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SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES AMONG MUSLIM RAJPUTS: A CASE STUDY OF THANNA MANDI, DISTT. RAJOURl (J ft K) Dissertation submitted for the Degree of Maittt of $I|ilos(opI)2> IN SOCIOLOGY BY MOHD. MAZAMMAL HUSSAIN Under the supervision of DR. M. B. MATHUR DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY AUGARH (INDIA) 1994 ^^ M?! <*'^^' :^* .^ *,, DS2542 DEDICATED T 0 H Y PARENTS Phone : 303 DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH—202002 •r-lfrjT-*^LASBA..^ Ref No.D /SO Dated.. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This is to certify that Mohd. Mazammal Hussain has conducted investigation on the "Socio-Cultural and Economic Changes among Muslim Rajputs'" : A Case Study of Thanna Mandi, Distt. Rajouri (J & K) . His findings are of some academic importance as probably no work has been done in this area. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the Muslim Rajputs of Thanna- Dlandi are passing through the stages of Socio- Cultural and Economic Changes. Mazammal has collected and analysed the entire data under my guidance and supervision. It is his original contribution and the submitted work is suitable for the award of M.Phil, degree in Sociology. (Dr. M.B. Mathur) Supervisor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives me immense pleasure to praise almighty 'Allah' who gave me strength, courage and helped me spiritually to complete this work. I wish to express my profound sense of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. M.B. Mathur, Reader, Department of Sociology for his valuable suggestions, encouraging guidance and stimulating discussions, which made this investigation a rewarding experience. I owe my gratitude to Prof. Noor Mohaininad, Chairman Department of Sociology and Dean, Faculty of Social Science, who helped me in several ways. I am also thankful to Mr. P.K. Mathur, Lecturer, Department of Sociology and my fellow research scholars especially Sheikh Imtiyaz, who helped me in completion of this work. I am extremely thankful to Dr. Latif Hussain Kazmi, Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, Dr. Bashir Ahmad Maghray, Lecturer in Geography and some friends namely Mr. Tahir Mehmood, Late Reyaz Jeelani, Mr. Riaz, Mr. Naushad, Mr. Showkat Sofi, Mr. Shafiq Anjum and Mr. Basharat,who always appeared helpful to me whenever I needed them. I am grateful to Mr. Gowhar Rasool, student of B.Gc. Engg.(Mechanical) for his sympathetic cooperation during material collection from cultural academy, Srinagar. I also take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my 11 elder brother-in-law Mr. Khadim Hussain, Assistant Account Officer, who have been a constant source of inspiration and continued motivation in finalization of the present exercise. (MdHD. MAZ2\MMAL HUSSAIN) CONTENTS PAGE NO. ACKNOV7LEDGEMENTS _^ i - ii LIST OF TABLES iii CHAPTERS : ' -^ I INTRODUCTION 1-27 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 28-38 III PLAN AND PROCEDURE 39-46 IV ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 47-92 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 93 - 115 QUESTIONNAIRE 116 - 125 BIBLIOGRAPHY 126 - 130 **** IIX LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. PAGE NO. CENSUS ESTIMATED DATA OF 1991 : VILLAGE- V?ISE POPULATION OF TEHSIL THANNA MANDI 2 POPULATION OF SELECTED VILLAGES 40 3 SAMPLE COMPOSITION 41 4 AGE GROUP OF THE RESPONDENTS 42 5 EDUCATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RESPONDENTS 42 6 ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS 43 7 RESPONSES TOWARDS FAMILY 49 8 RESPONSES TOWARDS MARRIAGE CUSTOM 58 9 RESPONSES RELATED TO RELIGION 75 10 RESPONSES TOWARDS EDUCATION 81 11 RESPONSES TOWARDS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 88 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION The present investigation is an humble attempt to study, Socio-Cultural and Economic Changes Among Muslim Rajputs, A Case Study of "Thanna Mandi", District Rajouri, (J & K). Jammu and Kashmir state is situated in the extreme North-West corner of India, lying between 32''-17 and 36°-38 North latitude and 37°-26 and 80°-30 East longitude. It was one of the largest princely state in India. ' Thanna Mandi is 174 km. from Jammu. Mountains of Pir Panjal separate Jammu region from Kashmir. Thanna Mandi is one of the tehsils of Rajouri district of Jammu, In Jammu there are 6 districts, namely - Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur, Doda, Rajouri and Poonch. The ancient 2 name of Rajouri is Rajapuri. Rajouri consists of 6 tehsils and the total population of.Rajouri district according to 1991 census estimate is 419789, whereas the total 1. Charak, Sukhdev Singh (1985). A History of Jammu Raj, Ajaya Prakashan, Pathankot. 2, Nargis, Nursing Dass (1967). Tarikh-i-Dorgra Des Chand Publishing House, Gummat Gate, Jammu. population of Muslim Rajputs in this district is 167916, it constitutes 40% of the total population. Thanna Mandi is one of the teshils of district Rajouri situated at 74°-25 North longitude and 33°-33 East latitude and lies 24 kms., North of Rajouri on Mughal Road. Historically, it was one of the major halting place before entering the Kashmir valley through Ratanpir pass. In the past there were only few shops that comprised a srrtall market, hence known as "Mandi" and there was only one police station near by, hence the tehsil got its name as Thanna Mandi. The total population of Thanna Mandi tehsil according to 1991 census estimates is 49135 and the total population of Muslim Rajputs in Thanna Mandi is 15628 i.e., 32% of the total population. Majority of the Muslim Rajputs are settled in Thanna Mandi though negligible number of Muslim Rajputs are also settled in other tehsils of Rajouri district as well as in Jammu as a whole. The researcher has selected Thanna Mandi area for the study simply because, firstly majority of the Muslim Rajputs are settled in Thanna Mandi and secondly, the investigator himself is a Muslim Rajput and has fairly good links in the vicinity under study. Lastly, to the best of the knowledge of the investigator no such study has been conducted so far. In Thanna Mandi tehsil there are around 40 small villages but there are only 10 major or big villages as shown in the Table No. 1. These 10 villages are important from the point of view of population composition as well as socio-cultural and economic activities. The Muslims of Rajouri district have been classified into four categories i.e. RajputS/ Gujjars, Kashmiries and others like Syed, Qurashi Mughal and Pathans etc. There are great dissimilarities among these four categories as far as their customs, trditions, practices, norms and values etc. are concerned. Furthermore, Muslim Rajputs besides following Islamic values, practices, norms and customs etc. also, follow and observe Hindu values, practice, norms and customs etc. Historically, the Muslim Rajputs of Jammu and Kashmir have been divided into many Vanshas, Gotras and Jatis. Historians have also labelled them as Suraj Vanshi and Chandra Vanshi, etc. In all there are about fifteen known sub-caste among the Muslim Rajputs in Jammu. Majority of the Muslim CM CM 13 C •>3' 00 O 1 en 00 CN •c o~i •H r-t CM C to c c e H cn m LT) (N 00 O o CO 00 td •H vc rH H o in rf r- in ro r- H r~- n rH 1^ u: H [^ CO in o CO EH cn KD in VD •^ •^ •>* ro in n "* 00 3 •H £ +J in m 0 -P c o\o o\o AO o\o t*p c>P o\o c»P *o o\o C 0) in in O m «* O •^ '3' O CM (£) 0 u n "^ IX> H •^ CM iH •H u +J nS P4 H 13 0 -P ID •^ in o CO in 00 r- cn (£ 00 0) a UD (Ti en •^ CO H IT. o o in CM •n n cn ^ 1-1 ^ •* in •^ in <* w CM CM n iH iH CM in > It 1 d) tJl (0 (0 H H CTi in in r- r-i rv] CTi r- r- cn H •H to <X! n o r~ CD in '3' CM fvi CO ^n > £ CM i< CO CM O en CO 00 r^ CC o n CM r^i <N CM H H CM H H fa CM H (P I—i CM •* rH CM rH ^D in n rH cn 0 d <n CO in r-\ [^ (Ti •^ n in n <" CO n •^ in H o o CO CM o fO cn CM n CM 04 CM CM n H CM <^ 4-1 CM (C c 0 •H •O 4-) (U t-i CO +J CO H H CTl UD CTl CM CO •^ o CO 00 in (t3 4J 3 1^ iH in CO in •^ 0^ in r- r~ en 0 a, r~ CTl H U3 ^D H 03 oo in o e H 0 U3 in in •<3< "* •^ m in n rr •H Q. 4J (0 •n rH (0 r-i w (U "O (0 £! 10 m m 4-) C D (1) CO C (U CO \ c 4-) U Q) iw (U 4-1 •r4 H CO 0 C CO 10 U 0 Cn 0 -y (0 m rH CO "D C C CO u S £ CO a, -iH s: c CO CO 0) rH £. 0 !H T) tfi Ti •n 10 10 x; 4-) E rH (U x: lO 0 (0 10 CO x; x; •n 0 10 -H P3 u Q D s: 2 W w E-i D 2 > r-l 0 rH CM (^ '3" in 1^ t^ CO CTl O tfi Z H Rajputs representing different sub-castes are principally engaged in agriculture and allied occupations and few are in government services. Classification Among Muslim Rajputs : The following major sub-castes constitute the Muslim Rajput community in Thanna Mandi. (i) Jarral Rajputs : The Jarrals historically were the Rajas of Rajouri. Jarral Rajputs in majority who have embraced Islam are settled in Rajouri while on the other hand who have not embraced Islam are scatterdly settled in Hoshiarpur, Shiwaliks, Kellanoor (Punjab).