EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ON Jammu and Kashmir Edited by Dr. Ismail Thamarasseri Educational Research on Jammu and Kashmir Edited By Dr. Ismail Thamarasseri First Impression: 2017 Educational Research on Jammu and Kashmir ISBN : 978-81-930928-2-8 Rs. 350/- No part of the book may be printed, copied, stored, retrieved, duplicated and reproduced in any from without the written permission of the publisher / Editor. DISCLAIMER Information contained in this Edited book has been published by Empyreal Publication House and has been obtained by the author(s) from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of his/her knowledge. The author(s) are solely responsible for the contents of the articles compiled in this book. Responsibility of authenticity of the work or the concepts / views presented by the author through this book shall lie with the author. The publisher or editor do not take any responsibility for the same in any manner. Errors, if any, are purely unintentional and readers are requested to communicate such error to the Editor to avoid discrepancies in future. Published by: Dr. Ismail Thamarasseri Assistant Professor, Department of Education Central University of Kashmir Srinagar (J&K) Mobile No: 9446154254 Email: [email protected] PREFACE The Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) State is the northernmost state of India. J&K is geographically varied and culturally rich. Geographically the state is divided into three regions, i.e., Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. The J&K State has a peculiar topography which creates hindrance in achieving the desired goal of Universalisation of Education. The network of schools is spread sparsely and the majority of populace lives in far flung and inaccessible areas, countenancing many problems like lack of easy access to institutions, lack of infrastructure, poor weather etc. Earlier the level of literacy was very low in J&K State keeping it amongst the bottom four States of India. Literacy rate of urban areas has not shown perceptible improvement as compared to rural literacy rate. The later has grown reasonably thereby exhibiting an encouraging and increasing trend. The higher growth of rural literacy can be attributed mainly to increasing number of educational institutions which has significantly increased over the years. J&K is one of the educationally backward states of the country, although a significant breakthrough has been made in the field of education in the state during past decades. The literacy rate at state level has increased from 26.67 % (36.29 % males and 15.88 % females) as per census 1981 to 55.52 % (66.60 % males and 43.00 % females) as per census 2001 against 65.38 % at national level (census 2001), showing an increase of 28.85 % points over the two decades i.e., from 1981 to 2001. Compared to all the states and union territories of India, the J&K ranks 33rd in literacy. The literacy rate at State level has further increased to 68.74 % with a dispersion of 78.26 % for males and 58.1 % for females as per census 2011, there by registering an increase of 13.22 % over the previous census 2001. The literacy rate of the State has registered an exponential growth rate of 2.12 % per annum besides exponential growth of population (aged 7 years and above) by 1.81 percent per annum. Gender disparity in literacy is historical phenomenon. In 1981, the literacy rate for males was 36.39 percent while as it was only 15.88 percent in case of females. The gap in literacy rate was 20.51 percentage points in favour of males. The gap in literacy has increased from 20.51 percentage points in 1981 to 23.60 percentage points in 2001. While as it has decreased from 23.60 percentage points to 20.25 percentage points in 2011 exhibiting the convergence of literacy rates to some extent. This large disparity still continues in male/female literacy situation. The analysis of the progression of the literacy rate during 2001 census and 2008 survey results, reveals that urban males have highest literacy rate (83.15 %) while as the rural females are least literate (52.70 %). The analysis also shows that during both the years the literacy among females is at a disadvantages position than their counterparts. It is also prevalent that urban areas have much literacy concentration than rural areas. However, the micro-analysis of the facts shows encouraging results as far as female literacy rate is concerned. The female literacy at both Rural and Urban has shown higher growth in literacy than males. The highest progression has been made by rural females while as least progression by urban males. Rural females have shown growth of 15.96 percentage points while as urban females have recorded 8.38 percentage points during the period of 2001-2008. While as rural males have managed a growth of 8.43 percentage points and urban males by 3.15 % points. At combined level also, females have registered a higher growth rate (14.11 %) in literacy than males (6.70 %), resulting in an overall growth of 10.15 % during 2001-2008. The highest estimated literacy rate in the State has been recorded in district Jammu with the indicator standing at 42.86 % in 1981 (52.60 % males and 32.24 females), 77.00 % in 2001 (84.40 males and 68.50 females) and 83.98 % in 2011 with corresponding male and female literacy rates of 89.77 % and 77.41 % respectively, showing a gap of 12.36 % points. Thus there has been no change in the rating in literacy rate of this district since 1981. District Ramban stood at bottom level when estimated literacy was compared with other districts, with the indicator standing at 56.90 % in 2011 with a dispersion of 71.97 % for males and 40.04 % for females, showing a gap of 31.93 % points. The district had 25.35 percent literacy rate in 1981 which increased to 66.74 percent in 2008. Instead of an increase in literacy rate, the district has registered a declining trend in literacy rate from 66.74 % in 2008 to 56.90 % in 2011 of about 10 % points. This is questionable and puts a big question mark on the reliability of the survey results. The literacy rate in district Pulwama has improved from 20.47 % in 1981 to 49.60 % in 2001 indicating more than doubling of literacy rate since the formation of the district, with a dispersion of 60.7 percent for males and 37 percent for females, showing a gap of 23.7 %. The literacy rate as per 2011 census has been estimated at 65.00 % with a dispersion of 75.41 % for males and 53.81 % for females, showing a gap of 21.6 %. The literacy has also shown an increasing trend, thereby registering an increase of 15.4 % during 2001-11. It still lags behind the State level by a differential of 3.74 % in literacy rate. I The gender gap in literacy has declined from 23.50 % to 20.25 % during 2001-11 which is a positive sign of improvement of female literacy. Though females are still at disadvantageous position than their counterparts but there are strong signs of convergence in near future. The analysis has brought this fact to the fore that the efforts put in by Government through various interventions to reach to the rural areas areas and bring down literacy gap has started materializing at ground level and there is hope of greater convergence of literacy status through rural and urban areas and especially among male and female as well. Besides that, the number of the Schools both at the Elementary and Secondary level have increased manifold during last two decades as per the guidelines and norms of National/State Education Policy. At present, 23454 Government Schools (14453 Primary Schools, 6976 Middle Schools, 1418 High Schools and 607 Higher Secondary Schools) are functioning in the State, besides, 2 SIE’s, 22 DIETs, 1600 Cluster Resource Centres and 4728 Private Schools. These educational institutions are spread far and wide, in remote areas, inaccessible areas and difficult terrains. It is quite appreciable that the State Government with the help of Govt. of India under different Centrally Sponsored Schemes and State Plan Schemes have succeeded to a great extent in establishing primary schools within the radius of 1 km, Upper Primary Schools within a radius of 3 km, High Schools within a radius of 5 km and Higher Secondary Schools within a radius of 7-10 kms. This book is a compilation of five dissertations on diverse topics on J&K education. This book is useful for those who interested in J&K education in general and students of Education in particular. Readers will identify, a variety of areas like Gender Education, Academic Achievement, School dropouts, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) and Educational profile of some selected districts of J&K. The editor express his gratitude to the authors of all these great works. The editor shall ever remain obliged to his teachers, parents, friends, colleagues, family members, research scholars and students for their kind directions, guidance and assistance. The editor takes this opportunity to express his sincere thanks to Prof. N.A. Nadeem, Prof. Nighat Basu, and all other staff members of the Central University of Kashmir for their valuable support. To them all, editor offer his grateful thanks to M/s. Empyreal Publishing House, Guwahati, Assam who came forward willingly undertakes the publishing of this book. July, 2017 Dr. Ismail Thamarasseri Srinagar (J&K) II LIST OF CONTENTS Preface I - II List of Contents III Unit 1: Academic Achievement of Students from Joint and Nuclear Families at Secondary 1 – 22 School Level Mohd Shabir Shah 23 – 46 Unit 2: A Survey on School-Going And Out-of-School Children in the Age Group of 06 to14 Years in Education Zone Magam of District Budgam Parvaiz Ahmad Dar 47 – 73 Unit 3: Gender Factors affecting preference for Mathematics in Senior Secondary School Students Hamida Rahman 74 – 92 Unit 4: Educational Profile of District Poonch and Rajouri of Jammu and Kashmir Nazia Mushtaq 93 – 116 Unit 5: Functioning of KGBV Schools in District Baramulla: An Evaluative Study Shabnum Showkat Rather III UNIT 1 ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS FROM JOINT AND NUCLEAR FAMILIES AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL Mohd Shabir Shah A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY The family is a permanent, the most complete and primary institution that looks after the needs of an individual.