DOCSLIB.ORG

Huanglongbing (HLB) & the Asian Citrus Psyllid

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Huanglongbing (HLB) & the Asian Citrus Psyllid Huanglongbing (HLB) & the Asian Citrus Psyllid Biology, history in Florida and survey tactics Adam J. Silagyi, DPM State Survey Coordinator Florida CAPS Objectives Biology of the Asian citrus psyllid (ASP). Biology of Huanglongbing (HLB). History of HLB & ACP in Florida. Survey history and tactics for both in Florida. Biology of the ACP Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama Photo: Jeff Lotz, DPI Biology of the ACP Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri 9 Adults about 2-3 mm Kuwayama 9 Wings have distinct brownish bars on the top and bottom 9 Antennae with black tip 9 Covered with whitish, waxy secretion 9 Jumping will distinguish them from sluggish aphids Biology of the ACP Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama Photo: Jeff Lotz, DPI Photo: Univ of FL Biology of the ACP Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri 9 Nymphs are small and Kuwayama often difficult to see: (0.25 - 1.7 mm) 9 Color generally green to yellowish-orange with no abdominal spots 9 Psyllid nymphs have large wing pads. Photo: Univ of FL Biology of the ACP 9 Eggs are 0.3 mm long, elongated, football shaped. 9 Deposited on new flush with the long axis vertical to Psyllid eggs on petiole surface. 9 Color begins as pale then to yellow and finally to orange as they reach maturity. Biology of the ACP 9 Females lay around 800 eggs during lifetime. 9 Eggs laid on tips of new growth and between unfurling leaves. 9 Eggs hatch in 2-4 days. 9 Optimum developmental temperature 25-28 ºC. 9 Five nymphal instars completed in 11-15 days. Catling, 1970. Adult female and nymphal instars Biology of the ACP 9 Life cycle from 15 to 47 days. 9 Adults can live several months. 9 Nine to 10 generations/year. 9 No diapause Catling, 1970. Adult female and nymphal instars Biology of the ACP 9 Life cycle from 15 to 47 days. Mean number of adult psyllids per trap 9 Adults can live several months. 30 Fort Pierce 9 Nine to 10 generations/year. 20 9 No diapause 10 Psyllids are found year 0 round in Florida, however 30 Vero Beach populations fluctuate. The 20 graph to the right gives an 10 example of peaking 0 population levels through 1/1 3/1 5/1 7/1 9/1 the year. Date USDA-ARS Asian citrus psyllid damage 9 Asian citrus psyllids are restricted to citrus and closely related Rutaceae. 9 A preferred host is Murraya paniculata (Orange Jasmine), an ornamental that is widely grown in southern Florida. Photo: Susan Halbert, DPI Citrus sp. Asian citrus psyllid damage 9 Asian citrus psyllids are restricted to citrus and closely related Rutaceae. 9 A preferred host is Murraya Photo: Stephen M. Garnsey paniculata (Orange Jasmine), an ornamental that is widely grown in southern Florida. Orange jasmine: Murraya paniculata Asian citrus psyllid damage Many times psyllids will not be present, but evidence of the feeding can still be found. The notch is a result of prior feeding by the psyllid. Mason, 2005 Mason, 2005 Asian citrus psyllid damage 9 Large amounts of honeydew 9 Moderate amounts of leaf distortion 9 Notched and curled leaves 9 In dry weather observations of curled waxy secretions from nymphs Photo: Susan Halbert, DPI African citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae) 9 Only on Citrus and citrus relatives 9 Possibly cause more direct damage than D. citri. 9 Damage looks like early stages of scab 9 Not in Western Catling 1968. andAnnecke, Hemisphere; yet! African citrus psyllid 9 Only on Citrus and Photo: Stephen M. Garnsey citrus relatives 9 Possibly cause more direct damage than D. citri. 9 Damage looks like early stages of scab 9 Not in Western Hemisphere; yet! (Trioza erytreae) African citrus psyllid 9 Only on Citrus and Photo: Stephen M. Garnsey citrus relatives 9 Possibly cause more direct damage than D. citri. 9 Damage looks like early stages of scab 9 Not in Western Hemisphere; yet! Discovery of the Asian citrus psyllid Ellen Tannehill, DPI Inspector Discovery of the Asian citrus psyllid 9After Asian citrus psyllid colonized SE Florida (red), it moved on Murraya paniculata to other counties very rapidly via the retail & discount nurseries industry. 9D. citri now found all over the State. DiaphorinaDiaphorina citricitri hosts:hosts: (Adapted(Adapted fromfrom HalbertHalbert andand Manjunath,Manjunath, 2004)2004) Aegle marmelos (L.) Clausena indica Oliver Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Afraegle gabonensis Engl. Eremocitrus glauca (Lindley) Swingle Afraegle paniculata (Schaum.) Engl. Eremocitrus hybrid Atalantia missionis Oliver Fortunella crassifolia Swingle Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr. Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle Atalantia sp. Fortunella polyandra (Ridley) Tanaka Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf Fortunella spp., Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman Limonia acidissima L. Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.)Swingle & Kellerm. Merrillia caloxylon (Ridley) Swingle Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Microcitrus australasica (F.J. Muell.) Swingle Citrus aurantium L. Microcitrus australis (Planch.) Swingle Citrus deliciosa Tenore Microcitrus papuana H.F. Winters Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (C. maxima) Microcitrus sp. ‘Sidney’ Citrus hystrix DC. Murraya exotica L. Citrus jambhiri Lushington Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Citrus madurensis Loar. Naringi crenulata (Royb.) Nicholson Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Pamburus missionis (Wight) Swingle Citrus medica L. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Citrus meyeri Tan Severinia buxifolia (Poiret) Ten. Citrus x nobilis Lour. Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. Citrus obovoidea Hort. ex Tanaka cv ‘Kinkoji’ Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam Citrus x paradisi Macfad. Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson Citrus reticulata Blanco Vepris lanceolata G. Don Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Aubert Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.. Citrus spp. Apparent non-hosts: Clausena anisum-olens Merrill Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. Clausena excavata Burm Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck - removed LiberibacterLiberibacter hosts:hosts: (Adapted(Adapted from from Halbert Halbert and and Manjunath, Manjunath, 2004) 2004) Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle Citrus oto Hort. ex Tanaka Atalantia missionis Oliver Citrus x paradisi Macfad. Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf. Citrus reticulata Blanco Calodendrum capensis Thunb. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka X Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore Citrus unshiu (Mack.) Marc Citrus amblycarpa Ochse Clausena indica Oliver Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Citrus aurantium L. Cuscuta australis R. Br. (Convolvulaceae, Citrus depressa Hayata Cuscutaceae)) Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck Fortunella spp. Citrus hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka Limonia acidissima L. Citrus hystrix DC. Microcitrus australasica (F. J. Muell.) Swingle Citrus ichangensis Swingle Murraya koenigii (L.) Citrus jambhiri Lushington Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Citrus kabuchi Hort. ex Tanaka Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Toddalia lanceolata Lam Citrus × limonia Osbeck Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson Citrus x nobilis Lour. ‘Ortanique’ Possible non-hosts: Citrus maxima (pummelo/shaddock) Citrus indica Tanaka Citrus x nobilis Lour. Citrus limetta Risso Citrus macroptera Montrons Movement of pathogen & vector 9 Citrus & ornamentals 9 Potted plants Pot Movement of pathogen & vector 9 Citrus & ornamentals 9 Potted plants 9 Flight distance??? 9 Safe isolation distance for budwood production? Movement of pathogen & vector 9 Citrus & ornamentals 9 Potted plants r=4750 ft 9 Flight distance??? r=1900 ft 9 Safe isolation distance for budwood production? 9Canker arc = 1900 ft or 260 acres 9Psyllid arc* = 4750 ft or 1,627 acres (6.25x larger) *Data based on African citrus psyllid Biology of Huanglongbing Symptoms of HLB in pummelo, Florida City Biology of Huanglongbing 9 Candidatus Liberibacter sp. 9 Candidatus L. africanus 9 Candidatus L. asiaticus 9 Candidatus L. americanus 9 Phloem-limited bacteria 9 Never cultured on artificial media 9 Causes symptoms easily confused with abiotic disorders, i.e., nutrition. Photo: Susan Halbert Greening in commercial sweet orange Biology of Huanglongbing 9 Asian: warmer climates, transmitted primarily by Asian citrus psyllid (now in FL) 9 African: cooler climates, transmitted primarily by African citrus psyllid 9 American: the third species was found in Brazil in 2004 9 Both psyllids can transmit Asian and African greening. Photo: Susan Halbert Greening in commercial sweet orange Psyllid feeds on Psyllids acquire Bacteria multiply infected citrus bacteria in psyllid for at least 15-30 min, feed % of population carrying bacteria Circumstantial evidence in phloem tissues can be small, varies from <1% to 40% Latent period for transmission 8-12 days Pathogen in haemolymph and salivary glands Full blown HLB syndrome on host plant Life cycle of Psyllid feeds on Yellow shoot syndrome healthy citrus Irregular leaf mottle and chlorosis Huanglongbing Prefer new flush Zn deficiency mimic Root degeneration (HLB) Poor fruiting, misshapen fruits, seed abortion (aka Citrus Greening) Defoliation and dieback Feeding process in Vector: Diaphorina citri phloem Pathogen: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transmits bacteria Estimated feeding time to transmit varies from 30 min to 5-7 hrs, Symptoms commence in host Only nymphs 4- 5 & adults transmit Can take 1-3 years to manifest 1-80% single insect transmission rate Infected young plants express more quickly Bacteria spread Earliest detection
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A History of Fruits on the Southeast Asian Mainland
    OFFPRINT A history of fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation Cambridge, UK E-mail: [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm Occasional Paper 4 Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past Edited by Toshiki OSADA and Akinori UESUGI Indus Project Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan 2008 ISBN 978-4-902325-33-1 A history of Fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland A history of fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation Cambridge, UK E-mail: [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm ABSTRACT The paper presents an overview of the history of the principal tree fruits grown on the Southeast Asian mainland, making use of data from biogeography, archaeobotany, iconography and linguistics. Many assertions in the literature about the origins of particular species are found to be without empirical basis. In the absence of other data, comparative linguistics is an important source for tracing the spread of some fruits. Contrary to the Pacific, it seems that many of the fruits we now consider characteristic of the region may well have spread in recent times. INTRODUCTION empirical base for Pacific languages is not matched for mainland phyla such as Austroasiatic, Daic, Sino- This study 1) is intended to complement a previous Tibetan or Hmong-Mien, so accounts based purely paper on the history of tree-fruits in island Southeast on Austronesian tend to give a one-sided picture. Asia and the Pacific (Blench 2005). Arboriculture Although occasional detailed accounts of individual is very neglected in comparison to other types of languages exist (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
    Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang
    [Show full text]
  • Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA § 301.76–2
    Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA § 301.76–2 that the Administrator determines is or any State, territory, or possession of likely to persist for the foreseeable fu- the United States. ture. [75 FR 34332, June 17, 2010, as amended at 77 Inspector. An individual authorized FR 59712, Oct. 1, 2012] by the Administrator to perform the duties required under this subpart. § 301.76–2 Regulated articles for Asian Interstate. From any State into or citrus psyllid and citrus greening. through any other State. The following are regulated articles Limited permit. A document issued by for Asian citrus psyllid and citrus an inspector or person operating under greening: a compliance agreement to allow the (a) All plants and plant parts (includ- interstate movement of regulated arti- ing leaves), except fruit, of: Aegle cles to a specified destination, for spec- marmelos, Aeglopsis chevalieri, Afraegle ified handling, processing, or utiliza- gabonensis, A. paniculata, Amyris tion. madrensis, Atalantia spp. (including Moved (move, movement). Shipped, of- Atalantia monophylla), Balsamocitrus fered for shipment, received for trans- dawei, Bergera (=Murraya) koenigii, portation, transported, carried (wheth- Calodendrum capense, Choisya ternate, C. er on one’s person or by any other arizonica, X Citroncirus webberi, Citropsis means of conveyance), or allowed to be articulata, Citropsis gilletiana, Citrus moved, shipped, transported, or car- madurensis (= X Citrofortunella ried. For the purposes of this subpart, microcarpa), Citrus spp., Clausena movements include any type of ship- anisum-olens, C. excavata, C. indica, C. ment, including mail and Internet lansium, Eremocitrus glauca, Eremocitrus commerce. hybrid, Esenbeckia berlandieri, Nursery. Any commercial location Fortunella spp., Limonia acidissima, where nursery stock is grown, propa- Merrillia caloxylon, Microcitrus gated, stored, maintained, or sold, or australasica, M.
    [Show full text]
  • California Department of Food and Agriculture
    CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AMENDMENT TO THE PROCLAMATION OF AN EMERGENCY PROGRAM AGAINST THE HUANGLONGBING DISEASE FOR COMMUNITIES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY Between March 30, 2012 to May 27, 2021, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) confirmed the presence of the causative bacterial agent of the citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus tree tissue collected in the cities of Cerritos, Compton, Duarte, El Monte, Hacienda Heights, La Mirada, La Puente, Lakewood, Long Beach, Montebello, Norwalk, Paramount, Pico Rivera, Rosemead, San Gabriel, Temple City, and Whittier in Los Angeles County. HLB is a devastating disease of citrus and is spread through feeding action by populations of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. In order to determine the extent of the infestation, and to define an appropriate response area, additional surveys took place for several days over a 250-meter radius area, centered on the detection sites. Based on the results of the surveys, implementation of the CDFA’s ACP and HLB emergency response strategies are necessary for eradication and control. The Proclamation of Emergency Program and associated Notice of Treatment are valid until May 27, 2022, which is the amount of time necessary to determine that the treatment was successful. HLB is considered the most devastating disease of citrus in the world. In the United States, HLB’s unchecked spread in Florida starting in 2006 resulted in devastating impacts on the environment and economy. Symptoms of HLB include yellow shoots with mottling and chlorosis of the leaves, misshapen fruit, fruit that does not fully color, and fruit that has a very bitter taste, which makes it unfit for human consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Temperature on Germination of Citrus Macroptera, Citrus Latipes and Citrus Indica Seeds *Anamika Upadhaya, Shiva S
    ISSN. 0972 - 8406 The NEHU Journal Vol. XVII, No. 1 (January - June) and No. 2 (July - December) 2019, pp. 12-20 Effect of temperature on germination of Citrus macroptera, Citrus latipes and Citrus indica seeds *Anamika Upadhaya, Shiva S. Chaturvedi, Brajesh K. Tiwari and Dibyendu Paul Department of Environmental Studies, North Eastern Hill University Umshing, Meghalaya, India – 793022 *Corresponding author : [email protected] Abstract Seeds are an important means of propagation of Citrus species. Seeds of three wild Citrus namely; Citrus macroptera Montrouz., Citrus latipes (Swingle) Tanaka and Citrus indica Tanaka were germinated at 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C temperature to observe the effect of temperature on germination. Mean germination time and percentage seed germinated were recorded and used to determine optimum temperature for germination. Viability of seeds determined using chemical and germination tests yielded similar results. Optimum temperature for germination was found to be 28°C for C. macroptera and C. latipes and 26°C for C. indica. Keywords: Germination, wild, C. macroptera, C. latipes, C. indica, Meghalaya Introduction Citrus has been domesticated since ancient times, and where ‘natural’ populations are located, it is often difficult to determine whether they represent wild ancestors or are derived from naturalized forms of introduced varieties. Though relatively rare in wild, Citrus are mostly found as scattered trees in primary forests in remote areas rather than as pure stands. In India, a vast reservoir of Citrus diversity exists both in wild and in cultivated forms. North-eastern India is considered as natural home of many Citrus species with wide occurrence of indigenous species like C.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Variability of Peel and Leaf Essential Oils in the Citrus Subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and Relatives
    Chemical variability of peel and leaf essential oils in the Citrus subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and relatives Clémentine Baccati, Marc Gibernau, Mathieu Paoli, Patrick Ollitrault, Félix Tomi, François Luro To cite this version: Clémentine Baccati, Marc Gibernau, Mathieu Paoli, Patrick Ollitrault, Félix Tomi, et al.. Chemical variability of peel and leaf essential oils in the Citrus subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and relatives. Plants, MDPI, 2021, 10 (6), pp.1117. 10.3390/plants10061117. hal-03262123 HAL Id: hal-03262123 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03262123 Submitted on 16 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Chemical variability of peel and leaf essential oils in the Citrus subgenus Papeda (Swingle) and relatives Clémentine Baccati 1, Marc Gibernau 1, Mathieu Paoli 1, Patrick Ollitrault 2,3, Félix Tomi 1, * and François Luro 2 1 Université de Corse-CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Route des Sanguinaires, 20000 Ajaccio, France; [email protected] (C.B.) ; [email protected] (M.G.) ; [email protected] (M.P.) ; [email protected] (F.T.) 2 UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro – 20230, San Giuliano, France 3 CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-20230 San Giuliano, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; tel.:+33-495-52-4122.
    [Show full text]
  • Amendment 02 to the Notice of Treatment for the Asian
    CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL NOTICE FOR THE CITIES OF KERN COUNTY PLEASE READ IMMEDIATELY THE NOTICE OF TREATMENT FOR THE ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID Between September 16, 2020 to October 30, 2020 the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) confirmed the presence of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a harmful exotic pest in the cities of Arvin, Bakersfield, Edmundson Acres, Fuller Acres, Lamont, Maricopa, Mettler, Rosedale, and Weedpatch in Kern County. This detection indicate that a breeding population exists in the area. The devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB) is spread by the feeding action of ACP. The ACP infestation is sufficiently isolated and localized to be amenable to the CDFA’s ACP treatment work plan. A Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR) has been certified which analyzes the ACP treatment program in accordance with Public Resources Code, Sections 21000 et seq. The PEIR is available at http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/peir/. The treatment activities described below are consistent with the PEIR. In accordance with integrated pest management principles, CDFA has evaluated possible treatment methods and determined that there are no physical, cultural, or biological control methods available to eliminate the ACP from this area. Notice of Treatment is valid until October 30, 2021, which is the amount of time necessary to determine that the treatment was successful. The treatment plan for the ACP infestation will be implemented within a 50 to 400-meter radius of the ACP detection(s), as follows: • Tempo® SC Ultra (cyfluthrin), a contact insecticide for controlling the adults and nymphs of ACP, will be applied from the ground using hydraulic spray equipment to the foliage of host plants; and • Merit® 2F or CoreTect™ (imidacloprid), a systemic insecticide for controlling the immature life stages of ACP, will be applied to the soil underneath host plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Domestic Quarantine Order Huang Long Bing (Citrus Greening)
    FEDERAL DOMESTIC QUARANTINE ORDER HUANG LONG BING (CITRUS GREENING) The purpose and goal of this order is to prevent the spread of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus through regulatory authority provided by Section 412(a) of the Plant Protection Act of June 20, 2000, as amended, 7 U.S.C. 7712(a), which authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to prohibit or restrict the movement in interstate commerce of any plant, plant part, or article if the Secretary determines that the prohibition or restriction is necessary to prevent the dissemination of a plant pest within the United States. The Administrator of APHIS considers it necessary, in order to prevent the dissemination of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, to establish restrictions on the interstate movement of nursery stock from regulated areas in Florida as described in this Federal Order. Huanglongbing, (HLB), or citrus greening, a highly injurious disease of citrus caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, was first detected in Miami-Dade County, Florida. On September 16, 2005, APHIS imposed restrictions on the interstate movement of all Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus host plant material, and Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) host plant material, from within the quarantined area, in order to prevent the artificial spread of this disease (see attached memorandum to STATE AND TERRITORY AGRICULTURAL REGULATORY OFFICIALS, DA#2005-30; also found at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ep/citrus_greening/pdf_files/spro2005-30.pdf) Regulated Articles: Hosts of Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus). The following hosts are prohibited to be shipped or moved outside the quarantine area, including all live plants, budwood, and cuttings of: Aeglopsis chevalieri, Balsamocitrus dawei, Calodendrum capense, x Citrofortunella microcarpa, × Citroncirus webberi, Citrus spp., Clausena indica, C.
    [Show full text]
  • Limau Purut. the Story of Lime-Leaves (Citrus Hystrix DC, Rutaceae)?
    Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 54 (2002) 185-197. Limau Hantu and Limau Purut. the Story of Lime-Leaves (Citrus hystrix DC, Rutaceae)? D. J. MABBERLEY Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, University of Leiden, The Netherlands; Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney 2000, Australia* Abstract Limau purut (Citrus hystrix DC), cultivated throughout SE Asia, appears to be a selected form of the wild limau hantu (C. macroptera Montr., i.e. C. auraria Michel), though its earliest scientific name may be C. fusca Lour. Complete synonymy with types is presented in a provisional arrangement of 'wild' plants and cultivars. Suggestions for further work on C. hystrix and its relations with other cultivated citrus are made. X Citroncirus is formally reduced to Citrus and a new name proposed for the citrange root-stock, Citrus x insitorum Mabb. A diagram of the relationships through hybridity of cultivated citrus is presented. Introduction Characteristic of Thai cooking, worldwide, are lime-leaves (limau purut, Citrus hystrix DC), chopped fine better to release their oils. The fruits are not used for food, because, unlike those of species and hybrids placed in 'subg. Citrus', those of C. hystrix and other species placed in 'subgen. Papeda (Hassk.) Swingle' are almost inedible due to the acrid oil in the vesicles surrounding the seeds (Mabberley, 1997). They have been used medicinally, and in Sri Lanka the English name is leech-lime because they are used as a leech-repellent. In the Malay Peninsula the fruits were a soap substitute and sold for this purpose (Burkill, 1931), a practice still prevalent in Cambodia (Boeun Sok, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, pers.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus from Seed?
    Which citrus fruits will come true to type Orogrande, Tomatera, Fina, Nour, Hernandina, Clementard.) from seed? Ellendale Tom McClendon writes in Hardy Citrus Encore for the South East: Fortune Fremont (50% monoembryonic) “Most common citrus such as oranges, Temple grapefruit, lemons and most mandarins Ugli Umatilla are polyembryonic and will come true to Wilking type. Because most citrus have this trait, Highly polyembryonic citrus types : will mostly hybridization can be very difficult to produce nucellar polyembryonic seeds that will grow true to type. achieve…. This unique characteristic Citrus × aurantiifolia Mexican lime (Key lime, West allows amateurs to grow citrus from seed, Indian lime) something you can’t do with, say, Citrus × insitorum (×Citroncirus webberii) Citranges, such as Rusk, Troyer etc. apples.” [12*] Citrus × jambhiri ‘Rough lemon’, ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Otaheite’ lime Monoembryonic (don’t come true) Citrus × limettioides Palestine lime (Indian sweet lime) Citrus × microcarpa ‘Calamondin’ Meyer Lemon Citrus × paradisi Grapefruit (Marsh, Star Ruby, Nagami Kumquat Redblush, Chironja, Smooth Flat Seville) Marumi Kumquat Citrus × sinensis Sweet oranges (Blonde, navel and Pummelos blood oranges) Temple Tangor Citrus amblycarpa 'Nasnaran' mandarin Clementine Mandarin Citrus depressa ‘Shekwasha’ mandarin Citrus karna ‘Karna’, ‘Khatta’ Poncirus Trifoliata Citrus kinokuni ‘Kishu mandarin’ Citrus lycopersicaeformis ‘Kokni’ or ‘Monkey mandarin’ Polyembryonic (come true) Citrus macrophylla ‘Alemow’ Most Oranges Citrus reshni ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin Changshou Kumquat Citrus sunki (Citrus reticulata var. austera) Sour mandarin Meiwa Kumquat (mostly polyembryonic) Citrus trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata) Trifoliate orange Most Satsumas and Tangerines The following mandarin varieties are polyembryonic: Most Lemons Dancy Most Limes Emperor Grapefruits Empress Tangelos Fairchild Kinnow Highly monoembryonic citrus types: Mediterranean (Avana, Tardivo di Ciaculli) Will produce zygotic monoembryonic seeds that will not Naartje come true to type.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material for RUSSELL, DYRANA N., JAWWAD A
    Supplementary Material for RUSSELL, DYRANA N., JAWWAD A. QURESHI, SUSAN E. HALBERT AND PHILIP A. STANSLY−Host Suitability of Citrus and Zanthoxylum Spp. for Leuronota fagarae and Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Florida Entomologist 97(4) (December 2014) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse Corresponding author: Dr. J. A. Qureshi University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC) 2685 SR 29N, Immokalee, Fl 34142, USA Phone: (239) 658-3400 Fax: (239) 658-3469 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Leuronota fagarae Burckhardt (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), an exotic psyllid described from South America, was first observed in 2001on a citrus relative Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. (Sapindales: Rutaceae) in southern Florida. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) is principal vector of the bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter spp.’ causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease. Both vector and disease are now well established in Florida and also reported throughout the Americas and Asia. The host range of D. citri is limited to citrus and some rutaceous relatives. Additional vectors and host plants could accelerate spread of HLB in citrus and threaten endangered species such as Zanthoxylum coriaceum A. Rich. and Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl. Experiments were conducted to evaluate adult survival, reproduction and nymphal development of psyllids on 3 Citrus and 4 Zanthoxylum species as well as orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (Syn. M. exotica) (Sapindales: Rutaceae), a common ornamental and preferred host of D. citri. Leuronota fagarae in single male−female pairs at 24 °C lived an average 4-47 days, 4-12 fold longer on Zanthoxylum spp. (except Z. flavum) than on citrus.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Phenolic Compounds Produced in Citrus
    USDA ??:-Z7 S rveyof Phenolic United States Department of Agriculture C mpounds Produced IliIIiI Agricultural Research In Citrus Service Technical Bulletin Number 1856 December 1998 United States Department of Agriculture Survey of Phenolic Compounds Agricultural Produced in Citrus Research Service Mark Berhow, Brent Tisserat, Katherine Kanes, and Carl Vandercook Technical Bulletin Number 1856 December 1998 This research project was conducted at USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Fruit and Vegetable Chem­ istry laboratory, Pasadena, California, where Berhow was a research chemist, TIsserat was a research geneticist, Kanes was a research associate, and Vandercook, now retired, was a research chemist. Berhow and Tisserat now work at the USDA-ARS National Center for AgriCUltural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, where Berhow is a research chemist and Tisserat is a research geneticist. Abstract Berhow, M., B. Tisserat, K. Kanes, and C. Vandercook. 1998. Survey of Mention of trade names or companies in this publication is solely for the Phenolic Compounds Produced in Citrus. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommenda­ Agricultural Research Service, Technical Bulletin No. 1856, 158 pp. tion or endorsement by the U. S. Department ofAgriculture over others not mentioned. A survey of phenolic compounds, especially flavanones and flavone and flavonol compounds, using high pressure liquid chromatography was While supplies last, single copies of this publication may be obtained at no performed in Rutaceae, subfamily Aurantioideae, representing 5 genera, cost from- 35 species, and 114 cultivars. The average number of peaks, or phenolic USDA, ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research compounds, occurring in citrus leaf, flavedo, albedo, and juice vesicles 1815 North University Street were 21, 17, 15, and 9.3, respectively.
    [Show full text]