Understanding the Neurophysiology of Pain As a Method to Combat Opioid Abuse

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Understanding the Neurophysiology of Pain As a Method to Combat Opioid Abuse Understanding the Neurophysiology of Pain as a Method to Combat Opioid Abuse John Maye PhD CRNA CAPT (Ret) USN Professor/Pain Management Education Coordinator University of South Florida College of Nursing 1 Conflict of Interest Disclosure Statement • I have no financial relationships with any commercial interest related to the content of this activity. Objectives • Discuss the current opioid epidemic and its relevance to chronic pain • Discuss the neurophysiology of pain as it relates to chronic pain pharmacology • Discuss alternative non-opioid treatments for chronic pain 3 What is your motivation ? 4 The story starts with Opium (papaver somniferum) • Friedrich Wilhem Adam Serturner: first isolated morphine from opium in 1804 • Named the compound Morphium after the Greek god of dreams Opium • Opium is acquired from the dried latex of the opium poppy seed • The unripened pod is slit open and the sap that oozes will dry on the outer surface of the pod • The dried sap will form a yellow-brown latex which contains varying amount of alkaloids such as morphine, codeine and papaverine 6 Semisynthetic Opioids • Semisynthetic opioids result from relatively simple modification of the morphine molecule (codeine, heroin) Morphine Codeine Heroin Heroin • Heroin first synthesized in 1874 • Originally marketed as a pain reliever “without the addictive side effects of morphine” • The St James Society sent free samples of heroin through the mail to people addicted to morphine. 8 History of Regulations • Opium Exclusion Act of 1909 becomes the nations first drug prohibition law barring the importation of opium for smoking that was favored by Chinese immigrants —not the medicinal opium that white Americans commonly kept in their household medicine cabinets • Most Americans are unaware that there was once a time when people were free to buy any drug, including opium, cocaine, and cannabis, at the pharmacy 9 History of Regulations • State Department calls on Congress to pass legislation that would ban the importation of smoking opium, thereby creating the first illegal drug. • California, at the forefront of the war on Chinese smoking opium, went beyond the federal ban on importation by outlawing simple possession as well, thereby inventing a new class of criminals, • The illegal drug consumer 10 • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act • 1909 Smoking Opium Exclusion Act • 1914 Harrison Act • 1919 Harrison Act Ratified • 1924 Heroin Act • 1922 Narcotic Drug Import and Export Act • 1932 Uniform State Narcotic Act • 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act • 1951 Boggs Act • 1956 Narcotics Control Act • 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendment • 1970 Controlled Substances Act • 1973 DEA • 1974 Narcotic Addict Treatment Act • 1986 & 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act • 2000 The Drug Addiction Treatment Act (DATA 2000) • 2016 Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA) Current Opioid Epidemic • 1980 The One Hundred Word Letter: New England Journal of Medicine reports that less than 1% of patients who received narcotics while hospitalized at Boston Hospital become addicted • 2001, the Joint Commission instructed hospitals to measure pain and prioritize treatment. Based upon the consensus guidelines of organizations heavily funded by the pharmaceutical companies. 12 Education Challenges • Across health care and society there are major gaps in knowledge about pain • Educating health professionals about how to better understand pain and what causes pain will help bridge these gaps • To improve understanding of pain, federal agencies and other stakeholders should redesign education programs The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies: Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. June 2011. 13 How much do we know about pain? • What is your understanding of pain and pain treatments? • Do you understand the complex physiologic and psychological mechanisms that are involved when a patient is experiencing pain? • How do opioids work? • What accounts for the variability of patient requirements for opioids? http://psychopharmacologyinstitute.com/cns-receptors/opioid-receptors/ From: To: Definitions • Facilitation: The excitatory process by which a neurotransmitter released by one nerve causes the second nerve to release a greater than normal amount of neurotransmitter Definitions • Inhibition: The inhibitory process by which a neurotransmitter released by one nerve causes the second nerve to release a lower than normal amount of neurotransmitter Definitions • Modulation: Long lasting changes in the electrical potential of a nerve that alter the flow of ions across the cell membrane. Descending Modulation • Descending inhibitory tracts originate in the periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, and nucleus raphe magnus • Descend in the dorsolateral fasciculus Peripheral Inflammation • Bradykinin • Calcitonin Gene Related Trauma / Peptide Tissue • Galanin • Glutamate Disruption • Substance P Release •Histamine •IL-1 •NGF • Prostaglandins Primary afferent • Purines activation • Thromboxane • Adenosine • Serotonin At have already been Peripheral Sensitization • Due to release of inflammatory mediators • Causes changes in peripheral nerves and receptors making them more sensitive • Receptors easier to excite and lowers thresholds (hyperalgesia) Structural Changes C A delta I A beta 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Central Sensitization • Allodynia: pain to a stimulus that does not normally produce pain • Hyperalgesia: An exaggerated pain response to a normally painful stimulus • Receptive Field Expansion: An expansion of the area of skin innervated by the A-delta and C-fibers At what point does acute pain become chronic pain ? Research and Scholarship • The concept of pain should expand beyond the traditional views of interpretation and modulation of nociceptive impulses 27 Concepts of Pain • Pain experience expands to encompass stress and emotional responses that exacerbate pain perception • The perception of pain can be modified by emotional and social factors and is often accompanied by neuroplastic changes in the peripheral and central nervous system (Neugebauer, Weidong, Bird, & Han 2004). 28 Stress Physiology HPA axis ANS Stressors Behavior ACH, NE CRF DOP, 5HT hypothalamus CRF ACTH pituitary Stressors sight Amygdala smell & sound Hippocampus Cortisol adrenal cortex aldosterone Limbic system muscle kidneys liver adipose 29 30 Locus Coeruleus 31 32 33 Alternative Approaches • Discuss alternative non-opioid treatments for chronic pain 34 Basic Characteristics of Antidepressant Analgesics • Serotonergic effect • Noradrenergic effect • Opioidergic effect • N-methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDA) effect • Adenosine Receptor effect • Sodium Channel effect • Calcium Channel effect • Other effects Mechanism of Action Antidepressant Analgesics Basic Characteristics of Anticonvulsant Analgesics • Neuronal membrane stabilizers: • Inhibition of voltage gated sodium channels • Inhibition of voltage gated calcium channels Mechanism of Action Anticonvulsant Analgesics Anticonvulsant Analgesics • Carbamazepine • Oxcarbazepine • Phenytoin • Gabapentin • Lamotrigine • Pregabalin • Levetiracetam • Sodium Valproate Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressant Analgesics • Duloxetine (Cymbalta) • Venlafaxine ( Effexor) Cannabinoids • A class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors in cells that alter neurotransmitter release • Phytocannabinoids found in cannabis • Synthetic cannabinoids (manufactured artificially) • At least 113 different cannibinoids isolated from cannabis which exhibit varied effects Cannabinoids • Tetrahydrocannibol (THC) the most notable cannabinoid and the primary psychoactive component in cannabis. • Potency has increased over the years: The highest tested sample had 27.30% THC (nondomestic). • In comparison, the national average of Marijuana THC content in 1978 was 1.37%, in 1988 it was 3.59%, in 1998 4.43%, and in 2008 8.49%. Cannabidiol (CBD) • CBD is a major phytocannabinoid and accounts for about 40% of the plants extract • Minimal if any intoxicating effects • May have a down-regualting impact on disordered thinking and anxiety • Considered a schedule I drug under the controlled substance act 43 Cannabidiol (CBD) • 17 states have passed laws to allow for the use of CBD products (not exceeding a specified concentration of THC) for the treatment of certain medical conditions (seizure disorders, addiction treatments) • Demonstrates potential as a new class of anti- inflammatory agents against a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that are primarily triggered by activated T cells or other cellular immune components. 44 QUESTIONS? 45.
Recommended publications
  • Introduced by Wayne, 13
    LB617 LB617 2017 2017 LEGISLATURE OF NEBRASKA ONE HUNDRED FIFTH LEGISLATURE FIRST SESSION LEGISLATIVE BILL 617 Introduced by Wayne, 13. Read first time January 18, 2017 Committee: Agriculture 1 A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to agricultural promotion; to amend section 2 28-401, Reissue Revised Statutes of Nebraska, and section 2-5701, 3 Revised Statutes Cumulative Supplement, 2016; to adopt the 4 Industrial Hemp Act; to provide an exemption as prescribed; to 5 provide an operative date; and to repeal the original sections. 6 Be it enacted by the people of the State of Nebraska, -1- LB617 LB617 2017 2017 1 Section 1. Sections 1 to 14 of this act shall be known and may be 2 cited as the Industrial Hemp Act. 3 Sec. 2. (1) The purpose of the Industrial Hemp Act is to assist the 4 State of Nebraska in moving to the forefront of industrial hemp 5 production, development, and commercialization of hemp products in 6 agribusiness, alternative fuel production, and other business sectors, 7 both nationally and globally and to the greatest extent possible. These 8 purposes shall be accomplished, in part, through: 9 (a) The creation of the Industrial Hemp Commission; 10 (b) The industrial hemp research program overseen by the commission, 11 working in conjunction with the staff of selected Nebraska postsecondary 12 institution agricultural research programs, along with other research 13 partners. This research program shall include the planting, cultivation, 14 and analysis of industrial hemp demonstration plots by selected growers 15 that are licensed by the commission; and 16 (c) The pursuit of any federal permits or waivers necessary to allow 17 industrial hemp to be grown in Nebraska.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs of Abuseon September Archived 13-10048 No
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION WWW.DEA.GOV 9, 2014 on September archived 13-10048 No. v. Stewart, in U.S. cited Drugs of2011 Abuse EDITION A DEA RESOURCE GUIDE V. Narcotics WHAT ARE NARCOTICS? Also known as “opioids,” the term "narcotic" comes from the Greek word for “stupor” and originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. Though some people still refer to all drugs as “narcot- ics,” today “narcotic” refers to opium, opium derivatives, and their semi-synthetic substitutes. A more current term for these drugs, with less uncertainty regarding its meaning, is “opioid.” Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs like OxyContin®, Vicodin®, codeine, morphine, methadone and fentanyl. WHAT IS THEIR ORIGIN? The poppy papaver somniferum is the source for all natural opioids, whereas synthetic opioids are made entirely in a lab and include meperidine, fentanyl, and methadone. Semi-synthetic opioids are synthesized from naturally occurring opium products, such as morphine and codeine, and include heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone. Teens can obtain narcotics from friends, family members, medicine cabinets, pharmacies, nursing 2014 homes, hospitals, hospices, doctors, and the Internet. 9, on September archived 13-10048 No. v. Stewart, in U.S. cited What are common street names? Street names for various narcotics/opioids include: ➔ Hillbilly Heroin, Lean or Purple Drank, OC, Ox, Oxy, Oxycotton, Sippin Syrup What are their forms? Narcotics/opioids come in various forms including: ➔ T ablets, capsules, skin patches, powder, chunks in varying colors (from white to shades of brown and black), liquid form for oral use and injection, syrups, suppositories, lollipops How are they abused? ➔ Narcotics/opioids can be swallowed, smoked, sniffed, or injected.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkaloid Profile in Relation to Different Developmental Stages of Papaver Somniferum L
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Phyton, Annales Rei Botanicae, Horn Jahr/Year: 2001 Band/Volume: 41_1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Shukla Sudhir, Singh S. P. Artikel/Article: Alkaloid Profile in Relation to Different Developmental Stages of Papaver somniferum L. 87-96 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Phyton (Horn, Austria) Vol. 41 Fasc. 1 87-96 29. 6. 2001 Alkaloid Profile in Relation to Different Developmental Stages of Papaver somniferum L. By S. SHUKLA*)*) and S. P. SINGH*) With 2 figures Received January 17, 2000 Accepted August 28, 2000 Key words: Alkaloid, P. somniferum, morphine, codeine, thebaine, noscapine, papaverine. Summary SHUKLA S. & SINGH S. P. 2001. Alkaloid profile in relation to different develop- mental stages of Papaver somniferum L. - Phyton (Horn, Austria) 41 (1): 87-96, 2 figures. - English with German summary. The alkaloids variation and its synthesis were studied in two varieties (NBRI-1, NBRI-2) of opium poppy {Papaver somniferum L.) on fresh weight basis of different plant parts at different growth periods. In cotyledon stage (3-4 days after germina- tion) only morphine was present. In roots of two leave stage, thebaine was observed beside morphine. At bud initiation stage morphine, codeine and thebaine were pre- sent during 1994-95 but in 1995-96 thebaine was absent. During bud dropping stage (pendulous bud) the sepals, petals and anthers had morphine. When pendulous bud straightened before flowering it has morphine, codeine and thebaine in all parts in- cluding ovary.
    [Show full text]
  • Opium Poppy' Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. u.s. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office ofIntelligence September 1992 Opium Poppy' Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia . eC 7 7 s DEA- 92004 141189 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduclld exactly as received from the person or organization originating It. Points of view or opinions stated In this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this : iLl i r material has been 9FUi3i~c Doroain/Drug Enforcerrent Adrm. U • S. Department of Justice to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduOllol1 outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the ~ owner. U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Office of Intelligence Washington, DC 20537 (202) 307-8100 September 1992 ADMINISTRATOR·S MESSAGE Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia reviews in detail several complex natural and chemical procedures linked with heroin production. It further explains how the opium poppy plant of Southeast Asia is grown and harvested, how the poppy's opium is chemically converted into morphine, and fmally. how that morphine is then refmed into "China White" heroin by Southeast Asian "cooks" and "chemists." The report will interest a wide audience: those studying "source country" issues, those determining opium poppy crop estimates in mainland Southeast Asia, and those monitoring and controlling the intemational import and export of chemicals. Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia also presents the technical relationship between opium poppy cultivation in the Golden Triangle (the moun­ tainous region where Burma, Laos, and Thailand share common borders) and heroin production in the laboratories of Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Herbal Supplements and the Surgical Patient
    Herbal Supplements and the Surgical Patient Karen Birmingham, PharmD, BCPS Group Health Objectives Review demographic and economic issues related to alternative supplement use Describe potential risks of herbal supplements for surgical patients Discuss impact of drug-herb interactions on post-anesthesia recovery “Plantaceuticals” Atropine (Atropa belladonna) Digoxin (Digitalis purpurea) Colchicine (Colchicum autumnale) Quinine (Cinchona officinalis) Codeine (Papaver somniferum) Vincristine (Catharansus roseus) Taxol (Taxus brevifolia) Physostigmine (Physostigma venenosum) Salicylin (Salix purpurea) Adapted from Archives of Internal Medicine 1998 1 Herbal History Lesson 2697 BC - China 400 BC - Hippocrates 1500’s - botanical gardens for medical schools 1700’s - herbals used for home health care 1800’s - scientists learn to extract and modify active ingredients from plants 1900’s - pharmaceutical use increases; herbal remedy use decreases 1960’s - renewed interest in “natural health”; nutraceuticals become popular 1992 - NIH establishes the Office of Alternative Medicine - now known as the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Worldwide Use of Alternative Medicine Used by >80% of the population in Asia and Africa Most popular = herbals Very lucrative in the global market Countries That Regulate CAM • Germany • The Netherlands • France • Portugal • Sweden • Japan • Denmark • China • Switzerland 2 Herbal Use in the U.S. Herbal supplements constitute the largest growing component of retail pharmacy. Usage has increased
    [Show full text]
  • Rubiscolins Are Naturally Occurring G Protein-Biased Delta Opioid Receptor Peptides
    European Neuropsychopharmacology (2019) 29, 450–456 www.elsevier.com/locate/euroneuro SHORT COMMUNICATION Rubiscolins are naturally occurring G protein-biased delta opioid receptor peptides a , 1 a, 1 a Robert J. Cassell , Kendall L. Mores , Breanna L. Zerfas , a a, b , c a ,b , c Amr H. Mahmoud , Markus A. Lill , Darci J. Trader , a, b ,c , ∗ Richard M. van Rijn a Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA b Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA c Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Received 6 August 2018; received in revised form 19 November 2018; accepted 16 December 2018 KEYWORDS Abstract Delta opioid receptor; The impact that β-arrestin proteins have on G protein-coupled receptor trafficking, signaling Beta-arrestin; and physiological behavior has gained much appreciation over the past decade. A number of Natural products; studies have attributed the side effects associated with the use of naturally occurring and syn- Biased signaling; thetic opioids, such as respiratory depression and constipation, to excessive recruitment of Rubisco; β-arrestin. These findings have led to the development of biased opioid small molecule ago- G protein-coupled nists that do not recruit β-arrestin, activating only the canonical G protein pathway. Similar G receptor protein-biased small molecule opioids have been found to occur in nature, particularly within kratom, and opioids within salvia have served as a template for the synthesis of other G protein- biased opioids. Here, we present the first report of naturally occurring peptides that selectively activate G protein signaling pathways at δ opioid receptors, but with minimal β-arrestin recruit- ment.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Mu-Opioid Receptors in the Behavioral Effects of the Antidepressant
    Role of Mu-Opioid Receptors in the Behavioral Effects of the Antidepressant Tianeptine Jaena Han Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2021 © 2021 Jaena Han All Rights Reserved Abstract Role of Mu-Opioid Receptors in the Behavioral Effects of the Antidepressant Tianeptine Jaena Han For over half a century, the monoamine hypothesis has been the dominant theoretical framework guiding depression research and drug development. This hypothesis posits that depression arises from a deficiency in the monoaminergic neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and possibly dopamine, and that antidepressants function by increasing extracellular availability of these monoamines in the brain, especially at the synaptic level. It is clear however, that the monoamine hypothesis cannot fully explain either the pathophysiology of depression nor the mechanisms of antidepressant action. Tianeptine is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The recent discovery that tianeptine is a mu opioid receptor (MOR) and delta opioid receptor (DOR) agonist has provided a potential avenue for expanding our understanding of antidepressant treatment beyond the monoamine hypothesis. This dissertation aims to understand the neural circuits underlying tianeptine’s antidepressant effects. We first characterized the acute and chronic effects of tianeptine on depressive-like and other opioid-related behaviors in mice, and used genetic and pharmacological models to test whether these behavioral effects are mediated by MOR and/or DOR. We found that acute tianeptine administration produced an antidepressant-like reduction in immobility time in the forced swim test, as well as classic opioid-like effects including analgesia, hypophagia, hyperactivity, and conditioned place preference.
    [Show full text]
  • Papaver Somniferum Erythroxylum Coca
    Historical Use & Misuse of Plants as Medicines Case Studies: Papaver somniferum Erythroxylum coca Jeffrey Suchard MD FACEP FACMT Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine & Pharmacology Director of Medical Toxicology Department of Emergency Medicine University of California, Irvine Medical Center • After this lecture, medical students should be able to: – Describe the history of drugs derived from the opium poppy (Papaver somiferum) • Identify medical and societal complications of opioid drugs – Describe the history of drugs derived from Erythroxylum coca • Identify medical and societal complications of cocaine Pharmacognosy • Study of medicinal substances of biological origin – primarily from PLANTS • Plant-derived drugs predominated until organic chemistry revolution of the mid- and late-19th century – William Perkin & Mauve Opioids • Opium poppy = Papaver somniferum – “bringer of sleep” • Morphine named after Morpheus – God of sleep Definitions • Opium – Extract of the exudate from cutting seed-pods • Opiate – Naturally-occurring analgesic alkaloids found in opium • Morphine • Codeine = methyl morphine • many others Definitions • Opioid – Agents producing opiate-like effects and/or binding to opioid receptors • Natural: e.g. Endorphin • Semi-synthetic Oxycodone – Chemical modification of opiate » Oxycodone, Heroin • Synthetic – Structurally different from morphine, but have similar effects Fentanyl » Fentanyl, Methadone, Meperidine History of Opium • Referenced in Sumerian texts ~4000 yrs ago – “hul gil” = plant of joy • “Thebacium”
    [Show full text]
  • Uniform Controlled Substances Act
    CHAPTER 19-03.1 UNIFORM CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT 19-03.1-01. Definitions. As used in this chapter and in chapters 19-03.2 and 19-03.4, unless the context otherwise requires: 1. "Administer" means to apply a controlled substance, whether by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or any other means, directly to the body of a patient or research subject by: a. A practitioner or, in the practitioner's presence, by the practitioner's authorized agent; or b. The patient or research subject at the direction and in the presence of the practitioner. 2. "Agent" means an authorized person who acts on behalf of or at the direction of a manufacturer, distributor, or dispenser. It does not include a common or contract carrier, public warehouseman, or employee of the carrier or warehouseman. 3. "Anabolic steroids" means any drug or hormonal substance, chemically and pharmacologically related to testosterone, other than estrogens, progestins, and corticosteroids. 4. "Board" means the state board of pharmacy. 5. "Bureau" means the drug enforcement administration in the United States department of justice or its successor agency. 6. "Controlled substance" means a drug, substance, or immediate precursor in schedules I through V as set out in this chapter. 7. "Controlled substance analog": a. Means a substance the chemical structure of which is substantially similar to the chemical structure of a controlled substance in a schedule I or II and: (1) Which has a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system which is substantially similar to or greater than the stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system of a controlled substance in schedule I or II; or (2) With respect to a particular individual, which the individual represents or intends to have a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system substantially similar to or greater than the stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central nervous system of a controlled substance in schedule I or II.
    [Show full text]
  • Unwashed Poppy Seed
    Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division Drug & Chemical Evaluation Section Unwashed Poppy Seed November 2019 DEA/DC/DO/DOE Introduction for the purposes of perceived “natural” pain relief. Others produce the poppy seed tea from unwashed poppy seeds purely Poppy seeds are a naturally derived product originating to obtain a “high”. Unwashed poppy seeds are a danger to the from a flowering plant known as papaver somniferum (poppy user and their abuse may result in unpredictable outcomes plant). Depending on the methods of harvesting and including death when used alone or in combination with other geographical origin of the plant, unwashed poppy seeds may drugs as reported in the scientific literature. have higher amounts of Schedule II opium alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, and thebaine on their seed coats when Control Status compared to washed poppy seeds. The poppy seeds themselves possess no opium content. Instead, the opium Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 812 of the Controlled Substances Act alkaloids (e.g., morphine, codeine, and thebaine) are found in (CSA), opium poppy, poppy straw, opium and opiates (including the poppy latex, which is a milky white fluid that exudes from the their salts and derivatives) are Schedule II Controlled pod when it is cut. Harvesters, who wish to increase opium Substances. Some examples of such substances include alkaloids contents on the poppy seed coats, make cuts in the morphine, codeine and thebaine. opium pods before they ripen which allows the latex to seep onto the seed coats. Individuals wishing to extract the opium alkaloid However, the definitions of “opium poppy” and “poppy content from unwashed poppy seeds, use the seeds to create a straw” under 21 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Morphine and Variability of Significant Characters of Papaver Somniferum L
    Production of morphine and variability of significant characters of Papaver somniferum L. E. Matyášová1, J. Novák1, I. Stránská1, A. Hejtmánková2, M. Skalický1, K. Hejtmánková2, V. Hejnák1 1Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic ABSTRACT Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is currently an important agricultural commodity, with the product being used in the food industry (seed) as well as in the pharmaceutical industry (morphine and other alkaloids). Intensive production of poppy leads to a specific direction of breeding with the aim to obtain highly productive cultivars of the so-called food industry or industrial type. The paper evaluates 57 genetic resources (mostly cultivars), compar- ing the groups of values representing the indicators of production-significant morphologic and agricultural charac- ters (capsule size; morphine content in poppy straw; weight of dry, empty capsule) and content of morphine in the poppy straw, in relation to the ideotype of poppy, which in these indicators represents 100% of the value. On aver- age lower values in the above indicators were achieved by cultivars with white-coloured seed, including morphine content; concrete data are specified in three cultivars with morphine content in the poppy straw above 0.40%. In blue-seed to grey-seed cultivars, except for the high-morphine cultivar Buddha (1.85% of morphine), we found only six materials with a minimum morphine content of 0.8% in the poppy straw (maximum of 0.92%).
    [Show full text]
  • Variability of Alkaloid Content in Papaver Somniferum L. A
    Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 82, 103 - 107 (2009) Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany Variability of alkaloid content in Papaver somniferum L. A. Dittbrenner, H.-P. Mock, A. Börner, U. Lohwasser (Received August 11, 2008) Summary Actually there exist two contrary breeding aims: the first breeding A total of 300 accessions of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L., for lines with a very high content of alkaloids for medicinal purpose Papaveraceae) of the IPK genebank collection from nearly all over and the opposite aim are lines with very low alkaloid content for the world were cultivated under field conditions in Gatersleben for food production (PRAJAPATI et al., 2002). The aims of this work were morphological and phytochemical characterisation. Altogether 35 at first to investigate the variability of morphological characters as morphological and agronomic characters were collected for all well as the variability of alkaloid content. The second point is to find accessions. Determination of chromosome numbers with flow cyto- out if there is a correlation between morphological and phytochemical metry showed that the accessions of subspecies setigerum are tetra- data and if it is possible to use special morphological characters as a ploid whereas all accessions of the other subspecies are diploid. prediction tool of alkaloid content during breeding process. Composition and content of the five main alkaloids (morphine, co- deine, thebaine, papaverine and noscapine) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Total alkaloid content Materials and methods varied between 683.32 and 25,034.84 µg/g dry matter (first year) Plant material and morphological characterisation and 1,799.49 and 25,338.55 µg/g dry matter in the second year of In total 300 accessions of P.
    [Show full text]