Arbitraging the Basel Securitization Framework: Evidence from German ABS Investment Matthias Efing (Swiss Finance Institute and University of Geneva)
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Basel III: Post-Crisis Reforms
Basel III: Post-Crisis Reforms Implementation Timeline Focus: Capital Definitions, Capital Focus: Capital Requirements Buffers and Liquidity Requirements Basel lll 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 1 January 2022 Full implementation of: 1. Revised standardised approach for credit risk; 2. Revised IRB framework; 1 January 3. Revised CVA framework; 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 2018 4. Revised operational risk framework; 2027 5. Revised market risk framework (Fundamental Review of 2023 2024 2025 2026 Full implementation of Leverage Trading Book); and Output 6. Leverage Ratio (revised exposure definition). Output Output Output Output Ratio (Existing exposure floor: Transitional implementation floor: 55% floor: 60% floor: 65% floor: 70% definition) Output floor: 50% 72.5% Capital Ratios 0% - 2.5% 0% - 2.5% Countercyclical 0% - 2.5% 2.5% Buffer 2.5% Conservation 2.5% Buffer 8% 6% Minimum Capital 4.5% Requirement Core Equity Tier 1 (CET 1) Tier 1 (T1) Total Capital (Tier 1 + Tier 2) Standardised Approach for Credit Risk New Categories of Revisions to the Existing Standardised Approach Exposures • Exposures to Banks • Exposure to Covered Bonds Bank exposures will be risk-weighted based on either the External Credit Risk Assessment Approach (ECRA) or Standardised Credit Risk Rated covered bonds will be risk Assessment Approach (SCRA). Banks are to apply ECRA where regulators do allow the use of external ratings for regulatory purposes and weighted based on issue SCRA for regulators that don’t. specific rating while risk weights for unrated covered bonds will • Exposures to Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) be inferred from the issuer’s For exposures that do not fulfil the eligibility criteria, risk weights are to be determined by either SCRA or ECRA. -
Impact of Basel I, Basel II, and Basel III on Letters of Credit and Trade Finance
Impact of Basel I, Basel II, and Basel III on Letters of Credit and Trade Finance Requirement Basel I Basel II Basel III 2013 2015 2019 Common Equity 2.0% of 3.5% of RWA 4.5% of RWA 4.5% of RWA RWA Tier 1 Capital 4.0% of 4.0% of 4.5% of RWA 6.0% of RWA 6.0% of RWA RWA RWA Total Capital 8.0% of 8.0% of 8.0% of RWA 8.0% of RWA 8.0% of RWA RWA RWA Capital Conversion -0- -0- +2.5% of RWA Buffer Leverage Ratio Observation Observation (4% of direct assets) (based on Total Capital) 3% of total direct and contingent assets Counter Cyclical Buffer +Up to 2.5% of RWA Liquidity Coverage Observation 30 days 30 days Net Stable Funding Observation Observation 1 year Additional Loss +1% to 2.5% of RWA Absorbency Color Code Key (US Applicability): (Applies only in the US) In the US, applies only to “Large, Internationally-Active Banks” Not yet implemented in the US Depending on the bank and the point in the economic cycle, under Basel III, the total capital requirement for a bank in 2019 may be as much as 15.5% of Risk-Weighted Assets (“RWA”), compared with 8% under Basel I and Basel II. The amount of Risk-Weighted Assets (“RWA”) is computed by multiplying the amount of each asset and contingent asset by a risk weighting and a Credit Conversion Factor (“CCF”) Under Basel I, risk weightings are set: 0% for sovereign obligors, 20% for banks where tenors ≤ one year, 50% for municipalities and residential mortgages, 100% for all corporate obligors Under Basel II, risk weightings are based on internal or external (rating agency) risk ratings with no special distinction for banks; capital requirements for exposures to banks are increased by as much as 650% (from 20% to as much as 150%) The Credit Conversion Factor for Letters of Credit varies under Basel I vs. -
Reducing Procyclicality Arising from the Bank Capital Framework
Joint FSF-BCBS Working Group on Bank Capital Issues Reducing procyclicality arising from the bank capital framework March 2009 Financial Stability Forum Joint FSF-BCBS Working Group on Bank Capital Issues Reducing procyclicality arising from the bank capital framework This note sets out recommendations to address the potential procyclicality of the regulatory capital framework for internationally active banks. Some of these recommendations are focused on mitigating the cyclicality of the minimum capital requirement, while maintaining an appropriate degree of risk sensitivity. Other measures are intended to introduce countercyclical elements into the framework. The recommendations on procyclicality form a critical part of a comprehensive strategy to address the lessons of the crisis as they relate to the regulation, supervision and risk management of internationally active banks. This strategy covers the following four areas: Enhancing the risk coverage of the Basel II framework; Strengthening over time the level, quality, consistency and transparency of the regulatory capital base; Mitigating the procyclicality of regulatory capital requirements and promoting the build up of capital buffers above the minimum in good economic conditions that can be drawn upon in stress; and Supplementing the capital framework with a simple, non-risk based measure to contain the build up of leverage in the banking system. The objective of these measures is to ensure that the Basel II capital framework promotes prudent capital buffers over the credit cycle and to mitigate the risk that the regulatory capital framework amplifies shocks between the financial and real sectors. As regulatory capital requirements are just one driver of bank lending behaviour, the proposals set out should be considered in the wider context of other measures to address procyclicality and reduce systemic risk. -
Basel II, Sovereign Ratings and Transfer Risk External Versus Internal Ratings
Basel II, Sovereign Ratings and Transfer Risk External versus Internal Ratings by Stijn Claessens and Geert Embrechts* 07 May 2002 Abstract Basel II puts great emphasis on external ratings, including from rating agencies, to quantify credit risks, but it also allows financial institutions to use their internal risk ratings. This is also the case for international lending, but following recent emerging markets’ crises, the quality of sovereign ratings has received much criticism. At the same time, little is known about the quality of internal ratings of country risk. Using data from a major international bank, we assess the relative performance of internal and external country ratings. We find that internal and external ratings are driven by similar factors and both underestimate “event risks”, but that external ratings are somewhat slower in adjusting to a financial crisis. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ University of Amsterdam and Rabobank International, the Netherlands respectively. For presentation at the conference Basel II: An Economic Assessment, Bank for International Settlements, Basel, 17-18 May 2002, organized by the Centre for Economic Policy Research, Journal of Financial Intermediation, and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The opinions do not necessarily express those of the Rabobank. The authors would like to thank Peter Boswijk and Martijn Krijger for help with the statistical analysis and Michiel van Voorst, Leendert Colijn, Adriaan Kukler, Frank Ligtenberg and Leonhardt van Efferink for comments on an earlier version. 1 Introduction In January 2001 the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision issued a consultative document on a new Basel Capital Accord (the ‘Basel II’ proposal). Under the standardized approach, Basel II puts greater emphasis on the role of external ratings, including from rating agencies, to assess credit risks. -
Arbitrage Pricing Theory∗
ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY∗ Gur Huberman Zhenyu Wang† August 15, 2005 Abstract Focusing on asset returns governed by a factor structure, the APT is a one-period model, in which preclusion of arbitrage over static portfolios of these assets leads to a linear relation between the expected return and its covariance with the factors. The APT, however, does not preclude arbitrage over dynamic portfolios. Consequently, applying the model to evaluate managed portfolios contradicts the no-arbitrage spirit of the model. An empirical test of the APT entails a procedure to identify features of the underlying factor structure rather than merely a collection of mean-variance efficient factor portfolios that satisfies the linear relation. Keywords: arbitrage; asset pricing model; factor model. ∗S. N. Durlauf and L. E. Blume, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, forthcoming, Palgrave Macmillan, reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. This article is taken from the authors’ original manuscript and has not been reviewed or edited. The definitive published version of this extract may be found in the complete The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics in print and online, forthcoming. †Huberman is at Columbia University. Wang is at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the McCombs School of Business in the University of Texas at Austin. The views stated here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Introduction The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) was developed primarily by Ross (1976a, 1976b). It is a one-period model in which every investor believes that the stochastic properties of returns of capital assets are consistent with a factor structure. -
Arbitrage and Price Revelation with Asymmetric Information And
Journal of Mathematical Economics 38 (2002) 393–410 Arbitrage and price revelation with asymmetric information and incomplete markets Bernard Cornet a,∗, Lionel De Boisdeffre a,b a CERMSEM, Université de Paris 1, 106–112 boulevard de l’Hˆopital, 75647 Paris Cedex 13, France b Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK Received 5 January 2002; received in revised form 7 September 2002; accepted 10 September 2002 Abstract This paper deals with the issue of arbitrage with differential information and incomplete financial markets, with a focus on information that no-arbitrage asset prices can reveal. Time and uncertainty are represented by two periods and a finite set S of states of nature, one of which will prevail at the second period. Agents may operate limited financial transfers across periods and states via finitely many nominal assets. Each agent i has a private information about which state will prevail at the second period; this information is represented by a subset Si of S. Agents receive no wrong information in the sense that the “true state” belongs to the “pooled information” set ∩iSi, hence assumed to be non-empty. Our analysis is two-fold. We first extend the classical symmetric information analysis to the asym- metric setting, via a concept of no-arbitrage price. Second, we study how such no-arbitrage prices convey information to agents in a decentralized way. The main difference between the symmetric and the asymmetric settings stems from the fact that a classical no-arbitrage asset price (common to every agent) always exists in the first case, but no longer in the asymmetric one, thus allowing arbitrage opportunities. -
Revised Standards for Minimum Capital Requirements for Market Risk by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (“The Committee”)
A revised version of this standard was published in January 2019. https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d457.pdf Basel Committee on Banking Supervision STANDARDS Minimum capital requirements for market risk January 2016 A revised version of this standard was published in January 2019. https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d457.pdf This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). © Bank for International Settlements 2015. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISBN 978-92-9197-399-6 (print) ISBN 978-92-9197-416-0 (online) A revised version of this standard was published in January 2019. https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d457.pdf Minimum capital requirements for Market Risk Contents Preamble ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Minimum capital requirements for market risk ..................................................................................................................... 5 A. The boundary between the trading book and banking book and the scope of application of the minimum capital requirements for market risk ........................................................................................................... 5 1. Scope of application and methods of measuring market risk ...................................................................... 5 2. Definition of the trading book .................................................................................................................................. -
Why Convertible Arbitrage Makes Sense in 2021
For UBS marketing purposes Convertible arbitrage as a hedge fund strategy should continue to work well in 2021. (Keystone) Investment strategies Why convertible arbitrage makes sense in 2021 19 January 2021, 8:52 pm CET, written by UBS Editorial Team The current market environment is conducive for convertible arbitrage hedge funds with elevated new issuance, attractive equity volatility levels and convertible valuations all likely to support performance in 2021. Investors should consider allocating to the strategy within a diversified hedge fund portfolio. The global coronavirus pandemic resulted in significant equity market drawdowns in March last year, followed by an almost unparalleled recovery over the next few months. On balance, 2020 was a good year for hedge funds focusing on convertible arbitrage strategies which returned 12.1% for the year, according to HFR data. We believe that all drivers remain in place for a solid performance in 2021. And while current market conditions resemble those after the great financial crisis, convertible arbitrage today is a far less crowded strategy with more moderate leverage levels. The market structure is also more balanced between hedge funds and long only funds, and has after a long period of outflows, recently witnessed renewed investor interest. So we believe there are a number of reasons why convertible arbitrage remains attractive for investors in 2021 based on the following assumptions: Convertible arbitrage traditionally performs well in recovery phases. Historically, convertible arbitrage funds have generated their best returns during periods of economic recovery and expansion. Improving risk sentiment, tightening credit spreads, and attractively priced new issues are key contributors to returns in such periods. -
Basel Ii/Iii Implementation Roadmap for the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union
BASEL II/III IMPLEMENTATION ROADMAP FOR THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN CURRENCY UNION Bank Supervision Department EASTERN CARIBBEAN CENTRAL BANK ST KITTS BASEL II/III IMPLEMENTATION ROADMAP FOR THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN CURRENCY UNION 1.0 PURPOSE This Roadmap provides an overview of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank’s (ECCB/the Central Bank) Basel II/III implementation programme for the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU). The document outlines the Central Bank’s approach towards implementation, the implementation options selected and key deliverables/activities. The Roadmap is intended to guide the expectations and actions of all stakeholders associated with the Basel II/III implementation process. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The ECCB is committed to implementing certain aspects of Basel II/III in the ECCU for computing the capital adequacy of institutions licenced under the Banking Act 2015 (the Act), in accordance with Sections 46 and 47 of the Act1. Towards this end, the ECCB established a dedicated team (Basel Implementation Group) for spearheading the implementation effort and a Basel II/III Working Committee comprising of representatives from the ECCB, ECCU Bankers Association and commercial banks, for collaborating with the banking industry on an ongoing basis. The Central Bank sought comments on some draft standards2 in 2018 and plans to continue to deepen its interaction with licensees via a number of consultations and training sessions. Basel II/III constitutes a more comprehensive measure of capital adequacy than the existing Basel I. Basel II/III seeks to align regulatory capital requirements more closely with the underlying risks that banks face. The framework requires banks to assess the riskiness of their assets with respect to credit, market and operational risks and seeks to ensure that banks’ minimum capital requirements better reflect inherent risks in their portfolios, risk management practices and accompanying disclosures to the public. -
Hedge Fund Returns: a Study of Convertible Arbitrage
Hedge Fund Returns: A Study of Convertible Arbitrage by Chris Yurek An honors thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science Undergraduate College Leonard N. Stern School of Business New York University May 2005 Professor Marti G. Subrahmanyam Professor Lasse Pedersen Faculty Adviser Thesis Advisor Table of Contents I Introductions…………………………………………………………….3 Related Research………………………………………………………………4 Convertible Arbitrage Returns……………………………………………....4 II. Background: Hedge Funds………………………………………….5 Backfill Bias…………………………………………………………………….7 End-of-Life Reporting Bias…………………………………………………..8 Survivorship Bias……………………………………………………………...9 Smoothing………………………………………………………………………9 III Background: Convertible Arbitrage……………………………….9 Past Performance……………………………………………………………...9 Strategy Overview……………………………………………………………10 IV Implementing a Convertible Arbitrage Strategy……………….12 Creating the Hedge…………………………………………………………..12 Implementation with No Trading Rule……………………………………13 Implementation with a Trading Rule……………………………………...14 Creating a Realistic Trade………………………………….……………....15 Constructing a Portfolio…………………………………………………….16 Data……………………………………………………………………………..16 Bond and Stock Data………………………………………………………………..16 Hedge Fund Databases……………………………………………………………..17 V Convertible Arbitrage: Risk and Return…………………….…...17 Effectiveness of the Hedge………………………………………………...17 Success of the Trading Rule……………………………………………….20 Portfolio Risk and Return…………………………………………………..22 Hedge Fund Database Returns……………………………………………23 VI -
POLICY BRIEF No. 34
DEVELOPMENT CENTRE POLICY BRIEFS OECD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE POLICY BRIEF No. 34 In its research activities, the Development Centre aims to identify and analyse problems the implications of which will be of concern in the near future to both member and non-member countries of BANKING ON DEVELOPMENT the OECD. The conclusions represent a contribution to the search for policies to deal with the issues involved. PRIVATE FINANCIAL ACTORS AND DONORS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The Policy Briefs deliver the research findings in a concise and accessible way. This series, with its wide, targeted and rapid distribution, is specifically intended for policy and decision makers in the fields concerned. by This Brief militates for the creation of an Innovation Laboratory Javier Santiso for Development Finance to enhance interactions between public donors and private actors in development finance. It further argues for deeper involvement of actors from emerging and developing countries; multi-directional global alliances between financiers; a ● A large, untapped reservoir of potential partnerships between databank of current best practices and projects in public/private private financial institutions (banks, asset managers, private partnerships for development; and alliances between donors and equity firms, etc.) and aid donors remains to be fully exploited. private banks to alleviate the negative impact of Basel II rules. Finally, the Brief proposes the creation of a Development Finance ● Banks, private equity and asset management firms are Award in recognition of those institutions most prepared to exploit important parts of a broad set of private actors in the field. the synergies between private lenders and the public sector in pursuit of development objectives. -
An Explanatory Note on the Basel II IRB Risk Weight Functions
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision An Explanatory Note on the Basel II IRB Risk Weight Functions July 2005 Requests for copies of publications, or for additions/changes to the mailing list, should be sent to: Bank for International Settlements Press & Communications CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +41 61 280 9100 and +41 61 280 8100 © Bank for International Settlements 20054. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISBN print: 92-9131-673-3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................1 2. Economic foundations of the risk weight formulas ..........................................................1 3. Regulatory requirements to the Basel credit risk model..................................................4 4. Model specification..........................................................................................................4 4.1. The ASRF framework.............................................................................................4 4.2. Average and conditional PDs.................................................................................5 4.3. Loss Given Default.................................................................................................6 4.4. Expected versus Unexpected Losses ....................................................................7 4.5. Asset correlations...................................................................................................8