Index

A Bone marrow biopsies (BMB), 4 Accessory ossicles, 281 Bone marrow disease, non-infective inflammatory, 311 Acute (AO), 222 Bone marrow (BME), acute, 285 Acute traumatic lesions, 267 acute/chronic trauma, 265 Age-related changes, 13 Bone marrow edema syndrome (BMES), 247, 282 Agranulocytosis, 14 follow-up, 288 Amyloidosis, 17, 19, 330 Bone marrow lesions, response assessment, 121 Anemias, 193 Bone mass, abnormalities, 9 aplastic, 11, 13, 14, 212 Bone metastases, differential diagnoses, 88 bone marrow insufficiency, 212 follow-up, 86 elderly, 215 pediatric, 87 inherited, 214 WB-MRI, 79 Ankle, osteonecrosis, 238 Bone remodelling, 13 Ankylosing spondylitis, 318 Bone structure, 10, 266 Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), 341 Bone tumors, benign, 43 Appendicular skeleton, 37 Breast cancer, bone marrow metastases, 20 Arteriosclerosis, 19 Brodie’s abscess, 299 Arthropathies, inflammatory, primary, 317 Bronchogenic cancer, bone marrow metastases, 20 Aseptic necrosis, FHON, 226 Bruise, 266 Aspirate, 5 resolution, 287 (AVN), 248 FHON, 226 Avulsive injuries, 267 C chronic, 280 Caffey’s disease, 236 Calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate disease (CPPD), 329 Cancellous bone, 266 B Charcot joint, 302 Biopsy evaluation, 9 Chloroma, 55 Biopsy needles, 4–8 Chronic onset lesions (stress lesions), 286 Biopsy planning, 362 Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), 328, 329 Biopsy sites, choice, 6 Chronic traumatic lesions (repetitive trauma), 271 Bisphosphonates (BP), metastatic bone disease, 239 Clip injury, 269 Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous Compact bone, 11, 266 proliferation (BPOP), 331 Complex regional syndrome (CRPS), 248 Bone anatomy, 266 Compression fractures, multiple, 155 marrow, 22 Contrast agents, 67, 82, 155, 165, 339, 356 pelvis, 4 Cooley’s anemia (thalassemia major), 200 Bone bruise, 266 Crystal arthropathies, 312, 329 resolution, 287 Bone cells, 10 Bone infarction (bone ischemia), 221 D sarcomas, 224 Dashboard injury, 270 staging, 230 DCE-MRI, 137, 165, 347 Bone island, 36 vertebral fractures, 165

A. Baur-Melnyk (ed.), Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Bone Marrow, Medical Radiology. Diagnostic Imaging, 367 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17860-3, Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 368 Index

D (cont.) Gadolinium, 25, 35, 165, 189, 249, 303, 356 Deferiprone, 210 Gadopentate dimeglumine, 357 Desferrioxamine, 209 Gadoteridol, 357 Diabetes mellitus, bone infarction, 222 Gadoversetamide, 357 Diabetic foot, osteomyelitis, 302 Gadoxetic acid disodium, 358 Diagnostic reliability, 4 Gaucher disease (GD), 14, 177 Diffuse skeletal (DISH), 322 bone infarction, 222 Diffusion, coefficient, 340 scoring, 182 gradients, 342 skeletal involvement, 178 MRI, 339, 340 Gd-BOPTA, 358 tensor, 342 Gd-chelates, lab tests, 359 weighting (b-value), 343 Gd-DO3A-butriol, 357 Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), 26, 121, 344 Gd-DTPA-BMA, 357 Diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body Gd-DTPA-BMEA, 357 signal suppression (DWIBS), 83 Gd-EOB-DTPA, 358 Discitis, 293 Gd-HP-DO3A, 357 DOTA, 357 Giemsa staining, 7 Drepanocytosis (sickle cell anemia), 194 Glenohumeral joint, osteonecrosis, 235 Dry tap, 3 Gomori staining, 7, 19 Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging, 121, 137, 165, 347 Gradient-echo, 27 Granulomatous disorders, 14

E , osteonecrosis, 235 H Electric drill, 6 Haemolytic anaemia, 11, 14 Elliptocytosis, 212 Half-Fourier-acquisition single-shot turbo-spin-echo Enchondromas, 43 (HASTE), 344 Enostoses, 43 Hamartomas, 35, 43 Enthesitis, 317 Hand, osteonecrosis, 236 Erdheim-Chester disease, 189 Hemangioma, vertebral, 35 Erythropoiesis, 14 Hemoglobin, 193 European Vertebral Study (EVOS), 145 Hemoglobinopathies, 194 Extracellular matrix, 19 Hereditary oxalosis, 14 Hip replacements, 221 Histiocytosis, 177, 187 F Histology, bone/bone marrow, 10, 19, 195 Fanconi anemia, 212 Histomorphometry, 6 Fast field-echo (FFE) sequence, 347 Howship’s lacunae, 12 Fast imaging with steady precession (FISP), 345 , coronal T1-weighted SE MR images, 23 Fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence, 347 infarct, 195 Fat-saturated proton densityweighted MRI, 340 leukemia, 51 Fat-saturated sequences, 25 metastasis, 124 Fatty marrow, nodules, 32 osteomyelitis, 295 FDG-PET, vertebral compression fractures, 167 osteonecrosis, 235 Femoral head osteonecrosis (FHON), 221, 226 red marrow, 37 bone marrow edema, 230 Hypercellular red marrow, nodules, 33 pain, 232 Hyperextension injury, 269 Femur, normal, 38 Hypervitaminosis A, 332 Ferumoxytol, 360 Field strengths, 28 Foot, osteonecrosis, 238 I transient bone marrow edema, 259 Idiopathic thrombocythaemia, 16 Fourier-acquired steady-state (FAST), 345 Iliac crest biopsies, 5 Fractional anisotropy (FA), 342 Ilium, 6, 10 Freiberg’s disease, metatarsal, 238 Impaction injuries, 267 Infectious inflammatory bone disease, 293 Inflammatory bone marrow changes, differential diagnosis, 332 G Injuries, bone, 269 Gadobenate dimeglumine, 358 In-phase (IP)/opposed-phase (OP) imaging (chemical-shift Gadobutrol, 357 imaging), vertebral fractures, 160 Gadodiamide, 357 Instruments, 5 Index 369

Insufficient bone-related arthropathy of the knee, 237 inflammatory-associated fibrosis, 19 Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) MRI, 346 metastases, 17 Iron overload, 16 normal/variants, 29 Iron oxide nanoparticle-based contrast agents, 359 normocellular, 11 oedema syndrome, 15, 16 perfusion parameters, 351 J red, 13, 22, 23 Jamshidi needle, 3, 6 red, nodules, 34 serous atrophy, 214 yellow, 13, 22, 23 K Mastocytosis, 15, 177, 186 Kienbock’s disease (lunatomalacia), 236 Mauclaire’s disease, 236 Knee, osteonecrosis, 237 Medullary infarction, 221 transient bone marrow edema, 256 Megakaryocytes, 15 Kohler’s disease, tarsal navicular, 238, 241 Metacarpal heads, osteonecrosis, 236 Kummel’s disease, osteonecrosis of spine, 239, 243 Metastases, 19, 73, 151 bone, 73 osseous reactions, histologic types, 18 L Metastatic disease, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 61 Ladewig staining, 7 MGUS, 18 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 187 Microdamage, 248 Lateral patellar dislocation, 270 Molecular diffusion, MRI, 340 Legg-Calve-Perthe’s (LCP) disease, 233 Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown Lesions, 361 significance (MGUS), 110 Leukemias, 50 Morbus Gaucher. See Gaucher disease (GD) acute, 51 Mueller–Weiss syndrome, osteonecrosis chronic, 53 of tarsal navicular, 239 hairy cell, 54 Multiple myelomas (MM), 15, 18, 91, 124, 137 monocytic, 15 differential diagnosis, 116 myeloid, 15 genetic prognostic factors, 92 plasma cell, 55 histology, 93 relapse/response to therapy, 57 hyperdiploid (h-MM), 92 Limb malalignment, 281 non-hyperdiploid (nh-MM), 92 Long bones, 13, 22, 51, 178, 266 prognosis, 106 Long-distance runners, BME, 283 , 137 Lunatomalacia (Kienbock’s disease), 236 relapse/response to therapy, 113 Lymphocytes, 16 staging, 108 Lymphomas, 16, 49, 58, 88, 138 therapy, 112 Burkitt’s, 61 Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 12, 13 Hodgkin’s, 61 Myelofibrosis, 18, 19 non-Hodgkin’s, 61 Myelopoiesis, 14 radiography, 138 Myeloproliferative disorders/syndrome, 13, 18, 63, 222 Lymphopoiesis, 16

N M Needle, aspirate, 5, 6 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion, 340 Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), 355, 359 diffusion-weighted, 342 Notochordal cell tumors, benign, 36 perfusion, 340, 345 Marathon runners, BME, 283 Marrow, appendicular, 37 O architecture, 14 Osseous remodelling, 12 blood vessels/nerves, 19 Osteitis,, 317 cellular constituents, 14 Osteitis fibrosa generalisata, 13 cellularity, 11, 13 Osteoblasts, 12 definitions, 13 Osteoclasts, 12 fibres, 19 Osteocytes, 12 foci, 32 Osteogenesis imperfecta, 12 hypercellular, 11 Osteomalacia, 9, 12 hyperplasia, 39, 40 Osteomyelitis, 222, 293 hypocellular, 11 acute (AO), 222, 224, 295 370 Index

O (cont.) Retinoids, 332 chronic, 295, 298 Retropulsed bone fragments, 148, 154 chronic, exogenous, 299 Rheumatoid arthritis, 324 diabetic foot, 302 infancy, 295 juvenile haematogenous, 296 S SCA, 199 SAPHO, 88, 311, 317, 326, 332 Osteomyelofibrosis, 19 Sarcoidosis, 332 Osteomyelofibrosis/sclerosis (OMF/OMS), 63, 64 Sarcomas, bone infarcts, 224 Osteomyelosclerosis, 13, 16 Saturation-recovery turbo-FLASH (snapshot-FLASH) Osteon, 266 sequences, 347 Osteonecrosis, metaphysis/diaphysis (bone infarction), 222 Scaphoid fractures, 236 of the jaws (ONJ), 239 Scintigraphy, 52, 75, 96, 122, 168, 186, 224, 250, 274, 315 risk factors, 224 SE sequences, T1-/T2-weighted, 22 subchondral bone, 225 Short-tau inversion-recovery (STIR), 340 Osteons, 11 Sickle cell anemia (drepanocytosis), 194 Osteopetrosis, 9, 12 bone marrow infarcts, 197 Osteoporosis, 9, 65, 145, 324, 351 osteomyelitis, 199 fractures, 146, 148, 152 osteonecrosis, 197 vertebral, 146 Sickle cell disease (SCD), 194 Osteoporotic syndrome, 12 bone infarction, 222 , 12, 19, 52, 61, 65, 79, 88, 189, 236, 299 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 122 vertebral compression fractures, 168 P Single-shot spin-echo echoplanar imaging Paget’s disease, 10, 13, 25, 33, 61, 123, 197, 204, 316, 331 (EPI) sequence, 344 Panner’s disease (osteonecrosis of the capitellum), 235 Smoldering myeloma, 110 Pedicle, destruction, 151 Solitary bone plasmacytoma, 111 Pelvis, biopsy site, 4 Spherocytosis, hereditary, 212 Perfusion MRI, 339, 345 Spinal fracture index, 147 Periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced Spine, metastatic lesions, 146 reconstruction (PROPELLER), 344 Spondylarthritis, 293 PET-CT, vertebral compression fractures, 167 Spondylitis, 293, 303 Pivot shift injury, 269 ankylosing, 318 Plasma cells, 17 Spondylodiscitis, 293, 303 Plasmacytoma, 111 Spontaneous osteonecrosis (SONK), 237 Polycythaemia vera (PV), 12, 14, 63, 68 Steady-state free-precession (SSFP) sequence, 344 Posterior iliac crest, histomorphometric parameters, 6, 8 Stress fractures, 271 Preisser’s disease (idiopathic osteonecrosis risk factors, 273 of the scaphoid), 236 Stress injuries, grading, 278 Promegakaryocyte, 15 Stroma/stromal cells, 18 Prostaglandins, inflammatory bone marrow change, 332 Subchondral insufficiency fracture, 237, 284 Prostate cancer, bone marrow metastases, 19 Synovitis, 199, 211, 230, 234, 297, 312, 316, 325 Psoriatic Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 60, 212, 222, 317, 329 (PsAMRIS), 325 bone infarction, 222 Psoriatic arthropathy, 325 Pure impaction type injuries, 268 T T1-weighted SE sequence, 22 R Talus, osteonecrosis, 238 Rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) Thalassemia, 200 sequences, 344 osseous changes, 204 Red blood cells (RBCs), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), 193 rickets, 212 Regional accelerated phenomenon (RAP), 248 Thiemann’s disease, osteonecrosis, phalanx, 237 Regional migratory osteoporosis (RMO), 248, 260 Thrombocythemia, essential (ET), 63 Remodelling, 13 Thrombopoiesis, 15 Renal bone disease, 13 Time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS), 347 Renal cancer, bone marrow metastases, 20 Time-resolved imaging with stochastic Renal transplantation, osteonecrosis, 222 trajectories (TWIST), 347 Response assessment, 121 Trabeculae, 11, 266 Reticuloendothelial system, 177 Trabecular bone, 11, 266 Index 371

Trabecular node, 9 V Transient bone marrow edema (TBME), 248 Vascular disorders, 17 foot, 259 Vasculitis, 19 knee, 256 Vertebrae, malignant fractures, 151, 155 Transient osteoporosis of the hip (TOH), 247, 249 Vertebral body, fracture lines, 149 Transilial needle, 6 Vertebral compression fractures, benign vs. malignant, 145 Transversal relaxation times, 345 therapy, 169 Trauma, acute/chronic, 268 Vertebral enostosis, 36 repetitive, 271 Vertebral hemangioma, 35 Traumatic lesions, acute, 267 Vertebral marrow, perfusion parameters, 352 chronic, 271 Vertebral tumors, benign, 35 Treatment response, 361 Trephines, 5 biopsy (Jamshidi needle), 3 W Werlhof’s syndrome, 16 Whole-body MRI (WB-MRI), 28, 73, 122, 188 U Wrist, scaphoid fractures, 236 Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO), 355