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Huanglongbing (HLB) & the Asian Citrus Psyllid

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Huanglongbing (HLB) & the Asian Citrus Psyllid Biology, history in Florida and survey tactics Adam J. Silagyi, DPM State Survey Coordinator Florida CAPS Objectives Biology of the Asian citrus psyllid (ASP). Biology of Huanglongbing (HLB). History of HLB & ACP in Florida. Survey history and tactics for both in Florida. Biology of the ACP Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama Photo: Jeff Lotz, DPI Biology of the ACP Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri 9 Adults about 2-3 mm Kuwayama 9 Wings have distinct brownish bars on the top and bottom 9 Antennae with black tip 9 Covered with whitish, waxy secretion 9 Jumping will distinguish them from sluggish aphids Biology of the ACP Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama Photo: Jeff Lotz, DPI Photo: Univ of FL Biology of the ACP Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri 9 Nymphs are small and Kuwayama often difficult to see: (0.25 - 1.7 mm) 9 Color generally green to yellowish-orange with no abdominal spots 9 Psyllid nymphs have large wing pads. Photo: Univ of FL Biology of the ACP 9 Eggs are 0.3 mm long, elongated, football shaped. 9 Deposited on new flush with the long axis vertical to Psyllid eggs on petiole surface. 9 Color begins as pale then to yellow and finally to orange as they reach maturity. Biology of the ACP 9 Females lay around 800 eggs during lifetime. 9 Eggs laid on tips of new growth and between unfurling leaves. 9 Eggs hatch in 2-4 days. 9 Optimum developmental temperature 25-28 ºC. 9 Five nymphal instars completed in 11-15 days. Catling, 1970. Adult female and nymphal instars Biology of the ACP 9 Life cycle from 15 to 47 days. 9 Adults can live several months. 9 Nine to 10 generations/year. 9 No diapause Catling, 1970. Adult female and nymphal instars Biology of the ACP 9 Life cycle from 15 to 47 days. Mean number of adult psyllids per trap 9 Adults can live several months. 30 Fort Pierce 9 Nine to 10 generations/year. 20 9 No diapause 10 Psyllids are found year 0 round in Florida, however 30 Vero Beach populations fluctuate. The 20 graph to the right gives an 10 example of peaking 0 population levels through 1/1 3/1 5/1 7/1 9/1 the year. Date USDA-ARS Asian citrus psyllid damage 9 Asian citrus psyllids are restricted to citrus and closely related Rutaceae. 9 A preferred host is Murraya paniculata (Orange Jasmine), an ornamental that is widely grown in southern Florida. Photo: Susan Halbert, DPI Citrus sp. Asian citrus psyllid damage 9 Asian citrus psyllids are restricted to citrus and closely related Rutaceae. 9 A preferred host is Murraya Photo: Stephen M. Garnsey paniculata (Orange Jasmine), an ornamental that is widely grown in southern Florida. Orange jasmine: Murraya paniculata Asian citrus psyllid damage Many times psyllids will not be present, but evidence of the feeding can still be found. The notch is a result of prior feeding by the psyllid. Mason, 2005 Mason, 2005 Asian citrus psyllid damage 9 Large amounts of honeydew 9 Moderate amounts of leaf distortion 9 Notched and curled leaves 9 In dry weather observations of curled waxy secretions from nymphs Photo: Susan Halbert, DPI African citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae) 9 Only on Citrus and citrus relatives 9 Possibly cause more direct damage than D. citri. 9 Damage looks like early stages of scab 9 Not in Western Catling 1968. andAnnecke, Hemisphere; yet! African citrus psyllid 9 Only on Citrus and Photo: Stephen M. Garnsey citrus relatives 9 Possibly cause more direct damage than D. citri. 9 Damage looks like early stages of scab 9 Not in Western Hemisphere; yet! (Trioza erytreae) African citrus psyllid 9 Only on Citrus and Photo: Stephen M. Garnsey citrus relatives 9 Possibly cause more direct damage than D. citri. 9 Damage looks like early stages of scab 9 Not in Western Hemisphere; yet! Discovery of the Asian citrus psyllid Ellen Tannehill, DPI Inspector Discovery of the Asian citrus psyllid 9After Asian citrus psyllid colonized SE Florida (red), it moved on Murraya paniculata to other counties very rapidly via the retail & discount nurseries industry. 9D. citri now found all over the State. DiaphorinaDiaphorina citricitri hosts:hosts: (Adapted(Adapted fromfrom HalbertHalbert andand Manjunath,Manjunath, 2004)2004) Aegle marmelos (L.) Clausena indica Oliver Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Afraegle gabonensis Engl. Eremocitrus glauca (Lindley) Swingle Afraegle paniculata (Schaum.) Engl. Eremocitrus hybrid Atalantia missionis Oliver Fortunella crassifolia Swingle Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr. Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle Atalantia sp. Fortunella polyandra (Ridley) Tanaka Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf Fortunella spp., Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman Limonia acidissima L. Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.)Swingle & Kellerm. Merrillia caloxylon (Ridley) Swingle Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Microcitrus australasica (F.J. Muell.) Swingle Citrus aurantium L. Microcitrus australis (Planch.) Swingle Citrus deliciosa Tenore Microcitrus papuana H.F. Winters Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (C. maxima) Microcitrus sp. ‘Sidney’ Citrus hystrix DC. Murraya exotica L. Citrus jambhiri Lushington Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Citrus madurensis Loar. Naringi crenulata (Royb.) Nicholson Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. Pamburus missionis (Wight) Swingle Citrus medica L. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Citrus meyeri Tan Severinia buxifolia (Poiret) Ten. Citrus x nobilis Lour. Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. Citrus obovoidea Hort. ex Tanaka cv ‘Kinkoji’ Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam Citrus x paradisi Macfad. Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson Citrus reticulata Blanco Vepris lanceolata G. Don Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Aubert Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg.. Citrus spp. Apparent non-hosts: Clausena anisum-olens Merrill Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. Clausena excavata Burm Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamarck - removed LiberibacterLiberibacter hosts:hosts: (Adapted(Adapted from from Halbert Halbert and and Manjunath, Manjunath, 2004) 2004) Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle Citrus oto Hort. ex Tanaka Atalantia missionis Oliver Citrus x paradisi Macfad. Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf. Citrus reticulata Blanco Calodendrum capensis Thunb. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka X Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore Citrus unshiu (Mack.) Marc Citrus amblycarpa Ochse Clausena indica Oliver Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels Citrus aurantium L. Cuscuta australis R. Br. (Convolvulaceae, Citrus depressa Hayata Cuscutaceae)) Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck Fortunella spp. Citrus hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka Limonia acidissima L. Citrus hystrix DC. Microcitrus australasica (F. J. Muell.) Swingle Citrus ichangensis Swingle Murraya koenigii (L.) Citrus jambhiri Lushington Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Citrus kabuchi Hort. ex Tanaka Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. Citrus limon (L.) Burm. Toddalia lanceolata Lam Citrus × limonia Osbeck Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson Citrus x nobilis Lour. ‘Ortanique’ Possible non-hosts: Citrus maxima (pummelo/shaddock) Citrus indica Tanaka Citrus x nobilis Lour. Citrus limetta Risso Citrus macroptera Montrons Movement of pathogen & vector 9 Citrus & ornamentals 9 Potted plants Pot Movement of pathogen & vector 9 Citrus & ornamentals 9 Potted plants 9 Flight distance??? 9 Safe isolation distance for budwood production? Movement of pathogen & vector 9 Citrus & ornamentals 9 Potted plants r=4750 ft 9 Flight distance??? r=1900 ft 9 Safe isolation distance for budwood production? 9Canker arc = 1900 ft or 260 acres 9Psyllid arc* = 4750 ft or 1,627 acres (6.25x larger) *Data based on African citrus psyllid Biology of Huanglongbing Symptoms of HLB in pummelo, Florida City Biology of Huanglongbing 9 Candidatus Liberibacter sp. 9 Candidatus L. africanus 9 Candidatus L. asiaticus 9 Candidatus L. americanus 9 Phloem-limited bacteria 9 Never cultured on artificial media 9 Causes symptoms easily confused with abiotic disorders, i.e., nutrition. Photo: Susan Halbert Greening in commercial sweet orange Biology of Huanglongbing 9 Asian: warmer climates, transmitted primarily by Asian citrus psyllid (now in FL) 9 African: cooler climates, transmitted primarily by African citrus psyllid 9 American: the third species was found in Brazil in 2004 9 Both psyllids can transmit Asian and African greening. Photo: Susan Halbert Greening in commercial sweet orange Psyllid feeds on Psyllids acquire Bacteria multiply infected citrus bacteria in psyllid for at least 15-30 min, feed % of population carrying bacteria Circumstantial evidence in phloem tissues can be small, varies from <1% to 40% Latent period for transmission 8-12 days Pathogen in haemolymph and salivary glands Full blown HLB syndrome on host plant Life cycle of Psyllid feeds on Yellow shoot syndrome healthy citrus Irregular leaf mottle and chlorosis Huanglongbing Prefer new flush Zn deficiency mimic Root degeneration (HLB) Poor fruiting, misshapen fruits, seed abortion (aka Citrus Greening) Defoliation and dieback Feeding process in Vector: Diaphorina citri phloem Pathogen: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transmits bacteria Estimated feeding time to transmit varies from 30 min to 5-7 hrs, Symptoms commence in host Only nymphs 4- 5 & adults transmit Can take 1-3 years to manifest 1-80% single insect transmission rate Infected young plants express more quickly Bacteria spread Earliest detection
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    Supplementary Material for RUSSELL, DYRANA N., JAWWAD A. QURESHI, SUSAN E. HALBERT AND PHILIP A. STANSLY−Host Suitability of Citrus and Zanthoxylum Spp. for Leuronota fagarae and Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Florida Entomologist 97(4) (December 2014) at http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/entomologist/browse Corresponding author: Dr. J. A. Qureshi University of Florida/IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center (SWFREC) 2685 SR 29N, Immokalee, Fl 34142, USA Phone: (239) 658-3400 Fax: (239) 658-3469 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Leuronota fagarae Burckhardt (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), an exotic psyllid described from South America, was first observed in 2001on a citrus relative Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. (Sapindales: Rutaceae) in southern Florida. Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) is principal vector of the bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter spp.’ causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease. Both vector and disease are now well established in Florida and also reported throughout the Americas and Asia. The host range of D. citri is limited to citrus and some rutaceous relatives. Additional vectors and host plants could accelerate spread of HLB in citrus and threaten endangered species such as Zanthoxylum coriaceum A. Rich. and Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl. Experiments were conducted to evaluate adult survival, reproduction and nymphal development of psyllids on 3 Citrus and 4 Zanthoxylum species as well as orange jasmine, Murraya paniculata (Syn. M. exotica) (Sapindales: Rutaceae), a common ornamental and preferred host of D. citri. Leuronota fagarae in single male−female pairs at 24 °C lived an average 4-47 days, 4-12 fold longer on Zanthoxylum spp. (except Z. flavum) than on citrus.
  • Survey of Phenolic Compounds Produced in Citrus

    Survey of Phenolic Compounds Produced in Citrus

    USDA ??:-Z7 S rveyof Phenolic United States Department of Agriculture C mpounds Produced IliIIiI Agricultural Research In Citrus Service Technical Bulletin Number 1856 December 1998 United States Department of Agriculture Survey of Phenolic Compounds Agricultural Produced in Citrus Research Service Mark Berhow, Brent Tisserat, Katherine Kanes, and Carl Vandercook Technical Bulletin Number 1856 December 1998 This research project was conducted at USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Fruit and Vegetable Chem­ istry laboratory, Pasadena, California, where Berhow was a research chemist, TIsserat was a research geneticist, Kanes was a research associate, and Vandercook, now retired, was a research chemist. Berhow and Tisserat now work at the USDA-ARS National Center for AgriCUltural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, where Berhow is a research chemist and Tisserat is a research geneticist. Abstract Berhow, M., B. Tisserat, K. Kanes, and C. Vandercook. 1998. Survey of Mention of trade names or companies in this publication is solely for the Phenolic Compounds Produced in Citrus. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommenda­ Agricultural Research Service, Technical Bulletin No. 1856, 158 pp. tion or endorsement by the U. S. Department ofAgriculture over others not mentioned. A survey of phenolic compounds, especially flavanones and flavone and flavonol compounds, using high pressure liquid chromatography was While supplies last, single copies of this publication may be obtained at no performed in Rutaceae, subfamily Aurantioideae, representing 5 genera, cost from- 35 species, and 114 cultivars. The average number of peaks, or phenolic USDA, ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research compounds, occurring in citrus leaf, flavedo, albedo, and juice vesicles 1815 North University Street were 21, 17, 15, and 9.3, respectively.