View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE

provided by Hasanuddin University Repository

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2013) , , September 24-26, 2013

BALI BEACH CONSERVATION PROJECT AND ISSUES RELATED TO BEACH MAINTENANCE AFTER COMPLETION OF PROJECT

S. Onaka1, S. Endo2 and T. Uda3

ABSTRACT: Bali Island in Indonesia is a world-famous resort area, and the beaches composed of coral sand are one of the most important resources for tourism. However, serious beach erosion has occurred since the 1970s owing to the tourism development along the coastal areas. To recover previous natural sandy beaches, Bali Beach Conservation Project was undertaken by the Indonesian Government as the ODA project financed by Japan. Three seriously eroded beaches (Sanur, and ) with a total length of 18 km and one sea cliff erosion coast ( Temple) were selected as the restoration sites. At Sanur, Nusa Dua and Kuta, beach nourishment was carried out together with the construction of artificial coastal structures to minimize sand discharge after the nourishment by waves. At Tanah Lot, coastal protection measures using artificial reefs and rock panel were undertaken to protect the eroded sea cliff and recover its natural landscape. Approximately ten years have already passed since the completion of the project at Sanur, Nusa Dua and Tanah Lot, and five years at Kuta. The Project has given significant contributions not only to develop and maintain the tourism but also to enhance the welfare of residents to preserve Balinese culture. Several issues have arisen on beach maintenance and management after the completion of the Project, such as 1) partial beach retreat, 2) partial damage of the coastal facilities and public facilities, 3) cleaning of beach trash at public beach areas, 4) encroachment of buildings on recovered sandy beach.

Keywords: Beach conservation, beach nourishment, tourism, beach maintenance, beach management

INTRODUCTION Project Outline To recover the previous coral sandy beaches, Bali Beach Erosion at Coral Beaches in Bali Beach Conservation Project was undertaken in 2000 by Serious beach erosion on coral beaches in the the Indonesian Government as one of the Japanese ODA southern coastal areas of Bali Island has occurred since projects at four sites: Sanur, Nusa Dua, Kuta and Tanah the 1970s owing to the tourism development along the Lot, as shown in Fig. 1. Here, Tanah Lot is one of the coastal area. Several causes of beach erosion have been famous tourism points in Bali and important Hindu pointed out; 1) coral mining in a wide area of the reef, temple facing the . Long period waves are which was executed in the 1970s by local residents to always incident to the sea cliff at Tanah Lot, resulting in obtain building materials (Syamsudin 1993), 2) large the cliff erosion. scale construction works on the reef such as runway At Sanur, Nusa Dua and Kuta, beach nourishment construction at Kuta Beach, and offshore dredging in with 1.3 million m3 in total was undertaken together with south Sanur to obtain reclamation materials (Seino et al. the construction of supplementary coastal facilities, such 2006), 3) individual and uncontrolled construction of the as groins, headlands and artifical offshore islands to coastal protection facilities, such as seawall, revetments reduce the sand discharge after the nourishment by wave and groins without sufficient consideration of the action. Basic information for beach nourishment at three sediment cell in each area. beaches is shown in Table 1. The deterioration of the beach condition due to beach At Tanah Lot, coastal protection measures were erosion at famous beach resorts such as Sanur, Nusa Dua undertaken by employing combined artificial reefs Kuta caused serious impacts to the . (submerged breakwater) to reduce strong wave actions Furthermore, the sandy beaches have been used for the and artificial rock panel to protect the eroded sea cliff. religious events by the residents, thus it is very important The construction work had completed in 2003 at Tanah to the Balinese people to preserve the sandy beach for Lot, 2004 at Sanur and Nusa Dua and 2008 at Kuta. maintaining their welfare and Balinease culture. Beach conditions before and after the project at Sanur and Nusa Dua are shown in Fig. 2. The eroded beaches

1 Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., 5-4 Koji-machi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8539, JAPAN 2 Futaba Consults Co., Ltd., 76-2 Minami Koriyama, Fukushima 963-0115, JAPAN 3 Public Works Research Center, 1-6-4 Taito, Taito, Tokyo 110-0016, JAPAN

198

S. Onaka, et al.

were remarkably restored, as shown in Fig. 2. CONTRIBUTION OF THE PROJECT Approximately ten years have already passed since the completion of the project at Tanah Lot, Sanur and Nusa Contribution to Tourism Dua, and 5 years at Kuta. The tourism is the largest contribution to the economy in Bali with more than 30% occupation in the gross regional domestic products (GRDP). According to the tourism statistic data, roughly 2.5 million foreign tourists and 4.7 million domestic tourists visited in Bali Island in 2010. The contribution of the project to the tourism was examined by checking the number of visitors at Sanur Tanah Lot and Tanah Lot. The number of visitors at Sanur was estimated by dividing the number at city area and Sanur Kuta area based on the tourism data in City. The number of visitors at Tanah Lot was estimated directly

Fig. 1 Location of project sites. from the record of the number of entrance ticket. Figure 3 shows the number of visitors at Tanah Lot. Table 1 Basic information for beach nourishment. After the completion of the project in mid-2003, the Site Length of Volume Number number of visitors increased significantly with regard to Nourishment (×1000 m3) of Groin both foreign and domestic tourists. Figure 4 shows the area (km) and comparison of the number of visitors at city area and headland Sanur area in Denpasar City. The number of visitor in Sanur 6.9 300 13 Sanur area increased significantly after the completion of Nusa Dua 6.5 340 14 the project in 2004, although the number of visitors in Kuta 4.2 520 3 * city area was almost constant. * Offshore breakwater After the recovery of sandy beaches at Sanur by the project, the land facilities along the coastal area such as hotels, restaurants and souvenir shops were actively renovated or newly developed individually. Those induced the multiplier effect to the increase in the number of tourists after the project.

1,400

1,200 Completion of 1,000

the Project 1000)

(1) Sanur Beach × 800

600

400 VisitorNumber ( Foreign 200 Domestic - 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year (2) Nusa Dua Beach Fig. 2 Beach changes before and after the project. Fig. 3 Change in number of visitors at Tanah Lot.

199

Bali Beach Conservation Project and Issues Related to Beach Maintenance after Completion of Project

Contribution to Welfare of Residents The contribution of the beach conservation project 400,000 City was not only for the development and maintenance of 350,000 Completion of Sanur 300,000 the Project tourism, but also for the conservation of welfare of the

250,000 residents on the Balinese culture, religion and their lives.

200,000 Many local peoples came to the recovered sandy beach,

150,000 and they used the beach area for their religious ceremony Num. of of tourist Num. 100,000 and recreation, as shown in Fig. 5. 50,000 The increase in the number of visitors who came to

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 the public beach area can be estimated from the record of the number of parking tickets issued. Figure 6 shows the Year Fig. 4 Change in number of visitors at city area and number of parking tickets issued to whom visited to the Sanur. local beach in south Sanur. The significant increase in number of visitors to the public beach area can be seen after the project.

CURRENT CONDITIONS ON BEACH MAINTENANCE Approximately ten years have already passed since the completion of the project at Sanur, Nusa Dua and five years at Kuta. Basically the restored beaches have been well maintained in the entire project area, even though active beach maintenance was not conducted. (1) Sea bathing However, several issues on beach maintenance and management have occurred at several locations in Sanur, Nusa Dua and Kuta after the project, which are; 1) shoreline recession and partial damage to coastal facilities, such as revetments, groins and offshore breakwaters, and public facilities such as walkway, gazebo and light stand, 2) insufficiency in daily beach maintenance, such as beach cleaning, removal of sand deposited on the walkway in public beach areas, 3) encroachment of buildings on recovered sandy beach, (2) Religious celemony such as the illegal construction of facilities and changes Fig. 5 Public beach at Sanur after the project. in alignment of walkways.

450

400 110%

350 100% Completiion of

1000) 300

× the Project 90% 250

200 80%

150 70% VisitorNumber ( 100 Sanur 50 60%

Ratio of Sand Remained Remained Sand of Ratio Nusa Dua - 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 50% Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Year Fig. 6 Change in number of visitors at public beach of south Sanur Fig. 7 Change in volume of sand remained after the nourishment at Sanur and Nusa Dua.

200

S. Onaka, et al.

North Area BW1 Incident Wave Reef gap Direction

G7 G8 G6 G2 G4 G5 G1 G3 G9 South Area

G10

G11

G12 0 1km 2km G13

Sand stockpile Coral digging

Fig. 8 Aerial photograph of Sanur Beach. N orth of Sanur (G3-G 8) 20.0 G3 G4 G5 G6 Feb-04 Jul-04 G7 B W 1 G8 15.0 D ec-04 O ct-05 D ec-06 10.0 5.0 0.0 -5.0

Shoreline Change (m) Change Shoreline -10.0 -15.0 -20.0

N -1 N -3 N -5 N -7 N -9

N -11 N -13 N -15 N -17 N -19 N -21 N -23 N -25 N -27 N -29 N-31 N -33 N -35 N -37 N -39 N -41 N -43 N -45 N -47 N -49 N -51 N -53 N -55 N -57 N -59 N -61 N -63 M onitoring Point

South(1) of NorthSanur (G9-G13) area 20.0 G9 G 10 G 11 G 12 G 13 15.0 Feb-04 Jul-04 Dec-04 10.0 Oct-05 Dec-06 5.0 0.0 -5.0 -10.0 -15.0

Shoreline Change (m) Change Shoreline -20.0 -25.0

S-1 S-3 S-5 S-7 S-9

S-11 S-13 S-15 S-17 S-19 S-21 S-23 S-25 S-27 S-29 S-31 S-33 S-35 S-37 S-39 S-41 S-43 S-45 S-47 S-49 S-51 S-53 S-55 S-57 S-59 S-61 S-63 S-65 S-67 S-69 S-71 S-73 S-75 Monitoring Point (2) South area

Fig. 9 Shoreline change at Sanur with reference to that in Dec. 2003 immediately after the nourishment. Partial Beach Retreat transported eastward, as indicated by an arrow, and Figure 7 shows the change in volume of sand deposited in the vicinity of G11 with a leakage of some remained after the completion of the beach nourishment amount of sand to downcoast turning around the tip of at Sanur and Nusa Dua, based on the beach monitoring G11. This local shoreline change was triggered by the results carried out continuously after the completion. It offshore dredging on the reef flat, resulting in the was seen that high remaining ratio with 90% more or penetration of wave energy close to the shoreline (Endo less can be still maintained at Sanur and Nusa Dua. et al., 2010). The shoreline at point A immediately east However, if the shoreline position was checked at each of G12 retreated significantly, and the walkway was section which was enclosed by the supplementary damaged, as shown in Fig. 11. coastal structures such as groins, headlands and offshore From these results, even though the entire volume breakwaters, the partial beach retreats were observed at of the nourishment sand maintained in the area, the several areas. shoreline recession has occurred partially, resulting in Figure 8 shows the aerial photograph of Sanur Beach, the damage to a part of coastal and public facilities. and the shoreline change in the northern and southern The necessity of future maintenance of the beach, parts of the beach after the nourishment (Dec. 2003) are namely, the sand refilling has been already considered in shown in Fig. 9. The shoreline change between the the planning and design stage, and the sand to be utilized groins is small except for significant changes in for the maintenance of the beach has been stocked in the shoreline position on the downdrift sides between G6 stockpile in south Sanur, as shown in Fig. 12. However, and G7, and between G11 and G12. the effective use of this stocked sand based on the Figure 10 shows an oblique photograph taken in adaptive management of the beach has not yet been 2008 to show the current beach conditions at a section conducted until now. between G11 and G12. The nourished sand was

201

Bali Beach Conservation Project and Issues Related to Beach Maintenance after Completion of Project

Daily Beach Maintenance Figure 13 shows the examples of undesirable condition on daily beach maintenance at the public beach area. The insufficiency of the dairy beach maintenance works was observed at some areas of the public beaches, such as beach cleaning, removal of sand deposited on the walkway by waves. The lack of daily maintenance at the beach caused deterioration of beach environment and undesirable image of the beach as world-famous resort area. This problem was caused by not only the uncertainty of the responsibility on beach maintenance but also insufficiency of the awareness for maintaining the beach environment and participation of the beach maintenance works among the related stakeholders.

Encroachment of Buildings on Sandy Beach Fig. 10 Oblique photograph taken in 2008 between Figure 14 shows the examples for the encroachment G11 and G12. of buildings on recovered sandy beach at Nusa Dua. The recovered sandy beach by the project was defined as public space controlled by the governments, even though the beaches in front of the star hotels were utilized as “private beach space”. However, some buildings and facilities were constructed on the recovered beach as “private property”. It was also seen that the owner of lands, hotels and villas, restaurants have developed to extend their properties near the foreshore, as shown in Fig. 15, even though it was totally prohibited by the law. This problem will again cause serious problems on beach erosion.

APPROACH TO IMPROVE BEACH MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT Fig. 11 Damaged walkway at point A. One of the main potential reasons for above mentioned problems on beach maintenance and management was the lack of awareness for the necessity of beach maintenance under the ownership of individual related parties which are not only government parties but also stakeholder parties such as communities, hotels and restaurants, and end users (tourists and residents). Thus, it is necessary to enhance the awareness and the understanding for the necessity of cooperated beach maintenance and management to both parties as the first priority. Then, it should be discussed the sharing of the responsibility on beach maintenance works with their ownership. To achieve this, it is necessary to establish the integrated coordination team on beach management together with both public and private sectors. Furthermore, it is necessary to share the common Fig. 12 Sand stock in south Sanur. information and understanding for the current beach condition, and to make decision on a necessary maintenance and management.

202

S. Onaka, et al.

CONCLUSION The Bali Beach Conservation Project served a multi- function on the contribution for conservation of different fields; that is the “Conservation of property (effect on property protection)”, “Conservation of tourism (effect to the economy)”, “Conservation of Balinese culture and society”, and “Conservation of coastal environment” It was proven that the Project has a great contribution not only to the development and maintenance of tourism in Bali but also to the conservation of the welfare of the residents on the Balinese culture, religion and their lives. (1) Deposition of seaweed on foreshore. However the beach maintenance and management are necessary to maintain the desirable beach condition for a long time. And all relevant parties from both governments and stakeholder sides should share the same understanding and take action on the beach maintenance with their ownership

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper described the Bali Beach Conservation Project which was executed by the Indonesian Governments (DGWR) as one of the Japanese ODA (2) Deposition of sand on the walkway Projects. Some information was referred to the study Fig. 13 Insufficiency of daily maintenance at public results carried out by the JICA Preparatory Survey. We area. would like to thank both the Indonesian Governments and JICA for the assistance to provide a chance and information.

REFERENCES Endo, M., Kobayashi, A., Uda, T., Noshi, Y. and Onaka, S. (2010). Shoreline rotation caused by large-scale excavation of reef flat on Sanur Beach in Bali, Proc. 32nd ICCE, sediment.93, pp. 1-12. Onaka, S., Endo, S., Yoshii, I. and Uda, T. (2008). Planning and design of beach nourishment and beach change after nourishment on coast in Bali. COPEDEC VII Permanent Secretariat, Dubai – UAE. Fig. 14 Encroachment of buildings on recovered sandy Seino, S., Uda, T., Onaka, S., Serizawa, M. and San- beach on Nusa Dua Beach. nami, T. (2006). Large-scale excavation and land reclamation on reef flat and coral mining on Turtle Island in Bali, Indonesia, Proc. 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, pp. 876-881. Syamsudin, A. R. (1993). Beach Erosion in Coral reef Beaches and Its Control, Dr. Eng. Thesis, Kyoto University, 225 p.

Fig. 15 Land reclamation up to shoreline at Canggu.

203