in this training project? TP 1383-9 PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowby Am Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

CLASS 125 CRASH TRUCK

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-9 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. (1) The CREW CHIEF on a Bean To teach you: Class 125 Truck is the driver. He The identification and the nomenclature of starts the truck in first gear and stops in third gear, positioning the Class 125 Crash Truck. head-on to the nose or the tail of the The operation (including individual duties aircraft. He sets the emergency of crew members) of the Class 125 Crash brake after the pump operator puts Truck. the pump in gear. He alights from Inspection and maintenance procedures of the truck and sets up the handline- the Class 125 Crash Truck. men at the point of operation. (On the Hardie Class 125 Crash Truck, 2. REFERENCE. the crew chief rides in the right side AF Manual 64-25, Aircraft Crash Rescue. of the cab and puts the pump in 3. EQUIPMENT. gear before leaving the cab.) One Class 125 Crash Truck fully equipped. (2) The PUMP OPERATOR on the AF Form 42 — Inspection and Preventive Bean Class 125 Crash Truck rides Maintenance Roster. on the right side in the cab since the controls are on the right side. 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. He puts the pump in gear, alights a. For identification of the Class 125 from the truck, and closes the churn Crash Truck, read pages 10 and 11, of AF valve with his left hand, turning it Manual 64-25, regarding the Class 125 Crash clockwise. He accelerates the en Truck. The Class 125 Crash Truck makes a gine by pulling and/or turning the head-on approach either on the nose or the hand throttle counterclockwise until tail and is positioned head-on. the required pressure has been at tained and the speed is from 14 to b. EVALUATION (Self). 18 m.p.h. as indicated on the speed (1) Upon what type chassis is the Class ometer. He then removes the third 125 Crash Truck mounted? line from the truck and carries it (2) What is the capacity of the booster to the front of the truck. He places tank? the coil on the ground with the foam nozzle placed on the top. He (3) What type pump is mounted on the returns to the truck, opens the dis Class 125? charge valve on the third line, ascer (4) What are the lengths and number tains that the left and right hand- of handlines on the Class 125? line valves are open, and takes off (5) How many handlines are normally the first aid fire fighting equipment. used? He checks the extinguishing agent (6) What position does the Class 125 in the tank and the pressure on Crash Truck assume at an aircraft the gauge. On the Hardie Class 125 emergency? Crash Truck, the pump controls are normally on the left side; therefore, c. You will accompany your instructor for the pump operator is the driver. a visual identification of the Class 125 Crash (3) The RIGHT HANDLINEMAN Truck, including equipment, appliances, and rides on the right side of the truck, crew positions, starting from the left front with the nozzle in his right hand, his of the truck and progressing clockwise. left hand through the hose coil in The crew consists of five men. Their posi the basket holding to the side of the tions and duties are as follows: hose basket. He makes sure that the TP 1383-9 PAGE 3

discharge valves are open on the (3) Right landlineman. right and left handlines. When the (4) Left handlineman. truck stops at the point of the opera (5) Rescueman. tion, he alights with the nozzle in his right hand and the line around 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. his back, with the remaining coil a. Your instructor will assign you to a crew in his left arm. The lineman posi of five men, and your position will be desig tions himself to the right of the nated. crew chief at the point of operation. 6. You will assist in filling the tank on (4) The LEFT HANDLINEMAN'S the Class 125 Crash Truck. duties are the same as for the right c. Your instructor will designate the area handlineman but he uses his oppo for the operation and the distance to be site hand and arm. traveled on each operation. You will rotate on each position until you have performed NOTE : When discharging the extinguish the duties of: ing agent through the high-pressure nozzle, the nozzle will be held parallel to the ground. (1) Crew chief. (2) Pump operator. (5) The RESCUEMAN alights with (3) Right handlineman. the crash kit in his hand when the (4) Left handlineman. truck stops. He takes the crash kit to the front of the truck and unrolls (5) Rescueman. it. He returns to the truck and re d. You will assist in performing inspection moves the ladder. He takes the and maintenance on the Class 125 Crash ladder to the front of the truck and Truck using Form 42. positions it in an "A" position and awaits further orders from the crew e. EVALUATION (Self). chief. (1) In what gear does the Bean Class 125 pump? d. EVALUATION (Self). (2) In what gear does the Hardie Class (1) How many men make up a crew 125 pump? on the Class 125 Crash Truck? (3) Where does the crew chief ride on (2) Where does the crew chief ride on Bean Class 125? the Hardie Class 125 Crash Truck? (4) What are the procedures for plac (3) Where does the crew chief ride on ing the Bean Class 125 into pump the Bean Class 125 Crash Truck? gear? (4) Where is the pump operator's posi (5) What are the duties of the hand- tion on the Hardie Class 125 Crash linemen on the Class 125? Truck? (6) What are the duties of the rescue- (5) Where is the right handlineman's man on the Class 125? position and what are his duties on the Class 125 Crash Truck? 6. CRITIQUE. (6) Where does the rescueman ride on a. The instructor will conduct a critique the Class 125 Crash Truck? of this training project and will summarize the following key points: e. Your instructor will demonstrate each (1) The position of the Class 125 will crew member's position and his duties. be head-on. (1) Crew chief (Bean and Hardie). (2) The handlinemen will be positioned (2) Pump operator (Bean and Hardie). on either side of the fuselage. TP 1383-9 PAGE 4

(3) The men will be crouched on the inside of the line. (4) The high-pressure nozzles will be positioned about 18 inches above the ground and parallel with the ground. (5) The desired pressure on the pump will be maintained at the slowest possible engine speed. 6. You will assist in performing "driver's" maintenance on the truck and equipment, including washing and polishing.

7. GRADING POINTS

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 1. Did the crew chief per form his assignment properly daring the operation? 2. Was the student proper ly clothed before and during the operation? 3. Did the driver start in the proper gear? 4. Did the driver select the best route to the oper ation? 5. Did the linemen set-up properly on the air craft? 6. Did the driver position the truck properly? 7. Did the student rack the hose properly? 8. Did the pump operator maintain the proper pressure? 9. Did the rescueman carry out his duties properly? TP 1383-10 PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415th TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Ant Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

CLASS 150 CRASH TRUCK TP 1383-10 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. (c) Ground sweep? To teach you: (d) Playpipe? The identification and the nomenclature (e) Bayonet nozzle? of the Class 150 Crash Truck. (8) What are the foam discharge ca The operation (including individual duties pacities of the following: of crew members) of the Class 150 Crash (a) Top boom? Truck. (6) Radiator nozzle? Inspection and maintenance procedures of (c) Ground sweep? the Class 150 Crash Truck. (d) Side lines? 2. REFERENCES. c. Read 19-25A-3, page 7, section IL TO 19-25A-2, Operation and Maintenance paragraph 8 through page 9. (Sterling). d. EVALUATION (Self). TO 19-25A-3, Operation and Maintenance (1) At what pressure is the carbon (Reo) . dioxide maintained in the tanks of the Class 150 Fire Truck? 3. EQUIPMENT. (2) How is the carbon dioxide kept in One Class 150 Crash Truck fully equipped. a liquid form? One CO 2 storage unit. (3) Where are the safety devices AF Form 42, Inspection and Preventive located ? Maintenance Roster. (4) At what pressure does the bleeder 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. relief valve operate? a. For identification, read paragraph 2, (5) At what pressure does the pop-off- section 1, pages 1 through 4, of TO 19- valve operate? 25A-3. (6) What is the purpose of the two-way switching valve? The Class 150 Crash Truck makes a head- on approach either on the nose or the tail (7) At what pressure does the frangible of the aircraft and positions head-on. disc rupture? (8) At what pressure limits does the b. EVALUATION (Self). refrigeration system maintain CO 2 (1) What is the overall height of the in the tank on the Class 150 Fire Class 150 Crash Truck? Truck? (2) What is the loaded weight of the (9) At what pressure does the alarm Class 150 Crash Truck? bell ring? Low? High? (3) Where are the top boom, radiator (10) Where are the two liquid level nozzle, and ground sweep controls gauges located? located? e. Read TO 19-25A-3, page 10, paragraph (4) What is the length of the top boom? 13 through page 21, in regard to the Class (5) Upon what type chassis is the Class 150 Sterling Fire Truck Foam Tank. 150 Crash Truck mounted? /. EVALUATION (Self). (6) What position does this truck as (1) What is the capacity of the foam sume at an aircraft emergency? tank on the Sterling Class 150 Fire (7) What are the CO 2 discharge ca Truck? pacities of the following : (2) What is the working pressure on (a) Top boom? the foam tank on the Sterling Class (b) Radiator nozzle? 150 Fire Truck? TP 1383-10 PAGE 3

(3) Where is the foam tank fill-plug (9) What procedure is followed in open located on the Sterling Class 150 ing the CO 2 and foam ground Fire Truck? sweep? (4) What procedure is followed in de (10) Where, on the control panel, are termining whether the foam tank the foam and CO 2 ground sweep is full? control knobs located? (5) At what pressure is the safety valve k. You will accompany your Instructor to set on the foam tank of the Sterling the Class 150 Fire Truck for visual identifi Class 150 Fire Truck? cation of the unit, equipment, appliances, and g. Read TO 19-25A-3, page 10 through crew positions, starting from the left front page 11, paragraph 13. of the truck and progressing clockwise. 1. Your Instructor will demonstrate the h. EVALUATION (Self). procedures of all crew positions. (1) What is the working pressure on (1) The DRIVER rides in the left side the foam tank of the Reo Class 150 of the cab, drives the truck, and Fire Truck? places the front wheels and low (2) What is the capacity of the foam range into operation. tank on the Reo Class 150 Fire Truck? (2) The PANEL OPERATOR rides on the right side of the cab, with both (3) What is the opening near the top hands on the pistol handle controls, of the foam tank used for on the forefingers on the triggers, and Reo Class 150 Fire Truck? thumbs on the buttons. (4) At what pressure is the safety valve set on the foam tank of the Reo He places his right hand on the boom lift- Class 150 Fire Truck? knob and pushes down to raise the boom approximately 16 inches. He places his right i. Read TO 19-25A-3, section II, pages hand on the right-hand pistol handle and 12, 13, and 14. pushes toward the right, swinging the top boom, and places his right hand on the boom j. EVALUATION (Self). lift-knob and pulls up. To move the boom (1) What is the purpose of the two six- nozzle out, he places his right hand on the volt batteries located on the left right-hand pistol handle and pushes down. running board? To swing the top boom nozzle in, he pulls (2) Where is the battery charger lo up on his right-hand pistol handle. cated? To discharge CO 2 from the top boom, he (3) Where is the control panel located? pulls the triggers on the right-hand pistol (4) What do the pistol-shaped levers handle. mounted on the control panel oper To discharge the foam from the top boom, ate? he pushes the button on the right-hand pistol (5) What do the triggers on the pistol handle. levers control? To position the top boom over the boom (6) What do the buttons on the pistol rack, he pushes the right-hand pistol handle levers control? to the left. (7) Where is the boom-lift knob lo To lower the boom on the rock, he pulls cated? up on the boom-lift knob. (8) What is the purpose of the boom- He operates the radiator nozzle by placing lift knob? his left hand on the left-hand pistol handle. TP 1383-10 PAGE 4

For positioning of the radiator nozzle, He replaces the hose and playpipe on the he pushes the left-hand pistol handle to the truck, turns the hose reel by hand to roll the right. hose on the reel, and replaces the nozzle on To raise the radiator nozzle, he pushes the truck running board so that the playpipe down on the left-hand pistol handle. rests in the playpipe mechanism handle to To lower the radiator nozzle, he pulls up its normal closed position. on the left-hand pistol handle. To operate the right bayonet nozzle and To discharge the CO 2 radiator nozzle, he hose line, he removes the bayonet nozzle pulls the trigger on the left-hand pistol from the truck, first pulling the latch pin handle. from the fastening bracket, tips the bayonet To discharge the foam from the radiator nozzle away from the truck so that it opens nozzle, he pushes the button. the latch and clears the fastening bracket, To put the radiator nozzle back into posi lifts the bayonet nozzle from the truck, and tion, he pushes the left-hand pistol handle to pulls the hose free from the fastening clip. the left. To start the discharge, he turns the pilot To discharge the CO 2 from the ground valve so that the indicator points to the sweep, he places his left hand on the ground word OPEN. sweep discharge control knob and pulls out. The hose may be removed from the hose He pushes the control knob in to shut off the basket in which it is carried by putting the CO 2 ground sweep. left arm down through the coiled loops and To discharge the foam from the ground pulling it out of the basket, letting the hose sweep, he places his right hand on the ground feed out of the arm while progressing to the sweep discharge control knob and pulls out. point of the operation, then drops the entire He pushes the control knob in to shut off coil of the hose. the foam ground sweep. To stop the discharge, he turns the pilot (3) The CREW CHIEF rides on the valve control knob so that the indicator running board of the right side of points to the word CLOSED. He replaces the truck next to the door. He is in the hose and the bayonet nozzle on the truck active charge of the crew and the by carefully coiling the hose in a figure "8" truck. back into the basket where it will lay flat, (4) The RIGHT CO 2 PLAYPIPE and replaces the bayonet nozzle and hose HANDLINEMAN rides on the into its fastening bracket. right side of the truck on the run (5) The FOAM RIGHT HANDLINE ning board behind the hose reel. MAN rides on the right side of the He operates the right CO 2 playpipe. platform at the rear of the truck. He lifts the handle of the playpipe release His first operation is to pull off all the CO mechanism and moves it slightly past the 2 hose on the reel for the right hand CO 2 latch. He grasps the playpipe with his left playpipe handlineman. He returns to the rear hand half way between the valve and the of the foam hose basket and turns on the nozzle and lifts the nozzle, placing the back foam hose pilot valve. He grasps the foam end of the playpipe across the right thigh. nozzle in his right hand, placing his left heel He opens the valve by a forceful downward in the side step with his back to the truck. motion with the palm of his right hand. Hold He places his left arm through the coil of ing the playpipe valve lever firmly against hose and lifts the hose from the basket, let the playpipe handle, he will hold the playpipe ting the hose feed out of the arm until the valve wide open, as it should always be when point of operation is reached. He drops the discharging carbon dioxide. The playpipe is remaining coils of hose, placing both hands held at approximately a 25-degree angle. on the foam nozzle. TP 1383-10 PAGE 5

He turns on the foam discharge by press (5) How do you apply pressure in the ing forward on the bottom lever of the gun foam tank? body. A straight stream discharge can be (6) What is the iy2-inch line called turned on by pressing forward the top lever which is used to fill the CO 2 tank? on the gun body. (7) What is the one-inch line called To stop the discharge, he pulls back both which is used to fill the CO 2 tank? levers. (8) How can you determine when the When the operation with the foam hose CO 2 tank is filled if the gauges are is completed he turns off the foam hose pilot broken? valve, opens the gun to remove the pressure from the hose, then recoils the hose into the (9) What should you do in case the basket in a figure "8", making sure the hose CO 2 tank is over-filled? is laying flat in the basket. (10) What malfunction occurs if the CO The operation procedures for the left hand- 2 tank is over-filled? linemen are the same as the right handline- p. Your Instructor will demonstrate the men except the hose lines will be on their left filling of the CO 2 and the foam tanks as side instead of their right. outlined. to. EVALUATION (Self). 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. (1) How may feet of hose are there on a. You will be assigned to a crew of 7 men the following? on the Class 150 Crash Truck by your In (o) CO 2 playpipe. structor, and your position will be desig (6) CO 2 bayonet nozzle. nated. You will rotate until you have per (c) Foam nozzle. formed the duties of each crew member. (2) How is the top boom raised? b. You will assist in charging the CO 2 (3) How do you discharge CO 2 from tank from the storage unit and charging the the top boom? foam tank. (4) How do you discharge foam from c. Your Instructor will designate the area the radiator nozzle? for the operation and the distance to be (5) What is the exact position of the traveled for each operation. panel operator? d. You will perform the duties of : (6) Which of the ground sweep control (1) Crew chief. knobs do you operate for CO 2? (2) Driver. n. Read TO 19-25A-3, paragraph 28, (3) Panel operator (CO 2 or foam will pages 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, Filling the not be used unless so ordered by Foam Solution Tank and Filling the Carbon your Instructor. You will simulate Dioxide Tank. when CO 2 and foam are not to be used). o. EVALUATION (Self). (4) CO 2 playpipemen (You will not (1) Where do you connect the hose to use CO 2 unless so ordered by your fill the foam tank? Instructor. You will simulate when (2) What is done about the pressure CO 2 is not to be used) . when preparing to fill the foam tank? (5) Foam handlinemen (You will not use foam unless so ordered by your (3) What is the diameter of the pipe Instructor. You will simulate when at the intake of the foam tank? foam is not to be used) . (4) How is the pressure released prior to filling the foam tank? 1. You will be informed by your Instructor TP 1383-10 PAGE 6 when to operate the CO 2 bayonet nozzle (3) The capacity of the foam tank on (You will not use CO 2 unless so ordered by the Reo and the Sterling. your Instructor. You will simulate when CO (4) The discharge capacity of each CO 2 is not to be used). 2 and foam outlet. e. You will assist in performing inspection (5) Inspection and preventive mainte and maintenance of the Class 150 Crash nance on the Class 150 Crash Truck. Truck using form 42 and TO 19-25A-3. b. You will assist in performing "driver's" /. EVALUATION (Self). maintenance on the truck, and equipment (1) Who removes the remaining CO 2 including washing and polishing. hose line from the truck for the playpipe handlinemen? 7. GRADING POINTS. (2) Where does the crew chief ride on the Class 150 Crash Truck? Above Below Grading points average Average average (3) On what side of the handlines do + 1 0 — 1 the handlinemen stand? 1. Did the driver start the (4) Who operates the top boom, radi truck in first gear? ator nozzle, and ground sweep? 2. Did the driver position (5) How many men make up a crew on the Class 150 Crash the Class 150 Crash Truck? Truck head-on? (6) Give the location and duties of each 3. Did the driver start and position on the Class 150 Crash stop the truck smooth- Truck? ly? (7) How do you open the valve on the 4. Did the driver set the playpipe? hand brake before (8) How do you stop the discharge of leaving the truck? CO 2 from the bayonet nozzle? 5. Did the panel operator (9) What is the procedure for replacing raise the boom before swinging it around? the foam line in the basket on the Class 150 Crash Truck? 6. Did the panel operator pull the trigger when (10) How do you charge the foam hand- told to discharge CO 2 line? from the boom? (11) What procedure is used in placing 7. Did the panel operator the bayonet nozzle handline in the put both hands on basket on the Class 150 Crash the pistol controls Truck? when told to take his (12) How do you charge the playpipe position? handline with CO 2 on the Class 8. Did the crew chief ride 150 Crash Truck? on the right side of the truck? 6. CRITIQUE. 9. Did the crew chief wait o. Your Instructor will conduct a critique until the truck stop of this training project and summarize the ped before stepping- off the truck? following key points : (1) Crew positions and duties on the 10. Did the CO 2 playpipe- man position himself Class 150 Crash Truck. on the inside of the (2) The capacity of the CO 2 tank. nozzle? TP 1383-10 PAGE 7

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 — 1 11. Did the foam playpipe- man position himself on the inside of the nozzle? 12. Did the CO 2 playpipe- man hold the nozzle at a downward angle? 13. Did the CO 2 playpipe- man position himself properly at the point of operation? 14. Did the foam lineman pull the CO 2 line from the hose reel be fore assuming his position with the foam nozzle? 15. Did the foam lineman carry the hose coils to the point of opera tion? 16. Did the foam lineman charge the foam line before leaving the truck? 17. Did the student per form the recharging of the CO 2 tank properly? 18. Did the student fill the foam tank properly? Was the CO 2 pres sure applied? 19. Did the student per form drivers mainte nance by washing and polishing the truck and equipment?

TP 1383-11 PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Ant Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

CLASS 155 CRASH TRUCK

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-11 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. EVALUATION (Self). To teach you : (1) What precaution is taken before a. The identification and the nomenclature starting the pumping unit? of the Class 155 Crash Truck. (2) Where are the shut-off valves for b. The operation (including individual the side hose lines located? duties of crew members) of the Class 155 (3) Where is the valve for the forward Crash Truck. or tunnel line located? c. Inspection and maintenance procedures (4) Where is the tank valve handle lo of the class 155 Crash Truck. cated? (5) In what position is the valve on 2. REFERENCE. the tank when the handle is pulled TO 19-25A-32, Operation, Service, and up? Overhaul Instructions for Crash Truck Class (6) What is the purpose of the agitator 155. valve ? Form 42, Inspection and Preventive Main tenance Roster. (7) Where are the pumping engine con trols located? 3. EQUIPMENT. (8) Where are the pumping engine a. One Class 155 Crash Truck fully equip throttles located? ped. You will accompany your Instructor for a b. AF Form 42, Inspection and Preventive visual identification of the Class 155 Crash Maintenance Record. Truck, including equipment, appliances, and 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. crew positions, by starting from the left Read TO 19-25A-32, sections 1 and 2, front of the truck and progressing clockwise. pages 1, 2, 3, and 4, for identification of the The individual crew positions and duties Class 155 Crash Truck. This truck makes a are as follows: head-on approach and positions at a-near- The CREW CHIEF rides in the cab on the diagonal. The turrets will operate on each right side and is in charge of the crew. His side of aircraft starting from the fuselage duties are to start the rear engine and ac- and working outward to control and/or ex celerater to obtain the desired pump pressure tinguish the fire. when approaching if it has not been accom plished by the front turretman. He signals EVALUATION (Self). to the turret operators when to initiate oper ( 1 ) Upon what type chassis is the Class ation of the turrets, and he acts as a lookout 155 Crash Truck mounted? for the driver. At the scene of the aircraft (2) What is the maximum pump ca emergency, the first vehicle to arrive estab pacity of the Class 155 Crash Truck lishes the nucleus of the operation and takes at 600 p.s.i.? charge of the rescuemen and the handline- (3) What type of pump is mounted on men. the Class 155 Crash Truck? The DRIVER rides in the cab on the left (4) How is power transmitted to the side. His duties are to start the truck in first pump on the Class 155 Crash Truck? gear, shift to higher gear by double clutch ing, selecting the shortest and best route to (5) How many handlines are on the the emergency, operate the front wheel drive Class 155 Crash Truck? and low range levers, and be on the lookout Read TO 19-25A-32, section VI, pages 10, for personnel and objects in the path of the 11, 12, and 13, for operational procedure on truck. He makes a head-on approach and the Class 155 Crash Truck. positions on-a-near diagonal. While in posi t TP 1383-11 PAGE 3

tion at the crash, he controls the pump pres The REAR TURRET OPERATOR rides sure from the cab, remains on the truck, and on the turret deck, with his safety belt fas keeps alert for any signal from the crew tened, and opens the turret nozzle when the chief. truck starts to turn for position and/or upon The RESCUEMAN rides on the right side signal from the crew chief. The turret oper of the truck on the running board immedi ators will keep their hands on the discharge ately behind the cab. He removes the crash controls and be alert at all times. kit, carries it to the point of operation and EVALUATION (Self). unrolls it. He assists in the rescue of per sonnel. (1) What position does this type of The RIGHT HANDLINEMAN rides just crash truck assume at an aircraft in front of the hose basket, holding the hand emergency? rail with his left hand with his right arm (2) Where does the crew chief ride, and through the hose coil. Preparatory to alight what are his duties ? ing from the truck, he assumes a sitting posi (3) How many men are required for a tion, opens the shut-off valve, and alights crew on the Class 155 Crash Truck? from the truck, removing all of the hose (4) Where does the rescueman ride and from the hose basket. The handlineman will what are his duties ? use the handline on the side nearest the fire. (5) Which of the crew members oper Other handlinemen will come around the ates the tunnel line? rear of the truck and use the tunnel line. (6) When does the front turret oper The hose is racked in the basket in a figure ator open his turret? "8" coil. (7) When does the rear turret operator The LEFT HANDLINEMAN rides just in open his turret? front of the hose basket, right hand holding the handrail, and the left arm through the (8) Which crew member operates the hose line. Preparatory to alighting from the pumping controls after the truck truck, he assumes a sitting position, opens is positioned at an aircraft emer the shut-off valve, and alights from the truck, gency? removing all the hose from the hose basket. Your Instructor will demonstrate, with The determining factors which control your assistance, the positions of each crew handlines to be used are: member and his duties on the Class 155 a. The handlineman nearest the fire uses Crash Truck. the side handline. 6. The opposite handlineman proceeds 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. around the rear of the truck and uses the Your instructor will assign you to a crew tunnel line. of seven men and your position will be desig The tunnel handlineman removes all of nated. the line from the basket before opening the You will assist in filling the tank on the discharge valve. Class 155 Crash Truck. The FRONT TURRET OPERATOR rides Your Instructor will designate the area on the turret deck, starts the rear engine and for the operation and the distance to be adjusts it to the desired pressure. He imme traveled for each operation. You will rotate diately fastens his safety belt and places on each position until you have performed both hands on the control handle when pre the duties of : paring to open the nozzle. He opens the noz zle when the truck comes within range of (1) Crew chief. the crashed aircraft and/or upon signal (2) Driver. from crew chief. (3) Rescueman. TP 1383-11 PAGE 4

(4) Right handlineman. (5) The capacity of the booster tank (5) Left handlineman. and the pump. (6) The range of the Turrets. (6) Front turretman. (7) Rear turretman. You will assist in performing "driver's" maintenance on the truck and equipment, You will assist in performing inspection including washing and polishing. and maintenance of the Class 155 Crash Truck using AF Form 42. 7. GRADING POINTS.

Above EVALUATION (Self). Grading points average Averse* + 1 0 — 1 (1) What is the discharge capacity of the pump at 600 p.s.i.? 1. Did the crew chief per (2) What type of pump is utilized on form his duties prop erly at the operation? the Class 155 Crash Truck? (3) Where are the pump controls lo 2. Did the driver start in the proper gear? cated? (4) How many turrets and handlines 3. Was the student proper ly clothed before and are on the Class 155 Crash Truck? during the operation? (5) What is the length of each hand- 4. Did the student take his line? proper position? (6) Where are the handlines located? 5. Did the driver handle (7) Who is responsible for starting the the truck properly rear engine and accelerating to the when approaching and desired pump pressure? positioning? (8) Which handlines are initially used 6. Did the driver position at a crash fire? the truck properly at the scene of opera tion? 6. CRITIQUE. 7. Did the student load The Instructor will conduct a critique of the hose properly? this training project and will summarize the following key points : 8. Did the student take the proper position at the ( 1 ) The position of the 155 Crash Truck scene of operation? at aircraft emergency. 9. Did the pump operator (2) The number of crewmen, their posi maintain the proper tions and duties. pressure? (3) The number of handlines. 10. Did the rescueman carry out his assignments (4) The auxiliary equipment. as instructed? TP 1388-12 PAGE 1 HEADQUARTERS, 3415th TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

INTRODUCTION TO RESCUE OF ENTRAPPED PERSONNEL PART I

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-12 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. gasoline capacity of 110 gallons. The gasoline To teach you : is carried in the wing tanks, one in either The visual identification and the nomen wing with an equal capacity of 55 gallons. clature of military type aircraft. There is a 10-gallon oil tank located in the accessory section and mounted on the fire The construction features and the forcible wall. The battery is located in the accessory entry points. section immediately aft the engine on the The location of the air crew members and righthand side. Forcible entry is accom the procedures for release and removal, in plished through the front and/or rear section cluding the administration of first aid. of the canopy. The external release for the The location and hazard of armament. front section is on the left forward side of the canopy, and the rear canopy release is 2. REFERENCE. on the left side of the rear canopy. See dia AF Manual 64-25, Aircraft Crash Rescue. gram number 1 of the T-6. 3. EQUIPMENT. The F-51 is a fighter-type aircraft. The One Class 125 Crash Truck fully equipped. pilot is the only member of the crew. It has Two dummies, including parachute harness an inline engine and a gasoline capacity of and safety belts. approximately 269 gallons, 92 gallons in each wing, and 85 gallons in the fuselage tank. Available current standard aircraft. The gasoline tanks are located in the wing 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. sections, one in either wing, and the fuselage Read the following information and study tank is located immediately aft the cockpit. the diagrams: The battery is located behind the pilot's com partment. The armament consists of three The knowledge of the location of personnel fixed .50 caliber machine guns mounted in in different type aircraft and the methods of gaining forcible entry when hatches, each wing. doors, and canopies are jammed is of para Forcible entry is accomplished through the mount importance to the crash rescueman. canopy. See diagram number 2 of the F-51. Without this valuable information, the tech The F-86 is a fighter-type aircraft. The nique of fire control is of no avail. Your pilot is the only member of the crew. It has a primary objective is to save life and the jet engine and a fuel capacity of approxi secondary objective to save property. mately 843 gallons. The fuel tanks are The knowledge of forcible entry points and mounted in the wing sections except for the crew location is a sure avenue to successful drop tanks which are mounted on the wing rescue operations. You should know the pre tips. The battery is located in the nose sec cautions to take in regard to the different tion. Forcible entry is made through the types of aircraft such as fighters with their canopy. The external emergency canopy re guns, rockets, bombs, and ejection seats, lease can be reached through the accessory bombers with their bombs and guns, and door on the left side of the fuselage below cargo transports with sick personnel aboard. the canopy frame. This canopy release does For all of these and other reasons, you, not pull the safety pin on the ejector seat the crash rescueman, should know as much handle. The F-86 has six fixed guns mounted as possible about all types of military air three on either side of the nose section. See craft and their crews. diagram number 3 of the F-86. The T-6 is a trainer-type aircraft. It is The H-5 helicopter has a crew capacity of designed to carry two men, one in the front three men who are located in the main fuse section of the cockpit and one in the rear lage section. The engine is located in the section. The T-6 has a radial engine, and a rear section of the main fuselage section. TP 1383-12 PAGE 3

Figure S. F-51. TP 1383-12 PAGE 4

Figure A. H-5. TP 1383-12 PAGE 5

Figure 6. B-26. TP 1383-12 PAGE 6

CUT HERE FOR

EMERGENCY RESCUE

£^: #!"

Figure 7. C-47. TP 1383-12 PAGE 7

Figure 8. B-17.

Figure 9. B-S9. TP 1383-12 PAGE 8

Figure 11. Ejection Seat. TP 1383-12 PAGE 9

The fuel capacity is approximately 100 gal a crew capacity of 10 men, 5 forward and 5 lons. The fuel tanks are located one forward aft the wing section. The B-17 has four and one aft the engine section. Forcible entry radial engines with a fuel capacity of ap is made through the canopy. The normal proximately 2,780 gallons. The fuel tanks are exits are on the right side. See diagram located in the wing sections. There are three number 4 of the H-5. 24-volt batteries in the loading edge of the wing adjacent to the fuselage. Two of the The F-82 is a fighter-type aircraft with a batteries are on the right and one is on the crew of two, one in either fuselage. The F-82 left side. The armament consists of a chin has two inline engines, one on either fuselage. turret, ball turret, and a top turret, each The fuel capacity is approximately 910 gal mount having two .50 caliber machine guns. lons. The fuel tanks are located in the outer There are two .50 caliber machine guns in wing sections and also in the section between the waist compartment, two in the nose com the fuselages. The battery is located in the partment, and two in the tail. The main en left radio compartment. The armament con trance door is on the right side of the fuse sists of six .50 caliber machine guns mounted lage aft the wing. Below the pilot's compart in the center wing section. Forcible entry ment is an escape hatch. See diagram number is accomplished through the canopies. See 8 of the B-17. diagrams number 5 of the F-82. The B-29 is a bomber and carries a crew The B-26 has a crew of three. They are of 11 men, 6 forward and 5 aft the wing located in the main fuselage section. The section. The B-29 is powered with 4 radial B-26 has two radial engines, and the gasoline engines and has a fuel capacity of 9,548 gal capacity is 925 gallons. The fuel tanks are lons. The fuel tanks are located in the wing located in the wing sections. The battery is section. The battery is located to the left of located in the nose wheel weld. The B-26 is the main entrance door aft the wing section armed with twelve .50 caliber machine guns on the right side of the fuselage. The arma which are mounted in the nose and in the ment consists of two .50 caliber machine top and belly turrets. The escape hatches guns in each of the following turrets : upper are located over the pilot's compartment and lower forward, upper and lower rear, and the gunner's compartment. See diagram and tail. Forcible entry is made through the number 6 of the B-26. right rear door, engineer's hatch, and co The C-47 is a cargo-type aircraft with a pilot's hatch in the forward section of the crew of 3 to 5 men located in the nose section cockpit. See diagram number 9 of the B-29. and the radio section. When used as a trans The B-36 is a bomber-type aircraft and port, it will carry 27 passengers who are requires a crew of 14 men, 9 forward and 5 located in the fuselage section. The C-47 has aft the wing section. The B-36 has six two radial engines and a fuel capacity of pusher-type engines and a gasoline capacity 804 gallons. The fuel tanks are located within of approximately 21,050 gallons. The fuel the wing sections. There are two tanks in tanks are located in the wing sections. The each wing. The C-47 batteries are located battery is located just aft the food locker in the nose section and under the center of on the left side of the fuselage section. Arma the cockpit. The normal exits are located ment on the B-36 consists of 8 remotely- on the left side, one being the main fuselage controlled turrets containing two 20 milli door at the left rear of the fuselage, and meter guns each. There are seven ground the pilot's escape door on the left side of the exits, five forward, and two aft the wing pilot's compartment. See diagram number 7 section. See diagram number 10 of the B-36. of the C-47. For identification of aircraft construction, The B-17 is a bomber-type aircraft with read Section X of AF Manual 64-25. TP 1383-12 PAGE 10

EVALUATION (Self). (21) How many men are there on the (1) What is the fuel capacity of the T-6 crew of an F-82? aircraft? (22) Where are the crew locations on (2) Where is the battery located on the F-82? the T-6? (23) What is the fuel capacity of the (3) Where is forcible entry accom F-82? plished on the T-6? (24) Where are the fuel tanks located (4) Where are the external releases for on the F-82? the canopy on the T-6? (25) Where is the battery located on the (5) What type engine is mounted in the F-82? F-51? (26) What is the number of fixed guns (6) What is the fuel capacity of the on the F-82? Where are they lo F-51? cated? (7) Where is the battery located on the (27) Where is forcible entry accom F-51? plished on the F-82? (8) How many fixed guns are mounted (28) The crew of a B-26 is composed of on the F-51? Where are they lo how many men? cated? (29) What is the fuel capacity of the (9) Where is forcible entry accom B-26? plished on the F-51? (30) Where is the battery located on the (10) What is the fuel capacity of the B-26? F-86? (31) How many guns are mounted on (11) Where is the battery located on the the B-26? Where are they located? F-86? (32) Where are the escape hatches lo (12) How many fixed guns are mounted cated on the B-26? on the F-86? Where are they lo (33) How many men are there on the cated? crew of a C-47? (13) Where is the external canopy re (34) How many passengers will the C-47 lease located on the F-86? carry? (14) Where is the trigger lever for the (35) What is the fuel capacity of the jettison seat mechanism located on C-47? the F-86? (36) Where are the batteries located on (15) How many fixed guns are mounted the C-47? on the F-86? Where are they lo (37) Where are the normal exits located cated? on the C-47? (16) How many men are there on the (38) How many forcible entry points are crew of a helicopter? there on the C-47? (17) Where are the crew positions on (39) How many men are there on the the helicopter? crew of a B-17? (18) Where is the engine located on the (40) Where is the crew located on a helicopter? B-17? (19) What is the fuel capacity of the helicopter? Where are the fuel (41) What is the fuel capacity of the tanks located? B-17? (20) Where are the normal exits located (42) How many batteries are there on on the helicopter? the B-17? Where are they located? TP 1383-12 PAGE 11

What is the amount of armament at "Entry" on pages 39, 40, 41, and 42, of on the B-17? Where is it located? AF Manual 64-25. Where are the main exit doors on EVALUATION (Self). the B-17? How many men are there on the (1) What procedure is used when the crew of a B-29? controls have pinned the pilot to the seat? Where is the crew located on the B-29? (2) Why is it vitally important to know what not to cut when making forci What is the fuel capacity of the ble entry? B-29? (3) What is the primary duty of the How many batteries are there on rescueman after entering a crashed the B-29? Where are they located? aircraft? What is the amount of armament (4) What precautionary measures must on the B-29? Where is it located? be employed when removing injured Where are the forcible entry points personnel ? on the B-29? What is the normal number of For administration of first aid, read sec crewmen on the B-36? tion XI, page 63, of AF Manual 64-25. Where is the crew located on the Your instructor will preview TF 1-4596, B-36? Management of Air Crew Casualties. What is the approximate amount Your instructor will show the film. of fuel carried on the B-36? Your instructor will review the film. How many batteries are there on EVALUATION (Self). the B-36? Where are they carried? (1) Which member of the crash crew What is the amount of armament should be qualified to administer on the B-36? Where is it located? first aid? How many ground exits are there (2) Where should the injured personnel on the B-36? be carried after they have been re How can the materials used in air moved from the aircraft? craft construction aid in crash res (3) When should the medical personnel cue? be permitted to enter the aircraft? What type of engines offer the (4) Why is the knowledge of first aid greatest fire hazard? essential in crash rescue? Where is the accessory section lo (5) What is the duty of the linemen cated? when medical personnel enter a What material is used in the con crashed aircraft to administer first struction of the fire wall? aid? What is the purpose of the fire wall? You will accompany your instructor to the training area for visual identification of the What section is given first consid current types of aircraft located on the train eration in an engine fire? ing area. Why are the fire walls not consid Your instructor will point out the con ered as fire stops? structional features, forcible entry points, For procedure on forcible entry and res air crew locations, and armament on the dif cuing of personnel, read section 5 beginning ferent classes of aircraft. TP 1383-12 PAGE 12

Your instructor, with your assistance, will (2) How is entry made into the air demonstrate forcible entry, release and re craft? moval of dummy personnel, and administra (3) What precautions should be taken tion of first aid from a single-engine aircraft. when removing air crew casualties? The rescueman will place the ladder on the (4) What procedure is used in remov left wing, climb on the wing, and release the ing air crew personnel from single- canopy. If the canopy is jammed, he will engine aircraft? use forcible entry tools to force it open. He will release the safety belt and parachute Place the ladder against the fuselage. harness on the dummy and apply direct pres (NOTE: the type of aircraft will determine sure to the wound designated by the instruc the position of the ladder on the aircraft.) tor. He will climb astride the opened canopy, To open the emergency exit, use forcible face forward, grasp the dummy under the entry tools if necessary. Release the safety arm pits, and lift him straight up. He will belt and parachute harness on the dummy. turn him so he faces the right wing and set Apply direct pressure to the wound. Grasp him on the side of the cockpit. The rescue- the dummy under the arms and remove him man on the left wing will take the dummy to the exit with his face up. Stand astride under the arms, hold him until the other and face the dummy, and lift him to the rescueman gets hold of his legs, and assist rescue personnel standing on the ladder. in removing him to the wing. He will then The rescue personnel standing on the step to the ground and drag the dummy, head ladder will grasp the dummy under the arm first, face up, to the edge of the wing to pits and clear the opening before descend prevent any possibility of dropping him and ing the ladder. causing further injury. Both rescuemen will The rescueman inside the aircraft will carry the dummy to a safe place outside the keep a firm grip on both legs and as the fire area, and continue to apply direct pres rescueman descends the ladder, will place sure to the wound until he is released to the legs of the dummy, one on either side medical personnel and/or the designated of the ladder. crash rescueman. Before releasing hold on the dummy's legs, You will perform forcible entry, release make sure the rescueman on the ground has and removal, and administration of first aid complete control of the dummy and/or that to the dummy personnel from a single-engine other rescue personnel are assisting him in aircraft as demonstrated by your instructor. removing the dummy. The procedure for making forcible entry You will perform the release and removal into two or more engine aircraft is similar. of dummy personnel from two or more en The entry is made through normal exits or gine aircraft as demonstrated by your in by the forcible entry method. The difference structor. in the two or more engine aircraft will be the location of exits, the type of exits, and 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. the forcible entry points. Your instructor will assign you to a crew When removing personnel through escape and designate the rescue operation to be hatches, extreme caution must be exercised performed. You will perform the release and to prevent further injury. rescue operation from single, two, four, and six-engine aircraft, including administra EVALUATION (Self). tion of first aid as designated by your in (1) How does the rescue of personnel structor. differ with different types of air You will rotate in each position of the craft? operation. You will assist in making forcible TP 1383-12 PAGE 13 entry through normal escape hatches as (6) Forcible entry. designated by your instructor. (7) Release and removal of personnel. Your instructor will designate the type of (8) Administration of first aid. the aircraft to be used for the operation. You will perform the rescue operations as 7. GRADING POINTS. outlined in Informational Procedure. Above You will perform maintenance on the Grading points average + 1 equipment used in this project. 1. Did the student make EVALUATION (Self). forcible entry prop erly? (1) In what position is the air crew casualty's face when being rescued ? 2. Did the student place the ladder properly? (2) Why should injured personnel be dragged to the edge of the wing 3. Did the student release the dummy before at rather than carried? tempting to remove (3) Why should the safety belt and the him? parachute harness be removed be 4. Did the student apply fore attempting to remove the in proper first aid while jured personnel? making the rescue? (4) Why is armament given considera 5. Did the student keep the tion in the rescue operation? dummy's face up (5) What is the position of the injured while removing him? personnel when being taken down 6. Did the student lift the the ladder? dummy correctly? (6) When does the rescueman who is 7. Did the student place inside the aircraft release his hold the dummy's legs on on the personnel being rescued? either side of the lad der when removing (7) What is the position of the rescue- him by use of the man when lifting the injured per ladder? sonnel from a single-engine air 8. Did the student drag craft? the dummy to the edge of the wing? 6. CRITIQUE. 9. Did the student on the The instructor will conduct a critique of ladder raise the this training project and summarize the fol dummy clear of the opening before de lowing key points : scending the ladder? (1) Identification of the aircraft. 10. Did the student admin (2) Location of the crew members. ister proper first aid (3) Armament. to the dummy during the release and re (4) The forcible entry points. moval? (5) Placing the ladder. i TP 1383-12A PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415th TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Are Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

COMMUNICATIONS, PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE AND OVERHAUL

PART II

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-12A PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. To operate the receiver, turn the selector To teach you: to the desired frequency. Turn the power The procedure for operating communica toggle switch to "on", then control the vol tions equipment. ume as desired. A green light on the radio panel lights Procedures for overhaul and the preserva up when the receiver is turned on. tion of evidence. To operate the transformer, turn on the 2. REFERENCE. toggle switch, and select the frequency to AF Manual 64-25, Aircraft Crash Rescue. be used. Push the microphone button to "talk." 3. EQUIPMENT. When the transmitter is on, a red pilot light One Class 125 Crash Truck fully equipped. will burn. There will be a small neon light Available current standard aircraft. glowing when the set is transmitting 4. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. properly. Read the following information: The following procedure is used for oper ating the microphone : Read sections IX and X, pages 53 and 64, of AF Manual 64-25. (1) Press the button, and hold the microphone squarely in front of the EVALUATION (Self). mouth, with lips slightly touching (1) What is the fastest means of com the mouthpiece when speaking. munication for the crash crew? (2) Speak clearly, and slowly. Do not (2) Who dispatches the information to shout, but speak loud enough so that the crash crew regarding an emer you can be heard distinctly. gency? (3) Do not press the button on the (3) What information should the crash transmitter unless you are actually crew have concerning the emer using the transmitter. gency before responding? EVALUATION (Self). (4) What does the term "Roger" mean? (1) What is the procedure for operat (5) What does the term "Wilco" mean? ing the receiver on the two-way (6) What are the air-to-ground signals? radio? (7) What is the procedure for crash (2) When does the green light on the equipment when an alarm is radio panel light up? sounded during practice drills? (3) What is the procedure for using Your instructor, with your assistance, will the transmitter? demonstrate the radio operator's duties when (4) How should you speak when using in a crash truck monitoring conversation the microphone? between the control tower and the aircraft (5) When should the button on the in the air, and the dispatching of the same microphone be pressed? information to the crash crew. OPERATION OF THE TWO-WAY Your instructor, with your assistance, RADIO. The receiver and the transmitter will demonstrate operating the two-way have independent "ON-OFF" toggle radio, both the receiver and the transmitter, switches. The receiver may be turned on as outlined above. for stand-by use while the transmitter may Tower : Air Force nine-three-four-six, this be turned on only when needed. In addition, is central field tower — over. the transmitter is on, only when the micro Tower: Air Force nine-three-four-six B- phone button is pressed. two-five, 5 miles east of field, coming in for TP 1383-12A PAGE 3

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; :=Q= ROUTE OF TRAVEL CONTROL ---- TOVVER RADIO COMMUNICATION D PRIMARY POSITION OF EQUIPMENT

Figure 1. TP 1383-12A PAGE 4

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= ROUTE OF TRAVEL ******* RADIO CO. MUNICATION &# D POSITION OF EQUIPMENT AFTER CHANGE IN LANDING PROCEDURES

Figure 2. TP 1383-12A PAGE 5 emergency landing. Left engine on fire. Four (2) Remove gloves and feel along the men aboard. Use runway number eight. Wind fuselage, inside and out, for hot 20 miles southwest. You will be the first to spots. land. Report on base leg — over. (3) During overhaul, observe for any Tower: Red truck five — over. evidence that might determine the Red truck five: Central tower, this is red cause of the crash. truck five — over. 5. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. Tower: Red truck five, this is central You will be assigned as the radio operator tower, execute plan 8 — over. in a crash truck and receive and dispatch Red truck five: Roger, Wilco, and out. information as outlined in Informational Red truck five will dispatch information Procedure. concerning the emergency to other crash You will assist in performing the over trucks. haul and preserving evidence as outlined in Your instructor, with your assistance, the Informational Procedure. will demonstrate the directing of the crash truck by use of the two-way radio for an EVALUATION (Self). emergency landing as outlined in the dia (1) What is the best means of com gram on the following page. munication for the crash crew? For overhaul procedures and preserva (2) Of what advantage is the radio to tion of evidence, read section VIII, pages 49 a crash crew on an anticipated and 50, of AF Manual 64-25. emergency? (3) What is the meaning of "over" EVALUATION (Self). when using the radio ? (1) When does the crash crews' job end (4) Why is it necessary to perform the at a crash fire? overhaul? (2) What is the value of preserving (5) What is the procedure in perform evidence? ing the overhaul? (3) What must be done by the crash crew before a crashed aircraft is (6) What is the purpose of preserving moved ? the evidence? (4) Who is called upon to remove classi (7) Who does the crash fire fighter fied materials? notify when evidence concerning (5) What procedure is followed in the the crash is found? overhaul of the area after the air (8) When does the crash crews' job craft has been removed? end? (6) Who gives the official release be 6. CRITIQUE. fore the aircraft is removed from the crash scene? Your instructor will conduct a critique (7) Who makes out the detailed report of this training project and summarize the on the overhaul operation? following key points: a. Communication. Your instructor, with your assistance, (1) Telephone. will demonstrate and discuss procedures for the overhaul and the preserving of evidence (2) Radio. as follows : (3) Terms used in radio communi (1) Make a thorough search for smol cating. dering material in and about the b. Overhaul. aircraft. c. Preservation of evidence. TP 1383-12A PAGE 6

7. GRADING POINTS.

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 — 1 1. Did the student receive the information cor rectly when using the radio? 2. Did the student use the correct method in dis patching information on the radio? 3. Did the student use the proper procedure in performing the over haul? 4. Did the student report any evidence as the cause of the fire? 5. Did the student under stand how to position the crash trucks in a stand-by position? TP 1383-12B PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415th TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Am Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

SINGLE-ENGINE CRASH FIRES

PART III

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-12B PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. the fuel becomes liberated in order to under To teach you: stand the "why" for the procedures taught. The procedure for the approach and the When the aircraft crashes, the impact is such positioning of crash trucks on single-engine that the fuel lines and the gasoline tanks aircraft. become ruptured. Ordinarily all of the fuel is not liberated at once, and there is a source The procedures for the initial attack and that is supplying the fire from either the rup the control of fire around the fuselage sec ture in the tanks or from the loosened and tion of single-engine aircraft. ruptured fuel lines in the accessory section The procedure for performing forcible of the engine. Because the fuel lines are the entry into burning single-engine aircraft. weaker points for such loosening and rup The procedure for releasing and removing tures, the accessory section will be given air crew casualties under fire conditions. due concern. The control of the fire around The procedure for stopping the flow of the fuselage section under these conditions fuel from ruptured fuel lines in the acces presents a very complex problem. From the sory section of radial, inline, and jet engines. study of the wing tank construction of the The procedure for extinguishing ground aircraft, it is obvious in which direction the fire around the aircraft and fire on top of force will be relieved in case of an expan the wing tank. sion rupture or an explosion. The top por tion of the tank is more void of liquid than 2. EQUIPMENT. any other section of the tank. Due to the One Class 110 Crash Truck fully equipped. restraining cushion of the liquid gasoline Two Class 125 Crash Trucks fully itself, the explosive force will be directed upward instead of downward or on a hori equipped. zontal plane. One Class 155 Crash Truck fully equipped. Two dummies, including parachute har The initial procedures for rescue of per ness and safety belts. sonnel and the extinguishment of single- engine aircraft fires are : One salvaged single-engine aircraft. APPROACH. On a fighter-type aircraft, 3. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. the approach should be made from the tail a. Read the following information : to avoid the hazard of fixed guns. On a In the event of crash, this procedure may trainer-type aircraft that is not armed, the be accepted as the basic insurance for all air nose or tail can be selected depending upon crew personnel who must fly our single- the advantage to be gained by the wind direc engine aircraft. If the procedure is followed, tion or the terrain features. Whenever single- air crew members can be saved from a very engine aircraft crash and a fire does not hideous death. The basic principle is to con result immediately, the same procedures are trol the fire around the fuselage section until to be followed as outlined for burning air all personnel have been rescued. Since the craft insofar as controlling possible fire by length of time necessary to rescue personnel the application of foam. Be especially care is unknown, it becomes imperative to effect ful when approaching burning and/or control of the fuselage section for an in crashed aircraft, and be on the alert for air definite period. The limited supply of extin crew members who may have been thrown guishing agent on each type of crash truck or who may have crawled some distance makes it an absolute necessity to utilize each from the crash. ounce of extinguishing agent to its fullest Upon approach, the Class 155 Crash extent. Truck should commence the attack at some It must be fully realized where and how distance removed from the aircraft by open TP 1383-12B PAGE 3

ing the front turret nozzle and directing the crews on a single-engine fighter-type air stream of foam at the fuselage. When the craft. truck is turning at a near diagonal for posi The first truck to arrive will be the Class tioning near the burning and/or crashed air 155 Crash Truck. It will make a head-on ap craft, the rear turret nozzle will be opened proach and will position on the tail at a near to control the fire on the near side of the ap diagonal. On the approach, the front turret proach whereas the front turret will be able nozzle will be opened as soon as it is within to control the fire on the far side when posi range, and the stream will be directed on the tioning at the fuselage. In all cases of burn fuselage. As soon as the truck makes its ing and/or crashed aircraft, apply foam at turn for a diagonal position, the rear turret the fuselage and progress outward until suf nozzle will be opened and its stream directed ficient area has been controlled and/or the on the fuselage. instructor has given the order to close the The TURRET NOZZLEMEN will control turrets. the fire around the fuselage and work out POSITION. Position on the nose or tail ward. The turret nozzlemen will be signaled for reasons assigned in the APPROACH. to shut off the turrets as soon as a sufficient Position as close to the burning and/or foam blanket has been laid around the fuse crashed aircraft as possible, being consistent lage area. The turretmen will keep both with good judgment, wind direction, and ter hands on the shutoff valves at all times. rain features. The CREW CHIEF will alight from the ATTACK. The initial attack formation is truck, take his position at the tail of the air where both sides of the aircraft are attacked craft, and direct his men. at the same time by personnel from a single crash truck. This attack is established by The HANDLINEMAN nearest the fire the crew chief after linemen position them will open the discharge valves and remove selves on each side of him and progress for all of the hose from the basket. He will posi ward under his directions. tion on the right or left side of the crew chief so that the hose lines from his truck &. EVALUATION (Self). are not crossed. He will assist in the con (1) What is the most important section trolling of the fire on the side of the fuselage. of the aircraft to be considered by The HANDLINEMAN on the opposite the crash fire fighting personnel? side from the fire will alight from the truck (2) What approach is made by the and proceed around the rear of the truck to crash trucks on a single-engine the fire side. He will remove the tunnel hose armed aircraft? line and open the discharge valve to the line. (3) What approach is made by the He will position on the right or left side of crash trucks on a single-engine un the crew chief so that the hose lines from his armed trainer-type aircraft? truck are not crossed. He will assist in con (4) Where is the initial attack made trolling the fire on the side of the fuselage. on the single-engine aircraft ? The RESCUEMAN will alight from the (5) Who establishes the lineman's posi truck, take the crash kit to the point of the tion on the aircraft? operation and open it. He will remove the The diagrams on page 3 and 4 indicate ladder from the truck, return to the point of the approaching and positioning of each operation, and perform duties as directed by crash truck. the crew chief. c. Your instructor, with your assistance, The DRIVER will remain in the truck and will demonstrate approaching, positioning, observe the operation. He will be on the alert and the attack formation of crash trucks and to receive signals from the crew chief. TP 1383-12B PAGE 4

Figure 1. Initial attack formation of crash trucks and handlineman on single-engine fighter-type aircraft (tail approach). TP 1383-12B PAGE 5

Figure 2. Initial attack formation of crash trucks and lineman on single-engine aircraft (nose approach). TP 1383-12B PAGE 6

The second truck to arrive will be a Class The PUMP OPERATOR will place the 125. It will be positioned head-on at the tail pump gear, set the hand brake with the truck and to the left side of the fuselage. in neutral gear, alight from the truck and The CREW CHIEF will stop the truck as maintain the desired pump pressure. He will close to the fuselage as is consistent with check the wye gate, straighten the hose lines, good judgment. He will place the gear shift remove the first aid fire extinguishers, and in third gear, and set the hand brake after take them to the point of operation. the pump has been placed in gear. He will The CREW CHIEF will alight from the alight from the truck, take his position be truck and take his position behind the line hind and to the left side of the left handline- man on the left side of the fuselage. man from the Class 155, and assist in direct The RIGHT HANDLINEMAN will alight ing the operation. from the truck with all the hose and take The PUMP OPERATOR will place the his position to the left side of his crew chief. pump in gear, alight from the truck, main tain the desired pressure, and remove the The LEFT HANDLINEMAN will alight third line and all of the first aid extinguishers from the truck with all the hose and take from the truck. He will observe the opera his position on the right side of his crew tion and carry out the orders of the crew chief. chief. The RESCUEMAN will alight from the The RIGHT HANDLINEMAN will re truck, remove the crash kit and the C02 horn, move the hose from the right side of the truck carry them to the point of operation, open and position to the right of his crew chief, the crash kit and place the CO2 horn on the enlarging upon the pattern of the left hand- open kit. He will return to the truck, remove lineman from the Class 155 Crash Truck. the ladder, and carry it to the point of opera tion. He will perform such other duties as The LEFT HANDLINEMAN will remove directed by the crew chief. all the hose from the left side of the truck and position to the left of his crew chief, You will perform the operations of ap enlarging upon the pattern of the right proach, positioning and attack formations as handlineman. demonstrated by your instructor. These oper ations will be without fire. The RESCUEMAN will alight from the truck, carry the crash kit to the front of the Your instructor, with your assistance, will truck, and open it. He will return to the demonstrate controlling a ground fire and truck, remove the ladder, and carry it to the stopping the flow of fuel from ruptured fuel point of operation. He will carry out such lines in the accessory section. He will also orders as directed by the crew chief. demonstrate extinguishing wing tank fires. The third truck to arrive will be a Class (NOTE : Fire will be present on the ground 125 Crash Truck, and it will be positioned only.) head-on to the right of the Class 155. The The Class 155 Crash Truck, with crew crew chief will position on the right side fully bunkered and pump running at full of the fuselage and to the right of the hand- pressure, will stand by during the spilling lineman from the Class 155. The crew will of the gasoline for the training fire. use the same procedures as outlined for the The instructor will notify the crew chiefs first Class 100 Crash Truck to arrive, based which side of the engine the plugging opera upon the position assumed by the crew chief. tion will first be performed. The crew chief The fourth truck to arrive will be the Class will advance the two front linemen to the 110 Crash Truck and it will be positioned at accessory section, and direct the outside lead a near diagonal to the left of the Class 125 lineman to change to a flat pattern. The flat Crash Truck on the left side of the fuselage. pattern will be turned to a vertical position TP 1383-12B PAGE 7 TP 138&-12B PAGE 8 and held across the panel of the accessory Your instructor will demonstrate the stop section, directed toward the wing section. ping of the flow of burning gasoline from The lineman with full foam-fog pattern, ruptured fuel lines and extinguishing the fire will assist in controlling the ground fire in the wing tank. This demonstration will under the engine. He will position next to be the same as the previous demonstration the wing on the right side of the flat pattern with fire present in the wing tank and the handlineman. accessory section. You will perform the oper The back-up linemen will control the ation of stopping the flow of burning fuel ground fire. from the ruptured fuel lines and extinguish ing the wing tank fires. The crew chief will notify the rescueman to carry and place the ladder in the "A" Your instructor, with your assistance, will position with the rungs next to the accessory demonstrate forcible entry under fire condi section between the full-fog and flat pattern. tions, release and removal of entrapped per The rescueman will climb the ladder on the sonnel, administration of first aid during re side next to the accessory section and remove lease and removal, and overhaul and preser the panel plate with a dzus key. When the vation of evidence. (Fire will be present in panel is removed, full foam-fog will be di the wing tank and around the aircraft.) rected into the opening. The rescueman will The rescueman will open the ladder and locate the ruptured fuel line and stop the place one section across the left wing next flow of fuel by plugging the opening. The to the fuselage. The other section will be on rescueman will remove the ladder and the the ground. The rescueman will climb the handlinemen will extinguish the ground fire. ladder and release and open the canopy, The ladder will be placed in a position to either by normal release or by the use of extinguish the wing tank fire. The flat pattern forcible-entry tools. will be directed parallel to the wing and One designated rescueman will climb toward the end. astride the opened canopy. The rescueman on The lineman will climb the ladder next the left wing will release the dummy's safety to the wing with the nozzle closed. When he is belt and parachute harness and apply direct in position, he will open the nozzle and place pressure on his upper left arm. the flat pattern across the opening. He will The rescueman who is astride of the cock bring the outside of the pattern down first, pit will grasp the dummy under his arm pits then flatten the pattern by lowering the and lift him clear of the cockpit, placing his nozzle. buttocks on the side of the cockpit. The res The second ladder will be placed in posi cueman on the left wing will hold the dummy tion, and the rescueman will climb the ladder in this position until the other rescueman with the COa horn from the Class 110 Crash grasps the dummy's legs and lays him on the Truck. He will open the discharge valve on wing. The dummy will be dragged to the edge the CO2 horn and position it through the of the wing head first, and the rescuemen flat pattern. will remove him from the wing, and carry You will perform the operations of ap him to an area outside the fire. proaching, positioning, attack formation, The crew chief will perform the overhaul controlling ground fire, simulating the stop operation by making a close observation in ping of the flow of fuel from the ruptured and around the fuselage. He will remove his lines in the accessory section, and extinguish glove and feel for hot spots with his bare ing the wing tank fire as demonstrated by hand. your instructor. (Fire will be present only The crew chief will note any evidence that under the engine. No gasoline will be in the might have caused the crash and/or fire and tanks.) report all findings to the instructor. TP 1383-12B PAGE 9

Figure U- Rescue man will grasp person to be rescued under the armpits with face up. Lift person to edge of fuselage, assistant will take him down ladder. TP 1383-12B PAGE 10

Figure 5. TP 1383-12B PAGE 11

You will perform the following duties as remaining fire. The other crash trucks will demonstrated by your instructor: respond and carry out the procedures as if (1) Crew Chief. planned. (2) Pump Operator. No person other than the instructor will (3) Handlineman. ignite the gasoline. (4) Turretman. You will perform your assigned duties in approaching the positioning of the crash (5) Rescueman. trucks on the burning aircraft (single-engine After approaching, positioning, attacking fighter) . and controlling the fire around the fuselage, Your instructor will signal for the re open the canopy by use of the normal release sponse. and/or with forcible entry tools. Release, You will assist in attacking the fire after administer first aid to and remove air crew approaching and positioning the Class 155, casualties. Stop the flow of fuel from the 125, and 110 Crash Trucks on the burning ruptured fuel line, extinguish fire on the aircraft as outlined and demonstrated in the ground and in the wing tank, perform over Informational Procedure. haul operation, and preserve evidence. You will assist in controlling and main taining control of the fire around the fuse 4. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. lage section until directed by your instructor Your instructor will assign you to a crew to stop the flow of fuel in the accessory sec of 5 on the Class 125 and 110 crash trucks tion. and a crew of 7 on the Class 155 Crash You will assist in the forcible entry oper Truck. Your position will be designated, and ation of the aircraft. you will rotate positions until you have per You will assist in the release and removal formed each individual duty on each truck. of the dummy personnel from the burning Your instructor will designate the area aircraft, and the administering of first aid. for the crash fire station from where the re You will assist in stopping the flow of fuel sponse will be made. The instructor will state from the accessory section of the aircraft by whether the simulated crash is a trainer or plugging the line, extinguishing the fire on fighter and the sequence of the arrival of the ground, and extinguishing the fire on each crash truck. top of the wing tank. Dummy personnel will be placed in the You will assist in the overhaul and preser path of the approach to aircraft. Drivers will vation of evidence. (NOTE : For chart 10, you proceed with caution to prevent running over will report that the pilot was not wearing dummy personnel who may have been thrown earphones) . or crawled from burning and/or crashed air You will assist in reloading the hose and craft. (NOTE: Speed limit on the burning equipment on the crash trucks. grounds is 10 m.p.h.) The following procedures are used for a The Class 155 Crash Truck, with crew crash which does not immediately result in fully clothed and pump running at full pres a fire. sure, will stand by during the discharging You will make a head-on approach, posi of gasoline for training fires. tion on the nose of the aircraft representing Should the gasoline ignite prematurely, a trainer-type aircraft (not armed), and the turret nozzlemen will cover the safe re carry out the same procedures as outlined treat of the personnel discharging the gaso for a burning fighter-type aircraft. line. You will assist in performing inspection The Class 155 Crash Truck will then fol and maintenance of the equipment used in low the refueling unit and extinguish any this project. TP 1383-12B PAGE 12

You will assist in performing "driver's" this training project and will summarize the maintenance on the truck and equipment, in following key points: cluding washing and polishing. (1) Approach and positioning. (2) Initial attack and control of the EVALUATION (Self). fire. (1) When does the Class 155 Crash (3) Forcible entry under fire conditions. Truck begin to discharge the ex (4) Release and removal of entrapped tinguishing agent upon a burning personnel under fire conditions. and/or crashed aircraft? (5) Stopping flow of fuel under fire (2) Upon what part of the aircraft does conditions. the crew concentrate initially? (6) Extinguishing the ground fire. (3) Is the ground fire or the wing tank (7) Extinguishing the fire on top of the fire extinguished first? wing tank. (4) What procedure is used in stopping (8) Overhaul and preservation of evi the flow of fuel from the broken dence. lines? (5) What is the difference in procedure 6. GRADING POINTS. for crashes involving fire and those Above Below not involving fire? Grading points average Average average + 1 0 — 1 (6) What is the procedure for the crew on the Class 155 Crash Truck if the 1. Did the student make the fire ignites while the gasoline is proper approach? being discharged for the training 2. Did the student make the fire? proper positioning? (7) How close should crash trucks be S. Did the student release positioned to burning aircraft? the dummy before at (8) What precautions should be taken tempting to remove him? when approaching the aircraft? (9) In what position is the ladder 4. Did the student use the correct procedure to placed on the wing when making stop the flow of fuel? the rescue? 5. Did the student control (10) What patterns are used when ex and/or extinguish the tinguishing the wing tank fires? fire from the fuselage (11) What is the procedure for setting outward? up protective patterns on the ac 6. Did the student perform cessory section? overhaul and preserve (12) What is the procedure for using the evidence properly? CO2 when extinguishing wing tank 7. Did the student replace fires? the equipment and perform maintenance (13) What is the procedure for climbing properly? the ladder to extinguish the wing tank fires? 8. Did the student place the ladder on the left wing (14) Who establishes the lineman's po next to the fuselage? sition on the aircraft? 9. Did the student have the nozzle closed while 5. CRITIQUE. climbing the ladder? The instructor will conduct a critique of HEADQUARTERS, 3415th TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowby Ant Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

TWO-ENGINE CRASH FIRES

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-13 PAGE 2

1. PURPOSE. since each fuselage will require adequate To teach you procedures for: protection during the rescue operation. Approach and positioning of crash trucks It should be remembered that in bombard on two-engine aircraft. ment and fighter-type aircraft, armament is the fire fighter's number one enemy. Due to Initial attack and control of fire around this condition, the approach and positioning fuselage section. must be made on the tail. The cargo-type Performing forcible entry under fire con two-engine aircraft has no armament, and ditions. can be approached from the nose or the tail, Releasing and removing air crew casual using the wind and terrain to the best ad ties under fire conditions. vantages. Cargo-type aircraft used as per Stopping the flow of fuel from ruptured sonnel carriers should be approached from fuel lines in the accessory section of two- the tail. engine aircraft. APPROACH. All crash trucks will make Extinguishment of ground fire around the a head-on approach, keeping a sharp look aircraft and on the top of the wing tanks. out for personnel who may have been thrown, or who have crawled from the aircraft into 2. EQUIPMENT. the path of the approaching crash trucks. Two Class 125 Crash Trucks fully equip POSITIONING. The Class 150 and the ped. Class 125 Crash Trucks will be positioned One Class 150 Crash Truck fully equipped. head-on. The Class 155 Crash Trucks will be One Class 155 Crash Truck fully equipped. positioned at a near diagonal as close to the Seven dummies, including parachute har crashed and/or burning aircraft as possible, ness and safety belts. and consistent with good judgment. The initial One salvaged two-engine aircraft. attack formation is, where both sides of the fuselage are attacked at the same time. This 3. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. position will be established by the crew chief. Read the following information : EVALUATION (Self). The procedure for the rescue of personnel ( 1 ) What is the procedure for approach from two-engine aircraft is similar to that ing bombardment-type aircraft? of the single-engine aircraft; however, the (2) What is the procedure for approach number and location of the air crew, and the ing cargo-type aircraft when used amount of fuel carried will make the rescue as personnel carriers? operation a more complex job. For these rea (3) What is the initial area to be con sons, it is necessary the crash crew be fa trolled on a two-engine aircraft? miliar with the different types of two-engine aircraft. Two-engine aircraft consist of car (4) Who establishes the linemen's posi go, bombardment, and fighter-type aircraft tions ? as outlined in TPO-FFI-205, Part I. Your instructor, with your assistance, The differences in types of two-engine air WITHOUT FIRE, will demonstrate the ap craft will alter the number of personnel, proach, positioning, and attack formation gasoline capacity, and armament. The twin of crash trucks and crews on two-engine fuselage F-82 creates a still different con cargo-type aircraft used as personnel car dition with regard to crash rescue. There are riers. two separate fuselages, and two separate The first truck to arrive will be the Class cockpits that may require forcible entry be 150 Crash Truck. It will make a head-on fore the rescue can be performed. This oper approach, and position on the tail. If the ation must be accomplished simultaneously, terrain will permit, the boom nozzle will be TP 1383-13 PAGE 3 swung into operating position while the ap the fuselage. As the truck makes the turn proach is being made. The radiator nozzle for the near diagonal position, the rear will be swung into operating position while turret will be opened, and foam stream will approaching. be directed on the fuselage. The turret will The panel operator will be discharging control the fire around the fuselage, and CO2 and foam from the boom, radiator noz work outward. When the fuselage area has zle, and ground sweep, as soon as the truck been controlled, and a sufficient blanket of comes within range. He will direct the ex foam has been laid, the instructor will signal tinguishing agents at an angle on the fuselage the turretmen to shut off the turrets. Turret- to control the fire around the fuselage sec men will stand by, ready with hands on the tion. As soon as a sufficient foam blanket has valve control, and closely observe the entire been laid around the fuselage section to se operation. cure protection of air crew members, the The CREW CHIEF will alight from the CO2 will be shut off. (NOTE : The instructor truck, take his position on the left side of will signal the panel operator when to shut the left CO2 playpipeman, and direct his men. off the CO2 and foam.) The HANDLINEMEN nearest the fire The DRIVER will position the Class 150 will open the valve and charge the line. He Crash Truck, and remain in the cab to ob then will remove all the hose, advance to, serve the operation and watch for signals and take his position on the left or right side from the crew chief and instructor. of his crew chief, and control the fire on the The CREW CHIEF will alight from the fuselage. truck, take his position at the tail of the The HANDLINEMAN on the opposite side aircraft, and direct the handlinemen in the of the fire will alight, and proceed to the operation. right side of the truck. He will remove the The RIGHT PLAYPIPEMAN will alight tunnel line, open the valve, and charge the from the truck with the CO-, playpipe, take line. He will take his position behind and to his position at the right of his crew chief, the outside of the handlineman from the and control the fire along the right side of Class 155. the fuselage, discharging C02 at intervals The RESCUEMAN will alight from the as needed or as directed by the instructor. truck with the crash kit, take it to the point The RIGHT FOAM LINEMAN will alight of operation, and open it. He will return to from the truck, remove all the CO2 line from the truck, remove the ladder, return to the the hose reel, remove all the foam line, open point of operation, and perform such duties the pilot valve, and position just behind the as directed by the crew chief. righthand CO2 playpipeman, securing the The DRIVER will remain in the truck and area being controlled by the playpipeman observe the operation. He will be alert at with the foam blanket. all times for signals from the crew chief. The LEFT FOAM LINEMAN will per The third truck to arrive will be the Class form the same procedures as outlined for 125 Crash Truck. It will make a head-on ap the right foam lineman except that he will proach on the tail of the aircraft and position set up back of the left C02 playpipeman. head-on to the right of the Class 150. The second truck to arrive will be the Each of the operating personnel will per Class 155 Crash Truck. This truck will make form their duties as described above. a head-on approach on the tail of the air The fourth truck to arrive will be the Class craft, and position at a near diagonal on the 125 Crash Truck. It will make a head-on left side of the aircraft. On the approach, approach, and position on the right side of the front turret will be opened when within the other Class 125 Crash Truck. The pro range of the aircraft, discharging foam on cedure will be the same as for the first Class TP 1383-13 PAGE 4

Figure 1. Diagram showing the tail approach on two-engine aircraft. TP 1383-13 PAGE 5

125 Crash Truck, enlarging upon the pattern and the right foam-fog lineman is from the and controlling the fuselage area. Class 155. As the crew chief and lead linemen You will perform the operation as demon move up to the accessory section, the back-up strated by your instructor. (NOTE: This op linemen will follow them and stay as close eration will be without fire.) as directed by the crew chief. GROUND, ENGINE, AND WING TANK The playpipeman will position beyond the FIRES. The ground fire around the engine accessory section with his back toward the and the wing tank section must be controlled nose of the aircraft, face toward the acces to enable the crash rescueman to get to the sory section, and nozzle to his right to control source of the trouble. It must be kept under the fire. The foam-fog lineman will change control while the rescuemen perform the his pattern to a flat pattern and turn it to operation of stopping the flow of fuel from a vertical position across the accessory section the ruptured fuel lines. The flow of fuel panel, the stream being directed toward the must be stopped before attempting to ex wing section. The foam lineman from the tinguish the ground fire. The ground fire Class 150 will position to the left of the flat must be extinguished before the wing tank pattern next to the wing. The foam lineman fire in order to prevent a possible flashback. from the Class 155 Crash Truck will assist Never climb over or on a wing if it can be in controlling the ground fire. The crew chief avoided. When the fire is in both engines, from the Class 155 will direct the position the flow of fuel should be stopped in both ing of the playpipeman and the foam lineman engines at the same time. for back-up protection. The rescueman will bring in the ladder, EVALUATION (Self). and place it in position for the plugging (1) Why should the ground fire be con operation. When the rescueman has removed trolled before stopping the flow of the accessory section plate, the foam lineman fuel from the ruptured lines? from the Class 150 will direct his foam (2) Do you extinguish the wing tank stream through the flat pattern into the fire before or after the ground fire accessory section, controlling the area around has been extinguished? the ruptured fuel line. The rescueman will (3) What is the effect on the ground locate the ruptured fuel line and stop the fire when the flow of fuel has been flow of fuel by plugging the opening. When stopped? the ruptured fuel line has been plugged, the rescueman will remove the ladder, and the Your instructor, with your assistance, will handlinemen will extinguish the ground fire, demonstrate the control of the ground fire working from the fuselage outward. As soon while stopping the flow of fuel from the rup as the ground fire has been extinguished, the tured fuel lines in the accessory section. He crew chief will position linemen to extinguish will demonstrate extinguishing ground fires the wing tank fire. The ladder will be brought and wing tank fires. (NOTE: There will be in by the rescueman, and placed in position. fire in the wing tank, in the accessory section, The fog lineman will climb the ladder with and on the ground around the engine.) the nozzle closed. When he is in position on Upon a signal from your instructor to stop the ladder, he will open the nozzle and place the flow of fuel, the crew chiefs will move a flat pattern across the opening. A second the handlinemen down along both sides of ladder will be brought in by the rescueman the fuselage at the same time. designated by the crew chief and placed LEFT SIDE. The crew chief from the alongside the first ladder. The crew chief Class 150 will direct and lead lineman on will instruct the rescueman to bring the bayo the left side of the fuselage. The lead line net nozzle from the Class 150 Crash Truck, men are playpipemen from the Class 150 and he will climb the ladder with the nozzle TP 1383-13 PAGE 6

- Figure 2. Diagram showing man in path of Crash fire truck. TP 1383-13 PAGE 7 closed. When in position on the ladder, the The ladder will be placed in position. The fog crew chief will instruct the rescueman to lineman will climb the ladder with the noz open the pilot valve. The rescueman on the zle closed. When he is in position on the ladder will direct the stream through the ladder, he will open the nozzle and place a flat pattern in the wing tank and smother flat pattern across the opening. A second out the fire. When the operation is over, the ladder will be brought in by the rescueman crew chiefs will back the linemen to their designated by the crew chief, and placed initial attack formation. alongside the first ladder. The crew chief RIGHT SIDE. The crew chief from the will instruct the rescueman to bring the first Class 125 will direct the lead linemen, bayonet nozzle from the Class 150 Crash who are the right playpipemen from the Truck, and he will climb the ladder with the Class 150, and the left foam-fog linemen nozzle closed. When in position on the ladder, from the first Class 125. The crew chief the crew chief will instruct the rescueman from the second Class 125 will direct the designated to open the pilot valve. The res back-up linemen. The linemen will advance cueman on the ladder will direct the stream along the fuselage underneath and/or over through the flat pattern in the wing tank the wing to the accessory section next to the and smother out the fire. When the operation fuselage. The playpipeman will take his posi is over, the crew chiefs will back the lineman tion beyond the accessory section, with his to their initial attack formation. back toward the nose of the aircraft and the You will perform the operations for con playpipe nozzle to his left side facing the trolling the ground fire, stopping the flow accessory section, and control the fire. of fuel, and extinguishing the ground and The left lineman from the first Class 125 the wing tank fires as demonstrated by your will change to a flat pattern, and turn the instructor under fire conditions. pattern to a vertical position across the ac FORCIBLE ENTRY, RELEASE, AND cessory section and direct the stream toward REMOVAL OF ENTRAPPED PERSON the wing section. NEL. You should be able to select the best The right lineman from the first Class 125 spots to be used for forcible entry to "save will control the ground fire underneath the time" in rescuing air crew casualties. You engine. He will position next to the wing should be ever-alert for bleeding, fractures, and on the right side of the flat pattern hand- and burns to prevent additional injury. By lineman. taking these precautions, it may mean the The rescueman will bring the ladder, place difference between life and death. All crash it in position, and remove the accessory sec rescuemen must have a working knowledge tion plate. of first aid. Air crew personnel may be found The right handlineman will direct his full- inside and/or outside the aircraft. For this fog pattern through the flat pattern into the reason, the utmost caution must be used opening of the accessory section, and control when approaching the crashed aircraft. the area around the ruptured fuel line. Only one rescueman will make the initial The rescueman will locate the ruptured entry into a crashed aircraft. If help is line, and stop the flow of fuel by plugging needed inside the aircraft, he will notify the the opening. When the ruptured fuel line rescueman waiting outside the aircraft. En has been plugged, the rescueman will remove trapped personnel nearest the entry will be the ladder, and the handlineman will extin removed first to clear the rescue path for guish the ground fire, working from the fuse the removal of other personnel. lage outward. As soon as the ground fire has been extin EVALUATION (Self). guished, the crew chief will position the line (1) What is the advantage of knowing man for extinguishing the wing tank fire. designated forcible entry points? TP 1383-13 PAGE 8

(2) What should the rescueman observe crash trucks will respond and carry out pro to prevent further injury to air cedures as planned. crew members? After the gasoline is ignited, the instructor (3) How many rescuemen make the will give the signal to respond. initial entry into a crashed aircraft? You will assist in: (4) Why is the person nearest the open (1) Making the approach, and the posi ing rescued first? tioning of the Class 155, 150, and With your assistance, your instructor will 125 Crash Trucks on the two-engine demonstrate forcible entry and release and fighter-type aircraft. removal of entrapped personnel under fire (2) Controlling and maintaining con conditions. (NOTE: Fire will be present in trol of the fire around the fuselage the wing tank and around the aircraft.) section until the personnel have The rescueman will force open the rear been rescued or as directed by the exit on the left side, enter the aircraft, locate instructor. and release dummy personnel, apply direct (3) Forcible entry of the aircraft, re pressure to the right shoulder of the dummy, leasing, and removing of dummies and remove it from the aircraft through the from the aircraft and the adminis rear exit. The rescueman outside the aircraft tration of first aid as indicated by will take the air crew casualty to a safe dis the instructor. tance from the fire area. This procedure is (4) The stopping of the flow of fuel by repeated until all dummy personnel are re plugging the line. moved from the aircraft. The instructor will (5) Extinguishing the ground fire and then notify the crew chiefs to have the crew the top of the wing tank fire. extinguish the fire. (6) Performing overhaul and preserv 4. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE ing the evidence. You will be assigned to a crash truck, and (7) Reloading the hose and the equip your position will be designated. You will ment on the crash trucks. rotate until you have operated in various You will assist in: positions on all trucks used in this operation. (1) Making a head-on approach and Your instructor will designate the area positioning the nose of the cargo- for the crash station from where the response type aircraft as outlined in Infor will be made, and the sequence of the arrival mational Procedure. of the crash trucks. (2) The approach and positioning on Three dummies will be placed at spots the tail of the bombardment-type designated by the instructor. The drivers aircraft as outlined in Informa and other crew members will watch for tional Procedure. dummy personnel on the approach. (3) Performing the inspection and The Class 150, with crew fully clothed, maintenance on the equipment used will stand by with the boom and the radiator in this project. nozzle trained on the personnel who are spill The same procedure will be used on air ing the gasoline. Should the gasoline ignite craft crashes not immediately resulting in prematurely, the panel operator will open fire as those crashes which do result in fire. the discharge on the boom and the front nozzle and cover the safe retreat of the per EVALUATION (Self). son making the spill. The Class 150 Crash (1) When does the Class 150 begin to Truck will follow the refueling unit, and discharge the extinguishing agent extinguish any remaining fire. The other upon the burning aircraft? TP 1383-13 PAGE 9

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Figure 3. Bringing a Rescued Man down the ladder. His legs must straddle the beam. The rescueman on the wing will hold his feet until he is down far enough so that no further injury will occur when he lets go. TP 1383-13 PAGE 10 TP 1383-13 PAGE 11

(2) What is the procedure for the crew used in this training project, including the on the Class 150 when the gasoline washing and polishing of the trucks. ignites while the spill is being made? 6. GRADING POINTS. (3) What is the procedure for stopping the flow of fuel from ruptured fuel Above Below Grading points average Average average lines? + 1 0 — 1 (4) What is the procedure for remov 1. Did the student make the ing personnel from the F-82 air proper approach? craft? 2. Did the student make the (5) Who establishes the handlinemen's proper positioning? positions for the initial attack? 3. Did the student control (6) From what side of the C-47 is the the fire around the rescue normally made? fuselage during the rescue? 6. CRITIQUE. 4. Did the student rescue Your instructor will conduct a critique of the personnel properly? this training project, and summarize the 5. Did the student stop the following key points: flow of fuel from the ruptured line? (1) Two-engine aircraft. (2) Approach and positioning. 6. Did the student extin guish the ground fire (3) Attack formation. before extinguishing (4) Control of the fire. the wing tank fire? (5) The rescue of personnel. 7. Did the student perform (6) Stopping the flow of fuel. the overhaul after the extinguishment? (7) Extinguishment of ground fires. 8. Did the student report (8) Extinguishment of top of the wing any evidence that tank fires. might have caused the (9) Overhaul. fire? (10) Preservation of evidence. 9. Did the student replace the equipment on the You will assist in performing "driver's" crash trucks properly maintenance on the trucks and equipment after the operation? ■

i TP 1383-14 PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415TH TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

FOUR-ENGINE CRASH FIRES

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-14 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. due to the types of aircraft. These types To teach you procedures for : are cargo and bombardment. The approach Approach and positioning of crash trucks on the four-engine bombardment-type air on four-engine aircraft. craft should be made on the tail due to the position of the armament. The cargo-type Initial attack and control of fire around aircraft can be approached from the nose the fuselage section. or tail, preferably the tail, utilizing terrain Performing forcible entry under fire con and wind direction to the best advantage. ditions. When cargo-type aircraft are used as per Releasing and removing air crew casual sonnel carriers, the tail approach should be ties under fire conditions. made. Stopping the flow of fuel from ruptured POSITIONING. Position on the tail of the fuel lines in the accessory section of four- four-engine bombardment-type aircraft and engine aircraft. on the tail of four-engine cargo-type air Extinguishment of ground fire around the craft when used as personnel carriers. Posi aircraft and the top of the wing tank. tion crash truck as close as possible to the burning and/or crashed aircraft, being con 2. EQUIPMENT. sistent with good judgment, wind direction, One class 125 Crash Truck, fully equipped. and terrain features. One class 150 Crash Truck, fully equipped. ATTACK. The initial attack formation is Two class 155 Crash Trucks, fully equip where both sides of the aircraft are attacked ped. at the same time by a single crash truck. Nine dummies, including parachute har This attack is established by the crew chief. ness and safety belts. The linemen will position themselves on each Four trainers, wing tank and engine fires, side of the crew chief and progress forward 5 feet high. under his directions. Additional equipment One salvaged four-engine aircraft. and crash crewmen will set-up on the initial attack, enlarging upon the pattern. 3. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. EVALUATION (Self). Read the following information: a. How can four-engine aircraft be com With the constant development of aircraft, pared with the single-engine aircraft? the crash rescueman's job becomes more and b. What are the different types of four- more complex. As in medical science, we are engine aircraft? now able to perform operations today that c. Why should the wind direction and ter yesterday seemed impossible. rain be considered when making an ap The difference between a single-engine and proach ? a four-engine aircraft in crash rescue would d. Why is knowledge and skill of such be similar to the difference between a small great importance to a crash rescueman? building and a very large building in struc tural fire fighting. From this comparison, it e. Where is the initial attack made on a can be appreciated that aircraft carrying a four-engine aircraft? Why? greater amount of fuel and/or a larger num /. Where should the crash trucks be posi ber of personnel aboard, require more knowl tioned from the burning and/or crashed air edge and skill by crash rescuemen to success craft? fully accomplish their most important mis See diagram number 1 on positioning and sion. attack formation on the tail of four-engine APPROACH. The procedure for the ap aircraft. proach on a four-engine aircraft will differ Your instructor, with your assistance, will TP 1383-14 PAGE 3

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Figure 1. Diagram #1 showing the positioning of crash fire trucks on the tail of four-engine aircraft. TP 138&-14 PAGE 4 demonstrate the approach, positioning, and The LEFT FOAMLINEMAN will perform attack formation of crash trucks and crews the same procedures as outlined for the right on four-engine bombardment-type aircraft. foamlineman except that he will set-up to (NOTE : No fire will be present.) the rear of the left CO2 playpipeman. The first truck to arrive will be the Class The second truck to arrive will be the Class 150 Crash Truck. It will make a head-on 155 Crash Truck. This truck will make a approach, and position head-on to the tail of head-on approach on the tail of the aircraft, the aircraft. The boom and radiator nozzle and position at a near diagonal on the left. will be swung into operating position while On the approach, the front turret will be the approach is being made (the top boom opened when within range of the aircraft, will be swung only if terrain will permit). discharging foam on the fuselage. As the The panel operator will begin discharging truck makes the turn for the near diagonal CO2 and foam from the boom, radiator nozzle, position, the rear turret will be opened and and ground sweep as soon as the truck comes the foam stream will be directed on the fuse within range. He will direct the extinguish lage. The turrets will control the fire around ing agent at an angle on the fuselage. the fuselage and work outward. When the As soon as a sufficient foam blanket has fuselage area has been controlled and a suffi been laid around the fuselage section to cient blanket of foam has been laid, the in secure protection of the air crew members, structor will signal the turretman to shut off the CO2 will be shut off. (NOTE : The instruc the turrets. Turretmen will stand by, ready tor will signal the panel operator when to with hands on the valve control, and closely shut off the C02 and foam discharge.) observe the entire operation. The DRIVER will position the Class 150 The CREW CHIEF will alight from the Crash Truck and remain in the cab to observe truck and perform his duties. the operation, and watch for signals from The HANDLINEMEN and RESCUEMEN the crew chief. will alight from the truck and perform their The CREW CHIEF will alight from the duties. truck, take his position at the tail of the air craft, and direct the handlinemen in the The DRIVER will remain in the truck and operation. observe the operation. He will be alert at all The RIGHT PLAYPIPEMAN will alight times for signals from the crew chief. from the truck with the CO2 playpipe, take The third truck to arrive will be the Class his position at the right of his crew chief, 155 Crash Truck. It will make a head-on ap and control the fire along the right side of proach and position at a near diagonal on the fuselage, discharging CO2 at intervals the right side of the fuselage. The crew will as needed and/or as directed by the instruc perform their duties on the left side of the tor. fuselage as outlined for first Class 155 Crash The LEFT PLAYPIPEMAN will follow Truck. the same procedure as the right playpipe- man except that he will position on the left The fourth truck to arrive will be the side of the crew chief. Class 125 Crash Truck. This truck will make a head-on approach on the left side of the The RIGHT FOAMLINEMAN will alight fuselage, and position head-on between the from the truck, remove all the CO2 hose line Class 150 and the Class 155 Crash Trucks. from the truck, and remove all the foam line, open the pilot valve, and position just behind The CREW CHIEF will alight from the the right hand CO2 playpipeman, securing truck, and take his position on the left side the area being controlled by the playpipe of the fog lineman from the Class 155 Crash man with the foam blanket. Truck. TP 1383-14 PAGE 5

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Figure 2. Diagram showing the positioning of crash fire trucks on the nose of four-engine aircraft. Handlines will be set up as per the above diagram. TP 1383-14 PAGE 6

The LEFT HANDLINEMAN will posi Your instructor will signal for the re tion on the left side of his crew chief. The sponse. RIGHT HANDLINEMAN will position on You will make a head-on approach, and the right side of his crew chief. The position on the nose of a four-engine cargo- DRIVER-PUMP OPERATOR will perform type aircraft, and perform release and re his duties. The RESCUEMAN will perform moval of air crew casualties. You will stop his duties. the flow of fuel from the engine accessory Your instructor, with your assistance, section, extinguish the wing tank fire, make will demonstrate the approach, and position the overhaul, and preserve the evidence. ing of the crash trucks and crews; attack The fire around the fuselage section will ing, and controlling fire around the fuselage be controlled until the instructor signals for section entering the aircraft through normal the flow of fuel in the engine accessory sec or forcible entry ; releasing and removing of tion to be stopped. dummy personnel; stopping of the flow of After you have rescued the dummies and fuel from ruptured fuel lines in the acces extinguished the fire, you will perform the sory section; extinguishing of ground fires overhaul and preserve any evidence that at the top of the wing tanks; overhaul and might have caused the crash and /or fire and preservation of evidence. report it to your instructor. You will perform the operation as demon You will assist in reloading the hose and strated by your instructor. The Class 155 equipment on the trucks. Crash Truck will stand by for the discharg The same basic procedure will be used on ing of gasoline. Fire will be present for this aircraft crashes not immediately resulting operation. in fire as those crashes which do result in fire. 4. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. EVALUATION (Self). Your instructor will assign you to crews (1) What advantage does the Class 155 of 7 men on the Class 150 Crash Truck, 7 Crash Truck have over the Class men on the Class 155 Crash Truck, and 5 125 Crash Truck when approaching men on the Class 125 Crash Truck. Your burning and/or crashed aircraft? position on the truck will be designated and you will rotate positions until you have (2) What is the position of the first operated in various positions on all trucks Class 155 Crash Truck to arrive? used in this operation. (3) Where is the best spot to position Three dummies will be placed at spots on cargo-type aircraft? designated by the instructor. The drivers (4) Why is it best to position on the and other crew members will be on the alert tail of a four-engine bombardment- for dummy personnel as they approach. type aircraft? The crew on the Class 155 Crash Truck (5) On which side of the fuselage are designated by the instructor will stand-by the most normal exits located on with pump running at full pressure while four-engine cargo-type aircraft? gasoline is being spilled for the training fire. Your instructor will designate the area (6) Where does the plugging operation for the crash fire station from where the start when two or more engines re response will be made. The Instructor will quire plugging of ruptured or designate whether the crashed aircraft is a broken fuel lines? cargo-type being used as a personnel carrier (7) Why does the initial attack and or a bombardment-type aircraft, and the control of fire always start with the sequence of the arrival of each crash truck. fuselage? TP 1383-14 PAGE 7

5. CRITIQUE. Above Below Grading points average Average average Your instructor will conduct a critique + 1 0 — 1 of this training project and summarize the following key points: 3. Did the driver position (1) Approaching four-engine cargo and the Class 155 Crash Truck at a near bombardment-type aircraft. diagonal? (2) Positioning of crash trucks and crews on four-engine, cargo and 4. Did the driver position bombardment-type aircraft. the Class 155 Crash (3) Attacking and controlling the fire Truck using the head- on position? around four-engine type aircraft. (4) Entering aircraft through normal 5. Did the driver position openings and/or by forcible means the Class 125 Crash in four-engine type aircraft. Truck properly using (5) Releasing and removing air crew head-on position? casualties from four-engine type 6. Did the crew chief posi aircraft under fire conditions. tion the handlinemen (6) Controlling ground fire and stop properly for the ini ping the flow of fuel from ruptured tial attack? fuel lines in four-engine type air 7. Did the rescueman se craft. lect the proper forci (7) Extinguishing ground fire and ex ble entry tool called tinguishing the fire at the top of for by the instructor? the tanks on four-engine type air craft. 8. Did the crew chief posi tion the handlinemen You will assist in performing "driver's" properly when stop maintenance on the trucks and equipment ping the flow of fuel from the accessory used in this training project, including the section? washing and polishing of the trucks. 9. Did the handlineman 7. GRADING POINTS. position the flat pat tern properly when Above Below extinguishing the top Grading points average Average average + 1 0 — 1 of the wing tank fire? 10. Did the pump operator 1. Did the student make continuously check the the proper approach? pump and the ex 2. Did the front turret op tinguishing agent on erator open the turret the Class 125 and the when within the Class 155 Crash proper range? Trucks?

TP 1383-15 PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415th TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Am Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

SIX-ENGINE CRASH FIRES

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-15 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. landing, the crew will be stationed in the To teach you: forward part of the nose section. This sec The procedures for the approach and tion has seven emergency exits that will positioning of the crash trucks on six-engine enable you as a crash rescueman to remove air crew members faster than would other aircraft. wise be possible. If the crash should occur The procedures for the initial attack and during the take-off, crew members will be at control of fire around the fuselage section. their normal stations, which are 9 forward The procedure for performing forcible of the wing and 5 aft. entry under fire conditions. APPROACH. The approach on the B-36 The procedure for releasing and removing aircraft should be made on the nose. air crew casualties under fire conditions. POSITIONING. The positioning on the The procedure for stopping the flow of fuel B-36 should be made on the nose and as from ruptured fuel lines in the accessory sec close as possible, being consistent with good tions of six-engine aircraft. judgment, wind direction, terrain features, The procedure for the extinguishment of and extent of the spill area. the ground fires around the aircraft and the ATTACK. In the initial attack formation, top of the wing tanks. both sides of the aircraft are attacked at the same time by a single crash truck. This at 2. EQUIPMENT. tack is established by the crew chief. The Two Class 155 Crash Trucks fully linemen will position themselves on each side equipped. of the crew chief and progress forward Two Class 150 Crash Trucks fully under his directions. Additional equipment equipped. and crash crews will set up on the initial One Class 125 Crash Truck fully equipped. attack and enlarge upon the pattern. Fifteen dummies, including parachute har EVALUATION (Self). ness and safety belts. (1) How many personnel does the B-36 Six trainers, wing tank fires, 5 feet high. carry? One salvaged six-engine aircraft. (2) Why should the crash crews be more efficient in regard to the B-36 ? 3. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. (3) What was taken into consideration Read the following information : in the designing of the B-36 air The B-36 aircraft is the largest aircraft craft in regard to the crash crews? in the United States Air Force. It is a con (4) How many exits are there in the stant threat to potential enemies of the forward section of the nose? United States and is a challenge to you, the (5) Where are the air crew members crash rescueman. The B-36, due to its enor stationed on the take-off? mous size, number of personnel, and great fuel capacity, requires, more than ever, in (6) Where will the air crew be posi the event of a crash, efficiency and team tioned on an anticipated crash land work from the crash crews when perform ing? ing their duties in rescuing entrapped air (7) Where do you make the initial ap crew personnel. proach and position of the crash The designers of this great aircraft have trucks on the B-36? taken into consideration every safety factor (8) What is meant by the initial attack possible such as the crew positions for crash formation of a single crash truck? landings, and the design and the position of See diagram number 1 for the initial attack emergency exits. On an anticipated crash formation. TP 1383-15 PAGE 3

Figure 1. Positioning of equipment. TP 1383-15 PAGE 4

Figure 2. Initial attack formation. TP 1383-15 PAGE 5

Figure S. Advancing initial attack formation. TP 1383-15 PAGE 6

INITIAL POSITIONING OF CRASH the right side of the fuselage. Crew mem TRUCKS AND HANDLINEMEN ON THE bers will assist in controlling the area under SIX-ENGINE AIRCRAFT (NOSE AP direction of the crew chief. PROACH). The fifth truck to arrive will be a Class Your instructor, with your assistance, will 155 Crash Truck. It will make a head-on ap demonstrate the approach, the positioning, proach and position at a near diagonal on the and the attack formation of crash trucks and left side of the fuselage. Crew members will crews on the B-36 aircraft. (NOTE: No assist in controlling the area under the direc fire will be present.) tion of the crew chief. The first truck to arrive will be the Class You will perform the operation as demon 150 Crash Truck. It will make a head-on ap strated by your instructor, including release proach and position on the left side of the and rescue of personnel. nose, head-on to the aircraft. The panel oper To control and extinguish the fire it will ator will perform his duties during the ap be necessary to move crash trucks to different proach and positioning. The driver will per positions with the exception of the Class 125 form his duties. The crew chief will alight Crash Truck. It will remain in its original and position himself in front of the nose of position and control the immediate area. The the aircraft and direct the positioning of crew chief will notify and/or reposition the the handlinemen. The playpipeman will posi handlinemen before attempting to move the tion himself on the left side of the crew equipment. chief. The right playpipeman will position EVALUATION (Self). himself on the right side of the crew chief. The foam handlinemen will perform their (1) Why is it necessary to move the duties and position themselves behind the crash equipment to control and ex playpipemen. tinguish the fire? (2) What crash truck is not moved dur The second truck to arrive also will be a ing the control and extinguishment Class 150 Crash Truck. It will make a head- of the fire? on approach and position on the right side of (3) What are the crew chief's duties the nose head-on to the aircraft. The panel before the trucks can be moved? operator will perform his duties during the approach and positioning. The driver will ADVANCE ATTACK FORMATION OF perform his duties. The crew chief will posi CRASH TRUCKS AND HANDLINEMEN tion himself on the left side of the fuselage. ON SIX-ENGINE AIRCRAFT. The right playpipeman will position on the See diagram number 2 showing positioning right side of the crew chief. The left play of crash trucks on the nose of the B-36 air pipeman will position on the left side of the craft. crew chief. The right and left foam linemen Your instructor, with your assistance, will will position themselves behind the playpipe demonstrate moving crash trucks and crews man and perform their duties. to accomplish the control and extinguishment The third truck to arrive will be the Class of the fire. (NOTE : No fire will be present.) 125 Crash Truck. It will position head-on The crew chief will notify the handline to the aircraft, on the right side of the first men where the trucks will be moved. The left Class 150 Crash Truck. Crew members will playpipeman will, with the assistance of the perform their duties and enlarge upon the crew chief, move from the right side to the pattern on the right side of the fuselage. left side of the fuselage. The fourth truck to arrive will be a Class The drivers will place the Class 155 Crash 155 Crash Truck. It will make a head-on ap Trucks in first gear and drive slowly to the proach and position at a near diagonal on end of the wing tips. When signalled by in TP 1383-15 PAGE 7 structor, the handlinemen will advance with overhaul and the preservation of evidence the truck, disturbing the foam blanket as that might have caused the crash and/or fire, little as possible. Rescueman will hold the and report it to your instructor. You will lines away from the truck wheels to prevent assist in reloading the hose and equipment the truck passing over the hoses. on the crash trucks. The drivers on the Class 150 Crash Trucks The same procedure will be used on air will drive slowly to the point designated by craft crashes not immediately resulting in instructor. The handlinemen will advance fire as those crashes which do result in fire. with the truck, keeping lines clear of the EVALUATION (Self). truck wheels and disturbing the foam blanket as little as possible. (1) Where is the initial attack and posi tioning made on the B-36 ? After ruptured lines and wing tanks have (2) How many escape points are located been controlled, the Class 155 Crash Trucks in the nose section? will continue around the aircraft, extinguish (3) How many crew members are as ing the remaining fire and cooling the fuse signed on the B-36 aircraft? lage as directed by the instructor. (4) What is the position of the first You will perform the operation demon arriving truck? strated by your instructor. (5) What safety precautions must be 4. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. considered when moving trucks Your instructor will assign you to a crew around aircraft to control and ex of 7 men on the Class 150 and Class 155 tinguish the fire? Crash Trucks and a crew of 5 men on the 5. CRITIQUE. Class 125 Crash Truck. Your position on the truck will be designated. You will rotate posi Your instructor will conduct a critique of tions until you have operated in the various this training project and summarize the fol positions on the trucks used in this operation. lowing key points: Four dummies will be placed at locations (1) Approach and positioning of the designated by the instructor. The drivers and crash trucks and crews on the B-36 other crew members will be watching for aircraft. dummy personnel on the approach. (2) The procedure for the initial attack The designated crew on the Class 155 and control around the fuselage. Crash Truck will stand by, with pump run (3) The procedure for performing for ning at full pump pressure, during the dis cible entry under fire conditions. charging of the gasoline for the training fire. (4) The procedure for release and res Your instructor will designate the area for cue of crew members from the B-36 aircraft under fire conditions. the simulated crash fire station from where the response will be made. (5) The procedure for stopping the flow of fuel. Your instructor will designate the sequence (6) The procedure for moving the for the arrival of the equipment. equipment, around the aircraft to No person other than the instructor will extinguish the ground fire. ignite the gasoline. (7) The procedure for extinguishing The instructor will signal for the response. wing tank fires. The fire around the fuselage will be con (8) The procedure for overhaul and the trolled until the instructor signals for the preservation of evidence. fuel in the engine accessory sections to be stopped. You will perform "driver's" maintenance After you have rescued the personnel and on the equipment used in this training proj extinguished the fire, you will perform the ect, including washing and polishing. TP 1383-15 PAGE 8

6. GRADING POINTS.

Above Below Grading points average Average average + 1 0 — 1 1. Did the student make the proper approach? 2. Did the turret operators open the turrets when within range of the aircraft? 3. Did the student continu ously control the fire around the fuselage section? 4. Did the turretmen shut off the nozzles when signaled by the in structor? 5. Did the panel operator shut off the CO2 and foam when signaled by the instructor? 6. Did the rescueman hold the hoseline away from the truck wheel while the truck was moving? 7. Did the drivers move the trucks in first gear? 8. Did the drivers watch for dummy personnel on the approach? 9. Did the rescueman re lease the dummy be fore removing it? 10. Did the turret operators work from the fuse lage outward in con trolling fire in the fuselage section? TP 1383-16 PAGE 1

HEADQUARTERS, 3415th TECHNICAL TRAINING GROUP Lowry Am Force Base, Denver, Colorado

DEPARTMENT OF FIRE FIGHTING AND CRASH RESCUE TRAINING CRASH RESCUE FIRE FIGHTING BRANCH

RESCUE OF PERSONNEL FROM SINGLE, TWO, FOUR, AND SIX-ENGINE AIRCRAFT OPERATING UNDER RIGHT CONDITIONS

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TP 1383-16 PAGE 2

1. OBJECTIVE. be out during the overhaul operation. You To teach you: will be able to do this job better with the aid The procedure for operating under night of the crash truck headlights and the aux conditions. iliary lighting equipment. The precautionary measures to be em EVALUATION (Self). ployed while working under night conditions. (1) How do fires at night differ from The procedure for removing entrapped per those during the day? sonnel from burning and/or crashed aircraft (2) How does the head-on approach aid under night conditions. crash crews when working under Utilization of lighting equipment. night conditions? 2. EQUIPMENT. (3) How will the head-on positioning Two Class 110 Crash Trucks fully equip aid in determining the spill area ped. when there is no fire? Four Class 125 Crash Trucks fully equip 4. PRACTICAL PROCEDURE. ped. You will perform the rescue and extin Two Class 150 and two Class 155 Crash guishment operation on single, two, four, Trucks fully equipped. and six-engine aircraft in the manner you One each single, two, four, and six-engine previously have been taught. salvaged aircraft. SINGLE-ENGINE AIRCRAFT FIGHT Fifteen dummies, including parachute har ER-TYPE. Your instructor will assign you ness and safety belts. to a crew of 7 men on the Class 155 and a Six trainers, wing tank and engine fires, crew of 5 men on the Class 125 and Class 110 5 feet high. Crash Trucks. Your position on the truck One mobile floodlight unit. will be designated. Two dummies will be placed near the fire area in the path of the 3. INFORMATIONAL PROCEDURE. approach. a. Read the following information: The crew on the Class 155 will stand by In previous training project outlines, you for the gasoline spill with the pump running have been instructed in the rescue of entrap at full pressure. ped personnel from the various sizes of air Your instructor will designate the area craft. In this training project, you will per for the crash fire station from which the form the same operations. The primary dif response will be made, and signal for the ference is that these assignments will be response. effected under night conditions. TWO-ENGINE AIRCRAFT (BOMBARD The fire at night may look much larger MENT-TYPE) .You will be assigned to crews than it will during the day, and the person on the Class 150, Class 155, and Class 125. who knows little or nothing about crash fire Your position will be designated. fighting would think it is more hazardous. The fire at night, however, is no more hazard The crew on the Class 155 will stand by ous to experienced personnel than is the day for the gasoline spill with the pump running fire. When a crash occurs at night without at full pressure. immediately resulting in fire, the head-on Your instructor will designate the area for approach and the head-on positioning will be the crash fire station from where the re of great help. It will aid in locating the spill sponse will be made, and signal for the re area and the air crew. The head-on position sponse. ing also aids in the overhaul and preserva FOUR-ENGINE AIRCRAFT (BOM tion of evidence because the fire, if any, will BARDMENT-TYPE). You will be assigned •

TP 1383-16 PAGE 3 to crews on the Class 155, Class 150, and the (2) Initial attack, forcible entry, re Class 125. Your position will be designated. lease and removal of dummy per The crew on a Class 155 will stand by for sonnel under night conditions. the gasoline spill with the pump running at (3) Control of ground fires, stopping full pressure. the flow of fuel, extinguishing Your instructor will designate the area for ground and wing tank fires under the crash fire station from where the re night conditions. sponse will be made, and signal for the re (4) Overhaul and preservation of evi sponse. dence under night conditions. SIX-ENGINE AIRCRAFT. You will be You will perform "driver's" maintenance assigned to crews on the Class 155, Class on crash trucks and equipment used in this 150, and the Class 125. Your position will training project, including the washing and be designated. polishing of the trucks. The crew on the Class 155 will stand by for the gasoline spill with the pump running 6. GRADING POINTS. at full pressure. Above Below Grading points average Average average Your instructor will designate the area + 1 0 — 1 for the crash fire station from where the response will be made, and signal for the 1. Did the student make the response. proper approach and positioning of the crash truck? EVALUATION (Self). 2. Did the student use the (1) Why is the approach more hazard correct procedures on ous at night than during the day? the initial attack? (2) How is the rescueman aided in his 3. Did the student use cau operation by the head-on position tion in releasing and ing of the crash trucks? rescuing personnel? (3) How do night conditions affect your 4. Did the panel operator approach? apply the extinguish (4) Why does the fire seem larger at ing agent on the ap proach? night than during the day? 5. Did the drivers move the (5) Why should the rescueman be more trucks in first gear cautious when making the overhaul when extinguishing in at night than during the day? the area of burning six-engine aircraft? 5. CRITIQUE. 6. Did the student perform Your instructor will conduct a critique of the overhaul after each this training project and summarize the fol operation? lowing key points: 7. Did the student properly (1) Approach and positioning on single, replace the equipment on the crash trucks two, four, and six-engine aircraft after each operation? under night conditions. TP 1383-16 PAGE 4

&U. 8. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:

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