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Kernaussagen Der Broadacre City 127 2 | Broadacre City und die Zwischenstadt 3 | Broadacre City und die Zwischenstadt. Neueinordnung des amerikanischen Entwurfsmodells im Rahmen der aktuellen Debatte zur Qualifizierung der Zwischenstadt Von der Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften der Universität Duisburg-Essen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktor Ingenieur (Dr.-Ing.) genehmigte Dissertation Vorgelegt von Stefanie Bremer, Essen Referent: Prof. Dr. -Ing. Renatus Widmann Korreferent: Prof. J. Alexander Schmidt Korreferent: Prof. Frank R. Werner, BU Wuppertal Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19.12.2008 4 | Broadacre City und die Zwischenstadt Vorwort Das Ideal? Situation und sucht Lösungen aus dem Hier und Jetzt. Ideal ist vielleicht ein Haus im Grünen ... in freier Natur ... oder gar direkt am Meer ... oder Doch wer nur in die Gegenwart schaut, nimmt umgekehrt: eine Loft-Wohnung mit großer sich die Möglichkeit, aus der Vergangenheit zu Dachterrasse und Ausblick auf die Skyline lernen. Der gute Städtebau braucht den Blick einer pulsierenden Metropole. zurück. Doch die Wirklichkeit sieht für sehr viele Dafür ist eine kritische Haltung notwendig, Menschen anders aus. Fast Zweidrittel der damit der Blick zurück nicht verklärt oder in Deutschen leben irgendwo dazwischen, zwi- die Irre führt. Dann aber ist der Rückblick eine schen den beiden Idealen. Am Rand. Im Vor- der stärksten Entwurfsmethoden im Städte- ort. In der Zwischenstadt, also in Räumen, die bau, denn er bietet einen fast unschätzbaren weder wirklich ländlich noch wirklich städtisch Wert: Erfahrungen. sind. In der Moderne sind eine Vielzahl von Arbeiten Die Zwischenstadt ist ein alltäglicher Raum, entstanden, die sich bereits mit der Gestaltung womöglich sogar nur ein Kompromiss. Jeden- suburbaner Räume beschäftigt haben: Le falls kein Ideal, vielleicht nicht mal für die Corbusier, Howard, Wright, Hilbersheimer, Menschen, die dort leben. Neutra oder Reichow. Diese Klassiker des Städtebaus snd ein reichhaltiger Grundstock, Trotzdem ist sie allgegenwärtig. Sie ist Fakt. der für die heutige Debatte genutzt werden Eine physische Tatsache, mit der vor allem die kann, um frühere Ideen wiederzuentdecken, neue Planergeneration lernen muss, umzu- neue besser einordnen und vor allem Er- gehen. Sie muss eine nicht nur bewertende, fahrungen nutzen zu können. sondern auch handelnde Position zu diesem Raum einnehmen. Warum Wright? Wie also kann man in diesem Raum als Planer Ich habe mit der Neuauswertung von Wright handeln? Wie kann man diesen Raum gestal- angefangen, halte aber Le Corbusier, Neutra, ten und in Zukunft verbessern? Wie kann man Reichow, Hilbersheimer und weitere Klassiker vorhandene Zwischenstädte nachträglich für ebenso wertvoll. qualifizieren? Warum also Wright? Bisher gibt es in der im deutschsprachigen Weil er schwierig ist. Weil er polarisiert. Weil Raum geführten Debatte zu diesen Fragen sich so viele in ihrem Urteil über Wright an- noch keine verbindlichen Antworten. Die scheinend so sicher sind. Weil Wright phantas- immer noch kontroverse Debatte um die tische Gebäude gebaut hat. Weil er viel gebaut Zwischenstadt ist häufig in grundsätzlichen hat. Weil er mehr als einmal in seinem Leben Diskursen um Haltungen und Positionen gescheitert ist. Weil er immer noch Neugier verhaftet. Zudem wird häufig ohne historisches weckt. Fundament diskutiert: Man spricht über den heutigen Raum, betrachtet seine heutige 5 | Im ersten Buch beschrieb Wright die Idee der Dem zweiten, 1945 veröffentlichten Kurz vor seinem Tod überarbeitete er Broadacre City. Buch fügte Wright einen Plan für die Idee noch einmal. seinen Stadtentwurf bei. Abb.1 [Drei Bücher zu einer Idee] In diesen drei Büchern beschrieb Frank Lloyd Wright seine Idee der Broadacre City. In dieser Arbeit wird nachgewiesen, dass die alte Idee der Broadacre City heute mit dazu beitragen kann, die aktuelle Debatte zur Qualifizierung der Zwischenstadt zu schärfen. Bildquelle: Internet 6 | Broadacre City und die Zwischenstadt Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort 4 0. Einleitung 0.1. Ausgangslage + Problem 10 0.2. Thesen der Arbeit 12 0.3. Ziele der Arbeit 13 0.4. Untersuchungsmethoden 14 0.5. Arbeitsschritte/Aufbau der Arbeit 16 1. Stand der Forschung: Darstellung und Eingrenzung der Zwischenstadt-Debatte 1.1. Das Phänomen Zwischenstadt 20 1.2. Akteure der Zwischenstadt-Debatte 21 1.3. Arbeitsweisen der Akteure 24 1.4. Kernaussagen der Debatte 30 1.5. Kernfragen der Debatte 31 2. Beschreibung Broadacre City 2.1. Entstehungsgeschichte 36 2.2. Textanalyse 2.2.1. Materialien und Methoden 39 2.2.2. Ermittlung der Kernthemen 41 2.2.3. Darstellung und Interpretation der Kernthemen 42 2.2.4. Zusammenfassung: Kernaussagen der Texte 70 2.3. Modellanalyse 2.3.1. Materialien und Methoden 73 2.3.2. Auswertung der Skizze 74 2.3.3. Beschreibung der Modellbestandteile 76 2.3.4. Auswertung der Bestandteile 84 2.3.5. Zusammenfassung: Kernaussagen des Modells 99 2.4. Projektanalyse 2.4.1. Materialien und Methoden 102 2.4.2. Projekte für die [Autostadt] 104 2.4.3. Projekte für die [Rasterstadt] 109 2.4.4. Projekte für die [Parkstadt] 117 2.4.5. Projekte für die [Landstadt] 122 2.4.6. Projekte für die [Schnitt- und Knotenstellen] 123 2.4.7. Zusammenfassung: Kernaussagen der Projekte 126 7 | 2.5. Zusammenfassung: Kernaussagen der Broadacre City 127 3. Bewertung und Evaluation 3.1. Materialien und Methoden der Bewertung 132 3.2. Amerikanische Bewertung 133 3.3. Bewertung im deutschsprachigen Raum 138 3.4. Evaluation 142 3.5.Zusammenfassung: Bewertung und Evaluation 146 4. Vergleich Broadacre City und die Zwischenstadt 4.1. Methoden für einen Vergleich 152 4.2. Textvergleich 4.2.1. Ausgangslage 156 4.2.2. Rahmenbedingungen 157 4.2.3. Ziele und Qualitätskriterien 158 4.2.4. Umsetzung 163 4.2.5. Zusammenfassung: Textanalyse 166 4.3. Modell- und Projektvergleich 4.3.1. Erstellung eines hypothetischen Modells der Zwischenstadt 168 4.3.2. Vergleich der Modelle 179 4.4. Zusammenfassung: Vergleich 182 5. Rückschlüsse, Fazit 5.1. Empfehlungen für die weitere Forschung 189 5.2. Anregungen für die gestaltende Praxis 191 5.3. Schlussbemerkungen, Ausblick 194 Anhang Verwendete Literatur, Glossar 8 | Broadacre City und die Zwischenstadt Kapitel 0. 9 | Einleitung 10 | Broadacre City und die Zwischenstadt 0. Einleitung 0.1. Ausgangslage + Problem In den letzten 20 Jahren findet in der Städte- talen Siedlungsinseln und –fetzen im Umland bau- und Stadtplanungsdebatte eine stärker der städtischen Kerne ausgebreitet hat und ein werdende Diskussion um den Siedlungsraum mikroskopisches Chaos [...] darstellt” (Zibell → statt, der im Zuge der Suburbanisierung1 ent- BBR | 2004: 50) standen ist. Mit der negativen Bewertung wird meist auch Für diesen Raum gibt es noch keinen verbind- eine planerische und vor allem gestalterische lichen Namen. Stadtplaner und Stadtgestalter Aufgabe verbunden: Der Raum, der im Zuge sprechen von <sprawl>, <Zersiedlung>, <Zwi- der Suburbanisierung entstanden ist, gilt viel- schenstadt>, <Suburbia> oder <Stadtland- en als weniger wertvoll und ästhetisch wenig schaft>. Die Geographin Elisabeth ansprechend. Daher sehen viele Planer und Lichtenberger nennt diesen „neuen Raum“ Architekten hier die Aufgabe, den Raum gestal- <Stadt-Land Kontinuum>, und drückt damit terisch aufzuwerten oder die weiterhin aus, dass hier Unterschiede zwischen städ- formlose Entwicklung einzudämmen. tischen und ländlichen Räumen nivelliert werden (Lichtenberger | 1998: 39). Von der „Moderne“ bis zur „Zweiten Moderne“ Die verschiedenen Begriffe für diesen „Raum ohne Namen“ machen die unterschiedlichen Zu Fragen der Gestaltung von suburban ge- Haltungen der Disziplinen deutlich: Während prägten Räumen (Stadtlandschaften, Zwi- in der Raumforschung und Geographie eher schenstädte) lässt sich im Städtebau der letzten wertneutral versucht wird, Gesetzmäßigkeiten rund 90 Jahre keine stringente Haltung erken- und Charakteristiken der Entwicklung zu nen. Im Gegenteil, Fragen dazu wurden in der beschreiben, findet in der Architektur und Moderne und in der Postmoderne unterschied- Stadtplanungsdebatte eine wertende Aus- lich diskutiert: einandersetzung statt: Der suburbane Raum gilt aufgrund seiner geringen Siedlungsdichten Moderne: Suburbia als Verheißung und der starken Ausrichtung auf den MIV-Ver- Die Vorstellung, eine weniger dichte Siedlung kehr als nicht nachhaltig. Auch aus stadtgestal- zu entwerfen, welche die fast a priori verinner- terischen Gründen wird der Raum von vielen lichte Dichometrie zwischen Stadt und Land Architekten, Stadtplanern und Städtebauern auflöst, war zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts kritisiert. Er gilt als monoton, qualitätslos, verlockend revolutionär. Viele bedeutende minderwertig und chaotisch. Barbara Zibell Stadtbaumodelle der Moderne suchten nach beispielsweise bezeichnet ihn als Siedlungs- einer „Symbiose zwischen Stadt und Land“ raum, der sich mit „ungeordneten und frak- (Durth | 2007: 145). Für sie war die Schaffung einer <Stadtlandschaft> ein zentrales 1 Schlüsselbegriffe des Städtebaus und der Stadttheorie werden in dieser Arbeit in einem Glossar im Anhang definiert, um die Bedeutung der Begriffe auf diese Arbeit bezogen besser eingrenzen zu können. 11 | Planungs- und Gestaltungsziel2. Sowohl in den USA als auch in Europa werden in dieser Zeit vorherrschend Konzepte zur Schaffung und Gestaltung von Stadtlandschaften diskutiert (Rabeler | 1989). Ziel war es, bebauten Raum und Freiraum auf Siedlungsebene miteinander zu verzahnen und diesen neugeschaffenen Raum dann an die Anfordernisse einer modernen Gesellschaft anzupassen. Wichtige planerische Elemente dieser Zeit waren
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