BULLETIN OF THE CHICAGO

HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY

VOLLTWE 19 (3) 1984 BULLETIN OF THE CHICAGO HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY ISSN 0009-3464

VOLUME 19, NUMBER 3

CONTENTS

THE DISCOVERY OF EUEICEA JUNALUSKA David M. Sever 75 NOTES ON THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE GREAT DISMAL SWAMP OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA Don Schwab 8 5 BACKGROUND INFOI-IMATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE TIMBER RATTLE• SNAKE IN NEW YORK STATE William S. Brown 94 COMMERICAL EXPLOITATION OF GRAPTEMYS AND STERNOTHEBUS TURTLES John H. Muir 9 8 BVFOLUCILIA BUFONIVORA (DIPTERA, CALLIPHORIDAE), A LETHAL PARASITE IN THE COMMON EUROPEAN TOAD, 3UFO BUFO (ANURA, BUFONIDAE) Jozef Nijs 101 CAUDAL LURING IN THE MADAGASCAR GROUND BOA, ACRANTOPHIS DUMERILI Michael W. Hammock 104 BOOK REVIEW: PHYLLIS, PHALLUS, GFNGIS COHEN & OTHER CREATURES I HAVE KNOWN by Fredric L. Frye .. Reviewed by Stephen L. Barten 105 LETTER TO THE EDITOR: BOIGA FEEDING HABITS .. Steve Krzystyniak 106

COVER PHOTOGRAP The Junaluska salamander, Euryaea ju a recently described species, learn behind its discovery in David Sever' page 75. The cover photo of the Jun miander was taken by R. Wayne Van Dev timiber rattlesnake, Crotalvs korridu persecuted by m.an over much of its d Vv'illiam S. Brown provides a rational protection in New York state in the page 94. The photograph on the back taken by John C. Murphy near Sauk Ci

COPYRIGHT 19 8 4 CHICAGO HERPFTOLOGICAL SOCIETY Bull. Chi. Herp. Soc. 19(3):75-84 /ocPs 75

THE DISCOVERY OF EVRYCEA JVT^ALUSKA ~"

David M. Sever

Although the discovery of any new species is a major scientific event, it seems to me that among amphibians and reptiles, the de• scription of a new species of salamander is more significant in some ways than the description of a new anuran, snake, or lizard. I adm.it that I ami biased, because my v;ork has been and will proba• bly continue to be primiarily with salamanders. But on the other hand, there are thousands of known species of frogs, snakes, and lizards while there are only about 350 species of salamanders. How• ever, it seems likely that most undiscovered species will be cryptic form.s whose specific distinctiveness will be revealed by techniques such as electrophoretic analysis of proteins or, if morphologically distinct, new species of salam.anders will be found only in poorly collected areas, as in some parts of Central America.

Almost a decade ago, I was involved in the description of a new species of Euryoea - E. junaluska which, to my knowledge, is one of the fev; species of salamanders described in recent years from the United States whose description was based entirely upon external morphological characters, i.e., it actually looks different from its congeners. Also, it is som.ewhat surprising that this species was described from an area (the southern Appalachian Mountains) where salamander collecting had been intense for many years. All of the renowned workers on salamanders of the early 20th century - Dunn, Noble, Bishop, etc. - had made sojourns to this region. Only one person, Willis King, who wrote a paper on the herpetofauna of the Great Smoky Mountains (Kina, ]939), found this species and/or recog• nized that it v/as different from other Euvyoea. He did not nam,e it as a new species but called the form a hybrid .5". b. hislineata x oirrigeva. Until I unearthed King's specimens almost 40 years later (Sever, 1976), no one, else had commented on King's strange Eurycea.

The story of F. junaluska begins with a letter dated 4 October 197 3 that I received from. Charles D. Sullivan of Nashville, Tennessee. Don Sullivan was then a graduate student at Vanderbilt University, and he was starting what has becomie a very successful com.mercial operation involving the supply of amiphibians to researchers and institutions. As part of his business, he did somie collecting in the southern Appalachian Mountains. He usually lim.ited his efforts there to pick• ing salam.anders off road surfaces on rainy nights. I v;as a graduate student at Tulane University, where I was comipleting m;y doctoral work on the secondary sexual characters of salamianders under Harold A. Dundee. Harold is one of the leading authorities on the Euvyaea occur^ng in the Ozark region. I had just finished miy Master's thesis on the EuTvasa. hislineata com.plex in the m^idv/est. This v.'crk was done at Ohio University under Henri Seibert. Samuel S. Sweet, then at the be lacking in some specimiens, but in this "new species" the lack of a distinct dorsolateral stripe was accompanied by an intense mottling such as I had never seen in a metamorphosed E. hislineata.

During the next few days, I photographed the specimens and made color descriptions of them. I then preserved them and collected metric and meristic data. Their body proportions (lim.b length, tail length) were indeed extraordinarily divergent from those populations of E. hislineata that I had studied previously, and I also found that the num.ber and extent of the patches of teeth on the vomerine bone were greater than known from any sample of E. hislineata. I spent miost of my efforts comparing the animals to E. hislineata because our new species was obviously a Euryaea, and E. hislineata was the only congener that even slightly resembled it. I became more and more convinced that this was a nev; species. But even if further work proved this to be wrong, at least here was a case of extreme morpho• logical divergence from the typical E. hislineata morph on which to report.

I asked Harold if he wanted to work on a description of the form with me. After receiving a quick affirmation, we decided that Don Sullivan, as the original collector of the animal should also be recognized. I wrote to Sullivan, told him of my feelings about the distinctiveness of the animal, and miade him an offer of collaboration on the description. Don wrote back (a letter dated 11 Novemiber, 1973) expressing his delight with my findings and accepting m.y offer of co-authorship on the original description. Throughout the winter, we exchanged further communications and planned a collecting trip for sometime in May to the area where he collected the animals.

The road from which Sullivan had collected the animals was U.S. Route 129 where it borders the Cheoah River in Graham County, North Carolina. Graham County is at the southern end of the Great Smoky Mountains, and the Cheoah River separates the Unicoi Mountains from, the Sm.okies and Yellow Creek Mountains to the north. The Cheoah River arises from an impoundmient, Santeetlah Lake, created during the late 1920's. The impoundment occurs just west of Robbinsville, North Carolina, by the confluence of Tullulah Creek (from, the Cheoah Mountains to the east). Snowbird Creek (from the Snowbird Mountains to the southeast) and Santeetlah Creek (from the Unicoi Mountains). Fromi the dam, on the 1200 ha lake, the base-level Cheoah River (eleva• tion about 37 5 m.) flows westward ino the Little Tennessee River above the village of Tapoco near the Tennessee border. The Cheoah is only about 15 kmi long. Graham County is a mountainous, sparsely populated area vvith less than 7000 permanent residents. Robbinsville, the largest city, has a population of about 600.

Harold and I arrived in Graham County on the afternoon of 6 May 1974. Don told us that rooms could be procured cheaply in Robbins• ville at a place called the Joyce PCilm.er Motel. The motel consisted of a series of cottages high on a hill overlooking the town, and he was right - they were very inexpensive! With a shower, a room: cost us $8.00 a night for tv/o. A room, without a shower was only S5.00. We decided to be elegant and took a roomi with a shov.'er. Since it was early, v.'e rode out to the Cheoah P>iver to have a look around. 78

My first view of the Cheoah River was soiriewhat disappointing. It was a beautiful stream - shallow, swift, with huge boulders strewn about the streambed - but it was also quite open and the shore was dry and brushy. It did not look like a good salam.ander stream,, except perhaps for Cryptobranshus. We parked at a bridge crossing the river at Slick Rock Road, a logging road which went up into the Unicois on the south side of the river. We proceeded to turn rocks, rake brush, dip into pools - all the standard techniques for uncovei- ing salamanders.

We did find a number of specimens of Eurycea lor.gioauda gutto- lineato., Vesmognathus r^:ontiaola and the larvae of Eseudotriton ruber and of Euryaea - both E. longiaauda and individuals that looked like E. hislineata. However, we had uncovered no adults of the new species when we heard a car squealing to a halt on the road just above the river. It was Don Sullivan, and soon he was down in the stream with us tearing through the rocks and brush looking for our new Euryaea. We were just about to call it a day when I turned several rocks along the water's edge, in a sandy area above the Slick Rock Bridge. Under these rocks were m.y first 2 specim.ens of the new species. They were quite active, and one of them seemed to try to jum.p from, its resting spot into the river. I happily claimed to have caught it in midair, a boast responded to with some incredulity from Don and Harold

Although we searched the Cheoah and surrounding streams intensely for the next day and one-half, we did not find any further specim.ens of the new species. It refused to rain at night, so road-hunting was not profitable except for an occasional toad or frog. We also did not collect m.any F. hislineata. There was one from a seepage area along Slick Rock Road, high on the mountainside above the Cheoah, and a few more from a stream feeding Tullulah Creek near Robbinsville. We did get a num.ber of larvae, but they all looked like typical E. hislineata larvae to us. Of course, we did not know what to expect for the larvae of our new form, especially since the adults have a color pattern very similar to that of large larvae of E. hislineata.. Clearly, characterization of the larvae would take awhile - perhaps they v;ere virtually indistinguishable from those of E. hislineata.

It was apparent after our sojourn that more fieldwork was necessary. However, it would have to wait. I had my dissertation to defend, and I had just been offered a position at Saint Mary's College at Notre Dame, Indiana. Research on the new Euryaea would have to wait until things settled down.

During the fall of 1974 I subm.itted a request for a research grant for the study of the system.atics of Eurycea in southwestern North Carolina to the Highlands Biological Station in Macon County, North Carolina. Macon County, conveniently, is the county imumediately east of Graham, County, so I figured that it would be a good place to have my headquarters for any extensive fieldv7ork on E. runalus

of Appalachian salamanders.

My grant was awarded, so on 22 March 1975 I took off for Graham County. I stayed at the Joyce Kilm.er Motel until the 27th, spending all of my days turning rocks in stream.s and all of miy nights waiting for rain - which never cam.e. I obtained a county map from the court• house and literally followed every road in western Graham County that had a stream indicated near it. Although I collected a large num-ber of salamanders, including Leuvognathus marnioratus, 3 (or miore) species of Veemognathus , P. ruber, E. lon.gicauda, Gyrinophilus porvhyritiaus , Notopthalrrius viridesoens , and a number of typical E. hislineata, I found no specimens of our new species, unless some were present in the large collection of Euryaea larvae I made. Hov/ever, I did become even more fam.iliar with the territory. I was beginning to suspect why the species had gone undetected. Either it was indeed very uncommon, or else it lived in what one normially would not consider likely salamian- der habitat. I stopped in Highlands on the way back and talked to Dick Bruce. He v;as skeptical about the new species, but he did think that a lot of weird things were going on with southern Appalachian Eurycea .

I returned to the miountains on 12 July and rem.ained there until 6 - August. Except for about a week I spent at Highlands, I lived in Graham County at the Joyce Kilmer Motel. During that period, Robbins• ville was the site for several colorful weekend celebrations that included evening square dances and blue-grass music. The county had recently celebrated its centennial (1972) , and a local group had pub• lished a book on the history of Graham County. I obtained a copy and / learned much about the region. For exam.ple, U.S. Rt. 12 9 was laid over a railroad track - this still contributes to the bum.py character of the road. Dick Highton recently told me that U.S. Rt. 129 was still unpaved when he first visited the region in the 1950's. This latter fact may help explain why none of the earlier workers found the species - there was no blacktop road for salamander hunting on rainy nights!

I revisited many of the sm.aller streams at which I had collected in the spring, again with no sucess for our new form. I did not find any more specimens along the Cheoah River either. When it became too hot and humid, I could refresh m.yself by taking a quick dip in the stream I v/as at that day, or I could escape into the cool forests and amuse myself by collecting some Plethodon glutinosus or P. gordani, which were comim.on now (but nowhere to be seen in March) or perhaps find som.e ringneck snakes, Piadorhis punatatus. Des^ognatnus aeneus was com.mion in som.e sm.all seepages in the woods, and there usually were some Saelovorus undulatus to chase around rock faces.

I actually was having quite a bit of fun collecting snakes, some of which had not been reported from Grahami County before. Specimens representing new or just interesting records were sent to the North Carolina State Musuem (NCSM) . Eegina septe-nvittata was relatively common alond the Cheoah River and Thairmopkis sirtalis and Nerodia sipedon were ubiquitous in and around streams. I found one Thamno- pkis sauritus along Tullulah Creek in Robbinsville, and gave it to a friend in New Orleans who was conducting an electrophoresis study on the ribbon snakes. Al Braswell of the NCSM was shaken by this - 8n

there are fevv records of ribbon snakes from anyvjhere in the miOuntains, and I had given one away to be ground up I

At dusk U.S. Rt. 129 was often alive with snakes, especially if there had been an afternoon shower. Coluker constrictor close to town and Elaphe ohsoleta once past the reservoir were seen on almost every trip down the road at night. Agkistrodon contortrix was the most common snake along the road in one area about a kilometer south• east of Tapoco. Many were killed by cars, and many more would have been if I had not kicked them off the road! Once, during the middle of the day, I found a large Crotalus korridus dead alongside an old logging road at Big Fat Gap. It had been struck repeated blows with a blunt instrument. This was in the middle of nowhere, and I wondered who had killed the snake - and taken the rattles. My notes read "dead since morning? Sm.ells, skin off neck, flies." Thus, I didn't save the specimen, although it would have been a good county record. On up the road was parked a truck bearing the insignia of the National Forest Service, and I assum.e that it was a forest ranger who had perpetrated the act.

But my purpose was to find the new species, and these other herps were just necessary diversions - necessary because I was surely be• coming bored trying to find our elusive creature; Then, on 17 July, I went out to explore the area where Santeetlah Creek joins the reservoir. Two large streams occur in this area - Santeetlah Creek which is more or less a "wild" version of the Cheoah River (dense forest, no blacktop roads) and Little Santeetlah Creek, which passes out of the Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest. The Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest is a tract of virgin timber where I never collect. For aesthetic reasons, I just cannot bring myself to rip moss off stones and tear through logs in a place of such pristine beauty. This is one of those places that I just enjoy walking through, leaving the forest and its creatures untouched.

The area along Santeetlah Creek, hov;ever, had been extensively logged at one tim.e, and I feel no abhorrence at turning logs left from! trees felled by a chain saw. Near where Santeetlah Creek m.eets the road (Co. Rt. 1127) by Joyce Kilmer there is a turnoff to v/hat is now a group campsite at a place called Rattler's Ford. This area was a natural glade, perhaps due to swam.py areas which were largely drained when the camping sites were constructed. On my first visit that July, no campsites were as yet present, and I found Rattler's Ford by referring to m,y topographical miap. I choose the spot simply because it seer.ed like an easy place from, v/hich to approach the creek as one did not have to fight through the rhododendron thickets to reach the water's edge.

As I approached the stream, I started turning rocks and raking through pme needles and leaves. Lo and behold, I began finding Eur^-c<;ai Thej>' v;ere E. oiclineai::, but still I was pleased, because I had not found more than a dozen E. hislineata at all the other streams comibined in the previous week, and m.ost of those had been juveniles. The ones I was finding nov; were large adults, and in less than a half- hour I had miatched my total of the previous week without moving more than a dozen mieters- • , , 81

E. hislineata adults are notoriously hard to find in the mountains during the summer, unless one picks them up on roads on rainy nights- and one might find them along a road far away from the nearest stream. E. hislineata , in this area, migrate to streams only after the first cool rainy weather in the fall. Then, after over-wintering and breed• ing in the streams, they leave for parts unknown by March or April. None of the specimens I was finding now were within several meters of the stream itself. They were mostly found by scraping through pine needles on the banks of a sandy depression (former path of the stream?) and by turning debris that had accumulated at the bottom of a number of concrete basins that were scattered through the forest along the stream. These basins were sunk flush into the ground and about a half- meter deep. I never discovered for what purpose these basins were originally meant. But in their present condition, they were great traps for all manner of wet debris, and thus good places for salamanders to congregate. These basins have since disappeared from Rattler's Ford.

Charged by success, I climbied down into the stream and began work• ing the bank toward the bridge on Co. Rt. 112 7. The water was very swift, rather deep, and painfully cold for an afternoon in July. As I went downstream, the bank becamie crowded with rhododendrons, and ground cover became sparse. I was almost ready to give up when I turned one last rock, about the size of my palm, at the edge of the creek. Under it was an adult individual of the new species. It was dangerously close to the water's edge, and once in there, I knew it was gone. I had one chance to grab it, and I made sure that I would get it by taking a fistful of dirt with it, and not opening my hand until it was safely over the bag! I had it, my first specimen of the new species in over a year!

I worked the creek some more, found a few more E. hislineata and some large Euryaea larvae which I became convinced were the larvae of the new form - the color pattern was so simiilar. But I found no more m.etamiorphosed specimens of the new form, so as darkness set in, I left, resolving to return again before I departed from the area for the summ.er.

In the evenings after supper at Philip's Restaurant, one of the great eating places in the southern Appalachians, I'd sit on my porch at the motel looking v;estward for signs of rain. It often looked cloudy, and somietimes rain would fall in Robbinsville, but by the time I reached the Cheoah River road, the rain would have stopped without significantly dampening the road or else I'd discover that it hadn't rained at all over the m.ountain from Robbinsville.

On the evening of 18 July, there was a brief thunderstorm in Robbinsville, so I dutifully got in my car and drove toward the river. The rain, as usual, had stopped by the time I had reached Horse Cove Road (Co. Rt. 1134), a paved road that parallels the Cheoah for several kilometers below the dam, at which point Horse Cove Road joins U.S.Rt. 129. The bridge over the Cheoah at Horse Cove Road was always my starting point for road hunting because the road beyond there (toward Joyce Kilmier) was not paved (although much of it is now along the river), and there was a nice area to turn around at and/or wait. 82

I waited at the bridge for awhile to see what was going to happen with the weather, but it seemed like it was going to clear up, and the road was beginning to dry. I started down Horse Cove Road toward U.S. Rt. 129 to give it a quick run before things became too dry, and I was mildly encouraged by finding several Pseudotriton ruber and Notopthalmus viridesoens on the road. These are not real good indicators of success since they are the first species to come out on roads after a rain, and often come out on roads that would be too dry for other salamanders. Finding Vesmognathus on the road is a far better sign.

Right belov; the stop sign on Horse Cove Road where it joined U.S. Rt. 12 9, there was a puddle of water. The road around the puddle was already dry. Sitting in the middle of the puddle was a specimen of the new species. I quickly collected it and continued dowTi the high• way along the river, but things were too dry, and I saw no more speci• mens. However, I was fairly happy as I returned to m.y room that night. After a week of no success, I had actually found 2 specimens in 2 days - maybe things were going to get better!

The next day I spent on Teyahale Bald, type locality for one m.ember of the Plethodon Qordani complex, and the morning of the following day 2 0 July, I spent around the Cheoah River along Horse Cove Road. I had not found a single Eurycea since leaving Santeetlah Creek, and I was beginning to become discouraged again. But then, around noon, it began to rain in a steady drizzle. I drove up Yellow Creek Road, and box turtles, Terrapene Carolina, were crawling over the roads - a good sign that the leaf litter was becoming wet. Perhaps, if the rain con• tinued, it would stay wet enough to encourage the Eurycea to miove out of their hiding places for the evening.

The rain did indeed continue into the evening, and things looked ideal. Just before dusk, I drove in the rain out to Tapoco. Tapoco, although largely abandoned now, was then a resort area miaintained by ALCOA (Alum.inum. Company of TLm.erica) . Tapoco is the last spot at which U.S. Rt. 129 parallels the Cheoah River before the Cheoah joins the Little Tenneessee River at the nearby Cheoah Dam. The distance from Tapoco to the Horse Cove Road turn-off is a little more than 11 kmi. The light rain still continued. Just after darkness fell, at 8:35 PM (2035 hours), I set off from Topoco toward Horse Cove. The following is a summ.ary of what was a most memorable night: Mile 063.8 - Tapoco, 2035; 065.9 - P. ruber\1 - Horse Cove Road; 071.1 - AOR T. sirtalis, 45-50 cm 2050; 071.5 - bridge on Cheoali at Horse Cove Road; 072.4 - AOR r. ol^soleta, 90 cm and DOR P. sirtalis, 75 cm, fresh, 2115; 077.9 - Tapoco turn-around; 078.0 - AOR .4. ccntcrtrix, 60 cm, roadside opposite river, 2125; 080.9 - new species; 083.9 - new species; 086.5 - Horse Cove Road; 085.55 - new species; 086.7 - new species; 087.0 - Horse Cove Bridge turn-around, 2215; 088.0 - new species, E. lof2gicauda, opposite store; 088.1 - viridescens, two Eana catesbe'ai'ia; 088.4 - DOR E. vi ridescene, two P. ochrophaeus, small P. rul'or, junction with Yellow Creek Road; 089.4 - two P. r:onticola, Bufo; 89.9 - new species; 93.8 - A. contortrix, 75 cm, 2300; 94.7 - Tapoco turn-around, rain stopped; 095.6 - longicauda; 101.1 - new species, opposite store again; 102.0 - Horse Cove Road; 102.15 - three new species, one of these DOR; 102.3 - young E. Long'^ca:uda\5 - Horse Cove Bridge turn-around, 2345; 103.0 - new species; 103.1 - new species; 2400, road drying, returned to Robbinsville. 83

A pretty good night! In all, I collected 12 specimens of our new species that night, although only 11 were saved since the DOR was in poor condition. The next day I celebrated by sleeping late and driv• ing to the Junaluska picnic area in Robbinsville for a lunch of beer and peanut butter. The Junaluska picnic area is situated by Long Creek, which owes its source to nearby Teyahale Bald, and it is essentially just a roadside shelter where one can sit and while away a morning watching the traffic come and go from the Burlington furni• ture plant across the street.

Nearby is the burial place of the Indian Chief Junaluska, a figure of some historical note for saving the life of Andrew Jackson at the Battle of Horse Shoe Bend in 1814 and for leading the Cherokees to designated areas in Oklahom.a in the 1832's after our government insisted they leave North Carolina (the tragic "Trail of Tears saga). Junaluska returned to North Carolina and was given some land and made a citizen of North Carolina. He reputedly lived to be over 100 years old. There usedto be a sign indicating a path to follow to his grave, but I have noticed that the sign has disappeared in recent years.

As I was sitting under the Junaluslia picnic shelter near Junaluska's grave on Junaluska Road, the logical specific epithet for the new species occurred to me. As I ate my lunch, I com.posed the following letter to Don Sullivan in the back of my field book:

"I have just spent 2 weeks collecting around Robbinsville. I obtained 13 more adult specimens of the new species, which I have decided (after many beers) to name E^uvycea junaluska after the well-known Indian chief who lived £• is buried in Graham County ..."

From that timie on, Euryaea junaluska was the name we used to refer to our new Euryaea.

The rest of the story is brief. I stayed in Robbinsville for another week, looking in m.ore stream.s during the day and hoping for rain at night, but the rest of the nights during my stay were clear. I returned to Santeetlah Creek on 2 3 July, and collected 8 more E. hislineata, but I found no more E. junaluska there or anyvv'here else. I spent the next week or so at Highlands, measuring my specimens and trying to convince Dick Bruce of their distinctiveness. He remained a doubter for som.e time, even after the description was published. That fall, I finched the examination of miy total sample of 23 E. junaluska. This included 2 collected by Ron Brandon, Jim Huheey and Dick Bruce at Tullulah Creek in 1974 and catalogued as E. hislineata in the collec• tion of the NCSM plus miy 6 specimiens from. Sullivan, the 2 collected in May, 1974, and the 13 I collected the summer of 1975. We prepared the description, which appeared in HERPETOLOGICA in March of 1976 (Sever et al., 1976).

I have returned to the region many tim.es to try to learn m.ore abou.t the species. In March of 19 76, I located King's specimens of T. h. hislineaza xcirrigera, determ.ined that they were indeed r. junaluska, and collected a specimen of the species in Fighting Creek in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ( Sever, 1976). In 1979, I found 5 specimiens of the species while road-hunting on a rainy night along the Tellico River in Monroe County, Tennessee (Sever, 1983a). In the 84

meantime, Dick Bruce finally became convinced of the validity of the species, and he recently published an excellent study on the larvae and life history of E. junaluska at SanteetlahCreek (Bruce, 1982). All of these reports were recently reviewed in an account on E. junaluska in the CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES (Sever, 1983b).

Problem.s still rem.ain. Particularly disturbing is why the species is so common on some roads at night but very difficult to find by turn• ing rocks, etc. during the day in what would seem to be suitable habitat. To be sure, there are places along Santeetlah Creek where one can be fairly certain of turning up one or two adults on any given day, and during the fall and spring, there are places along Tullulah Creek in Robbinsville that a dozen or more specimens have been found at one time by turning rocks along the stream border. In March of 1982, Al Braswell, Wayne Van Devender and myself collected 14 adult indivduals from, one small area in Tullulah Creek. But still, the species remains officially "uncommion" - unless, of course, one finds a good road to ride on a rainy night.

Literature Cited

Bruce, R. C. 1982. Egg-laying, larval periods and metamorphosis of Euryaea hislineata and E. junaluska at SanteetlahCreek, North Carolina. Copeia 1982:755-762.

King, W. 1939. A survey of the herpetology of the Great Smoky Mountians National Park. Am. Midi. Nat. 21:531-582. Sever, D. M. 1972. Geographic variations and taxonom>y of Eurycea hislineata (Caudata: Plethodontidae) in the upper Ohio River valley. Herpetologica 28:314-324. Sever, D. M. 1976. Idenity of an enigmatic Eurycea (Urodela: Plethodontidae) from the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee. Herp. Rev. 7:98.

Sever, D. M. 1983a. Observations on the distribution and reproduction of the sala• mander Eui'ycea junaluska in Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 58:48-50. Sever, D. M. 1983b. Euryaea jiu-nluska. Cat. Amer. Amphlb. Rept. 321.1-.2. Sever, D. M., H. A. Dundee, and C. D. Sullivan. 1976. A new Eurycea (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) from southwestern North Carolina. Herpetologica 32:26-29.

Departmient of Biology, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556