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Latvia Denmar Lithuania Northern Ireland anada Ireland United Belarus Kingdom Poland zechia Uraine Slovaia Russia Hungary Moldova Slovenia Kazahstan roatia Romania Mongolia Bosnia and HerzegovinaSerbia Montenegro Bulgaria MMC East AfricaKosovo and 4Mi Snapshot - JuneGeorgia 2020 Macedonia Uzbeistan Kyrgyzstan Albania Armenia Azerbaijan and Interviewed in Yemen North Greece Turmenistan Tajiistan Korea Spain Turey South The ‘Eastern Route’ is the mixed migration route from East to the Gulf (through Overall, 60% of the respondents were from ’s Oromia Region (n=76, 62 men and Korea Japan Yemen) and is the largest mixed migration route out of . An estimated 138,213 14yprus women). OromiaSyria Region is a highly populated region which hosts Ethiopia’s capital city refugees and migrants arrived in Yemen in 2019, and at least 29,643 reportedly arrived .Lebanon Oromos face persecution in Ethiopia, and partner reports show that Oromos Iraq Afghanistan hina Moroccobetween January and April 2020Tunisia. Ethiopians made up around 92% of the arrivals into typically make up the largest proportion of Ethiopians travelingIran through Yemen, where they Jordan Yemen in 2019 and Somalis around 8%. are particularly subject to abuse. The highest number of Somali respondents come from Israel Banadir Region (n=18), which some of the highest numbers of internally displaced people Every year, tensAlgeria of thousands of Ethiopians and Somalis travel through harsh terrain in in Africa. The capital city of isKuwait located in Banadir Region and areas around it Nepal and , to reach departure areas along the coastline where they host many displaced people seeking safety and jobs. Banadir is also the region of origin Paistan Bhutan embark on a dangerous maritime journey across the or Arabian Sea to reach points for many Somalis registered as refugees and asylum seekers in East Africa and Yemen. Bahrain along Yemen’s coast. Migrants and refugees traveling along this route face human rights atar Western Saudi United Bangladesh violations at every stage of the journey, with a high risk of being trafficked, kidnapped, or Figure 1. Eastern Route Taiwan Mexico Sahara Arabia Arab dying at sea on one of the busiest maritime mixed migration routes in the world. Emirates Myanmar uba In March 2017, Saudi authorities announced a crackdown on undocumented migrants in Mauritania Laos Haiti Dominican the country and widespread deportation of migrants. IOM estimates that as of April 2020, Jamaica Republic Mali Belize 370,000 Ethiopians have been deportedNiger back to Ethiopia. However, these moves have not deterred migration along the Eastern Route. Despite thehad ongoing war and escalating Guatemala Yemen Thailand Senegal humanitarian crisis in Yemen, 2019 saw some of the highest recorded monthly arrivals of Honduras Vietnam East African refugees and migrants in Yemen. In 2020, the COVID-19 situation has had 29% of migrants 71% of migrants The Gambia and refugees depart anBurina impact on the Eastern Route, with a 74% reduction in crossings recorded between and refugees depart ambodia Nicaragua from areas along from areas around Guinea-Bissau Faso Djibouti Bosasso, Somalia Philippines Guinea March (6,753) and April (1,725) 2020. Djibouti’s coastline osta Nigeria Somalia Rica Panama Sierra Ethiopia Somalia – 24 respondents Leone Profiles Benin Banadir Region: 9 women, 9 men Sri Venezuela oast Ghana Togo entral South Bari Region: 1 woman, 2 men Lana This snapshot draws from 128 interviews conducted with Ethiopians and SomalisSudan Ethiopia – 104 respondents Bay Region: 2 women Guyana Liberia African Republic Oromia Region: 14 women, 62 men French in Yemen between September 2018ameroon and March 2020 in locations across Yemen. 91 : 5 women, 7 men Suriname Amhara Region: 3 women, 5 men Malaysia olombia Guiana respondents were men and 37 women. (Reports show around 83% of arrivals are men Afar Region: 3 men and boys, and 17% women and girls.) The majority of respondents (104) were Ethiopians : 2 men Equatorial UgandaWooqooyi Galbeed Region: 1 woman Singapore (including 24 women and 80 men)Guinea and 24 were SomaliRepublic (including 13 women and 11 men). Region: 1 woman : 1 woman of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Ecuador Gabon ongo Democratic Peoples Region: 1 man Republic Rwanda n=128, Ethiopians (104), Somalis (24) of the ongo Indonesia Burundi1 Papua New Guinea

Peru Brazil Angola Malawi ambia Mozambique Bolivia

imbabwe

Namibia Botswana Paraguay

Swaziland

Lesotho Uruguay

Argentina

hile

New ealand

Antarctica Most respondents are young people Of Somali respondents (n=24), 54% cited having completed some education. 46% of Somali respondents had no education (29% of Somali respondents reporting no education Overall, the majority of respondents (82%) were aged 18–29, with an average of 22 years were women and 17% men). Somalia has some of the lowest rates of primary education old. A further 15% of the respondents were aged 30–39 while 3% of the respondents in the world - less than 45% of children are enrolled in primary school in Somalia, aged 40–49. Figure 3. Level of education by nationality Figure 2. Age of respondents

53 75 Primary school 18 - 29 years 10 30

32 12 No education n=128 30 - 39 years n=128 11 Ethiopians (104), 7 Ethiopians (104), Somalis (24) Somalis (24) 15 Secondary or 4 high school Ethiopia 40 - 49 years Men 3 Somalia 0 Women

4 Religious 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 education 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

A third of refugees and migrants had received no education before migrating 66% of respondents had received at least some schooling before migrating (n=47); 34% had received none. None of the respondents had received any tertiary or higher education. Overall, Ethiopian men reported much higher rates of education, see Figure 3. Both Ethiopian and Somali women respondents were less likely to be educated than men.

Among Ethiopian respondents (n=104), 70% reported having either primary, secondary or religious education and 30% of Ethiopian respondents had no education. To put this into context, according to World Bank statistics, Ethiopia’s primary school enrolment rates have risen sharply, from roughly 50% in 2004 to 86% in 2015.

2 Refugees and migrants motivated to move due The most commonly cited economic factors influencing migration were poor employment opportunities (57%) and low earning power (40%). to economic and personal and/or family reasons The majority of Ethiopian (87%) and Somali (67%) respondents interviewed in Yemen Figure 5. Economic drivers of migration reported that they were seeking better economic opportunities. The other top drivers for Unemployed/ migration were personal and/or family reasons, violence and general insecurity, and a could not 57% lack of rights in country of origin. find work

Not earning enough in the 40% Figure 4. Drivers of migration job I had

Sent by family 87% to send money 7% Economic reasons back home 67% Having studied, but no access to 6% 11% adequate jobs Personal and/or family reasons 33% My business was no longer 1% n=106; multiselect profitable Ethiopians (90), 6% Somalis (16) Violence and general insecurity 17% Other 1%

5% A lack of rights in country of origin 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 4%

Lack of social 3% n=128; multiselect services/poorly Ethiopians (104), governed 4% Somalis (24)

Everybody around 1% Ethiopia me was leaving, Somalia so I also wanted to migrate 4%

Environmental 1% factors and natural disaster 0%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

3 is preferred destination country of 45% of respondents witnessed or experienced respondents interviewed in Yemen protection risks - smugglers are the main During interviews in Yemen, the majority (95%) of respondents had not reached their final perpetrators destination country, 3% had not yet decided on their final destination country, while only Overall, 43% of respondents (n=55) report witnessing or experiencing protection risks 2% cited Yemen as their final destination country. The majority (80%) of respondents during their journey towards Yemen. 53 Ethiopian respondents reported protection who had not reached their final destination listed Saudi Arabia as their final preferred incidents (more than 50%), and only 2 Somali respondents (out of 24 interviewed). Further, destination country (n=97). Other reported preferred destinations included (7%), 51% of people who identified as Ethiopian Oromos reported witnessing or experiencing USA (2%), (2%), Italy (2%) and Germany (2%), among others. protection incidents. This was notably higher than respondents from any other region of origin in Ethiopia or Somalia. When deciding on their intended destinations, the respondents mentioned a number of factors, many of which correspond with the reported drivers. The top factor was better The most commonly reported abuses by both Ethiopians and Somalis were physical chances of getting a job and sending remittances home (84%). The perception that the abuse, death, robbery and sexual assault. 25% of respondents reported experiencing destination country would provide better living standards (34%) also factored highly. physical abuse or harassment (of a non-sexual nature), 16% of respondents witnessed the death(s) of a migrant, 15% of respondents were robbed and 13% witnessed or Figure 6. Why did you choose your destination? experienced sexual assault. The most cited types of physical abuse included mild physical

Better chances abuse, verbal abuse and extreme physical abuse. of getting a job 84% and sending remittances home Figure 7. Types of reported protection incidents Generally better 34% living standards

Physical abuse 30% 2% Access to (better) 5% education Deaths 19% 1% Reunite with 4% my family

Robbery 18% 1% Personal 2% freedom

Sexual assault 16% 1% Access to (better) 2% medical care Kidnap 14% Freedom from oppression or a 1% threat to my life n=128; multiselect at home n=55; multiselect Bribery 10% 119 incidents reported

Other 1% Ethiopia Detention 6% 1% Somalia

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

4 190 deaths reported along the Eastern Route; Smugglers reported as main perpetrators of most in Djibouti abuse 20 Somali and Ethiopian migrants and refugees travelling to Yemen reported witnessing Smugglers were most commonly reported as the perpetrator of migrant deaths (46% of 190 deaths along their journey. Out of the 190 deaths, one Somali respondent reported respondents who reported witnessing deaths stated that smugglers were responsible). 5 deaths, which occurred in Djibouti, in (3) and (2); the remaining 185 deaths were reported by Ethiopians. Most reported deaths occurred in Djibouti (109), Figure 9. Reported perpetrators of refugee and migrant deaths around the Red Sea crossing, Ethiopia (49), and Yemen (30), with 2 deaths reported in

Somalia. The most cited causes of migrant and refugee deaths were dehydration (33%), Smugglers 46% starvation (24%), sickness and lack of access to medicines (17%) and harsh weather/lack of adequate shelter (15%). Refused 19%

Figure 8. Where did the deaths occur? Family members 16%

Dikhil 48 Other migrants/ non-related 11% persons on Djibouti the move 15 city Groups of thugs/ 3% criminal gangs 5 n=20; multi-select 190 incidents reported DJ Other authorities 3%

Hayu 46

Single unknown 3% individuals Obock 20

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

Tadjoura 21

At sea 29 (Red Sea) YE

Lahij 1

Jijiga 3 n=20; 190 deaths reported ET

Bossaso 2 SO

0 10 20 30 40 50 5 Relating to physical abuse, thugs/criminal gangs were the next most cited perpetrators (23% of respondents who witnessed or experienced physical abuse) after smugglers (63%).

Figure 10. Perpetrators of physical abuse

Smugglers 63%

Groups of thugs/ 23% criminal gangs

Single unknown 6% individuals

Family members 1%

Don’t know 6%

n=32; multi-select Refused 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

The Mixed Migration Monitoring Mechanism Initiative (4Mi) is the Mixed Migration Centre’s flagship primary data collection system, an innovative approach that Sexual assault and harassment helps fill knowledge gaps, and inform policy and response regarding the nature of mixed migratory movements and the protection risks for refugees and migrants 16 of the 104 Ethiopian respondents interviewed (n=16) and 1 Somali respondent on the move. 4Mi field monitors are currently collecting data through direct witnessed or experienced sexual assault or harassment during their journey to Yemen. interviews with refugees and migrants in , East Africa and Yemen, Indecent assault or touching and rape were the most frequently reported SGBV incidents. North Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. Overall, 10 cited smugglers reportedly committed the cases of sexual assault or harassment, 6 respondents cited group of thugs/criminal gangs, and 1 said abuses were Sample sizes are clearly indicated and represent a limited section of those on the committed by other perpetrators. move. The findings derived from the surveyed sample should not be used to make any inferences about the total population. See more 4Mi analysis and details on methodology at www.mixedmigration.org/4mi

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