Rocky Mountain U.S
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Disappearing Kettle Ponds Reveal a Drying Kenai Peninsula by Ed Berg
Refuge Notebook • Vol. 3, No. 38 • October 12, 2001 Disappearing kettle ponds reveal a drying Kenai Peninsula by Ed Berg A typical transect starts at the forest edge, passes through a grass (Calamagrostis) zone, into Sphagnum peat moss, and then into wet sedges, sometimes with pools of standing water, and then back through these same zones on the other side of the kettle. Three of the four kettles we surveyed this summer were quite wet in the middle (especially after the July rains), and we had to wear hip boots. These plots can be resurveyed in future decades and, if I am correct, they will show a succession of drier and drier plants as the water table drops lower and lower, due to warmer summers and increased evap- Photo of a kettle pond by the National Park Service. otranspiration. If I am wrong, and the climate trend turns around toward cooler and wetter, these plots will When the glaciers left the Soldotna-Sterling area be under water again, as they were on the old aerial some 14,000 years ago, the glacier fronts didn’t re- photos. cede smoothly like their modern descendants, such as By far the most striking feature that we have Portage or Skilak glaciers. observed in the kettles is a band of young spruce Rather, the flat-lying ice sheets broke up into nu- seedlings popping up in the grass zones. These merous blocks, which became partially buried in hilly seedlings can form a halo around the perimeter of a moraines and flat outwash plains. In time these gi- kettle. -
Appendix C Table 1, Camp Area Summary
Backcountry/Wilderness Management Plan and Environmental Assessment Appendix C Appendix C Table 1, Camp Area Summary Designated Areas/Sites Individual Camp Areas Campsites People East Side 60 109 763 West Side 59 88 616 Total 119 197 1379 Group Camp Areas Campsites People East Side 10 10 120 West Side 11 11 132 Total 21 21 252 Accessible Camp Areas Campsites People East Side 1 1 12 West Side 0 0 0 Total 1 1 12 Wood Fire Camp Areas Campsites East Side 8 13 West Side 9 13 Total 17 26 Stock Areas/Sites Individual Camp Areas Campsites People Stock East Side 3 3 18 24 West Side 3 3 18 24 Total 6 6 36 48 Group Camp Areas Campsites People Stock East Side 2 2 24 32 West Side 2 2 24 32 Total 4 4 48 64 Llama only Camp Areas Campsites People Stock East Side 2 2 14 10 West Side1175 Total 3 3 21 15 Wood Fire Camp Areas Campsites East Side 8 13 West Side 9 13 Total 17 26 Rocky Mountain National Park C-1 Backcountry/Wilderness Management Plan and Environmental Assessment Appendix C Crosscountry Areas Areas Parties People East Side 9 16 112 West Side 14 32 224 Total 23 48 336 Summer Totals for Designated, Stock and Crosscountry Areas Camp Areas Campsites/Parties People East Side 80 136 1004 West Side 84 131 969 Total 164 267 1973 Bivouac Areas Areas People East Side 11 88 West Side 0 0 Total 11 88 Winter Areas Areas Parties People East Side 32 136 1632 West Side 23 71 852 Total 55 207 2484 Rocky Mountain National Park C-2 Backcountry/Wilderness Management Plan and Environmental Assessment Appendix C Appendix C Table 2, Designated Camp Area/Sites Number -
Hogback Trail Greenfield State Park Greenfield, New Hampshire
Hogback Trail Greenfield State Park Greenfield, New Hampshire Self-Guided Hike 1. The Hogback Trail is 1.2 miles long and relatively flat. It will take you approximately 45 minutes to go around the pond. As you walk, keep an eye out for the abundant wildlife and unique plants that are in this secluded area of the park. Throughout the trail, there are numbered stations that correspond to this guide and benches to rest upon. Practice “Leave No Trace” on your hike; Take only photographs, leave only footprints. 2. Hogback Pond is a glacial kettle pond formed when massive chunks of Stop #5: ridge is an example of glacial esker ice were buried in the sand, then slowly melted leaving a huge depression in the landscape that eventually filled with water. Kettle ponds generally have no streams running into them or out of them, resulting in a still body of water. Water in the pond is replenished by rain and is acidic, prohibiting many common wetland species from flourishing. 3. The blueberry bushes around Hogback Pond and throughout Greenfield State Park are two species; low-bush and high-bush. Many animals such as Black Bear and several species of birds seek out these berries as an important summer food source. Between Stops #2 & 3: example of unique vegetation found on kettle ponds 4. The Eastern Hemlocks that you see around you are one of the several varieties of evergreen that grow around Hogback Pond. This slow- growing, long-lived tree grows well in the shade. They have numerous short needles spreading directly from the branches in one flat layer. -
Des Moines Lobe Retreated North- What It Means to Be Minnesotan
Route Map Geology of the Carleton College Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS ¯ user community 1 Cannon River Cowling Arboretum 2 Glacial Landscapes 3 Glacial Erratics 4 Local Bedrock A Guided Tour 5 Kettle Hole Marsh College BoundaryH - Back IA Parking Glacial Erratic Cannon River Tour Route Other Trails 0250 500 1 000 Feet, 5 HWY 3 4 LOWER ARBORETUM 3 2 H IA 1 Arb Office HWY 19 UPPER Tunnel IA ARBORETUM under Hwy 19 Lower Lyman Recreation IA Center HALL AVE HALL West IA Gym Library Published 5/2016 Product of the Carleton College Cowling Arboretum. For more information visit our website: apps.carleton.edu/campus/arb or contact us at (507)-222-4543 Introduction Hello and welcome to Carleton College’s Cowling Arboretum. This 1 800 acre natural area, owned and managed by Carleton, has long been one of the most beloved parts of Carleton for students, faculty and community members alike. Although the Arb is best known for its prairie ecosystem, an amazing history full of thundering riv- ers, massive glaciers, and the journeys of massive boulders lies just below the surface. This geologic history of the Arb is a fascinating story and one that you can experience for yourself by following this 2 self-guided tour. I hope it’s a beautiful day for a walk hope and that you enjoy learning about the geology of the Arb as much as I did. The route for this tour is about three miles long and will take you 1-2 hours to complete, depending on your walking speed. -
A Guide to the Geology of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
A Guide to the Geology of ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK COLORADO For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 15 cents A Guide to the Geology of ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK [ COLORADO ] By Carroll H. Wegemann Former Regional Geologist, National Park Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HAROLD L. ICKES, Secretary NATIONAL PARK SERVICE . NEWTON B. DRURY, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1944 Table of Contents PAGE INTRODUCTION in BASIC FACTS ON GEOLOGY 1 THE OLDEST ROCKS OF THE PARK 2 THE FIRST MOUNTAINS 3 The Destruction of the First Mountains 3 NATURE OF PALEOZOIC DEPOSITS INDICATES PRESENCE OF SECOND MOUNTAINS 4 THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 4 Time and Form of the Mountain Folding 5 Erosion Followed by Regional Uplift 5 Evidences of Intermittent Uplift 8 THE GREAT ICE AGE 10 Continental Glaciers 11 Valley Glaciers 11 POINTS OF INTEREST ALONG PARK ROADS 15 ROAD LOGS 18 Thompson River Entrance to Deer Ridge Junction 18 Deer Ridge Junction to Fall River Pass via Fall River .... 20 Fall River Pass to Poudre Lakes 23 Trail Ridge Road between Fall River Pass and Deer Ridge Junction 24 Deer Ridge Junction to Fall River Entrance via Horseshoe Park 29 Bear Lake Road 29 ILLUSTRATIONS LONGS PEAK FROM BEAR LAKE Front and back covers CHASM FALLS Inside back cover FIGURE PAGE 1. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE iv 2. LONGS PEAK FROM THE EAST 3 3. PROFILE SECTION ACROSS THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 5 4. ANCIENT EROSIONAL PLAIN ON TRAIL RIDGE 6 5. ANCIENT EROSIONAL PLAIN FROM FLATTOP MOUNTAIN ... 7 6. VIEW NORTHWEST FROM LONGS PEAK 8 7. -
Chapter One the Vision of A
Oak Ridges Trail Association 1992 - 2017 The Vision of a Moraine-wide Hiking Trail Chapter One CHAPTER ONE The Oak Ridges Moraine is defined by a sub-surface geologic formation. It is evident as a 170 km long ridge, a watershed divide between Lake Ontario to the south and Lake Simcoe, Lake Scugog and Rice Lake to the north. Prior to most THE VISION OF A MORAINE-WIDE HIKING TRAIL being harvested, Red Oak trees flourished along the ridge – hence its name. Appended to this chapter is an account of the Moraine’s formation, nature and Where and What is the Oak Ridges Moraine? history written by two Founding Members of the Oak Ridges Trail Association. 1 Unlike the Niagara Escarpment, the Oak Ridges Moraine is not immediately observed when travelling through the region. During the 1990s when the Oak The Seeds of the Vision Ridges Moraine became a news item most people in the Greater Toronto Area had no idea where it was. Even local residents and visitors who enjoyed its From the 1960s as the population and industrialization of Ontario, particularly particularly beautiful landscape characterized by steep rolling hills and substantial around the Golden Horseshoe from Oshawa to Hamilton grew rapidly, there was forests had little knowledge of its boundaries or its significance as a watershed. an increasing awareness of the stress this placed on the environment, particularly on the congested Toronto Waterfront and the western shore of Lake Ontario. The vision of a public footpath that would span the entire Niagara Escarpment - the Bruce Trail - came about in 1959 out of a meeting between Ray Lowes and Robert Bateman of the Federation of Ontario Naturalists. -
Relationship Between Sediment Supply and Sediment Transport for the Roaring River, Colorado, USA
Relationship between sediment supply and sediment transport for the Roaring River, Colorado, USA J.C. BATHURST NERC Water Resource Systems Research Unit, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK G.J.L, LEEKS & M.D. NEWSON Institute of Hydrology, Staylittle, Powys, UK ABSTRACT A 1-km long gorge, cut into a glacial moraine by a dambreak flood wave, has provided the setting for a study of the relationship between supply of sediment from the gorge cliffs and the sediment transport along the Roaring River. Measurements during two snowmelt seasons have indicated two major supply systems. The initial snowmelt flows, peaking at about 5 m s~1 in May-June, carry relatively large bed and suspended loads, composed of material supplied to the channel bed and margins by winter erosion processes. Rapid depletion of these supplies, though, means that the sediment loads of later flows are reduced by an order of magnitude. This trend may be reversed in July and August when heavy rainstorms can dramatically increase cliff erosion and thence sediment transport. Relatively high transport rates may then persist for several days. External supply of sediment can thus cause two orders of magnitude variation in sediment transport for a given flow discharge. A full understanding of the relationship between supply and transport is obtained only by considering events in chronological order. INTRCDUCTION Until recently, studies of fluvial sediment transport processes have concentrated on lowland rather than mountain rivers. However, development pressures throughout the world's mountain areas are increasingly altering the naturally sensitive balance between sediment supply and transport at the upper ends of river systems (e.g. -
30Th Anniversary of the Lawn Lake Dam Failure: a Look Back at the State and Federal Response July 27, 2012 Mark E
30th Anniversary of the Lawn Lake Dam Failure: A Look Back at the State and Federal Response July 27, 2012 Mark E. Baker, P.E. National Park Service, Denver, CO Bill McCormick, P.E., P.G., Colorado Division of Water Resources, Salida, CO ABSTRACT On July 15, 1982, deep in Rocky Mountain National Park, the 26-foot high Lawn Lake Dam failed. The resulting flood charged down a mountain carving deep ravines and depositing huge fields of rock. It also wiped out campsites, tragically killing 3 people. The flood inundated businesses in the town of Estes Park and caused $31 million in damages. This paper describes how the State of Colorado (State) and Federal agencies responded to the event. The many impacts of this dam failure are explored so that the dam safety community can be better prepared to handle the myriad of issues associated with dam failures efficiently. The paper reviews the State’s response including communications immediately following the failure and the details of conducting a dam failure investigation, including the forensic analysis to determine likely failure mechanisms. Changes to the State dam safety program as a result of the failure are described. The effects of the failure on the NPS dam safety program, including the decision to remove other dams within Rocky Mountain National Park are also explored. The role of FEMA in coordinating post- failure research studies conducted by Federal agencies, including the USGS, USBR, and the NPS are also discussed. Finally, the paper describes the types of legal investigations conducted and lawsuits filed following the failure. -
Pine Hill Esker Trail
mature forest, crosses a meadow and goes back 1.04 miles: Trail turn-around, at the location of into forested terrain. Unique for this trail are its wetland and a permanent stream. eskers and kettle ponds and the views of a 1.19 miles: Optional (but recommended) side wetland pond where Rocky Brook flows into the loop on the left side, shortly after remnants of the Stillwater River. The trail is located on DCR circular track. watershed protection land, so dogs are not 1.23 miles: Trail loops gently to the right. Deep allowed. down to the left is a small pond (a kettle pond). Length and Difficulty 1.32 miles: Side trail rejoins the return trail. 1.55 miles: Trail junction of Sections A, B and C. For clarity, the trail is divided into three sections: The trail description continues with Sect. C A, B and C, with one-way lengths of 0.65 mi., 0.45 outbound. mi. and 0.45 mi., respectively. The full hike, as 1.58 miles: Wet area most of the times of the described below, includes all three sections. The year. side loop on Sect. B is included on the return. The 1.78 miles: View to wetland pond where the A+B+C trail length is 3.1 mi., while the two shorter Stillwater River meets Rocky Brook. The distant versions, A+B or A+C, are both 2.2 mi. in length. structure is part of the Sterling water system. The elevation varies between 428 ft and 540 ft, 2.00 miles: Trail turn around point at the edge of with several short steep hills. -
Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan
• •-.- Nm 6 0 9 ~; L L.‘~j~ C..- Ii’ Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan N i L r Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan Prepared by: Greenback Cuffhroat Trout Recovery Team for Region 6 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Denver, Colorado ~t4’?e/ DEPUTY R ional Director March 1998 Table of Contents DISCLAIMER 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART I INTRODUcTION Historic DistribUtion 1 Type Specimens 1 Taxonomy 4 Current Distribution 7 Reasons for Decline 7 Habitat Requirements 9 Reproduction 10 Food and Feeding 11 Size and Growth 11 Disease and Parasites 12 Sensitivity to pH 12 HeavyMetals 13 Management Practices (Fish Culture, Stocking, Angling) 13 PART II RECOVERY 19 Objective 19 Stepdown Outline 21 Narrative Outline . 23 PART m IMPLEMENTATION . 38 LITERATURE CITED 42 PUBLIC REVIEW . 43 PART IV FIGURES, TABLES, AND APPENDICES 44 Figure 1. Mature South Platte drainage greenbacks 2 Figure 2. Historic distribution of greenback cutthroat trout 3 Figure 3. Comparison of selected parameters for various Colorado subspeciesof 0. clarki and rainbow trout 6 Table 1. Summary of Known Historic Greenback Cutthroat Trout Sites and Stability of Population. 1970-1997 45 Table 2. Summary of South Platte Greenback Cutthroat Trout Restoration Projects, 1970-1997 46 Table 3. Summary of Arkansas River Greenback Cutthroat Trout Restoration Projects, 1970-1997 49 Table 4. Summary of Greenback Historic Populations, Restoration Projects, Areas Open to Angling and Stable Populations. 1997 51 Table 5. Hybrid Populations of Greenback Cutthroat Trout. 1994 52 Table 6. South Platte Greenback Restoration Projects and Stocking Schedule 53 Table 7. Arkansas River Greenback Restoration Projects and Stocking Schedule 54 Table 8. -
Glacial Landforms of the Puget Lowland
Oak Harbor i t S k a g Sauk Suiattle Suiattle River B a y During the advance and retreat of Indian Reservation Glacial Landforms of the the Puget lobe, drainages around the ice sheet were blocked, forming multiple proglacial Camano Island Stillaguamish lakes. The darker colors on this Indian map indicate lower elevations, Reservation Puget Lowland and show many of these t S Arlington Spi ss valleys. The Stillaguamish, e a en P g n o Snohomish, Snoqualmie, and Striped Peak u r D r Hook a Puyallup River valleys all once t z US Interstate 5 Edi Sauk River Lower Elwha t S contained proglacial lakes. Klallam o u s There are many remnants of Indian g Port a Reservation US Highway 101 Jamestown Townsend a n these lakes left today, such as S’Klallam A Quimper Peninsula Port Angeles Indian Lake Washington and Lake d Reservation Sequim P Sammamish, east of Seattle. o m H P Miller Peninsula r t o a S T l As the Puget lobe retreated, i m Tulalip e o s w McDonald Mountain q r e Indian lake outflows, glacial D n s u i s s s Reservation i c e a m o a H S. F. Stillaguamish River v n meltwater, and glacial outburst e d a g Marysville B r B l r e a y a b flooding all contributed to y o y t Elwha River B r dozens of channels that flowed y a y southwest to the Chehalis River Round Mountain Lookout Hill Lake Stevens I Whidbey Island at the southwest corner of this n d map. -
Fjord Oceanographic Processes in Glacier Bay, Alaska
Fjord Oceanographic Processes in Glacier Bay, Alaska Philip N. Hooge and Elizabeth Ross Hooge Prepared for the National Park Service, Glacier Bay National Park USGS-Alaska Science Center Glacier Bay Field Station P.O. Box 140 Gustavus, AK 99826-0140 March 2002 Fjord Oceanographic Processes in Glacier Bay, Alaska Philip N. Hooge Elizabeth Ross Hooge Prepared for the National Park Service, Glacier Bay National Park USGS – Alaska Science Center Glacier Bay Field Station P.O. Box 140 Gustavus, AK 99826-0140 March 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive Summary..................................................................3 II. Fjord Oceanography of Glacier Bay, Alaska .....................7 Introduction........................................................................................... 7 Study Site and Methods.................................................................... 10 Results ............................................................................................... 14 Discussion.......................................................................................... 24 Literature Cited .................................................................................. 38 Figures ............................................................................................... 44 III. Oceanographic Data Resources At Glacier Bay.............83 IV. Resource Needs For An Oceanographic Monitoring Program At Glacier Bay ...................................................88 V. Proposed Future Oceanographic Research .....................91