PROPOSED REHABILITATION OF NATIONAL ROUTE R61 SECTION 7 FROM BAZIYA TO MTHATHA

ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

DEA Reference: 14/12/16/3/1/705 NEAS Reference: DEA/EIA/0001465/2012

Prepared for:

Prepared by:

Coastal & Environmental Services EAST LONDON 2 Marine Terrace, Hampton Court East London, 5201 043 742 3302 Also in Grahamstown www.cesnet.co.za

April 2013

COPYRIGHT INFORMATION This document contains intellectual property and propriety information that is protected by copyright in favour of Coastal & Environmental Services and the specialist consultants. The document may therefore not be reproduced, used or distributed to any third party without the prior written consent of Coastal & Environmental Services. This document is prepared exclusively for submission to Gibb and SANRAL, and is subject to all confidentiality, copyright and trade secrets, rules intellectual property law and practices of South Africa.

Ecological Impact Assessment REVISIONS TRACKING TABLE

CES Report Revision and Tracking Schedule

Document Title Ecological Impact Assessment

Client Name & Gibb Address 9 Pearce Street, Berea, East London 5241

Document Reference April 2013: Rehabilitation of National Route R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha: Ecological Impact Assessment, CES, East London Status Draft

Issue Date April 2013

Lead Author Roy de Kock CES East London

Reviewer Dr Alan Carter CES East London

Coastal & Environmental Services i Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment THE PROJECT TEAM

Dr Alan Carter (Pri. Nat. Sci.) Director of the East London Office, has extensive training and experience in both financial accounting and environmental science disciplines with international accounting firms in South Africa and the USA. He is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and holds a PhD in Plant Sciences. He is also a certified ISO14001 EMS auditor with the American National Standards Institute and the British Standards Institute.

Mr Roy de Kock (Cand. Nat. Sci.) Environmental Consultant, holds a BSc Honours in Geology and an MSc in Botany from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University in Port Elizabeth. His MSc thesis focussed on Rehabilitation Ecology with the focus on Mine Rehabilitation. He has been working for CES since 2010, and is based at the East London branch where he focuses on ecological impact assessments, geological and hydro-geological analysis, environmental management plans and various environmental impact studies

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BGIS Biodiversity Graphic Information System BLMC Biodiversity Land Management Class CBA Critical Biodiversity Area CES Coastal & Environmental Services CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DEDEAT Department of Economic Development Environmental Affairs and Tourism DWA Department of Water Affairs EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner ECBCP Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan ECO Environmental Control Officer EMPr Environmental Management Programme GA General Authorisation IDP Integrated Development Plan IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KSD LM King Sabatha Dalindyebo Local Municipality NEMA National Environmental Management Act NWA National Water Act PNCO Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance RDB Red Data Book SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute SANRAL South African National Roads Agency Limited SDF Spatial Development Frame SPC Species of Possible Concern SSC Species of Special Concern WTW Water Treatment Works WUL Water Use License

Coastal & Environmental Services ii Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Coastal & Environmental Services iii Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project description ...... 1 1.2 Project locality ...... 1 1.3 Alternatives ...... 1 1.3.1 No-Go alternative...... 1 1.4 Objectives...... 2 1.5 Terms of Reference ...... 2 1.6 Approach ...... 2 1.7 Limitations and assumptions ...... 3 2 RELEVANT LEGISLATION ...... 4 3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 5 3.1 Species of special concern ...... 5 3.1.1 Plant species of special concern ...... 5 3.1.2 Animal species of special concern ...... 6 3.1.3 Sampling protocol ...... 6 3.2 Vegetation mapping ...... 7 3.3 Sensitivity assessment ...... 7 3.4 Impact assessment ...... 8 3.4.1 Impact rating methodology ...... 8 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT...... 11 4.1 Literature review and desktop information of the biological environment ...... 11 4.1.1 SANBI Vegetation (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006) ...... 11 4.1.2 Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (ECBCP) ...... 12 4.1.3 SANBI Working for Wetlands ...... 13 4.1.4 National protected areas (Formal & Informal) ...... 15 4.2 Current land-use, land cover and general state of the environment ...... 15 4.3 Literature review and desktop information of the physical environment ...... 16 4.3.1 Topography ...... 16 4.3.2 Geology and Soils...... 16 4.3.3 Climate ...... 17 4.4 Site investigation ...... 18 4.4.1 Vegetation ...... 18 4.4.2 Animal species ...... 19 4.5 Discussion ...... 19 5 SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT ...... 22 5.1 Recommendations ...... 1 5.1.1 High sensitive areas ...... 1 5.1.2 Moderate sensitive areas ...... 1 5.1.3 Low sensitive areas ...... 1 6 IMPACT IDENTIFICAITON AND ASSESSMENT ...... 2 6.1 Identified impacts ...... 2 6.2 Impact assessment ...... 3 7 IMPACT STATEMENT, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 1 7.1 Conclusions ...... 1 7.2 Recommendations for the proposed Rehabilitation of the R61 Section from Baziya to Mthatha ...... 1 7.2.1 Planning and Design ...... 1 7.2.2 Construction ...... 1 7.2.3 Operation ...... 2 7.3 Environmental statement and opinion of the specialist ...... 2 8 REFERENCES...... 3

Coastal & Environmental Services iv Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1. Locality map indicating the proposed upgrade of the R61 between Baziya and Mthatha in the Eastern Cape (red line)...... 1 Figure 4.1 SANBI vegetation map of the region shows the proposed R61 upgrade (indicated in red) falls into Mthatha Moist Grassland (Gs14) and Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland (Gs10)...... 11 Figure 4.2. ECBCP map indicating the route (with a black line) of the proposed R61 upgrade...... 13 Figure 4.3. SANBI Working for Wetland map of the surrounding area. The short dark blue lines represent drainage systems within 500m of the R61 (Source: BGIS)...... 14 Figure 4.4. Showing the Nduli Nature Reserve close to the town of Mthatha...... 15 Figure 4.5. Current land cover and land-use of the areas along the R61 between Bayiza and Mthatha (Brown = degraded areas; Yellow = urban areas; Dark-green = crop fields; Light green = national protected areas) (Source: AGIS)...... 16 Figure 4.6. Elevation profile along the R61 from Baziya (left) to Mthatha (right) (Source: Google Earth)...... 16 Figure 4.7. Geology of the affected area between Baziya and Mthatha consist of sandstones and mudrocks of the Beauford Group which forms part of the larger Karoo Supergroup of rocks (Source: AGIS)...... 17 Figure 4.8. Climate in the Mthatha area (Source: http://www.saexplorer.co.za) ...... 17 Figure 5.1. Aerial map of the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha showing the 39 sections the road was divided into to describe environmental sensitivity. Section 1 starts at Baziya (far left) and section 39 ends in Mthatha (far right) ...... 1 Figure 5.2. Sensitivity map of section 1 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 2 Figure 5.3. Sensitivity map of section 2 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 3 Figure 5.4. Sensitivity map of section 3 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 4 Figure 5.5. Sensitivity map of section 4 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 5 Figure 5.6. Sensitivity map of section 5 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 6 Figure 5.7. Sensitivity map of section 6 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 7 Figure 5.8. Sensitivity map of section 7 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 8 Figure 5.9. Sensitivity map of section 8 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 9 Figure 5.10. Sensitivity map of section 9 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 10 Figure 5.11. Sensitivity map of section 10 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 11 Figure 5.12. Sensitivity map of section 11 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 12 Figure 5.13. Sensitivity map of section 12 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 13 Figure 5.14. Sensitivity map of section 13 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 14 Figure 5.15. Sensitivity map of section 14 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 15 Figure 5.16. Sensitivity map of section 15 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 16 Figure 5.17. Sensitivity map of section 16 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 17 Figure 5.18. Sensitivity map of section 17 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 18 Figure 5.19. Sensitivity map of section 18 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 19 Figure 5.20. Sensitivity map of section 19 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 20 Figure 5.21. Sensitivity map of section 20 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 21 Figure 5.22. Sensitivity map of section 21 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 22 Figure 5.23. Sensitivity map of section 22 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 23 Figure 5.24. Sensitivity map of section 23 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 24 Figure 5.25. Sensitivity map of section 24 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 25 Figure 5.26. Sensitivity map of section 25 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 26 Figure 5.27. Sensitivity map of section 26 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 27 Figure 5.28. Sensitivity map of section 27 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 28 Figure 5.29. Sensitivity map of section 28 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 29 Figure 5.30. Sensitivity map of section 29 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 30 Figure 5.31. Sensitivity map of section 30 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 31 Figure 5.32. Sensitivity map of section 31 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 32 Figure 5.33. Sensitivity map of section 32 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 33 Figure 5.34. Sensitivity map of section 33 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 34 Figure 5.35. Sensitivity map of section 34 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 35

Coastal & Environmental Services v Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment Figure 5.36. Sensitivity map of section 35 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 36 Figure 5.37. Sensitivity map of section 36 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 37 Figure 5.38. Sensitivity map of section 37 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. The black lines indicate the outline of a new access road to be build...... 38 Figure 5.39. Sensitivity map of section 38 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 39 Figure 5.40. Sensitivity map of section 39 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. .... 40 Table 7.1 Assessment of pre- and post-mitigation impact significance...... 1

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Environmental legislation considered in the preparation of the rehabilitation and upgrade of the R61 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Report...... 4 Table 3.1. Criteria used for the analysis of the sensitivity of the area...... 7 Table 3.2. Significance Rating Table...... 8 Table 3.3 Impact Severity Rating...... 9 Table 3.4 Overall Significance Rating...... 10 Table 4.1 Plant species identified in the study area...... 18 Table 4.2. Potential SSC that may occur within the boundaries of the proposed development site...... 19 Table 6.1 Impact identified during the phases of the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha...... 2 Table 6.2. Assessment and mitigation of impacts identified in the Planning and Design Phase...... 1 Table 6.3. Assessment and mitigation of impacts identified in the Construction Phase...... 2 Table 6.4. Assessment and mitigation of impacts identified in the Operation Phase...... 3

Coastal & Environmental Services vi Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project description

SANRAL is proposing to upgrade a 34km section of the National Road (R61) between Baziya and Mthatha in the Eastern Cape Province (Figure 1.1). Gibb Engineering & Science has been appointed by SANRAL as the project managers who subcontracted CES as the EAP. The proposed project includes the widening of the existing road cross-section for climbing lanes, widening of the existing road reserve from 32m to 50m wide, strengthening of existing pavement, rehabilitation or reconstruction of major drainage structures and bridges, and the improvement of a section of the road from a single carriageway into a dual carriageway.

An ecological impact assessment was commissioned in order to predict and assess the significance of identified ecological impacts associated with the proposed activity.

1.2 Project locality

The proposed road upgrade will take place between Baziya and Mthatha in King Sabatha Dalindyebo Local Municipality, which is a local municipality in OR Tambo District Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1. Locality map indicating the proposed upgrade of the R61 between Baziya and Mthatha in the Eastern Cape (red line).

1.3 Alternatives

As this project entails the upgrade of an existing road (R61), no site alternatives were assessed.

1.3.1 No-Go alternative

It is mandatory to consider the no-go (no development) alternative in the EIA process. In context of this project it implies the consideration that the proposed upgrade of the R61 between Baziya and Mthatha will not happen.

Coastal & Environmental Services 1 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 1.4 Objectives

 To provide a general description of the natural vegetation of the specific area to be developed, and adjacent areas that will be impacted.  To provide a general description of the indigenous fauna of the area, using a habitat approach and based on the natural vegetation of the site.  The identification of plant SSC and suitable species for rehabilitation are important outcomes.

1.5 Terms of Reference

The following terms of reference was used as a guideline for the objectives of this study:

 Identify and map the main vegetation types and plant communities.  Identify and record the main plant species that occur within the project area.  Identify and record plant species that might be suitable for rehabilitation.  Where possible identify any RDB flora species. In the absence of specific information on RDB species, adopt a habitat approach by identifying areas likely to contain RDB species.  Assess the extent of alien plant species over the site, and associated risks of alien invasion as a result of the wind energy project.  Identify any significant landscape features or rare or important vegetation/faunal associations such as seasonal wetlands, seeps or rocky areas that might support rare or important vegetation/faunal associations.  Identify the main animal communities associated with the plant communities (mammals, birds, fish (in the streams) and reptiles).  Describe the likelihood of other RDB species or species of conservation concern occurring in the vicinity. In the absence of specific information on RDB species, adopt a habitat approach by identifying areas likely to contain RDB species.  Assess the condition of the site in terms of current or previous land uses.  Provide a general overview of the project area in terms of connectivity, corridors, rivers and streams and ecological viability in relation to the surrounding region.  Place the project area within the biodiversity context of the wider area (i.e. provide the “bigger picture”); and  Identify (as far as is possible from the data collected) the principal ecological processes evident within the project site and its relative importance in determining the biodiversity characteristics present.  An assessment of the potential direct and indirect impacts resulting from the proposed development and associated infrastructure, both on the footprint and the immediate surrounding area during construction and operation;  A detailed description of appropriate mitigation measures that can be adopted to reduce negative impacts for each phase of the project, where required.

1.6 Approach

The study site and surrounding areas were described using a two-phased approach. Firstly, a desktop assessment of the site was conducted in terms of current vegetation classifications and biodiversity programmes and plans. This included the consideration of:

 The South African Vegetation Map (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006)  ECBCP  DWA (wetlands, rivers and streams)  DAFF (Forestry)

Coastal & Environmental Services 2 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment Further to the above, a site visit were conducted on the 10th November 2011 in order to assess the actual ecological state, current land-use, identify potential sensitive ecosystems and identify plant species associated with the proposed project activities. The site visits also served to inform potential impacts of the proposed project and how significantly it would impact on the surrounding ecological environment.

1.7 Limitations and assumptions

This report is based on currently available information and, as a result, the following limitations and assumptions are implicit:–

 The report is based on a project description taken from design specifications for the proposed rehabilitation of the R61 section from Baziya to Mthatha that have not yet been finalised, and which are likely to undergo a number of iterations and refinements before they can be regarded as definitive;  Descriptions of the natural and social environments are based on limited fieldwork and available literature.  SSC are difficult to find and difficult to identify, thus species described in this report do not comprise an exhaustive list. It is almost certain that additional SSC will be found during construction and operation of the development.  A “snapshot” sample of the ecology of the area was taken. Seasonal vegetation was not considered.

Coastal & Environmental Services 3 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 2 RELEVANT LEGISLATION

The following legislation is relevant when considering ecological impacts identified during the Planning and Design, Construction and Operation Phase of the proposed rehabilitation of the R61 section from Baziya to Mthatha.

Table 2.1. Environmental legislation considered in the preparation of the rehabilitation and upgrade of the R61 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Report. Title of environmental Implications for proposed Rehabilitation of the R61 section legislation, policy or from Baziya to Mthatha guideline: National Environmental The developer must apply the NEMA principles, the fair decision- Management Act (No 107 making and conflict management procedures that are provided for of 1998) in NEMA. The developer must the principles of Integrated Environmental Management and the consideration, investigation and assessment of the potential impact of existing and planned activities on the environment, socio-economic conditions; and the cultural heritage. Constitution Act (No. 108 Obligation to ensure that the proposed development will not result of 1996) in pollution and ecological degradation; and Obligation to ensure that the proposed development is ecologically sustainable, while demonstrating economic and social development. National Environmental The proposed development must conserve endangered Management: Biodiversity ecosystems and protect and promote biodiversity; Act (Act No 10 of 2004) Must assess the impacts of the proposed development on endangered ecosystems; No protected species may be removed or damaged without a permit; The proposed site must be cleared of alien vegetation using appropriate means. National Water Act (No. 36 Provides details of measures intended to ensure the of 1998) comprehensive protection of all water resources, including the water reserve and water quality. National Road Traffic Act Surrounding roads will experience an increase in traffic as well as (No. 93 of 1996) truck transport during the construction phase. National Environmental The proposed development must conserve and protect ecologically Management: Protected viable areas representative of South Africa’s biological diversity and Areas Act (No. 57 of 2003) its natural landscapes Must provide for the identification and classification of various types of protected areas.

The following policies are relevant to the project: Municipal Policy Provincial Policy National policy International Policy  OR Thambo  ECBCP  RDB  IUCN District Municipality  PNCO  CITES Integrated Development Plan and Spatial Development Frame (2011).  OR Thambo District Municipality Environmental Management Plan (2012).

Coastal & Environmental Services 4 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 3 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

The aim of this assessment is to identify areas of ecological importance and to evaluate these in terms of their conservation importance. In order to do so, the ecological sensitivity of areas is assessed as well as the SSC that may occur in habitats present in the area.

To a large extent, the condition and sensitivity of the vegetation will also determine the presence of animal SSC and areas with high faunal biodiversity. It is for this reason that the assessment focuses on the vegetation aspects of the site, and includes only a small section on the fauna recorded from, and expected to live on the site.

It is not the aim of this study to produce a complete list of all animal and plant species occurring in the region, but rather to examine a representative sample. It is however, important to note areas of high sensitivity as well as SSC have been identified as far as possible, either from records from the site or a review of their habitat requirements and whether or not these habitats occur within the site. The aim of this study is to identify areas of high sensitivity and those that may be subject to significant impacts from the project. Aspects that would increase impact significance include:

 Presence of plant SSC.  Presence of animal SSC.  Vegetation types (which also constitute faunal habitats) of conservation concern.  Areas of high biodiversity.  Physical elements: o Slopes o Soil type o Geology o Rainfall & temperatures o topography  The presence of process areas: o Ecological corridors o Wetlands (and rivers) o Complex topographical features (especially steep and rocky slopes that provide niche habitats for both plants and animals).

3.1 Species of special concern

3.1.1 Plant species of special concern

Data on the known distribution and conservation status for each potential SSC has to be obtained in order to develop a list of ‘Species of Concern’. These species are those that may be impacted significantly by the proposed activity. In general these will be species that are already known to be threatened or at risk, or those that have restricted distributions with a portion (at least 50%) of their known range falling within the study area. Species that are afforded special protection, notably those that are protected by CITES are also regarded as Species of Concern (see http://www.cites.org/). Efforts to provide assessments of conservation status (‘red list’ status) of individual species may provide additional valuable information on Species of Concern (see http://www.iucnredlist.org/).

A list of ‘Species of Possible Concern’ is derived from the species list by examining the relevant literature and databases and eliminating those that have a widespread distribution and which are not covered by CITES regulations or red listed. From this initial list, the status of ‘Confirmed Species of Concern’ may be conferred if the species is substantially restricted to the study area based on:

 recent literature (last 10 years) that provides comprehensive information on the distribution range

Coastal & Environmental Services 5 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

 examination of herbarium specimens available

Note that all uncertain identifications of species from the study area are regarded as ‘Species of Possible Concern’ until they can be collected or recollected and studied further. Similarly, all species that are believed to be currently un-described – i.e. new to science – are regarded to be of Possible Concern unless a researcher working on the group in question can confirm that although currently unpublished, the plant is in fact widespread.

3.1.2 Animal species of special concern

SSC in terms of the project area are defined as:

 Threatened species:

1. Species listed in the Endangered or Vulnerable categories in the revised South African Red Data Books (SA RDB – amphibians, du Preez and Carruthers, 2009; reptiles, Branch 1988; birds, SA Birding, 2008; terrestrial mammals, Apps, 2000); and/or 2. Species included in other international lists (e.g., 2010 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals).

Definitions include:

- Critically Endangered (CR) - A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. - Endangered (EN) - A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. - Vulnerable (VU) - A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable, and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. - Near Threatened (NT) - A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. - Sensitive species - Species not falling in the categories above but listed in: - Appendix 1 or 2 of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). - Endemic species - Species endemic to South Africa, and more specifically the Eastern Cape.

3.1.3 Sampling protocol

Vegetation

A sampling protocol was developed that would enable the evaluation of the existing interpretations of the vegetation of the study area, to improve on them if necessary, and to add detailed information on the plant communities present. The protocol took into account the amount of time available for the study, the accessibility of different parts of the area, and limitations such as the seasonality of the vegetation.

A stratified random sampling approach was adopted, whereby initial assumptions were made about the diversity of vegetation, based on initial reconnaissance visits, previous studies or from aerial photographs and satellite imagery and the area stratified into these basic types. In this way the time available was used much more efficiently than in random sampling, but there is a risk of bias and the eventual results may simply ‘prove’ the assumptions. Sample sites within selected areas were chosen at random to ensure adequate coverage of vegetation types or recognised zones within the blocks of the different vegetation types.

Coastal & Environmental Services 6 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment In general, the stratification of the site was influenced by obvious features of the vegetation, such as the presence of conspicuous species or vegetation structure. These factors may be largely independent of the floristic make-up of the vegetation, and by definition the biological communities present. Sample plots were analysed by determining the dominant species in each plot, as well as any alien invasive species and potential species of special concern occurring within the plots.

Vegetation communities were then described according to the dominant species recorded from each type, and these mapped and assigned a sensitivity score.

Animals

The assessment of animals was based on a general observation of species noted onsite during the site assessment, but with particular consideration of known potential animal SSC.

3.2 Vegetation mapping

Vegetation is usually mapped from aerial photographs, satellite images and literature descriptions (e.g. STEP, SANBI and ECBCP) and related to data gathered on the ground.

3.3 Sensitivity assessment

This section of the report explains the approach to determining the ecological sensitivity of the study area on a broad scale. The approach identifies zones of high, medium and low sensitivity according to a system developed by CES and used in numerous proposed development studies. It must be noted that the sensitivity zonings in this study are based solely on ecological (primarily vegetation) characteristics and social and economic factors have not been taken into consideration. The sensitivity analysis described here is based on 10 criteria which are considered to be of importance in determining ecosystem and landscape sensitivity. The method predominantly involves identifying sensitive vegetation or habitat types, topography and land transformation (Table 3.1).

Although very simple, this method of analysis provides a good, yet conservative and precautionary assessment of the ecological sensitivity.

Table 3.1. Criteria used for the analysis of the sensitivity of the area. CRITERIA LOW SENSITIVITY MODERATE HIGH SENSITIVITY SENSITIVITY 1 Topography Level, or even Undulating; fairly steep Complex and uneven slopes with steep slopes 2 Vegetation - Extensive Restricted to a particular Restricted to a specific Extent or habitat region/zone locality / site type in the region 3 Conservation Well conserved Not well conserved, Not conserved - has a status of fauna/ independent of moderate conservation high conservation value flora or habitats conservation value value 4 SSC - Presence None, although No endangered or One or more and number occasional regional vulnerable species, some endangered and endemics indeterminate or rare vulnerable species, or endemics more than 2 endemics or rare species 5 Habitat Extensive areas of Reasonably extensive Limited areas of this fragmentation preferred habitat areas of preferred habitat habitat, susceptible to leading to loss of present elsewhere in elsewhere and habitat fragmentation viable populations region not susceptible susceptible to to fragmentation fragmentation 6 Biodiversity Low diversity, or Moderate diversity, and High species diversity, contribution species richness moderately high species complex plant and richness animal communities 7 Visibility of the site Site is hidden or Site is visible from some Site is visible from many

Coastal & Environmental Services 7 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

CRITERIA LOW SENSITIVITY MODERATE HIGH SENSITIVITY SENSITIVITY or landscape from barely visible from any or a few vantage points or all angles or vantage other vantage vantage points with but is not obtrusive or points. points the exception in some very conspicuous. cases from the sea.

8 Erosion potential Very stable and an Some possibility of Large possibility of or instability of the area not subjected to erosion or change due to erosion, change to the region erosion. episodic events. site or destruction due to climatic or other factors. 9 Rehabilitation Site is easily There is some degree of Site is difficult to potential of the rehabilitated. difficulty in rehabilitation rehabilitate due to the area or region of the site. terrain, type of habitat or species required to reintroduce. 10 Disturbance due Site is very disturbed There is some degree of The site is hardly or to human habitation or degraded. disturbance of the site. very slightly impacted or other influences upon by human (Alien invasives) disturbance. 11 Water bodies No water bodies No water bodies Includes all water affected by the bodies (e.g. wetlands, proposed perennial rivers, non- development perennial rivers, drainage systems etc.)

A map was drawn up with the aid of a satellite image so that the sensitive regions and vegetation types could be plotted (see Chapter 5).

3.4 Impact assessment

3.4.1 Impact rating methodology

To ensure a direct comparison between various specialist studies, a standard rating scale has been defined and was used to assess and quantify the identified impacts. This was necessary since impacts have a number of parameters that need to be assessed.

Table 3.2. Significance Rating Table. Temporal Scale (The duration of the impact) Short term Less than 5 years (Many construction phase impacts are of a short duration). Medium term Between 5 and 20 years.

Long term Between 20 and 40 years (From a human perspective almost permanent). Permanent Over 40 years or resulting in a permanent and lasting change that will always be there. Spatial Scale (The area in which any impact will have an affect) Individual Impacts affect an individual.

Localised Impacts affect a small area of a few hectares in extent. Often only a portion of the project area. Project Level Impacts affect the entire project area.

Coastal & Environmental Services 8 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Surrounding Areas Impacts that affect the area surrounding the development

Municipal Impacts affect either local municipality, or any towns within them.

Regional Impacts affect the wider district municipality or the province as a whole. National Impacts affect the entire country. International/Global Impacts affect other countries or have a global influence.

Will definitely occur Impacts will definitely occur.

Degree of Confidence or Certainty (The confidence with which one has predicted the significance of an impact) Definite More than 90% sure of a particular fact. Should have substantial supportive data. Probable Over 70% sure of a particular fact, or of the likelihood of that impact occurring. Possible Only over 40% sure of a particular fact, or of the likelihood of an impact occurring. Unsure Less than 40% sure of a particular fact, or of the likelihood of an impact occurring.

Table 3.3 Impact Severity Rating. Impact severity (The severity of negative impacts, or how beneficial positive impacts would be on a particular affected system or affected party) Very severe Very beneficial An irreversible and permanent change to the A permanent and very substantial benefit to affected system(s) or party (ies) which cannot be the affected system(s) or party (ies), with no mitigated. For example the permanent loss of real alternative to achieving this benefit. For land. example the vast improvement of sewage effluent quality. Severe Beneficial Long term impacts on the affected system(s) or A long term impact and substantial benefit to party (ies) that could be mitigated. However, this the affected system(s) or party (ies). mitigation would be difficult, expensive or time Alternative ways of achieving this benefit consuming, or some combination of these. For would be difficult, expensive or time example, the clearing of forest vegetation. consuming, or some combination of these. For example an increase in the local economy. Moderately severe Moderately beneficial Medium to long term impacts on the affected A medium to long term impact of real benefit to system(s) or party (ies), which could be mitigated. the affected system(s) or party (ies). Other For example constructing the sewage treatment ways of optimising the beneficial effects are facility where there was vegetation with a low equally difficult, expensive and time conservation value. consuming (or some combination of these), as achieving them in this way. For example a ‘slight’ improvement in sewage effluent quality. Slight Slightly beneficial Medium or short term impacts on the affected A short to medium term impact and negligible system(s) or party (ies). Mitigation is very easy, benefit to the affected system(s) or party (ies). cheap, less time consuming or not necessary. For Other ways of optimising the beneficial effects example a temporary fluctuation in the water are easier, cheaper and quicker, or some table due to water abstraction. combination of these. No effect Don’t know/Can’t know

Coastal & Environmental Services 9 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

The system(s) or party (ies) is not affected by the In certain cases it may not be possible to proposed development. determine the severity of an impact.

Table 3.4 Overall Significance Rating. Overall Significance (The combination of all the above criteria as an overall significance) VERY HIGH NEGATIVE VERY BENEFICIAL These impacts would be considered by society as constituting a major and usually permanent change to the (natural and/or social) environment, and usually result in severe or very severe effects, or beneficial or very beneficial effects. Example: The loss of a species would be viewed by informed society as being of VERY HIGH significance. Example: The establishment of a large amount of infrastructure in a rural area, which previously had very few services, would be regarded by the affected parties as resulting in benefits with VERY HIGH significance. HIGH NEGATIVE BENEFICIAL These impacts will usually result in long term effects on the social and/or natural environment. Impacts rated as HIGH will need to be considered by society as constituting an important and usually long term change to the (natural and/or social) environment. Society would probably view these impacts in a serious light. Example: The loss of a diverse vegetation type, which is fairly common elsewhere, would have a significance rating of HIGH over the long term, as the area could be rehabilitated. Example: The change to soil conditions will impact the natural system, and the impact on affected parties (such as people growing crops in the soil) would be HIGH. MODERATE NEGATIVE SOME BENEFITS These impacts will usually result in medium to long term effects on the social and/or natural environment. Impacts rated as MODERATE will need to be considered by society as constituting a fairly important and usually medium term change to the (natural and/or social) environment. These impacts are real but not substantial. Example: The loss of a sparse, open vegetation type of low diversity may be regarded as MODERATELY significant. LOW NEGATIVE FEW BENEFITS These impacts will usually result in medium to short term effects on the social and/or natural environment. Impacts rated as LOW will need to be considered by the public and/or the specialist as constituting a fairly unimportant and usually short term change to the (natural and/or social) environment. These impacts are not substantial and are likely to have little real effect. Example: The temporary changes in the water table of a wetland habitat, as these systems are adapted to fluctuating water levels. Example: The increased earning potential of people employed as a result of a development would only result in benefits of LOW significance to people who live some distance away. NO SIGNIFICANCE There are no primary or secondary effects at all that are important to scientists or the public. Example: A change to the geology of a particular formation may be regarded as severe from a geological perspective, but is of NO significance in the overall context. DON’T KNOW In certain cases it may not be possible to determine the significance of an impact. For example, the primary or secondary impacts on the social or natural environment given the available information. Example: The effect of a particular development on people’s psychological perspective of the environment.

Coastal & Environmental Services 10 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The study site and surrounding areas were described using a two-phased approach. Firstly, a desktop assessment of the site was conducted in terms of current vegetation classifications and biodiversity programmes and plans, followed by a site visit in order to assess the actual ecological state, current land-use, identify potential sensitive ecosystems and identify plant species associated with the proposed project activities.

4.1 Literature review and desktop information of the biological environment

Published literature on the ecology of the area was referenced in order to describe the study site in the context of the region and the Eastern Cape Province. The following documents/plans were considered:

 SANBI Vegetation (using Mucina & Rutherford, 2006)  SANBI Working for Wetlands  ECBCP  CITES  NPA (Formal & Informal)  BGIS Current Land Use

4.1.1 SANBI Vegetation (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006)

The vegetation falls under the Grassland biome with Mthatha Moist Grassland (Gs14) as the dominant vegetation type with small interspersed portions of the Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland (Gs10) (Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.1 SANBI vegetation map of the region shows the proposed R61 upgrade (indicated in red) falls into Mthatha Moist Grassland (Gs14) and Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland (Gs10).

Coastal & Environmental Services 11 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment Mthatha Moist Grassland (Gs14)

This vegetation type is characterised by undulating plains and hills supporting species-poor, sour, wiry grassland with Eragrostis plana and Sporobolus africanus, although in good condition, it is more likely to be dominated by Themeda triandra. Mthatha. Moist Grassland is considered Endangered by SANBI. More than 40% has been transformed for cultivation and plantations or by dense rural human settlements.

Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland (Gs10)

The vegetation type is moderately rolling and mountainous, much incised by river gorges of drier vegetation types and by forest, and covered in forb-rich grassland dominated by short bunch grasses including Themeda triandra and Tristachya leucothrix. Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland is considered Least Threatened.

4.1.2 Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan (ECBCP)

The ECBCP is a first attempt at detailed, low-level conservation mapping for land-use planning purposes. Specifically, the aims of ECBCP were to map critical biodiversity areas through a systematic conservation planning process. The current biodiversity plan includes the mapping of priority aquatic features, land-use pressures, critical biodiversity areas and develops guidelines for land and resource-use planning and decision-making.

The main outputs of the ECBCP are "critical biodiversity areas" or CBAs, which are allocated the following management categories:

CBA 1 = Maintain in a natural state (also called BLMC 1) CBA 2 = Maintain in a near-natural state (also called BLMC 2)

The ECBCP maps CBAs based on extensive biological data and input from key stakeholders. Although ECBCP is mapped at a finer scale than the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (Driver et al., 2005) it is still, for the large part, inaccurate and "course". Therefore it is imperative that the status of the environment, for any proposed development MUST first be verified before the management recommendations associated with the ECBCP are considered (Berliner and Desmet, 2007). It is also important to note that in absence of any other biodiversity plan, the ECBCP has been adopted by the Provincial Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs (DEDEAT) as a strategic biodiversity plan for the Eastern Cape.

Parts of the areas surrounding the proposed R61 upgrade fall under CBA 2 (or BLMC 2), which is classified as “near natural landscapes” (Figure 4.2). Recommended land use management involves maintaining biodiversity in near natural state with minimal loss of ecosystem integrity. No transformation of natural habitat should be permitted.

The proposed road upgrade also passes through areas falling under CBA 4 (or BLMC 4), classified as “towns & settlements” and “cultivated land”. Recommended land use management involves managing the environment for sustainable development.

It is important to note that there are no areas of HIGH conservation value identified in term of ECBCP.

Coastal & Environmental Services 12 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 4.2. ECBCP map indicating the route (with a black line) of the proposed R61 upgrade.

4.1.3 SANBI Working for Wetlands

The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) is currently in the process of compiling a National Wetland Inventory, which aims to map and classify (i.e. type) the major wetlands and water bodies in the country at a coarse spatial scale. A wetland classification system is required for application to the National Wetland Inventory, so that different types of wetlands can be distinguished for management and conservation purposes.

This classification system is intended to be used throughout the country for a number of different applications, largely with a view in facilitating common usage of terminology amongst wetland scientists and managers. However, at the same time, it is envisaged that further refinements to the classification system may be necessary in the future, to address problems that may be encountered in its application by a wide range of different users for a number of different purposes. As such, the classification system presented in this report should not be seen as the final product but is being continuously updated.

Coastal & Environmental Services 13 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 4.3. SANBI Working for Wetland map of the surrounding area. The short dark blue lines represent drainage systems within 500m of the R61 (Source: BGIS).

The following wetland types found within 500 of the R61 upgrade were identified in the area (Figure 4.3):

Valley Floor Channelled Valley Bottom Wetlands - Small depressional areas within a channelled valley-bottom wetland can result in the temporary containment and storage of water within the wetland. Water generally exits in the form of diffuse surface flow and interflow, with the infiltration and evaporation of water from these wetlands also being potentially significant (particularly from depressional areas). The hydrodynamic nature of channelled valley-bottom wetlands is characterised by bidirectional horizontal flow, with limited vertical fluctuations in depressional areas.

Valley Floor Un-channelled Valley Bottom Wetlands - a flat valley-bottom wetland without a major channel running through it, characterised by an absence of distinct channel banks and the prevalence of diffuse flows, even during and after high rainfall events. Water inputs are typically from an upstream channel, as the flow becomes dispersed, and from adjacent slopes (if present) or groundwater. Water generally moves through the wetland in the form of diffuse surface flow and/or interflow (with some temporary containment of water in depressional areas), but the outflow can be in the form of diffuse or concentrated surface flow. Infiltration and evaporation from unchannelled valley-bottom wetlands can be significant, particularly if there are a number of small depressions within the wetland area. Horizontal, unidirectional diffuse surface-flow tends to dominate in terms of the hydrodynamics.

Valley Floor Floodplain Wetlands - mostly flat or gently sloping wetland areas adjacent to and formed by a Lowland or Upland Floodplain river and subject to periodic inundation by overtopping of the channel bank. Water and sediment input to floodplain wetland areas is mainly via overtopping of the major channel, although there could be some overland or subsurface flow from adjacent valley side-slopes (if present). Water movement through the wetland is dominantly horizontal and bidirectional, in the form of diffuse surface flow and interflow, although there can be significant temporary containment of water in depressional areas (within which water movement is dominantly vertical and bidirectional). Water generally exits as diffuse surface flow and/or interflow.

Coastal & Environmental Services 14 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 4.1.4 National protected areas (Formal & Informal)

All NPA’s provide for the protection and conservation of ecologically viable areas representative of South Africa’s biological diversity and its natural landscapes and seascapes. These protected areas fall on state owned land, privately owned land and communally owned land. NPA’s include special nature reserves, national parks, nature reserves (including wilderness areas) and protected environments; world heritage sites; marine protected areas; specially protected forest areas, forest nature reserves and forest wilderness areas declared in terms of the National Forests Act, 1998 (Act 84 of 1998); and mountain catchment areas declared in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act, 1970 (Act 63 of 1970)”.

The only protected area identified along the R61 section 7 is the Nduli Nature Reserve close to Mthatha (Figure 4.4 below).

Figure 4.4. Showing the Nduli Nature Reserve close to the town of Mthatha.

4.2 Current land-use, land cover and general state of the environment

The area along the R61 between Baziya and Mthatha consist mostly of degraded grassland (coloured brown in Figure 4.5 below) interspersed with urban development (yellow in Figure 4.5) and low cultivation crop fields (dark-green in Figure 4.5). The Nduli Nature Reserve (small green area close to Mthatha in Figure 4.5) is considered a protected area.

Coastal & Environmental Services 15 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 4.5. Current land cover and land-use of the areas along the R61 between Bayiza and Mthatha (Brown = degraded areas; Yellow = urban areas; Dark-green = crop fields; Light green = national protected areas) (Source: AGIS).

4.3 Literature review and desktop information of the physical environment

4.3.1 Topography

Elevation decreases from 741 m.a.s.l. (meters above sea level) in the west (left in Figure 4.5) to 695 m.a.s.l. in the east (right in figure 4.6). The topography can be considered as undulating terrain along ridges and drops off towards the east. Maximum slopes ranges at 11.5% with an average slope along the R61 of 3.3%.

Figure 4.6. Elevation profile along the R61 from Baziya (left) to Mthatha (right) (Source: Google Earth).

4.3.2 Geology and Soils

The study area consists of mudstones and sandstones of the Burgersdorp Formation (TRb in Figure 4.6) in the west and mudstones and sandstones of the Katberg Formation (TRk in Figure 4.6) in the east. Both Formations belong to the Tarkastad Subgroups of rocks (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup). The area is highly intruded by dolerites (Jd or red in Figure 4.7). a small area around Mthatha consists of mudrock and sandstones of the Adelaide Group of rocks (green coloured in Figure 4.7).

Coastal & Environmental Services 16 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 4.7. Geology of the affected area between Baziya and Mthatha consist of sandstones and mudrocks of the Beauford Group which forms part of the larger Karoo Supergroup of rocks (Source: AGIS).

4.3.3 Climate

The Mthatha area normally receives about 556mm of rain per year, with most rainfall occurring during summer. The chart below (chart left in Figure 4.8) shows the average rainfall values for Mthatha per month. It receives the lowest rainfall (6mm) in June and the highest (87mm) in March. The monthly distribution of average daily maximum temperatures (chart right Figure 4.8) shows that the average midday temperatures range from 19.4°C in July to 25.8°C in February. The region is the coldest during July (5.8°C on average during the night).

Figure 4.8. Climate in the Mthatha area (Source: http://www.saexplorer.co.za)

Coastal & Environmental Services 17 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 4.4 Site investigation

A site investigation were conducted on the 10th November 2011 in order to confirm the desktop findings, to assess the actual ecological state, current land-use, identify potential sensitive ecosystems and identify plant species associated with the proposed project activities. The site visits also served to inform potential impacts of the proposed project and how significantly it would impact on the surrounding ecological environment.

4.4.1 Vegetation

The two vegetation type identified in the desktop assessment (nl. Mthatha Moist Grassland & Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland) could not be differentiated onsite.

The following vegetation species were identified onsite:

Table 4.1 Plant species identified in the study area. Graminoids Aristida congesta Aristida junciformis Cymbopogon marginatus Cynodon dactylon Digitaria spp. Elionurus muticus Eragrostis capensis Eragrostis curvula Eragrostis spp. Eustachys paspaloides Heteropogon contortus Panicum sp. Paspalum dilatatum Sporobulus africanus Themeda triandra Wetland species Typha capensis Juncus acutus Cyperus papyrus Meliotus alba Cyperus textilis Scirpus spp. Phragmites australis Cyperus diffusus Achyranthes aspera Herbs Euryops sp. Helichrysum rugulosum Indigofera spp. Senecio sp. Wahlenbergia undulata Geophytes Boophone disticha Ledebouria sandersonii Trees Acacia natalitia Heteromorpha arborescens Rhus discolor

Coastal & Environmental Services 18 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment Senecio burchellii Alien vegetation Acacia dealbata (silver wattle) Acacia mearnii (black wattle) Rubus fruticosus (brambles) Solanum mauritianum (bugweed) Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass) Sesbania punicea (red sesbania) Ricinus communis (castor-oil plant) Populus canescens (grey poplar) Eucalyptus spp. (gum tree) Morus alba (white mulberry) Salix babylonica (weeping willow) Canna indica (canna)

Plant SSC

Potential SSC include all those plants listed in terms of the IUCN, CITES and both national and provincial legislation that may occur in the area of study. The list of SSC includes over 133 species which are listed individually by Victor and Dold (2003), the IUCN red data list, the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), the Forests Act and the Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance (PNCO) 16 of 1974 for the Eastern Cape. In addition, the PNCO lists eight plant families and six plant genera that are afforded blanket protection throughout the province. Some examples of possible SSC are given in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2. Potential SSC that may occur within the boundaries of the proposed development site. Species Protection Status Schizochilus bulbinella SANBI Red List Rare Watsonia pillansii PNCO Schedule 4: Protected Boophone disticha PNCO Schedule 4: Protected Delosperma wiunii PNCO Schedule 4: Protected Encephelartos friderici-guilielmi IUCN Near Threatened

4.4.2 Animal species

No amphibians, reptiles, terrestrial invertebrates, birds and nesting areas as well as large mammals were observed onsite. Small mammals such as rodents, ground squirrels, bats and a variety of insects, amphibians and reptiles are expected to occur on site. There might be some animal species associated with the wetland and river areas.

4.5 Discussion

Although the dominant vegetation type present onsite (Mthatha Moist Grassland) is classified as “ENDANGERED” by SANBI, most of the affected vegetation is highly impacted by human activities and not considered as ‘pristine’. It is however recommended that construction activities in identified sensitive CBA areas (CBA 1&2 as per ECBCP) be minimised to the road reserve to minimise impacts on these sensitive biodiversity areas.

Various wetlands and rivers transect, or are located within 500m of the R61 between Baziya and Mthatha. All water bodies (wetlands, rivers, streams and drainage systems) are considered as highly sensitive and require mitigation to minimise construction and operation impacts on them. As per the National Water Act (No 36 of 1998) and managed by the DWA, any affected water body impacted by the proposed road upgrade will require GA’s from the DWA. Any activity taking place within 500m of the edge of a wetland will require a full WUL from the DWA.

Coastal & Environmental Services 19 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment Various steep slopes were identified along the proposed R61 road upgrade section between Baziya and Mthatha. As soils in the area is highly susceptible to erosion (mudrock & sandstones are considered as ‘soft’ rock that weathers easily), storm water management plays a huge role in the road upgrade design. Some sections will require significant storm water design to avoid any long term erosional issues arising in the future.

Although no animal SSC were observed onsite, there is still a possibility of some SSC being present onsite.

The surrounding environment consists largely of individual villages interspersed with crop fields (subsistence farming). The Nduli Nature Reserve borders the R61 close to Mthatha and is considered as highly sensitive.

The following issues were identified in this section:

ISSUES IDENTIFIED RECOMMENDATIONS IMPACT Loss of plant SSC The road reserve must be surveyed HIGH prior to construction in order to locate and transplant all SSC into the neighbouring undeveloped environment. A Plant Rescue & Protection Plan must be implemented and managed. Loss of animal SSC The development area must be HIGH surveyed prior to topsoil removal in order to locate and capture any animal SSC and relocate them. Loss of endemic Aloe ferox on All aloes (protected AND non- MODERATE the ridges surrounding the protected species) impacted by the Nduli Nature reserve proposed R61 upgrade must be relocated and transplanted outside the development footprint. Wetland ecosystems may be The proposed R61 upgrade should HIGH damaged during construction not impact on any wetlands and they should be conserved. If unavoidable, the relevant permits must be obtained from the DWA. Riverine ecosystems maybe The impact on rivers and streams HIGH damaged during construction must be kept to a minimum. The relevant permits must be obtained from the DWA prior to construction of any bridges/culverts in these rivers/streams. Disturbance to pristine Construction activities must be MODERATE biodiversity of the Nduli Nature limited to the designated Reserve development footprint (road reserve). No construction activities will be allowed to take place within the nature reserve. Development takes place in a No construction activities must take MODERATE sensitive area as described in place outside the road reserve (eg. the ECBCP. Work camps & construction camps) within these sections Loss of indigenous vegetation Development in grassland MODERATE (Drankensburg Foothill Moist vegetation areas will require specific Grassland and Mthatha Moist mitigation to reduce the impact on Grassland) the vegetation. Permits from DAFF

Coastal & Environmental Services 20 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment will be required before construction. Re-vegetation of impacted areas must be undertaken after the construction of the road upgrade. Soil erosion and sedimentation Access roads should avoid crossing HIGH wetlands, drainage lines and rivers. Any development within 32m of any water body will require authorisation from DWA. Invasion of alien species An alien removal plan must be MODERATE implemented and run during construction

Coastal & Environmental Services 21 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 5 SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT

A site assessment was conducted in order to confirm desktop information and describe the current ecological integrity of the site at a more detailed level. A further objective is to assist in impact identification and assessment. This section discusses potential sensitive ecosystems.

A sensitivity map was developed based on desktop and site information gathered, and was classified into areas of high, low and medium sensitivity (Figure 5.2 – 5.40).

 Areas of high sensitivity include process areas such as rivers and streams (including a 32m buffer), and wetlands (500m buffer) that are important for ecosystem functioning including surface and ground water as well as animal and plant dispersal. All Nature Reserves, Conservancies and Parks are considered as highly sensitive as well as areas with 1 or more endangered species.  Medium sensitivity is given to areas that have moderate species richness and are not hugely impacted by current land use and are not degraded. Medium sensitivity areas contain intermediate or rare endemics. Medium sensitivity is also given to areas that, despite being somewhat degraded, still provide a valuable contribution to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning as they are pristine or semi-pristine and have a relatively high species richness, these areas may also contain SSC.  Low sensitivity is given to areas that are highly impacted by current land use and thus highly degraded and provide limited value to the ecosystem and are not likely to harbour any SSC.

To best describe the sensitivity of the entire length of affected R61 road, the site was divided into 39 sections (Figure 5.1). Each section starting from section 1 in Baziya (far left) to section 39 in Mthatha (far right) are shown on individual maps.

Coastal & Environmental Services 22 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.1. Aerial map of the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha showing the 39 sections the road was divided into to describe environmental sensitivity. Section 1 starts at Baziya (far left) and section 39 ends in Mthatha (far right)

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section1 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.2. Sensitivity map of section 1 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section2 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.3. Sensitivity map of section 2 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section3 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.4. Sensitivity map of section 3 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section4 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.5. Sensitivity map of section 4 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section5 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.6. Sensitivity map of section 5 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section6 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.7. Sensitivity map of section 6 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section7 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.8. Sensitivity map of section 7 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section8 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.9. Sensitivity map of section 8 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section9 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.10. Sensitivity map of section 9 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section10 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.11. Sensitivity map of section 10 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section11 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.12. Sensitivity map of section 11 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section12 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.13. Sensitivity map of section 12 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section13 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.14. Sensitivity map of section 13 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section14 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.15. Sensitivity map of section 14 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section15 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.16. Sensitivity map of section 15 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section16 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.17. Sensitivity map of section 16 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section17 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.18. Sensitivity map of section 17 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section18 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.19. Sensitivity map of section 18 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section19 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.20. Sensitivity map of section 19 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section20 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.21. Sensitivity map of section 20 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section21 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

` Figure 5.22. Sensitivity map of section 21 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section22 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

` Figure 5.23. Sensitivity map of section 22 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section23 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

` Figure 5.24. Sensitivity map of section 23 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section24 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

`` Figure 5.25. Sensitivity map of section 24 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section25 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

` Figure 5.26. Sensitivity map of section 25 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section26 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

` Figure 5.27. Sensitivity map of section 26 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section27 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

`` Figure 5.28. Sensitivity map of section 27 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section28 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.29. Sensitivity map of section 28 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section29 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.30. Sensitivity map of section 29 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section30 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.31. Sensitivity map of section 30 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section31 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.32. Sensitivity map of section 31 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section32 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.33. Sensitivity map of section 32 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section33 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.34. Sensitivity map of section 33 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section34 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.35. Sensitivity map of section 34 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section35 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.36. Sensitivity map of section 35 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section36 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.37. Sensitivity map of section 36 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section37 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.38. Sensitivity map of section 37 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. The black lines indicate the outline of a new access road to be build.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section38 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.39. Sensitivity map of section 38 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section39 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

Figure 5.40. Sensitivity map of section 39 of 39 for the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section40 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 5.1 Recommendations

5.1.1 High sensitive areas

All water bodies are considered as “high sensitive”, (coloured red in Figure 5.2 – 5.40) and as such are considered as “No-Go Areas”. No further loss of natural areas and no further impacts must be allowed in these areas. If unavoidable, authorisation must be obtained from the DWA for any construction taking place inside or within 32 meters of any water body including wetlands.

The Nduli Nature Reserve is identified as a protected area and as such is considered as “highly sensitive” (coloured red in Figure 5.37 – 5.38). No loss of natural areas and no development impacts must be allowed in this area without authorisation from EC Parks.

5.1.2 Moderate sensitive areas

These areas include pristine (undisturbed) and semi-pristine (low level of disturbance) areas. Depending on constraints (such as concentrations of protected species, or infrastructure limitations), these areas can withstand a limited loss of, or disturbance to, natural areas.

5.1.3 Low sensitive areas

These areas are considered as severely disturbed or modified by human activities, including cultivation, urban development and rural settlements, and severe overgrazing. These areas are suitable for development and will only require low level mitigations.

The following issues were identified in this section:

ISSUES IDENTIFIED RECOMMENDATIONS IMPACT Loss of indigenous vegetation An ECO must monitor construction HIGH in high and moderate sensitive areas Disturbance of sensitive areas No development to take place in any HIGH high sensitive areas. If unavoidable, authorisation from DWA/EC Parks is required. Al High and Medium sensitive areas must be rehabilitated by careful removal of any opportunistic invasive vegetation. Loss of highly and moderate All identified SSC must be MODERATE sensitive vegetation transplanted. Poor rehabilitation of moderate Al impacted areas must be HIGH and high sensitive areas rehabilitated after construction and during decommissioning.

Coastal & Environmental Services 1 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 6 IMPACT IDENTIFICAITON AND ASSESSMENT

6.1 Identified impacts

Ecological impacts were identified during the Planning and Design, Construction and Operation Phase of the proposed proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha and are described below. These included the consideration of direct, indirect and cumulative impacts that may occur.

Table 6.1 Impact identified during the phases of the proposed R61 from Baziya to Mthatha. Phase Issue Nature of Description of Impact Impact Development Direct takes place in a sensitive area as described in the ECBCP Direct Unnecessary damage and disturbance to Loss of natural vegetation (Mthatha Moist Grassland indigenous and Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland) vegetation Planning & due to poor planning. Design Direct Inappropriate road design and alignment of Soil erosion and the new bridge road section may lead to sedimentation stream sedimentation and erosion of streams. Indirect Erosion and degradation of water-courses Disturbance of and associated habitats due to poor sensitive area planning and design (i.e. inappropriate utilisation of sensitive aquatic systems).

Direct Unnecessary damage and disturbance to natural vegetation (Mthatha Moist Grassland and Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland) Loss of due to uncontrolled construction activities vegetation during beyond the required footprint. construction Indirect Inadvertent or excessive damage and loss of vegetation beyond the footprint of the proposed route upgrade. Direct Loss of plant SSC. Direct During construction vehicular movement, Construction Disturbance to noise and habitat destruction will disturb surrounding animals in the area. wildlife and Direct Poaching of wild animals during fauna construction. Direct Loss of animal SSC. Indirect The removal of existing natural vegetation creates ‘open’ habitats that will favours the Invasion of alien establishment of undesirable species in the species area that are typically very difficult to eradicate and may pose a threat to neighbouring ecosystems. Direct, Toxicants (such as heavy metals, Toxicants spilling indirect and hydrocarbons, surfactants and oils) spilled from vehicles cumulative from vehicles may negatively impact the Operation surrounding environment and biodiversity. Invasion of alien Allowing invading species to expand will species lead to a large scale alien invasion.

Coastal & Environmental Services 2 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 6.2 Impact assessment

The impacts identified in Section 6.1 are assessed in terms of the criteria described in Section 3.4 and are summarised in the tables below (Table 6.2 – 6.4).

Coastal & Environmental Services 3 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment Table 6.2. Assessment and mitigation of impacts identified in the Planning and Design Phase. PLANNING AND DESIGN PHASE GENERAL AND SPECIALIST STUDY SPATIAL TEMPORAL CERTAINTY SEVERITY/ SIGNIFICANCE MITIGATION MEASURES SIGNIFICANCE IMPACTS SCALE SCALE SCALE BENEFICIAL PRE- POST- (DURATION) (LIKELIHOOD) SCALE MITIGATION MITIGATION Issue: Loss of indigenous vegetation Unnecessary damage and disturbance to natural Localised Short-term Definite Moderately MODERATE  An Environmental Control Officer LOW vegetation (Mthatha Moist Grassland and severe (ECO) must be appointed to Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland) due to poor oversee construction activities planning.  All SSC, protected or vulnerable must be avoided or transplanted  Rehabilitation with grasses found on site, in addition to local shade- loving grasses, must be undertaken  All appropriate permits must be obtained from DAFF and DEDEAT for removal and/or destruction of protected species. Copies of the permits must be forwarded to DEA and kept onsite. Issue: Soil erosion and sedimentation Inappropriate road design and alignment of the new Localised Long-term Probable Severe HIGH  No access road may traverse MODERATE bridge road section may lead to stream drainage lines, streams or river sedimentation and erosion of streams. beds.  If any construction footprint takes place inside or within 32 meters of any water body, authorisation from DWA must be obtained.  Access roads should not exceed 4 metres in width and should incorporate storm water levees to reduce the likelihood of erosion.  Develop and implement an Erosion Action Programme. Issue: Disturbance of sensitive area Erosion and degradation of water-courses and Study area Long-term Possible Moderately HIGH  Ensure that a buffer zone of 32 LOW associated habitats due to poor planning and design severe metres is maintained. No (i.e. inappropriate utilisation of sensitive aquatic development activities may occur systems). within this area.  If any construction footprint takes place inside or within 32 meters of any water body, authorisation from DWA must be obtained.  Water courses should be MODERATE rehabilitated by careful removal of BENEFICIAL the alien invasive vegetation.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha 1 Ecological Impact Assessment Table 6.3. Assessment and mitigation of impacts identified in the Construction Phase. CONSTRUCTION PHASE GENERAL AND SPECIALIST STUDY SPATIAL TEMPORAL CERTAINTY SEVERITY/ SIGNIFICANCE MITIGATION MEASURES SIGNIFICANCE IMPACTS SCALE SCALE SCALE BENEFICIAL PRE- POST- (DURATION) (LIKELIHOOD) SCALE MITIGATION MITIGATION Issue: Loss of vegetation during construction Unnecessary damage and disturbance to natural Localised Short-term Probable Moderately MODERATE  Construction activities must be LOW vegetation (Mthatha Moist Grassland and severe limited to the designated footprint of Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland) due to the road upgrade route i.e. uncontrolled construction activities beyond the construction materials, vehicular required footprint of wind turbines and associated storage, construction camps etc., access roads and infrastructure should occur in a footprint which will ultimately be developed as part of the facility.  There should be minimal disturbance to areas in the immediate vicinity as successful vegetation recovery will depend on the remaining vegetation.  Ensure that roads on slopes incorporate storm water diversion.  Where vegetation has been cleared, site rehabilitation in terms of soil stabilisation and re- vegetation must be undertaken. Inadvertent or excessive damage and loss of Study area Short-term Possible Severe MODERATE  Construction activities must be LOW vegetation beyond the footprint of the proposed route demarcated and vegetation clearing upgrade. and top soil removal (if required) limited to these areas. Loss of plant SSC Localised Permanent Possible Severe HIGH  The road upgrade route must be LOW surveyed prior to topsoil removal in order to locate SSC and transplant them into the neighbouring undeveloped environment.  A Plant Rescue & Protection Plan must be implemented and managed by a vegetation specialist familiar with the site in consultation with the appointed ECO. Issue: Disturbance to surrounding wildlife and fauna During construction vehicular movement, noise and Localised Short-term Probable Moderately MODERATE  Construction activities must be MODERATE habitat destruction will disturb animals in the area severe limited to the designated development footprint. Poaching of wild animals during construction Localised Short-term Possible Severe HIGH  No poaching of any wild animals LOW will be allowed. Loss of animal SSC Localised Permanent Possible Severe HIGH  The development area must be LOW surveyed prior to topsoil removal in order to locate and capture any SSC and relocate them. Issue: Invasion of alien species The removal of existing natural vegetation creates Project level Long-term Probable Moderately MODERATE  An alien removal plan must be LOW ‘open’ habitats that will favours the establishment of severe implemented and run during the undesirable species in the area that are typically very construction phase. difficult to eradicate and may pose a threat to neighbouring ecosystems.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha 2 Ecological Impact Assessment Table 6.4. Assessment and mitigation of impacts identified in the Operation Phase. OPERATION PHASE GENERAL AND SPECIALIST STUDY SPATIAL TEMPORAL CERTAINTY SEVERITY/ SIGNIFICANCE MITIGATION MEASURES SIGNIFICANCE IMPACTS SCALE SCALE SCALE BENEFICIAL PRE- POST- (DURATION) (LIKELIHOOD) SCALE MITIGATION MITIGATION Issue: Toxicants spilling from vehicles Toxicants (such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons, Localised, Long-term Probable Severe HIGH  No access road may traverse MODERATE surfactants and oils) spilled from vehicles may study area drainage lines, streams or river negatively impact the surrounding environment and and beds. biodiversity. downstream  Service roads should not exceed 4 metres in width and should incorporate storm water levees to reduce the likelihood of erosion.  Develop and implement an Erosion Action Programme. Issue: Invasion of alien species Allowing invading species to expand will lead to a Project level Long-term Probable Moderately MODERATE  A comprehensive habitat LOW large scale alien invasion. severe rehabilitation plan must be developed for the site. Rehabilitation must start immediately after construction ended.  The Alien Removal Plan implemented during the construction phase must be managed throughout the operational phase.

Coastal & Environmental Services Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha 3 Ecological Impact Assessment 7 IMPACT STATEMENT, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Conclusions

SANRAL is proposing to upgrade a 34km section of the National Road (R61) between Baziya and Mthatha in the Eastern Cape Province. The proposed project includes the widening of the existing road cross-section for climbing lanes, widening of the existing road reserve from 32m to 50m wide, strengthening of existing pavement, rehabilitation or reconstruction of major drainage structures and bridges, the improvement of a section of the road from a single carriageway into a dual carriageway.

Table 7.1 Assessment of pre- and post-mitigation impact significance. PRE-MITIGATION POST-MITIGATION PHASES LOW MODERATE HIGH LOW MODERATE HIGH

Planning and 0 1 2 2 2 0 Design

Construction 0 4 3 6 1 0

Operation 1 1 0 1 1 0

TOTAL 1 6 5 9 4 0

7.2 Recommendations for the proposed Rehabilitation of the R61 Section from Baziya to Mthatha

7.2.1 Planning and Design

 An Environmental Control Officer (ECO) must be appointed to oversee construction activities  All SSC, protected or vulnerable must be avoided or transplanted.  Rehabilitation with grasses found on site, in addition to local shade-loving grasses, must be undertaken.  All appropriate permits must be obtained from DAFF and DEDEAT for removal and/or destruction of protected species. Copies of the permits must be forwarded to DEA and kept onsite.  No access road may traverse drainage lines, streams or river beds.  If any construction footprint takes place inside or within 32 meters of any water body, authorisation from DWA must be obtained.  Access roads should not exceed 4 metres in width and should incorporate storm water levees to reduce the likelihood of erosion.  Develop and implement an Erosion Action Programme.  Water courses should be rehabilitated by careful removal of the alien invasive vegetation.

7.2.2 Construction

 Construction activities must be limited to the designated footprint of the road upgrade route i.e. construction materials, vehicular storage, construction camps etc., should occur in a footprint which will ultimately be developed as part of the facility.  There should be minimal disturbance to areas in the immediate vicinity as successful vegetation recovery will depend on the remaining vegetation.  Ensure that roads on slopes incorporate storm water diversion.  Where vegetation has been cleared, site rehabilitation in terms of soil stabilisation and re- vegetation must be undertaken.

Coastal & Environmental Services 1 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment

 Construction activities must be demarcated and vegetation clearing and top soil removal (if required) limited to these areas.  The road upgrade route must be surveyed prior to topsoil removal in order to locate SSC and transplant them into the neighbouring undeveloped environment.  A Plant Rescue & Protection Plan must be implemented and managed by a vegetation specialist familiar with the site in consultation with the appointed ECO.  Construction activities must be limited to the designated development footprint.  No poaching of any wild animals will be allowed.  An alien removal plan must be implemented and run during the construction phase.

7.2.3 Operation

 No access road may traverse drainage lines, streams or river beds.  Service roads should not exceed 4 metres in width and should incorporate storm water levees to reduce the likelihood of erosion.  Develop and implement an Erosion Action Programme.  A comprehensive habitat rehabilitation plan must be developed for the site. Rehabilitation must start immediately after construction ended.  The Alien Removal Plan implemented during the construction phase must be managed throughout the operational phase.

7.3 Environmental statement and opinion of the specialist

The ecological impacts of all the aspects of the proposed Rehabilitation & upgrade of the R61 between Baziya & Mthatha were considered and deemed to be ecological acceptable, provided that the mitigation measures provided in this report are implemented.

Coastal & Environmental Services 2 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha Ecological Impact Assessment 8 REFERENCES

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Coastal & Environmental Services 3 Rehabilitation of R61 Section 7 from Baziya to Mthatha