sign in sign up
<<
Home , Pseudoscorpion, Uloboridae

American Arachnological Society

Ground Surface Fauna in Florida Sandhill Communities Author(s): David T. Corey, I. Jack Stout and G. B. Edwards Source: Journal of , Vol. 26, No. 3 (1998), pp. 303-316 Published by: American Arachnological Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3706237 Accessed: 13-04-2015 17:34 UTC

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

American Arachnological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Arachnology. http://www.jstor.org

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1998. The Journal of Arachnology 26:303-316

GROUND SURFACE SPIDER FAUNA IN FLORIDA SANDHILL COMMUNITIES

David T. Corey: Science Department, Midlands Technical College, RO. Box 2408, Columbia, South Carolina 29202 USA

I. Jack Stout: Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2368 USA

G.B. Edwards: Florida State Collection of , Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, RO. Box 147100, 1911 SW 34th St., Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100 USA

ABSTRACT. were collected from the forest floor surface using pitfall traps (cans and buckets) and funnel traps at 12 study sites selected to represent the sandhill community of north and central Florida. A total of 5236 spiders was collected, which included 23 families, 92 genera, and 154 species. The largest number of individuals (528) was collected at Orange City and the largest number of species (48) was collected at the most northern site, Suwannee River State Park. Species richness, abundance, similarity and seasonal variation were compared among the study sites. Lycosidae comprised 75.2% of the total number of spiders collected. Four species were collected at all 12 sites: the lycosids Lycosa ammophila, Schizocosa duplex, and S. segregata, and the salticid Habrocestum xerophilum. Eighty-three (53.9%) of the 154 species were collected at only one site.

In the past, sandhills of the southeastern sity associated with landscape development coastal plain of North America supported an has been documented by Burgess & Sharpe ecosystem type variously referenced as "high (1981), Wilcove et al. (1986), Whitcomb pine land" (Harper 1927), "sandhiH country" (1987) and Saunders et al. (1991). (Wells & Shunk 1931), or "longleaf pine-tur- In order to study the loss of in key oak sandhills" (Laessle 1942). Laessle the Florida sandhill communities, we thought (1958), Myers (1985, 1990) and Stout & Mar- it necessary to obtain knowledge of the exist- ion (1993) provided a general summary of this ing fauna. We were able to sample 12 different xeric upland community type (Fig. 1). The sites in peninsular Florida, using a variety of tree layer is dominated by longleaf pine, Pinus sampling techniques in order to maximize the palustris Mill. and turkey oak, Quercus laevis number of species of ground fauna collected. Walt. The understory consists chiefly of wire- One of the major groups of organisms col? grass, Aristida stricta Michx. and a rich as? lected was the spiders. semblage of other grasses and herbs (Platt et The biodiversity of associated al. 1988). with the forest floor of xeric pineland com? Examples of this abstract community type munities of Florida is poorly known. Corey & are found from eastern Virginia to extreme Stout (1990, 1992) reported on the , eastern Texas and peninsular Florida (Stout pseudoscorpion, opilionid, uropygid, solpug- and Marion 1993). Development and frag? id, , , centipede and millipede faunas mentation of the community began over 200 in sandhill communities. Corey & Taylor years ago and continues to this day as remnant (1987, 1988, 1989) reported on the scorpion, stands are converted to housing developments pseudoscorpion, opilionid and spider faunas in and shopping malls. Approximately 20% of pond pine, sand pine scrub and pine flatwoods the historic landscape of Florida was occupied communities of Florida. Lowrie reported on by the sandhill community, but nearly 90% of spiders from the Pensacola area of Florida this community has been lost in the last 50 (1963, 1971). Muma (1973, 1975) sampled years (Cox et al. 1994). The loss of biodiver- the ground surface spider fauna in four central 303

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 304 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

Figure 1.?Typical sandhill community vegetation (late winter, Levy County, Florida).

Florida communities (pine flatwoods, sand days during each of four periods: September- pine dune, citrus groves, residential). Rey & November (= autumn), December-February McCoy (1983) studied the spiders and pseu- (= winter), March-May (= spring) and June- doscorpions in northwest Florida salt marshes. August (= summer). The purpose of this paper is to document the Sampling locations included: San Felasco species composition, diversity, guild compo? Hammock (SF) and Morningside Nature Cen? sition and seasonal abundance of spiders as? ter (MS), Alachua County; Spruce Creek Pre- sociated with the forest floor of longleaf pine- serve (SC) and Orange City (OC), Volusia oak sandhill communities of turkey peninsular County; Bok Tower Gardens (BT), Polk Florida. Our is similar to that of approach County; O'leno State Park (OL), Columbia Barnes & Barnes in that we are con- (1955) County; Suwannee River State Park (SR), an abstract with a sidering community type Suwannee County; Wekiwa Springs State wide geographic range. In another paper, we Park (WS), Orange County; Sandhill Boy will discuss the effects of area and isolation Scout Reservation (BS) and Janet Butterfield on species richness of forest floor arthropods Brooks Preserve (JB), Hernando County; In- in these xeric pinelands. terlachen (IL), Putnam County; Starkey Well METHODS Field Area (SW), Pasco County. were collected Study sites.?The ground fauna of twelve Sampling.?Spiders using three different Five sandhill sites was sampled between November techniques. pitfall traps with a diameter of cm tin 1986 and December 1988 (Fig. 2). Study site 15.5 (3.79-liter can) selection was subjective and depended on sev? were randomly placed (Post & Riechert 1977) eral attributes: 1) internal consistency of veg? in each study site during the first collecting etative cover (tree, shrub and ground layer), period. During subsequent collections the 2) nature of the surrounding habitat, 3) area, traps were placed in the same location as in 4) security from disturbance, and 5) accessi- the first collecting period. Cans were buried bility. Each study site was sampled for four flush with the soil surface and partly filled

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions COREY ET AL.?FLORIDA SANDHILL SPIDERS 305

ws

Figure 2.?Sandhill study site locations in Florida. Sampling locations are: Suwannee River State Park (SR), O'leno State Park (OL), San Felasco Hammock (SF), Morningside Nature Center (MS), Interlachen (IL), Spruce Creek Preserve (SC), Orange City (OC), Wekiwa Springs State Park (WS), Janet Butterfield Brooks Preserve (JB), Sandhill Boy Scout Reservation (BS), Starkey Well Field Area (SW), Bok Tower Gardens (BT). Sandhill distributions (stippled) are based on Davis (1980) and do not reflect minor sites of this community due to the scale of the illustration.

with 0.47 liter of a mixture of 2 parts ethylene ing were placed on the ground on each side glycol, 1 part water and 1 part 95% ethanol. of a drift fence arm at the midpoint. Spiders A slightly elevated wooden cover protected were removed from the buckets and funnel each trap from disturbance. A similar but traps daily and preserved in ethanol. A total more complex technique designed to capture of 95 samples was taken; SW was sampled on herpetofauna ("herp arrays") consisted of 16 seven rather than eight occasions. buckets and 16 funnel traps associated with Identification.?Adult spiders were identi? drift fences (Campbell & Christman 1982). fied to the lowest possible taxon. Most im- Each of two arrays per site consisted of four matures were identified to family only. Vouch- sheet metal arms (7.6 m long) oriented in the er specimens have been deposited in the cardinal directions. A pitfall trap with a di? Florida State Collection of Arthropods. ameter of 29.0 cm (21.4 liter plastic bucket) Habitat analysis.?Tree, shrub, and her- was buried flush with the surface at the end baceous vegetation was sampled to determine of each arm (2 per arm). No preservative was if the abundance of spiders was correlated added to the buckets. Funnel traps (10 X 100 with these habitat features. Internal site ho? cm) made of fine-mesh wire window screen- mogeneity allowed us to use a completely ran-

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 306 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

Table 1.?Spider abundance collected in Florida sandhills using pitfall traps (P), buckets (B), and funnel traps (F). See text for study site abbreviations.

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions COREY ET AL.?FLORIDA SANDHILL SPIDERS 307

Table 1.?Continued.

Species Method Collection Sites Totals Meioneta sp. #1 P OC 1 Meioneta sp. #2 P, : SF, MS, IN 3 Meioneta sp. #3 P SF 2 Meioneta sp. #4 P SC 1 Meioneta sp. #5 P BS 1 Meioneta sp. #6 P BS 1 Species #1 P JB 1 Species #2 P IN 1 Species #3 P SR 2 Species #4 B JB 2 Species #5 B SC 1 Species #6 P SC 1 Species #7 P MS 1 Species #8 P WS 1 Species #9 B OL 1 Species #10 P OL 2 Totals 114 Araneidae 9 Acacesia hamata (Hentz) P MS 1 Acanthepeira stellata (Marx) P, OL, JB 2 Argiope aurantia Lucas B WS 1 Eustala anastera (Walck.) P SR 1 Hypsosinga rubens (Hentz) B OC 1 Micrathena gracilis (Marx) B OL 1 Wagneriana tauricornis (OPC) P WS OL 2 Totals 18 Agelenidae 1 Agelenopsis barrowsi (Gertsch) B, F SF, MS, IN, JB, BS 23 Circurina varians G&M P, B OC 5 Totals 29 Hahniidae 1 Hahnia cinerea Emerton P, B OC, SR, JB, BS 13 Neoantistea agilis (Keys.) P, B SR, OL 3 Totals 17 Mimetidae Ero pensacolae Ivie & Barrows SR 1 Totals 1 Lycosidae 1148 Arctosa incerta Bryant RB OC, WS, SR, OL 16 A. littoralis (Hentz) P, B SF, MS, WS, BT, OL, JB, SW 81 Geolycosa fatifera (Hentz) B IN 1 G. patellonigra Wallace B SR WS 2 G. xera McCrone B OC, MS, BT, JB, SW 21 Gladicosa pulchra (Keys.) P, B, F OC, SC, SF, MS, WS, BT, 37 OL, IN, BS Lycosa ammophila Wallace P, B, F OS, SC, SF, MS, WS, SR, 1555 BT, OL, IN, JB, BS, SW L. carolinensis Walck. RB OC, SC, MS, SR, OL, IN, 106 JB, BS, SW L. lenta Hentz B SW 1 L. osceola G&W B SC, SF, BS 20 Pardosa milvina (Hentz) B, F SF, SR, IN 13 P. parvula Banks P SR 2 Pirata spiniger (Simon) P, B MS, SR, OL, JB 9

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 308 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

Table 1.?Continued.

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions COREY ET AL.?FLORIDA SANDHILL SPIDERS 309

Table 1.?Continued.

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 310 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY domized sampling design (Steel & Torrie 1989). The range of the index is from 0 to 1960). Point-centered quarter methodology 100. was used to estimate frequency, density and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION basal area (cross-sectional area) of trees (30 = sample points, 120 trees per study area) Biodiversity of ground surface spiders (n (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974). Twenty 5236) in sandhill communities of north and points were selected at random and woody central (peninsular) Florida was represented plants with stems less than 2.54 cm in diam? by 23 families, 92 genera, and 154 species eter at 1.37 m above the ground were counted (Table 1). in plots (3 X 2 m) to provide density and fre? The number of species found for particular quency of shrubs. Two sides of the shrub plots spider families ranged from 1-25. Linyphiidae were used to delimit line transects (5 m) to had the richest representation with 16.1% of measure the canopy interception (%) of grass? all species collected; however, among study es and herbs. Because leaf litter was generally sites, the family constituted from 1% (WS) to distributed over the study sites, it was selected 62.8% (JB) of the species found in the indi? to represent the horizontal and vertical varia? vidual collection sites. Numerically the family tion in ground-level microhabitat available to accounted for 2.2% of the total spiders col? spiders. Ten plots (0.1 m2 each) were random? lected. ly positioned in the study areas and leaf litter Lycosidae made up the largest percentage was collected, oven dried, and the mass de? of individual spiders collected (75.2%) and termined to the nearest gram. All measure? ranged from a low of 62.8% (JB, BS) to a ments were taken once during the second year high of 87.2% (WS) among sites (Table 1). A of study. total of 21 species was collected, ranging from Data analysis.?Pearson correlation coef? a minimum of 8 (SC, WS, IN) to a maximum ficient was used to test hypotheses concerning of 11 (SR) among sites. the relationship between spider abundance and Lycosidae was followed in abundance by ground level habitat features (SAS Institute Salticidae (6.4%), Gnaphosidae (6.3%), Club- 1990). A split-plot design for repeated mea? ionidae (2.6%), Linyphiidae (2.2%), Theridi? sures ANOVA was used to test the hypothesis idae (1.5%), Thomisidae (1.2%) and Ctenizi- that no difference existed between spider dae (1.0%) (Table 1). Linyphiidae was abundance, richness (number of species), sea- represented by the greatest number of species sonality, and collection year (SAS Institute (25) followed by Lycosidae (21) and Gna? 1990). Three statistical terms used by Barnes phosidae (21), Clubionidae (16), Salticidae & Barnes (1955) were calculated to compare (14), Theridiidae (13), Araneidae (7), Thom? the 20 most abundant spider species. First, isidae (6), and Ctenizidae (5). four were collected at all 12 presence is defined as the occurrence of a spe? Only species sites of Table the cies in a particular stand without reference to (presence 100%, 2): lycosids Wallace its abundance or frequency: Site occurrence/ Lycosa ammophila 1942, Schizocosa Chamberlin S. Gertsch total no. of sites X 100. Second, density is the duplex 1925, segregata & Wallace and the salticid Habrocestum average number of individuals of a species per 1937, Richman 1981. One additional sample. Third, frequency is the number of xerophilum Castianeira samples out of a possible 95 samples a par? species, descripta (Hentz 1847), was at 11 sites. ticular species was taken. Similarity between present Eighty-three (53.9%) of the 154 were collected at one the communities was determined using the species only site Jaccard index of similarity: (Table 1). Of the 20 most abundant species, 7 ranked in the top 10 for density, and 9 ranked in the IS, =-X 100 J a + b + c top 10 for frequency (Table 2). Lycosa am? mophila, Schizocosa duplex, and Habroces? = where ISj Index of Similarity, a is the num? tum xerophilum were ranked 1, 2, 3 for pres? ber of species in common between commu? ence, density, and frequency, respectively. nities A and B, b is the number of species Schizocosa segregata, although found at all unique to community B, and c is the number 12 sites, ranked seventh in density and fre? of species unique to community A (Krebs quency. Ozyptila floridana Banks 1895, the

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions COREY ET AL.?FLORIDA SANDHILL SPIDERS 311

Table 2.?Presence, density, and frequency values for the twenty most abundant spider species collected in the Florida abstract sandhill community.

ninth most abundant species, was present at to the close proximity of the three communi? only five of the sites and had low density ties (all within 0.80 km of each other). The (0.49) and frequency values (9.5%). closest sandhill communities studied were ap? = Two new state records are reported: Cen- proximately 8.5 km apart (BS and JB; ISj tromerus tennapax (Barrows 1940) from Or? 31.9). ange City and O'leno State Park, and Tapi- Foraging guilds of spiders in the sandhill nocyba hortensis (Emerton 1924) from community were derived from obvious behav? Morningside Nature Center and Starkey Well ioral modes (modified from Corey 1988; Bult- Field Area. man et al. 1982; Gertsch 1979). Guilds were: The 12 study sites were fairly dissimilar in 1) sit and wait ambushers: Lycosidae, Pisaur- species composition based on the Jaccard in? idae, Ctenidae, Heteropodidae, and Thomisi? = = dex of similarity (x 26.1; SD 2.7). Spruce dae; 2) active hunters: Gnaphosidae, Clubi- Creek Preserve and Interlachen were the most onidae, Oonopidae, and Salticidae; 3) aerial similar (39.6), followed by Spruce Creek Pre? web spinners: Theridiidae, Araneidae, and serve and Boy Scout Reservation (38.8). San Uloboridae; 4) ground level web builders: Felasco Hammock and Suwannee River State Agelenidae, Linyphiidae, Hahniidae, and Park were the least similar (14.7) (Table 3). Amaurobiidae; 5) all other families. Analysis Corey & Taylor (1988) compared spider com? of guild composition showed that all 12 sites munities using Sorensen's index of similarity were basically similar (Fig. 3). The sit and (Krebs 1989) and reported values of 0.65 wait ambushers were the dominant guild on (pond pine and flatwoods), 0.56 (sand pine all 12 sites. Similar results were reported by scrub and flatwoods), and 0.51 (pond pine and Corey & Taylor (1988), Bultman et al. (1982), sand pine scrub). Using Sorensen's index as a and Lowrie (1948). The sandhill communities means of comparison, sandhill communities were more heavily dominated by sit and wait were dissimilar to Corey & Taylor's pond pine ambusher spiders than were pond pine, sand (0.20), sand pine scrub (0.18), and flatwoods pine scrub, and flatwoods communities, which (0.19). The high similarity values found by had a more even distribution of guilds (Corey Corey & Taylor (1988) might have been due & Taylor 1988). Lycosidae have been found

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 312 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

Table 3.?Jaccard Index of Similarity for spider species collected in sandhill study sites of Florida. See text for site abbreviations.

to occur in communities with little litter ac? test the relationship between the abundance of cumulation (Bultman et al. 1982), whereas the eight most common spider families col? thomisids and ground-level web builders lected and ground-level habitat features (SAS (Agelenidae, Linyphiidae, and Hahniidae) in? Institute 1990) (Table 4). The number of spe? crease in dominance as litter increases (Uetz cies and of individual spiders was not signif? 1979). icantly correlated to any habitat feature (P > Pearson correlation coefficient was used to 0.05). Other studies have found correlations

100%

other

aenal web builders

ground web builders

acfive hunters

amoLDush hunters

OC SC SF MS WS SR BT OL IN JB BS SW

STUDY SITE

Figure 3.?Spider guild composition for 12 Florida sandhill study sites. See Figure 2 for site abbrevi- ations.

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions COREY ET AL.?FLORIDA SANDHILL SPIDERS 313

Table 4.?Correlation (r) of the eight most common spider families abundance with ground level habitat * features in Florida sandhills. + = for the entire sandhill population. = r value significant at P < 0.05.

between spider abundance and an increase in 0.0001) among the four seasons. Scheffe's test litter (Hagstrum 1970; Lowrie 1948). Thom- showed that spider populations in the fall were isidae abundance was found to be significantly significantly different from spring and sum? correlated (P < 0.05) to shrub density, and mer, and winter populations were significantly Salticidae abundance was significantly corre? different from spring (P < 0.05). Other sea? lated to basal area of trees in the study sites. sonal comparisons were not significantly dif? In contrast, Ctenizidae were significantly re? ferent (P > 0.05). duced in abundance on study sites with a high Difference in the seasonal abundance of basal area of trees. Spider abundance in gen? spiders was expected due to the variation in eral was unrelated to or reduced by increased patterns of activity and mortality affecting grass-herb ground cover (negative correlations adults and the appearance of juveniles. In? in 6 of 10 comparisons, Table 4). These results deed, variation in abundance of individual suggest that the abundance of certain spider species between years one and two often ac? families is affected by the amount of incident counted for observed seasonal differences at sunlight received. Sites with a larger tree basal the study sites (Fig. 4). area would have more canopy cover and Species observed to vary greatly from year therefore create more shade than habitats with to year at one site include: Arctosa incerta low basal areas. Bryant 1934, Lycosa ammophila, Ozyptila = Spider abundance (FU22 2.56, P > 0.124) ftoridana, Schizocosa duplex, Sosippus flori- = and the number of species (Fh 22 0.00, P > danus Simon 1898, and Zelotes pseustes 0.952) were not significantly different be? Chamberlin 1922. Some of the variation of L. tween the first and second years of collecting ammophila (at SC and SW) was due to the (Fig. 4). Based on the combined years, an capture of females with young (170 and 102, analysis of split-plot design ANOVA (SAS In? respectively). stitute 1990) suggested that spider abundance Study sites appeared to be very similar in = (F3t66 6.17, P < 0.0009) was significantly terms of soils, relief, drainage, and vegetal different among the four seasonal periods for cover (Stout & Corey pers. obs.). Although the total sandhill population. Scheffe's test (a guild structure was similar from site to site, = 0.05) showed that winter, spring, and sum? the species composition of ground surface spi? mer were not significantly different in total ders showed a great deal of site variation. The number of spiders caught. Likewise, fall and substantial dissimilarity in the species com? winter were not significantly different, but fall position of spiders from place to place in the was significantly different from spring and remaining sandhill habitats suggests that con- summer. The number of species was also sig? servation of spiders and, by inference, other = nificantly different (F3 66 11.87, P < invertebrate taxa of the ground surface fauna,

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 314 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

SR IL BT

Autumn winter^sprIng summer AUTUMNWINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMNWINTER SPRING SUMMER

oc sc ws

^UtUMNnMNTERSPRING SUMMER AUTUMNWINTER SPRING SUMMER

SF MS

AUTUMNWINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMNWINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMNWINTER SPRING SUMMER

JB BS SW

AUTUMNWINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMNWINTER SPRING SUMMER AUTUMNWINTER SPRING SUMMER SEASON ? YEAR 1 YEAR 2

Figure 4.?Spider seasonal abundance in 12 Florida sandhill study sites. See Figure 2 for site abbre- viations.

will require many sites to be preserved as op- (American Museum of Natural History) iden? posed to a few larger sites (Main 1987). tified a male Lathys as undescribed. We thank Joseph A. Beatty, Jonathan Reiskind and two ACKNOWLEDGMENTS anonymous reviewers for improving an earlier We thank Joseph A. Beatty (Southern Illi- draft of this manuscript. We thank Vicki Ka- nois University), Jonathan Reiskind (Univer? zee for helping type the manuscript and Jim sity of Florida), Nor man I* Platnick (American Konzelman for computer assistance. The fol? Museum of Natural History), and Martin J. lowing individuals or state agencies allowed Blascyzk (Milwaukee Public Museum) for access to their property to conduct the re? identifying some specimens. Willis J. Gertsch search: Ellis Collins (Interlachen), Fred Hunt

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions COREY ET AL.?FLORIDA SANDHILL SPIDERS 315

(Orange City), Jonathan Shaw and Nancy Szot Davis, J.H. 1980. General map of natural vegeta? (Bok Tower Gardens), Sandhill Boy Scout tion of Florida Agr. Exp. Sta., Inst. Food and Sci. Circular S-178. of Reservation, Morningside Nature Center, Na? Agr. University Florida, Gainesville. ture Conservancy (Spruce Creek Preserve and Gertsch, W.J. 1979. American 2nd ed. Van Janet Butterfield Brooks Preserve), Southwest Spiders. Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. Florida Water Management District (Starkey Hagstrum, D.W. 1970. Ecological energetics of the Well Field Area), Division of Recreation and spider Tarentula kochi. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Parks of the Florida of Natural Department America, 63:1297-1304. Resources Felasco Wekiwa (San Hammock, Harper, R.M. 1927. Natural resources of southern State and Springs Park, O'leno State Park, Su? Florida. Pp. 27-192. In 18th Annual Report of wannee River State Park). This work was sup? the Florida State Geological Survey. Tallahassee. ported by Non-game Wildlife Program Con- Krebs, C.J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. Harper tract No. RFP-86-003 from the Florida Game & Row, Publishers, Inc, New York. and Freshwater Fish Commission to I.J. Stout Laessle, A.M. 1942. The plant communities of the Welaka and the Exline-Frizzell Fund for Arachnolog- Area. Univ. of Florida Publ., Biol. Sci. ical Research, Grant No. 33 from the Califor? Series 4:1-143. Laessle, A.M. 1958. The and successional nia Academy of Sciences to D.T. Corey. origin relationship of sandhill vegetation and sand-pine LITERATURE CITED scrub. Ecol. Monogr., 28:361-387. Lowrie, D.C 1948. The ecological succession of R.D. & B.M. Barnes. 1955. The Barnes, spider spiders of the Chicago area dunes. Ecology, 29: population of the abstract broomsedge commu? 334-351. of the southeastern Piedmont. 36: nity Ecology, Lowrie, D.C. 1963. The effects of grazing and in- 658-666. tensive collecting on a population of the green Bultman, T.L., G.W Uetz, A.R. 1982. A Brady. lynx spider. Ecology, 44:777-781. of cursorial communities comparison spider Lowrie, D.C. 1971. Effects of time of day and a successional J. ArachnoL, 10: along gradient. weather on spider catches with a sweep net. 23-33. Ecology, 52:348-351. R.L. & D.M. 1981. Forest Burgess, Sharpe (eds.). Main, B.Y. 1987. Persistence of invertebrates in Island Dynamics in Man-dominated Landscapes. small areas: Case studies of trapdoor spiders in Springer-Verlag, New York. western Australia. Pp. 29-39. In Nature Conser- Campbell, H.W & S.P. Christman. 1982. Field vation: The role of Remnants of Native Vegeta? techniques for herpetofaunal community analy? tion (D.A. Saunders, G.W. Arnold, A.A. Burbid- sis. Pp. 193-200. In Herpetological Communities ge, & A.J.M. Hopkins, eds.). Surrey Beatty & (N.J. Scott, Jr., ed.). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser? Sons Pty. Limited, in asso. with CSIRO and vice, Wildlife Research Report 13. CALM. Corey, D.T.& IJ Stout. 1990. fauna in D. & H. 1974. Aims sandhill communities of Florida. J. Arachnol., Mueller-Dombois, Ellenberg. 18:167-172. and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Corey, D.T.& I.J. Stout. 1992. Centipede and mil- Muma, M.H. 1973. of surface lipede (Chilopoda and Diplopoda) faunas in Comparison ground sandhill communities of Florida. American Midl. spiders in four Central Florida ecosystems. Flor? Nat., 127:60-65. ida Entomol., 56:173-196. M.H. 1975. in Florida citrus Corey, D.T. & WK. Taylor. 1987. Scorpion, pseu- Muma, Spiders Florida doscorpion, and opilionid faunas in three central groves. Entomol., 58:83-90. Florida plant communities. Florida Sci., 50(3): Myers, R.L. 1985. Fire and the dynamic relation? 162-167. ship between Florida sandhill and sand pine Corey, D.T. & WK. Taylor. 1988. Ground surface scrub vegetation. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 112: spiders in three central Florida plant communi? 241-252. ties. J. Arachnol., 16:213-221. Myers, R.L. 1990. Scrub and high pine. Pp. 150- Corey, D.T. & WK. Taylor. 1989. Foliage-dwelling 193. In Ecosystems of Florida. (R.L. Myers & spiders in three central Florida plant communi? J.J. Ewel, eds.). Univ. of Central Florida Press, ties. J. Arachnol., 17:97-106. Orlando. Cox, J., R. Kautz, M. MacLaughlin & T. Gilbert. Post, W.M., III & S.E. Riechert. 1977. Initial in- 1994. Closing the gaps in Florida's wildlife hab? vestigation into the structure of spider commu? itat conservation system. Office of Environmen? nities. J. Anim. Ecol., 46:729-749. tal Services, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Platt, W.J., G.W. Evans & M.M. Davis. 1988. Ef? Commission, Tallahassee. fects of fire season on flowering of forbs and

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 316 THE JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY

shrubs in longleaf pine forests. Oecologia, 76: ter habitats on spider communities. Oecologia, 353-363. 40:29-42. Rey, J.R. & E.D. McCoy. 1983. Terrestrial arthro? Wells, B.W & I.V. Shunk. 1931. The vegetation pods of Northwest Florida salt marshes: Araneae and habitat factors of the coarser sands of the and Pseudoscorpiones (Arachnida). Florida En? North Carolina coastal plain: an ecological study. tomol., 66:497-503. Ecol. Monog., 1:465-520. SAS Institute. 1990. User's Guide: Statistics, Ver- Whitcomb, R.F. 1987. North American forests and sion 6 Ed. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina. grasslands: biotic conservation. Pp. 163-176. In Saunders, D.A., R.J. Hobbs & C.R. Margules. Nature Conservation: The Role of Remnants of 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem- Native Vegetation (D.A. Saunders et al., eds.). fragmentation: a review. Conser. Biol., 5:18-32. Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty. Ltd., in asso. with Steel, R.G.D. & J.H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and CSIRO and CALM. Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Wilcove, D.S., CH. McLellan & A.P. Dobson. Inc, New York. 481 pp. 1986. Habitat fragmentation in the temperate Stout, I.J. & WR. Marion. 1993. Pine flatwoods zone. Pp. 237-256. In Conservation Biology and xeric pine forests of the southern (lower) (M.E. Soule\ ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc Sun? coastal plain. Pp. 373-446. In Biodiversity of the derland. Southeastern United States (WH. Martin et al., eds.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York. Manuscript received 1 May 1997, revised 1 March Uetz, G.W 1979. The influence of variation in lit- 1998.

This content downloaded from 132.170.15.255 on Mon, 13 Apr 2015 17:34:58 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions