THE StORMING nORMANS They came, they fought, they conquered – and they were rather keen on building too!

The Normans were descended from people now had to live and work under Vikings who settled in Normandy in William’s knights and barons (page 4) France. In 1066 a few thousand Normans who owned all the land, demanded food sailed over to England and changed the and taxes from them and also spoke course of British history. French instead of English. In fact, we still When the English king, Edward the speak many Norman words in everyday Confessor, died without an heir, three English today (page 15). men claimed the throne as theirs. Two of After centuries of battling with them, Harold of the Anglo-Saxons and CLICK HERE invaders from Scandanavia, England was Harald of the Norwegians, fought a to see a Harold now linked with Europe, battle in northern England, while the and it was the Norman Normans, under Duke William, landed in vs William influence that helped to the south. Harold and the Anglo-Saxons video! turn England into one of won the first battle but, after the richest, most a long march to meet William’s army, powerful kingdoms. they were defeated by the Normans at the famous Battle of Hastings (see page 6), which made William the new king of England. KINGS OF THE CASTLES Over the next few decades this small army of Normans took control of the whole country by building lots of motte-and- bailey castles (page 13). These were built of wood and earth but eventually became the huge stone buildings that still stand all over the country today (page 11). From their castles the Normans ruled England, I'm a very building Battle cry important churches (page Find out about parson! 12), changing the Battle of the laws, Hastings and language and Battle Abbey everyday life of people in on page 6 England. Ordinary

Norman JAN SEP OCT DEC Conquest 1066 1066 1066 1066 Edward the Harald Hardrada The Battle William is crowned Confessor claims the throne of Hastings. king of England timeline dies. Harold but is defeated William’s Normans on Christmas Day, The key dates following Godwinson is by King Harold at beat Harold’s which was his best the Battle of Hastings named king Stamford Bridge Anglo-Saxons present that year 02

WIN 4 A day at Rochester A COOL GOODY BAG! Meet a young kitchen boy Make a mini Norman castle and send Let's go to Battle Abbey us a photo for your chance to win! 6 Visit the scene of the Battle of Hastings

We've got a goody bag worth £100 to give away to the reader Norman settlement poster who makes the best mini motte-and-bailey castle (see page 13 8 The next part of your mega timeline! for inspiration). This can be out of cake, clay, papier mâché – anything you want! Go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/kids to find out how to enter Norman knight quiz 10 See if you could be hero on horseback!

Look inside… LOL! 11 Discover life within Richmond Castle What was the knight’s favourite game? Castle Acre guide Knights and 12 Explore this Norman castle and priory crosses! Spotter’s guide 13 Motte-and-bailey castles explained

What’s for dinner? 14 A festive feast at Sherborne Old Castle

Norman know-how 15 More fun, games and quizzes

Dress-up time 16 King Harold and William selfie kit

This magazine is published on behalf of by Immediate Media Co. www.immediate.co.uk Pssst! See if you can spot For English Heritage me on page 8! Luke Whitcomb, Johanna Lovesey, Tersia Boorer, Tony Dike, Rebecca Thompson

For Immediate Media Co Group editor Matt Havercroft Art editor Sam Freeman Group production editor Oliver Hurley Senior account manager Laura Connelly Director Julie Williams Editorial director Dan Linstead Design director Will Slater

Contributors Terms and conditions The closing date and time for entries is midnight on Wednesday Jeremy Ashbee, Michael Carter, Adam Rees 28 February 2018. The promoter is English Heritage. If you are under 13 you need permission from your parent/guardian before entering the competition. One winner will receive an English Heritage Ilustration and photographs goody bag worth £100. For full terms and conditions go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/kids. Wesley Robins, Michael Gambriel 200340

1068 1069 1077 1086 1087 Following a few William marches Work begins on the William has a William dies and rebellions, King north and ends Bayeux Tapestry, survey taken about is succeeded by William begins the final pockets which tells the tale the people who live his son William II, building castles to of resistance of the Norman in England, called having changed enforce his power against him Conquest the British history 03 Henry needs to light the fire under the oven. A lot of bread needs to be baked A day in the life… so the fire is big and extremely hot. Meet Henry, a kitchen servant at Rochester Castle in 1154

Well, at least I’m not cold any more… OUCH, MY FINGERS!

Yawn! brrrr, I wish I could stay in bed like my lord

Everyone else in the castle gets up at sunrise but Henry and the other kitchen servants have to wake even earlier to get breakfast ready. It’s a big day in the kitchen as there’s a feast tonight for the lord’s birthday. His wife, the lady of the castle, goes to the kitchen to check on preparations. No more ale, I’ve had enough

Yes my lord. (whispers) it’s probably for the best!

One day I’d Stop Henry helps serve the lord constable, Reginald, like a wife daydreaming and his family a breakfast of bread, meat, fish like the Henry! and ale, which is a lot safer to drink than water. lady…

Henry leaves the castle to meet his friend Oliver, Ha! Oliver a squire, who is training to be a knight. The GOOD is scared other squires are practising with weapons. HUNT? of the bird!

I wish I was Er… swinging swords, not sweeping floors! Oliver has just been on a hunt and has some rabbits the falcon caught for the feast. Henry makes one more stop at the castle’s Back in the kitchen Henry and his friend brewhouse to pick up some ale for the feast. Joan are making custard and swan-shaped The brewer seems a little bit sleepy. sotiltees (sugar sculptures) for the table.

Oh yes, delicious. Ahem… I’d Is the imagine! Sweet! I hope ale nice? this all tastes as good as it looks!

The feast is a big occasion. The lady of the house puts Henry to work in the great hall, sweeping the floors and starting the fire. You, boy, more wine!

OW! Not Yes my lord again The feast begins and Henry and Jean carry plates of roast meat and jugs of ale and wine for the guests.

The is the most important guest at the feast. Henry is After a long day Henry is extremely nervous about meeting him. exhausted. He has to be up in a few hours to do it all again.

Just the washing-up to do before I can go to bed... Gulp!

M… more wine y… Why yes, your grace? bless you my child

To see the amazing Rochester Castle for yourself, go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/rochester Discover how the Battle of Hastings unfolded at the site of the most LET famous battle in British history BatTl e ComMEnce! MARCHING TO VICTORY? After marching south after defeating Harald Hardrada’s army at Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire, Harold’s Saxon army lined up on a hill around eight miles from Hastings to meet William’s Norman army. Harold’s men were tired but were led by Harold’s fierce troops, who held spears and axes behind a wall of shields.

A HILL TO CLIMB On the ground below, William’s Norman army lined up. He had the same number of men but, crucially, he had archers, who could kill from a distance, and his swift, well- trained cavalry on horseback. If he wanted the throne of England he was going to have to take the hill.

HOLDING STEADY TRICKY TACTICS William’s men attacked up the slope With masterful tactics, William all day, with exhausted knights ordered his men to retreat and lots coming back down the hill to have of the Saxons left the hill, running a break. Though they were being after the Normans. But it was weakened, Harold’s Saxons held a trick! The retreating Normans firm and, as night approached, they turned around to kill their pursuers, hoped to hold on for victory. leaving just a few Saxons left.

06 INTERVIEW WITH KING HAROLD AND WILLIAM LOL! THE CONQUEROR What did We sent young Member Will Harold say to the Battle of Hastings when he was battlefield to meet the rivals! hit by an arrow? I’m all Where did you land your boats? aquiver! William: We arrived in Pevensey Bay. We constructed fortifications there until we moved near Hastings and could build a more secure base.

BatTl e Why do you want to the English crown so much? Harold: This Norman invader wants to change the way we live and change the way our church is run.

William, why do you think you’re going to win? William: We have the most modern army. I will press first with infantry, shower their shield wall with archery and sweep down with cavalry.

Harold, how do you think you’re going to fight off William’s men? Harold: Simple. We have taken the high ground, we have denied him the road to London. He cannot go past us because the whole land is covered in forest. We will simply hold our ground here at the top of the hill with strong, brave men.

Watch the video Click here to see our interview with Harold and William!

RETREAT AND SURRENDER PAYING RESPECT With one final push the Six years after the battle, William founded Normans overran the brave an abbey on the battlefield. It was to give Saxon forces on the hill. thanks for his victory and to honour those King Harold was killed, lost that day. The church’s altar was built either by a horseman or on the spot where Harold’s body was by an arrow through the found after the battle, meaning the eye. Leaderless, the last of church had to be built in an awkward Harold’s men surrendered. place on top of the hill. William had won.

07 $ The king has given this land to a lord, who has built a castle to COLLECT ALL 12 control the area. He rents the land POSTERS! to knights who defend the village. Peasants are granted pockets of land in return for work or goods. Over to you! Collect them all! • What work are the peasants and This is the fourth of 12 posters children doing? you can collect to make a mega • What job would you enjoy most? timeline of English history. You • Can you see a relic of Saxon rule? can get the first three at www. • Where is the lord’s castle? english-heritage.org.uk/kids it's knight Quiz time… time! COULD YOU MAKE IT AS A NORMAN KNIGHT You’ve been a squire learning how to be a knight for several years. Today is your final exam. Will you get knighted? Good luck!

How do you take What do you do on your enemy in with the knight GOOD KNIGHT battle? you've defeated? CHALLENGES 1 A) On horseback with your 4 A) Strip him of his armour lance B) Accept his surrender Put your knightly skills B) Stay back with the archers C) Finish him off for good to the test to see if you and shoot D) Get him to give you a are truly up to the task C) Challenge your opponent piggyback home to a boxing match D) Dismount and use your Do the maths What’s the best The Saxons are 889m sword way to attack an away. Your horse will be enemy’s castle? 1too tired if it gallops more than The battle is going 5 A) Scale the walls with ladders 232m. How far will you have well but William B) Batter the gates and walls to trot before you can ride orders your cavalry with rams and catapults full speed at the Saxons? 2 C) Tunnel under the walls to retreat. Do you… A) Run away as fast as you D) Surround the castle and Sword swinging can to the nearest pub wait for the defenders Grab a pillow from your B) Ignore William, carry on to starve bed and make sure you fighting against the Saxons 2have lots and lots of room. Swing the pillow as if it was C) Call William a plonker how did a sword, using all your and demand he lets you do? you take charge strength. How long before D) Retreat halfway down the you’re panting for breath? hill and wait for the next 3–4 command Not bad Design a shield but practise Norman knights used Jousting is a your oval-shaped shields and jousting 3decorated them with animals, crucial skill for 1–2 5 crosses and other patterns. tournaments and We think You will Can you design your own? 3 you’re an be a great battle. Who do you practise against? Anglo- Norman Carry the load A) Your defenceless squire Saxon knight You have a sword, B) A mannequin holding shield, lance, mace, a shield 4knife, helmet, chain mail, C) Another knight in full boots and saddle. How do you armour Chivalry- transport it around and get D) A chicken riding a pig changed into it before battle?

ometer Can you do it on your own?

safest to train against a dummy. 4 B) Knights treated enemies with honour. 5 D) It’s boring but the least dangerous option. dangerous least the but boring It’s D) 5 honour. with enemies treated Knights B) 4 dummy. a against train to safest

1 A) Scare the enemy with a cavalry charge. 2 D) Turn back and ride down the enemy when they follow. 3 B) It’s It’s B) 3 follow. they when enemy the down ride and back Turn D) 2 charge. cavalry a with enemy the Scare A) 1 Answers:

10 THEN

NOW Look inside... Richmond Castle Discover what life was like within this Norman castle’s walls

Walking the walls Luxury living Down below High stone walls topped with This room provided private Cellars provided ample 1 crenellations meant that 3 sleeping accommodation 5 and secure storage for the Richmond Castle had formidable for the lord. His comfortable provisions consumed in the hall. defences. This was an important bed had mattresses, pillows Wine in vats was imported from landmark feature, and it is likely and blankets, and a roaring fire France and beer would have nobles would stroll along it too. ensured the room was cozy. been brewed at the castle.

A great feast Mind that fire! How the other half lived This large open hall is A large kitchen was needed The castle was also 2 where the lord feasted with 4 to prepare the massive 6 home to servants and his family and guests. The most quantities of food consumed in craftsmen. They lived in simple important people sat at a table at the castle’s hall. It was located wooden-framed buildings. But at one end of the room. Heating was away from other buildings to Christmas, everyone enjoyed food, provided by a fire in the centre. reduce the risk of fire. drink and the warmth of a fire.

Discover more about Richmond Castle at www.english-heritage.org.uk/richmond

Can you Soldier Monk on A domestic standing his way servant spot it? guard to prayers on duty 11 Discover more about life at Castle Acre, a well-preserved VILLAGE Norman village in Norfolk that dates PEOPLE from the 11th century SPECIAL PRIORY The priory dates from 1090 and was founded by William de Warenne’s son. For nearly NORFOLK VILLAGE 450 years, it was home to an order of monks called Cluniac Castle Acre is a remote village in monks. It was also a stopping Norfolk. It’s special because it’s a point for royalty and nobility. rare surviving example of a Norman settlement. You can still see the castle, church and priory, as well as the gateways into the village. EARLY START Up to 36 monks lived here, along with a lot of servants. The monks had a strict routine that included worshipping BIG CASTLE in church eight times A Norman knight called a day. The first service William de Warenne built started at two o’clock the castle soon after he in the morning! fought for at the Battle of Hastings. It’s one of the most impressive To learn more or to plan a earthwork enclosure visit to Castle Acre, go to castles in the country. www.english-heritage.org. uk/castleacrepriory

Spot the difference

Find the five differences between these two photos of Castle Acre Priory

1 Sky in bottom arch. 2 Slab at bottom-left. 3 Window at top-right. 4 Missing two small arches on left-hand tower. 5 Top of roof on building on left on building on roof of Top 5 tower. left-hand on arches small two Missing 4 top-right. at Window 3 bottom-left. at Slab 2 arch. bottom in Sky 1 ANSWERS 12 NORMAN CASTLES The Normans left lots of castles across England but do you know what makes them different from other castles? Here are some of the clues to look out for…

After winning the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror started building then lots of castles throughout England to defend his troops as they advanced across the country. To begin with, they built motte-and-bailey castles using earth and timber. It is believed that the Normans built as many as 1,000 castles like this in England. Later, once William had firmly established his rule, the Normans built huge stone keep castles. Many of these can still be seen across England. Here are things to look out for to know if a castle is Norman or not… now

Many castles have been changed over time or are ruins, so you might not be able to spot everything! Arched doorways Curved doorways were very fashionable in Norman times! The motte The keep The earth mound the castle Most Norman castles was built on. It has steep had a big stone keep, sides to make it difficult which provided the main Small windows Norman windows for enemies to attack. accommodation and a tended to have round lookout tower, topped by arches and were small – a wall that archers could they let smoke out, but shoot arrows from. Moat and let a little light in, and A moat would have rarely had glass. surrounded both the motte and bailey to protect them, The bailey with a single drawbridge This is the area at the Winding staircases used to enter. This could bottom of the motte, Some people say these be lifted up if the castle where workers would have were designed to was under attack. lived in Norman times. make attackers climb clockwise and fight with their left (and often weaker) hand. ALAMY 13 What’s for dinner? A festive Norman feast is taking place at Sherborne Old Castle. But can you guess what’s on the Christmas lunch menu?

Feasts were important events for the Normans and they were used to celebrate special occasions such as Christmas LOL! What sort of or the completion of the harvest. The food given to people fish did Norman and where they were seated depended on their status. knights eat?

Let’s join the Norman bishop Roger of Salisbury as he Swordfish! hosts a Christmas feast…

Fish and seafood Meat Jellies and custards People would eat tench Lavish feasts would These were dyed a (a type of carp) and eels, include meat such as variety of bright colours, which would often be roasted wild boar (served using sandalwood for used to make a broth. with an apple in its red, saffron for yellow Nobles sometimes ate mouth), roasted peacock and boiled animal blood whales and seals. or roast venison (deer). for black!

Bread Potage Cheese In Norman times, instead This was a really thick Cheese was one of the of using plates, people soup made up of meat Normans’ favourite ate their food off stale and vegetables that had types of food. In fact, bread, which was known been boiled together. It Wensleydale cheese as a ‘trencher’. was eaten by everyone, dates from Norman even peasants. times.

The Normans loved to eat sweet food, including a type of sweetmeat Make a tasty that was like a date loaf. Go to our website at www.english-heritage. Norman treat! org.uk/kids to find out how you can make it yourself! More Norman- themed fun, NORMAN games and silliness LOL! Who did the Normans marry? KNoW-HOW Norwomans Norman or Nosy Normans! ‘no way man!’? Once the Normans had invaded England As the Normans won the Battle of they conducted a huge survey to see who Hastings, they became the ruling class lived where and what they owned. This in England for centuries and drastically survey was called the Domesday Book and changed the language. See if you can included all sorts of useful information spot the eight everyday words that were to help the Normans rule. Which four of introduced by the Normans and the these questions do you think they asked? two imposters – try putting on a French accent as you do it to see if that helps! • What is the manor called? • Who owns it? Poultry Soldier • What’s your favourite song? SWEAT • How many people live there? FAVOURITE • How much woodland is there? MILITARY KENNEL 1.  William the Conqueror invented Phew, this PROPERTY TRUE OR the game of conkers is tough! FALSE? 2. The Normans got their name from Now you know a the Vikings NOBLE bit more about the 3. They covered their houses in grass so Normans, see if you they could play football on the roof DIRT can guess whether 4. The Normans won at Hastings because the following the Anglo-Saxons were too drunk statements are 5. The Normans were better builders CUSTARD fact or fiction than the Anglo-Saxons

MAKE YOUR OWN BAYEUX TAPESTRY The Bayeux Tapestry was the comic you do, decide on three or four of its day, telling the story of how important scenes. Write a sentence William defeated his enemy Harold. describing each as a guide and write Now it’s your turn! You can make them across the top of a sheet of your own Bayeux Tapestry based paper. Then on the rest of the paper on anything you like. Your summer draw the scenes as they unfolded to holiday? Your favourite bit of tell your story. For real authenticity try history? How about a story you’ve and make the people look like those

made up on your own? Whatever pictured in the Bayeux Tapestry.

temperature. 4. False – It was common for soldiers to drink before battle though! 5. True – Many Norman buildings still stand. Not many Anglo-Saxon ones do. ones Anglo-Saxon many Not stand. still buildings Norman Many – True 5. though! battle before drink to soldiers for common was It – False 4. temperature.

recorded in the 1800s. 2. True – Norman means ‘north men’, alluding to the raiders from Norway. 3. False – However, they did use grass to keep their houses a good good a houses their keep to grass use did they However, – False 3. Norway. from raiders the to alluding men’, ‘north means Norman – True 2. 1800s. the in recorded

1. False – Conkers was first first was Conkers – False 1. False? or True Vikings the by introduced was dirt word the and word Anglo-Saxon an is Sweat Man?! Way No or Norman ANSWERS:

15 INSTANT dress-up Dress up as King Harold or William the Conqueror with our selfie kit Say ‘hello’ KIT to King STEP 1 Harold! Go to www.english-heritage.org.uk/kids and download the printable props

Let Battle begin! STEP 2 Turn back to Print out the prop templates and page 6 to learn glue each of the pages on to card about the events of the Battle of Hastings STEP 3 Cut them out to create your props COOL

EXTRAS! STEP 4 We’ve got a Attach string or elastic on to sword and a the masks. Choose from King Harold or William the Conqueror William the Conqueror mask and beard STEP 5 Strike a pose and ask a grown-up to share a photo of you in your 1066 kit! Use #EHmembership and tag @EnglishHeritage