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Swallow Wort MONARCH JOINT VENTURE Partnering across the U.S. to conserve the monarch migration www.monarchjointventure.org The Monarch Joint Venture is a partnership of federal and state agencies, non- Invasive Species Alert: governmental organizations, Black swallow-wort (Cynanchum louisea) and pale swallow-wort (Cynanchum rossicum) and academic programs that has heart shaped leaves and white flowers, and are working together to protect Monarchs and Swallow-wort is native to North America. the monarch migration across Monarch butterflies Danaus( plexippus) need the lower 48 United States. milkweed plants (Asclepias species plus a few species Environmental Effects in closely related genera) to survive; their caterpillars Swallow-wort species reduce local biodiversity of MISSION cannot feed on other host plants. Female monarchs Recognizing that North native plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Studies have evolved to lay eggs on milkweed, ensuring show a decrease in arthropod biodiversity in areas American monarch (Danaus that their offspring have adequate resources for plexippus) conservation is a covered by swallow-wort, when compared to similar development. Females find the milkweed plants using responsibility of Mexico, Canada old fields vegetated by native plants (DiTommaso a combination of visual and chemical cues. and the U.S., as identified in et. al. 2005). Swallow-worts can take over open the North American Monarch An alien invader is jeopardizing this process by areas, which in turn leads to reduced grassland bird Conservation Plan, this Joint confounding female monarchs during the egg laying breeding and nesting. As the former Latin name, Venture will coordinate process. Black swallow-wort (Cynanchum louisea, Vincetoxicum, implies, swallow-wort species are efforts throughout the U.S. to formerly C. nigrum or Vincetoxicum nigrum) allelopathic, releasing chemicals that will hinder the conserve and protect monarch and pale swallow-wort (Cynanchum rossicum, growth of surrounding plants. Studies have shown populations and their migratory formerly Vincetoxicum rossicum) are members a reduction in root size for butterflyweed (Asclepias phenomena by developing of the milkweed family (Asclepiadacea) native to tuberosa) and common milkweed (A. syriaca) and implementing science- Europe. Studies have shown that female monarchs when grown alongside swallow-worts (Michigan based habitat conservation will lay eggs on black swallow-wort, even when it DNR 2012). Like other milkweeds, swallow-worts and restoration measures in is growing in the same field as common milkweed produce glycosides that are toxic to mammals, collaboration with multiple (Casagrande and Dacey 2007). Laboratory tests including grazers. stakeholders. show that monarch caterpillars cannot feed on black Monarchs are particularly affected by the spread of or pale swallow-wort plants. Thus, swallow-worts Our mission will be achieved swallow-worts. Studies in Rhode Island show that may act as a “sink” for monarchs; caterpillars from by coordinating and monarch butterflies lay eggs on this “dead-end” host, eggs laid on these invasive plants will not survive, facilitating partnerships and particularly in areas where common milkweed (A. communications in the U.S. and are essentially wasted. In addition, swallow-worts syriaca) is relatively rare. A proportion of eggs are and North America to deliver can crowd out native milkweeds, which can eliminate laid on swallow-worts even when the milkweed host a combination of habitat appropriate food sources for monarch caterpillars. plant is present in the field. conservation, education, and Black and pale swallow-worts should not be There is no evidence that monarchs are evolving an research and monitoring. confused with Cynanchum laeve (common ability to survive on these invasive swallow-worts, names sandvine, honeyvine, despite over a hundred years of VISION bluevine milkweed, and smooth exposure. Monarchs may lay eggs The vision of this Joint swallow-wort), a similar plant that on swallow-worts because they Venture is abundant monarch is native to eastern and central U.S. are closely related to the native populations to sustain the states and Ontario. C. laeve is an sand vine (Cynanchum laeve), monarch migratory phenomena appropriate monarch host, and is into perpetuity, and more an important host plant in the found in many of the same states southeastern U.S. broadly to promote monarchs as the invasive species. Sandvine as a flagship species whose conservation will sustain habitats for pollinators and other plants and animals. Monarch Joint Venture Cynanchum louisea (left), C. rossicum (middle), by Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University University of Minnesota of Connecticut, Bugwood.org, and C. laeve [email protected] (right) by Peggy Whetzel Swallow-wort Biology and Range Control Agents Both black and pale swallow-worts are herbaceous twining vines. Controlling swallow-wort may require many years, since seeds can Plants can reach 3 to 6.5 feet in length and have clear watery sap. The persist in the soil for up to five years. Management strategies vary leaves are opposite, oval, and have smooth margins and pointed tips. but the first step is the successful identification of the plant. Swallow- Stems are covered with downy hairs. Flowers of the black swallow- worts are easiest to identify when they are flowering, or in late wort look like milkweed flowers; they are star shaped, dark purple summer, when plants are more visible as they turn yellow in color. in color, and have five triangular downy petals that are about as long Plants in full sun develop fruits earlier than those in shaded areas, as they are wide. Pale swallow-wort has flowers that vary from pink and should be prioritized for eradication to avoid seed dispersal. to burgundy in color. Unlike black swallow-wort, pale swallow-wort Once swallow-wort has been removed, it is important to replant the flower petals are longer than they are wide. The green seed pods of area quickly, as disturbed areas are vulnerable to recolonization by both species are longer than those of common milkweed, but like this and other invasive species. Asclepias species, the pods split open in the fall, when seeds are ready. Here are a few mechanical controls that can be used. More detailed The seeds look like milkweed seeds, and are wind-dispersed. information is available in the resources section. C. rossicum spreads primarily by seed dispersal; C. louiseae can spread • Mechanical methods, such as hand pulling or digging, cutting both by wind borne seeds and by rhizomes. Swallow-wort spreads or mowing, and seed pod removal. Mechanical methods are by seeds and by rhizomes. They are frequently found in open areas, most useful in the early stages of infestation, and are effective in such as old fields and pastures, fence rows and roadside ditches; they controlling the spread of the infestation. It is difficult to remove have also been found in forested areas. Both species were accidentally the entire plant by hand digging and pulling, because the introduced in the 1800s and have now spread to the Midwest, seedlings often break. Cutting the plant can lead to resprouting. including parts of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, These methods should be used in combination with other tools. Minnesota, and Missouri. • Chemical controls (herbicides) can be effective for large Distribution Map for Native and Invasive Cynanchum Species in the United States infestations but must be used for a number of years to ensure that younger plants are eradicated. Options include Glyphosate, Garlon and Tricolpyr. • Prescribed burning alone will not control swallow-wort and may in fact encourage vigorous resprouting. Burns can be used as a management tool in fire adapted areas once swallow-worts have been removed and natives have reestablished. • Appropriate disposal of all root crowns, root fragments, and seed pods is essential, as any of these can produce new sprouts. Fragments and seeds should be bagged and either burned or disposed of in a landfill. Plant parts should not be composted. Source: USDA NRCS Plants Database, http://plants.usda.gov • There are no approved biological controls for swallow-wort in the United States as yet. A leaf-eating moth species, Hypena Resources opulenta, has been Casagrande, R.A. and J.E. Dacey, 2007. Monarch Oviposition on Swallow- approved for use in worts (Vincetoxicum spp.). Environ. Entomol. 36(3):631-636 (2007) Canada. It is now DiTommaso, A., F.M. Lawlor, and S.J. Darbyshire, 2005. The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 2. Cynanchum rossicum (Kleopow) Borhidi [= under review by Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar.] and Cynanchum louiseae (L.) Kartesz & Gandhi [=Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench]. Can. J. Plant Sci. 85: 243–263 USDA. This moth DiTommaso, A. and J.E. Losey, 2003. Oviposition Preference and Larval feeds exclusively on Performance of Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) on two invasive swallow-wort, and swallowwort species. The Netherlands Entomological Society Entomol. Exp. Appl. 108: 205-209. has the potential Kaufman, S. and W. Kaufman. 2007. Invasive Plants, Guide to Identification to keep this plant and the Impacts and Control of Common North American Species. Stackpole in check if used in Books, Mechanicsburg. combination with Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Natural Features Inventory, 2012. Invasive Species – Best Control Practices: Black and Pale other measures. Swallow-worts. Available at: http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/invasive-species/
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