DOCSLIB.ORG

Huge Country, Huge Problems — Huge Potential

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Huge Country, Huge Problems — Huge Potential NUMBER 145 • ISSUE 1 • 2007 Huge Country, Huge Problems —Huge Potential Can DR Congo Turn the Page? THE EDITOR’S DESK Fulfilling the potential t is a huge country with immense problems. the rape of tens of thousands of women and girls? – it is Potentially one of the richest countries in Africa, but nevertheless, in a way, misleading. currently one of the poorest. A country full of tragic Much of DRC has not been actively involved in conflict – Iparadoxes. including some parts of the east. Hundreds of thousands of Its inhabitants are for the most part energetic and creative. internally displaced people and refugees have returned They are people who enjoy a good debate, have a great sense home, and are reintegrating successfully. Repatriations of of humour and love music – and they are brilliant at getting Congolese refugees are currently, or will shortly, be taking by on very little. place from six countries to DRC – and refugees from four of Meet the people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. DRC’s neighbours have also been benefitting from repatria- The majority: those who would just like to get on with liv- tion operations in the opposite direction. ing, and who came out in their millions to vote in the recent But all Congolese, even those who live thousands of kilo- elections. The people who are fed up with fighting, with cor- metres from the conflict zones, have been affected one way or ruption, with warlords, with foreign invasions. The people another by the troubles: through interrupted food and med- who just want to see ical supplies, decayed or their country back on destroyed infrastructure its feet. and lack of investment. And then there is the And DRC’s nine small minority: the peo- neighbours have been ple fostered by the ty- affected too: through di- phoon of violence and ©AP / A.SUNDARAM DRC•2006 minished trade, popula- anarchy that swept tion movements, and across the east of the above all through shared country between 1996 insecurity – with the and 2003 – and which conflicts in Uganda, continues sporadically Rwanda and Burundi to this day. The people fuelling and then who have grown accus- becoming lethally tomed to killing and to intertwined with those taking what they want, in DRC. and destroying what they don’t want. The people who have A peaceful, functioning DRC could – should – be an raped, pillaged, turned at least 30,000 children into soldiers, economic turbo-charger for the other countries in the region. and caused millions to flee their homes. The country possesses an incredible array of mineral wealth, In the immediate aftermath of a successful referendum on and could generate enough electricity to light up the whole of the country’s constitution in 2005, and tense but in the end Africa. But from the time of the Belgian King Leopold II, via equally successful presidential elections concluded in three decades of kleptocracy under President Mobutu, to November 2006, there is some hope that the latter group today’s collection of local warlords and foreign exploiters, may – finally – be on the wane. DRC’s wealth has so far brought it little except war, It is virtually impossible to give a properly balanced corruption, and – ironically – intense poverty. picture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is just The recent advances on the political front are important too big. DRC has been generally neglected by foreign media milestones in the development of the nation, achieved with – especially outside the Francophone countries. What news immense effort and the help of over 17,000 UN peacekeepers. there has been, has inevitably focused mainly on the fighting But they represent only the first steps on the path to stability and atrocities taking place in the east. and prosperity that so many Congolese desire and deserve. Yet, even if the scale of these horrors makes such coverage The rest of the journey promises to be equally hard – and will unavoidable – how can you ignore massacres, mutilation and take much longer. 2 REFUGEES Editor N°145 • 2007 Rupert Colville French Editor Cécile Pouilly Contributors Cyprien Fabre, David Nthengwe, 4 COVER STORY Georges Charrière, Jens Hesemann, Michel Kassa, Philippe Maughan, Recent elections led to cautious hopes Sandra Candolfi, Simon Lubuku and unhcr for a better future in DR Congo – after a staff worldwide. decade of violence and anarchy on a scale Editorial Assistant Manuela Raffoni that defies the imagination. UNHCR/R. CHALASANI/ZRE•1997 Photo Department Suzy Hopper, Anne Kellner It is vast, and should be ONE AMONG THOUSANDS rich, but war, chaos and 15 Design 4corruption have taken a A Congolese rape victim, now Vincent Winter Associés, Paris huge toll on DR Congo. living as a refugee in Kenya, describes Production Françoise Jaccoud her ordeal as the captive of a marauding Distribution militia group. John O’Connor, Frédéric Tissot Photo Engraving Aloha Scan, Geneva 16 SHEER BRUTALITY Maps Experts fear that an HIV epidemic may unhcr Mapping Unit compound the suffering of some of the Historical documents tens of thousands of women raped in unhcr archives eastern DRC. REFUGEES is published by the Media Relations and Public Information Service of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The Women have suffered immensely at the THE CONGOLESE opinions expressed by contributors are not hands of rampaging necessarily those of unhcr. The designations 15 18 IN SOUTH AFRICA groups in eastern DRC. and maps used do not imply the expression With DRC still facing an uncertain of any opinion or recognition on the part of unhcr concerning the legal status of a future, the flow of Congolese refugees territory or of its authorities. and migrants to South Africa shows REFUGEES reserves the right to edit all articles little sign of stopping. before publication. Articles and photos not covered by copyright © may be reprinted without prior permission. Please credit unhcr and the 20 LEBANON DIARIES photographer. Requests for copyrighted photos should be directed to the agency credited. Seven UNHCR staff who worked in English and French editions printed in Italy Lebanon, Syria and Israel give a vivid by amilcare pizzi S.p.A., Milan. account of their experiences as last Circulation: 114,000 in English, French, UNHCR/A.BRANTHWAITE/LBN•2006 MONUC summer’s war unfolded around them. Italian and Spanish. Over a million people were ISSN 0252-791 X 20displaced by the Cover Clockwise from top left: short but devastatingly Congolese woman heading home. destructive war in Lebanon. UNHCR / J. OSE / ROC•2005 Voter in Bunia, Ituri. ©REUTERS / J. AKENA / DRC•2006 Lendu militiaman. ©AP / K.PRINSLOO / DRC•2003 Rainforest background. UNHCR / C. BOWERS / DRC•1997 Back cover Rwandan refugees in Goma. UNHCR / A. HOLLMANN / ZRE•1994 UNHCR P.O. Box 2500 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland www.unhcr.org REFUGEES 3 Huge Country, Huge Prob Once known as “one of the most magical and cut-off places in the world,” the Ituri Forest, in north-east DRC, has in recent years witnessed some of the country’s worst atrocities. 4 REFUGEES lems — Huge Potential Can DR Congo turn the page? BY C ÉCILE P OUILLY one of the richest countries in Africa. The Congo River – the country’s legendary back- irst impressions of the Democratic bone – is capable of generating immense quantities Republic of the Congo are often seductive. of hydroelectric power, its output of 40,000 cubic Visitors arriving in Kinshasa are confronted metres of water per second making it the second with an intoxicating blend of colour, noise, most powerful river in the world after the Amazon. Fsmells and movement. Against a background DRC also possesses the largest rainforest in of Congolese rumba and animated discussions, an ex- Africa; and a staggering array of subterranean traordinary range of market stalls decorates every wealth that includes between 50 and 80 percent of street corner: peanuts, smoked meats, ginger juice the entire global reserves of cobalt, niobium and and brooms are bought, sold and haggled over with coltan (a rare metal used in the manufacture of good humour and a certain panache. portable telephones and game consoles), as well as More than 80 percent of the economic activity is dozens of other valuable minerals including located in this lively informal sector, generated by diamonds, uranium, gold, silver and oil. legions of struggling but tenacious street sellers, Despite all this intrinsic wealth, DRC is currently bicycle traders and shoe-shine boys. And it is not just one of the poorest countries in the world – ranked 167 Kinshasa, tucked down in the bottom left corner out of 177 countries in the 2006 Human Develop- of the country, which functions in this way: “In ment Index. Eighty percent of the population live on the large cities, every street is turned into an open less than a dollar a day; and more than half do not air market. That's all the people have to live on,” have access to health care or drinking water. explains Zacharie Kasongo, head of the research The statistics are numbing: over 12,000 reported network Réseau Grands Lacs. rapes in eastern DRC alone in the six months up to But this vivacious street life cannot mask the sad October 2006; as many as 3.4 million internally dis- reality of a country where the problems are as gigantic placed people (IDPs) at the peak in 2003; around 4 as the terrain (the total land area is bigger than France, million deaths attributed directly or indirectly to Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK combined). the 1998-2003 war; and one in five children dead The Democratic Republic of the Congo should be before the age of five.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identity, Territory, and Power in the Eastern Congo Rift Valley Institute | Usalama Project
    RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT UNDERSTANDING CONGOLESE ARMED GROUPS SOUTH KIVU IDENTITY, TERRITORY, AND POWER IN THE EASTERN CONGO RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT South Kivu Identity, territory, and power in the eastern Congo KOEN VLASSENROOT Published in 2013 by the Rift Valley Institute 1 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1DF, United Kingdom PO Box 52771 GPO, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya THE USALAMA PROJECT The Rift Valley Institute’s Usalama Project documents armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The project is supported by Humanity United and Open Square, and undertaken in collaboration with the Catholic University of Bukavu. THE RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political, and economic development. THE AUTHOR Koen Vlassenroot is Professor of Political Science and director of the Conflict Research Group at the University of Ghent. He is associated to the Egmont Institute and a RVI fellow. He co-authored Conflict and Social Transformation in Eastern DR Congo (2004) and co-edited The Lord’s Resistance Army: Myth or Reality? (2010). He is the lead researcher on the DRC for the Justice and Security Research Programme. CREDITS RVI ExECUTIVE DIRECTOR: John Ryle RVI PROgRAMME DIRECTOR: Christopher Kidner RVI USALAMA PROJECT DIRECTOR: Jason Stearns RVI USALAMA DEPUTY PROJECT DIRECTOR: Willy Mikenye RVI Great LAKES PROgRAMME MANAgER: Michel Thill RVI Information OFFICER: Tymon Kiepe EDITORIAL consultant: Fergus Nicoll Report DESIgN: Lindsay Nash Maps: Jillian Luff, MAPgrafix PRINTINg: Intype Libra Ltd., 3/4 Elm Grove Industrial Estate, London SW19 4HE ISBN 978-1-907431-25-8 COVER CAPTION Congolese woman carrying firewood in the hills of Minembwe, South Kivu (2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Interim Report on Humanitarian Response
    INTERIM REPORT Humanitarian Response in Lebanon 12 July to 30 August 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 2. THE LEBANON CRISIS AND THE HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE ............................................... 1 2.1 NATURE OF THE CRISIS...................................................................................................... 1 2.2 THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE DURING THE WAR............................................................. 1 2.3 THE RESPONSE AFTER THE CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES ..................................................... 3 2.4 ORGANISATION OF THE HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE ............................................................. 3 2.5 EARLY RECOVERY ............................................................................................................. 5 2.6 OBSTACLES TO RECOVERY ................................................................................................ 5 3. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE IN NUMBERS (12 JULY – 30 AUGUST) ................................... 6 3.1 FOOD ................................................................................................................................6 3.2 SHELTER AND NON FOOD ITEMS......................................................................................... 6 3.3 HEALTH............................................................................................................................. 7 3.4 WATER AND
    [Show full text]
  • Volcano Eruption Goma, DRC Situation Report #4 1St June2021
    UNICEF DRC | Volcano Eruption (Goma) Situation Report Volcano Eruption Goma, DRC Situation Report #4 1st June2021 Situation Overview The sudden eruption of Mount Nyiragongo on the evening of 22 May 2021, led to two lava flows towards Kibumba park as well as Buhene and Kibati in the North-East of Goma, DRC. 32 people died as a direct result of the eruption (either burned by the lava or asphyxiated by fumes), including three children, while 40 have been reported missing1. As of 26 May, it is estimated that the eruption directly affected 20 villages within the groupements of Kibati, Munigi and Mutaho, with an estimated 3,629 burned houses 2 . According to the WASH cluster 3 , over 195,000 people might have Map 1: Location of the evacuated and host areas (source: UNICEF) difficulty in accessing safe water due to a disabled water reservoir directly damaged by the lava. while access to electricity was cut off in large parts of Goma city. Seven schools (five primary schools4 and two secondary schools) and 37 health centers 5 have been affected by the volcanic eruption. During the night of 27 May, the government decided to evacuate ten neighbourhoods of Goma city (Majengo, Mabanga Nord, Mabanga Sud, Bujovu, Virunga, Murara, Mapendo, Mikeno, Kayembe, Le Volcan) towards Sake, thus leading to important population movements and increased humanitarian needs, before asking the population to go to the town of Rutshuru instead on May 28. As of June 1st, according OCHA6, this evacuation has led to the displacement of around 234,000 people in DRC, with around 63,000 people displaced to Sake, around 67,000 to Minova, around 53,000 to Rutshuru, 11,000 to Lubero, 40,000 to Bukavu.
    [Show full text]
  • 4144R18E UNIFIL Sep07.Ai
    700000E 710000E 720000E 730000E 740000E 750000E 760000E HQ East 0 1 2 3 4 5 km ni MALAYSIA ta 3700000N HQ SPAIN IRELAND i 7-4 0 1 2 3 mi 3700000N L 4-23 Harat al Hart Maritime Task Force POLAND FINLAND Hasbayya GERMANY - 5 vessels 7-3 4-2 HQ INDIA Shwayya (1 frigate, 2 patrol boats, 2 auxiliaries) CHINA 4-23 GREECE - 2 vessels Marjayoun 7-2 Hebbariye (1 frigate, 1 patrol boat) Ibil 4-1 4-7A NETHERLANDS - 1 vessel as Saqy Kafr Hammam 4-7 ( ) 1 frigate 4-14 Shaba 4-14 4-13 TURKEY - 3 vessels Zawtar 4-7C (1 frigate, 2 patrol boats) Kafr Shuba ash Al Qulayah 4-30 3690000N Sharqiyat Al Khiyam Halta 3690000N tan LEBANON KHIAM Tayr Li i (OGL) 4-31 Mediterranean 9-66 4-34 SYRIAN l Falsayh SECTOR a s Bastra s Arab Sea Shabriha Shhur QRF (+) Kafr A Tura HQ HQ INDONESIA EAST l- Mine Action a HQ KOREA Kila 4-28 i Republic Coordination d 2-5 Frun a Cell (MACC) Barish 7-1 9-15 Metulla Marrakah 9-10 Al Ghajar W Majdal Shams HQ ITALY-1 At Tayyabah 9-64 HQ UNIFIL Mughr Shaba Sur 2-1 9-1 Qabrikha (Tyre) Yahun Addaisseh Misgav Am LOG POLAND Tayr Tulin 9-63 Dan Jwayya Zibna 8-18 Khirbat Markaba Kefar Gil'adi Mas'adah 3680000N COMP FRANCE Ar Rashidiyah 3680000N Ayn Bal Kafr Silm Majdal MAR HaGosherim Dafna TURKEY SECTOR Dunin BELGIUM & Silm Margaliyyot MP TANZANIA Qana HQ LUXEMBURG 2-4 Dayr WEST HQ NEPAL 8-33 Qanun HQ West BELGIUM Qiryat Shemona INDIA Houla 8-32 Shaqra 8-31 Manara Al Qulaylah CHINA 6-43 Tibnin 8-32A ITALY HQ ITALY-2 Al Hinniyah 6-5 6-16 8-30 5-10 6-40 Brashit HQ OGL Kafra Haris Mays al Jabal Al Mansuri 2-2 1-26 Haddathah HQ FRANCE 8-34 2-31
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of Ethnic Territories and Subjects in Eastern DR Congo ⁎ Kasper Hoffmann
    Geoforum xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geoforum journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geoforum Ethnogovernmentality: The making of ethnic territories and subjects in Eastern DR Congo ⁎ Kasper Hoffmann University of Copenhagen, Denmark Ghent University, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In this article I investigate colonial constructions of ethnicity and territory and their effects in the post-in- Ethnicity dependence period in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. The core argument of the article is that the Governmentality constructions of ethnicity and territory that are set in motion in struggles over political space in the Congolese Territory conflicts are conditioned by what I call “ethnogovernmentality”, which denotes a heterogeneous ensembleof Subjectivity biopolitical and territorial rationalities and practices of power concerned with the conduct of conduct of ethnic Conflict populations. Through ethnogovernmentality colonial authorities sought to impose ordered scientific visions of DR Congo ethnicity, custom, culture, space, territory, and geography, upon ambivalent cultures and spaces. I show that while ethnogovernmentality failed to produce the stability and order the colonial authorities sought, its ethno- territorial regime of truth and practice has had durable effects on people’s sense of self and on struggles over political space. 1. A dotted red line Administrative maps are often objects of intense political struggles, especially in post-colonial context where they have been imposed on During fieldwork in eastern Congo in 2005 I showed a faded copyof ambiguous and highly heterogeneous cultural and political landscapes. a BA thesis submitted at a local university to one of my interlocutors. As the example above indicates issues related to ethnic territories and The title was “Essai d’histoire politique de Batembo” (Essay on the poli- boundaries are highly contentious in the eastern parts of Democratic tical history of the Batembo).
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo
    DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO MONTHLY REFUGEE STATISTICS Situation as of November 30, 2020 Type Age 0-4 5-11 12-17 18-59 60+ Total % Total Rural (out of camp) 75,821 105,155 62,321 131,723 9,121 384,141 73.3% Total Camps/Sites 23,501 39,046 20,860 47,419 2,981 133,807 25.5% Total 524,302 Total Urban 620 1,487 1,132 2,939 176 6,354 1.2% Grand Total 99,942 145,688 84,313 182,081 12,278 524,302 Refugee Population in DRC Refugee Population by Province in DRC Country Female Male Total % Province Main Location Type Female Male Total Angola** 179 235 414 0.08% Bas Uele Ango & Bondo Rural 22,519 17,697 40,216 Burundi* 25,022 23,530 48,552 9.26% Equateur Disperced Rural 143 213 356 CAR* 91,469 79,582 171,051 32.62% Haut Katanga Lubumbashi & Urb. & Rur. 1,742 Arounds 808 934 Rep.Congo 251 386 637 0.12% Haut Uele Dungu, Doruma Rural 22,311 19,394 41,705 Rwanda*** 107,534 106,440 213,974 40.81% Ituri Aru & Ariwara Rural 25,506 22,351 47,857 S. Sudan* 47,837 41,737 89,574 17.08% Kasai Oriental Tshiala Rural 2 6 8 Kinshasa & Sudan 8 24 32 0.01% Kinshasa Urb. & Rur. 790 outskirts 375 415 Bas Fleuve, Uganda 13 10 23 0.004% Kongo Central Rural 817 MbanzaNg. & Kimaza 328 489 Somalia 7 7 14 0.003% Lomami Luila &MweneDitu Rural 430 456 886 Ivory Coast 4 3 7 0.001% Lualaba Dilolo,Sandoa &Kolwezi Rural 590 596 1,186 Other 10 14 24 0.005% Maniema Pangi, Kailo&Lukolo Rural 203 269 472 Lubero, Masisi, Total 272,334 251,968 524,302 100% Nord Kivu Urb.
    [Show full text]
  • OCHA DRC Kinshasa Goma Kisangani Kisangani Bukavu Bunia
    OCHA DRC Kinshasa Goma Kisangani Bukavu Bunia Mbandaka CONTEXT More than ever before since the onset of the war, the reporting period provided ample and eloquent arguments to perceive the humanitarian crisis in the DRC as a unique drama caused in the first place by unbridled violence, defiant impunity and ongoing violation of fundamental humanitarian principles. What comes first is the cold-blooded settlement of scores between two foreign troops in DRC’s third largest town, using heavy armament and ignoring humanitarian cease-fires in a total disregard for the fate of 600,000 civilians. Such exceptional circumstances led to the non less remarkable adoption of the UNSC Resolution 1304, marked by references to Chapter VII of the UN Charter, and by the presence of Ugandan and Rwandan Foreign ministers. Parallel to blatant violations of humanitarian principles, the level of daily mortality as a direct effect of the ongoing war in eastern DRC, as surveyed recently by International Rescue Committee, gives a horrific account of the silent disaster experienced by Congolese civilians in eastern provinces. Daily violence, mutual fears combined with shrinking access to most basic health services, are breeding an environment of vulnerability that led civilians of Kivu to portray themselves as the “wrecked of the earth”. In a poorly inhabited and remote province such as Maniema, an FAO mission estimated at 68% of the population the proportion of those who had to flee from home at one point since August 1998 (110,000 are still hiding in the forest). A third, most ordinary facet of DRC’s humanitarian crisis, is that witnessed by a humanitarian team in a village on the frontline in northern Katanga, where the absence of food and non food trade across the frontline (with the exception of discreet exchanges between troops) brings both displaced and host communities on the verge of starvation.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo
    DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO INITIAL OBJECTIVES other non-signatories to the agreement, created an alliance for the continuation of · Support the Government in the dialogue. In spite of the progressive establishment of the National Eligibility implementation of the cease-fire agreement, Commission, and to carry out conflicts continue to flare up regularly in registration exercises of accessible various parts in DRC, but in particular in refugees. north eastern DRC and in the Kivus. · Provide international protection and Volatility and insecurity continue to humanitarian assistance to refugees from characterise the working environment in Angola, Burundi, the Central African DRC, and conditions for voluntary Republic (CAR), the Republic of the repatriation of 380,000 Congolese, mainly Congo (RoC), Rwanda, Sudan and from neighbouring countries, remain Uganda, and urban refugees of different adverse. nationalities in Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, Goma and Bukavu. The unexpected end of the prolonged war in · Promote self-reliance activities and Angola, in February 2002, was followed by reinforce local settlement initiatives for a cease-fire agreement, signed on 4 April, existing refugees with a gradual phase- which triggered spontaneous return out of UNHCR’s assistance. Continue to movements, especially from the Bas-Congo provide basic humanitarian assistance to Province and the Kisenge region. By the end new arrivals. of June, 6,330 refugees had spontaneously · Organise and facilitate the safe return of left these areas for Angola. At present, refugees in the Democratic Republic of UNHCR offices in the Provinces of Bas- the Congo (DRC) when the situation in Congo, Bandundu and Katanga are their respective countries of origin registering Angolans willing to repatriate.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria Refugee Response
    S Y R I A R E F U G E E R E S P O N S E LEBANON. DISTRIBUTION OF THE REGISTERED SYRIAN REFUGEES AT THE CADASTRAL LEVEL S O U T H L E B A N O N A N D N A B AT I Y E H G O V E R N O R AT E S ( M O H A FA Z A ) . J U LY 2 0 1 3 N " 0 ' El Hermel 5 4 ° 3 3 ´ Midane Jezzine Benouati Jezzine Ghabbatiyé N Btedine El-Leqch " 0 ' AAbra Saida 6 3 Bhannine ° A'ain El-Mir (El Establ) Homsiyé 3 3 Saida El-Oustani Majdelyoun Mazraat El-Mathane Bébé Jensnaya Aaray Choualiq Jezzine Harf Jezzine Bramiyé Bqosta Mrah El-Hbasse 8 15 11 Qabaa Jezzine 179 398 Bisri 6 Hlaliyé Saida Qtalé 23 Deir El Qattine 724 Anane14 Haret Saida 5829 434 65Karkha Anane 5 Wadi Jezzine Aazour 2 Saida El-Qadimeh 71 14 27 6 Bkassine Dahr Ed-Deir Saida Ed-Dekermane 672 225 5 9 5 Hidab 3 61 Miyé ou Miyé 94 14 Sfaray Roum 220 Lebaa Maknounet Jezzine Darb Es-Sim 923 Kfar 16 Qaytoulé Qraiyeh 10 35 Falous Saydoun Zaghdraiya 207 9 7 Maghdouché 111 Rimat Haytoura Mharbiyé 48 El-Laymoun Roummanet Erkay Hassaniyé Berti 351 Tanbourit Mjaydel Haytoulé Mazraat Er-Rouhbane Maamriyé 55 7 Sanaya 293 Mtayriyé 17 10 Jezzine Mazraat El-Houssainiyé 3439 Sfenta Zhilta Kfar Hatta Kfar Melki Ghaziyé Qennarit Zeita Jabal Mazraat 'Mseileh Aanqoun 202 326 Bouslaya 78 20 237 Kfar Toura Najjariyé Beit 5 Aaqtanit 51 Kfar Chellal Kfar Houné Khirbet El-Bassal 5 148 26 Tabbaya Jbaa 19 Saida Jernaya6 Aadoussiyé Bnaafoul70 Aarab 227 97 51 Kfarfila Ej-Jall 91 Aain Bou Souar Bissariyé 28 Houmine 70 Mlikh 339 Et-Tahta El-Khreibé 3 Jezzine Mazraat 'Snaiber Khzaiz Louayzet Jezzine Haouch Hajjé 5 27Roumine Aain Qana
    [Show full text]
  • Hezbollah's Iranian Identity
    Hezbollah’s Iranian identity: Ceremony of Hezbollah operatives in southern Lebanon with conspicuous personality cult of Iranian Leader Ali Khamenei July 28, 2019 Overview Since its inception, the Lebanese Hezbollah has been inculcating the ideology of the Iranian Islamic Revolution in the Shiites in Lebanon, establishing the personality cult of Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and Imam Ruhollah Khomeini, and emphasizing that Hezbollah is totally subject to the Supreme Leader (see appendices A, C and D). On the other hand, time and again senior Iranian leaders have stressed Hezbollah’s complete loyalty to Iran and its commitment to the Iranian leadership (see Appendix B). Cultivating Khamenei’s personality cult is evidence that Hezbollah regards Iran and its leader the highest source of authority for its strategy, including its military moves against Israel. An up-to-date example of the personality cult of Ali Khamenei can be found in the opening ceremony of Hezbollah’s summer activity in southern Lebanon, attended by operatives of Hezbollah’s military and civilian infrastructures. At the end of the ceremony, the participants sang the “Song of Pledge of Allegiance” to the ruling Islamic jurist (wali al-Faqih1 ) Imam Ali Khamenei. The song is also called “We Love Loyalty.” The contents first and foremost express commitment and loyalty to Iranian Leader Khamenei (“We love loyalty, loudly do we pray for Ali Khamenei”). Another motif in the song is solidarity between Hezbollah and other countries where Iran handles proxies among the Shiite communities. The common denominator between Hezbollah and the Shiite communities mentioned in the song (Bahrain, Yemen, and Iraq) is loyalty to Iran’s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.
    [Show full text]
  • He Who Touches the Weapon Becomes Other: a Study of Participation in Armed Groups in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of The
    The London School of Economics and Political Science He who touches the weapon becomes other: A Study of Participation in Armed groups In South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo Gauthier Marchais A thesis submitted to the Department of International Development of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. London, January 2016 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgment is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 107 254 words. Gauthier Marchais London, January 2016 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 17 1.1. The persisting puzzle of participation in armed
    [Show full text]
  • Centre De Recherche Sur L'anti-Corruption
    Centre de Recherche sur l’Anti-Corruption Project Title: Citizen Action for open and accountable and inclusive institutions. Project Title: Fix My Street Project Period: 1 year I. Project Description and Justification Short Description of the Project In support of improved public policies and inclusive decision-making, an online tool is created for civic monitoring of Uvira, Bukavu, Goma, Lubumbashi and Kinshasa municipalities activities on solving city problems based on direct reporting from affected citizens. Summary FixmyStreet.cd will help and encourage Congolese to report local problems to the administration of Bukavu, Goma, Lubumbashi and Kinshasa. The problems are located on a map and can be viewed and discussed by citizens, stakeholders and representatives of the competent government authority. The platform, launched through a year-long project, will enable the public to monitor the competent authorities reaction to a reported issue of concern. Goals and objectives The goal of FixmyStreet.cd is to create an online platform that facilitates direct communication on local problems between citizens and the city of Uvira, Bukavu, Goma, Lubumbashi and Kinshasa 's administration. The goal of the platform is to encourage citizens to report issues in their neighborhood they are concerned about by lowering the barriers to get active, share, discuss problems with others, and monitor the authorities’ reactions. Consequently, the project aims to create more public awareness and debate about dangerous problems on the streets of Uvira, Bukavu, Goma, Lubumbashi and Kinshasa. By bringing people's concern about local problems into the public sphere, pressure on the competent authorities to address and solve those issues increases.
    [Show full text]