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The Thinker Vol 2 Table of Contents Editorial .............................................................................................. i Cheddi Jagan And The Bittersweet History Of Sugar .................... 63 Frank Anthony Perspectives On The Future Of The Guyanese Sugar Sector: Capital, Crop And Country ............................................................................. 1 Face Off: Oscar Ramjeet With Dr Ben Richardson Former President Donald Ramotar ................................................ 70 The Minimisation Of Sugar - Gawu’s Presentation To The Government Of Guyana A Macroeconomic Challenge ............................................................ 4 On The Future Of Guysuco ............................................................. 76 Aslim Singh Birth Centenary Evolving, Changing, Transforming And Transitioning Boysie Ramkarran (1919-2019) ...................................................... 87 Bauxite And Sugar Companies, People And Communities. ................................................................ 6 Dr Samuel Hinds Democracy On Trial ........................................................................ 13 Hydar Ally The Importance Of The Electoral Roll (Voter’s List) In Elections ............................................................... 16 Dharamkumar Seeraj Guyana’s First And Only Referendum ............................................ 18 Ganga Persaud The Enmore Martyrs - An Enduring Legacy ..................................................................... 22 Komal Chand The Party And The Future ............................................................... 26 Femicide, Benevolent Sexism And Guyana .................................... 30 Anna Correia Karl Marx And The Future Society................................................. 35 Donald Ramotar Opportunities For Sustainable Economic Growth And Diversification Within An Emerging Energy Sector In 21St Century Guyana ......... 41 Dr. Devindranauth Rawana History Of General Elections In Guyana ....................................... 45 Dr Vishwa D.B. Mahadeo Lecture To Celebrate The 150Th Anniversary Of Gandhi As Well As The Un International Day Of Non-Violence ..................................................................... 47 Indranie Chandarpal A Crisis Of Confidence ................................................................... 51 Clement J. Rohee An Interview With Janet Jagan ....................................................... 54 Professor David Dabydeen The Thinker (French: Le Penseur) is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin. Editorial This is the second edition of "The Thinker" which is intended to be a bi-annual publication. The first edition was dedicated to the Birth Centenary of the late Dr. Cheddi Jagan, and from feedback received, the Journal made quite an impact on the reading public in Guyana and abroad. This second edition will have two broad sections. The first section will deal primarily with the different aspects of the elections processes by persons who have been integrally involved, one way or the other, in the conduct of elections in Guyana. The other Section will focus on local and international issues which we believe will be of interest to the reading public. Significant changes have taken place in Guyana in the recent past, including the future of sugar following the closure of several sugar estates. Two of the articles have focused exclusively on the future of sugar in Guyana and the dire consequences that could result from the closure of sugar estates. Perspectives on the Future of the Guyanese Sugar Sector: Capital, Crop and Country by Dr. Ben Richardson from the Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK makes for compelling reading. This, coupled with "The Minimization of Sugar- A Macro- economic Challenge" provided fresh and valuable perspectives on the future of sugar in Guyana. This edition will also pay homage to Guyana's first female Executive President, Mrs. Janet Jagan, who, had she been alive, would have celebrated her 98th birthday on October 20, 2018. Mrs. Jagan, apart from her several duties at the Governmental and Party levels, also served as a member of the Guyana Elections Commission during the period of rigged elections, which were documented in a publication, " Rigged Elections in Guyana." Recent developments have once again raised the spectre of Democracy and the Rule of Law in Guyana following the successfull passage of a No- Confidence Motion against the APNU + AFC Government on December 21, 2018. The Government have moved to the Courts challenging the legality of the motion. It remains to be seen what will emerge out of this Court challenge. The Editorial Board wishes to express its gratitude to the several contributors to this Journal, and to the reading public. We again look forward for your continuing support. On our part, we wish to recommit ourselves to the highest level of journalistic and ethical standards. I take this opportunity to wish our readers and all Guyanese a prosperous and productive 2019 Dr. Frank Anthony Editor Editorial Committee Contact Information Frank Anthony 65-67 High Street Kingston, Donald Ramotar Georgetown, Guyana, South America Clement Rohee Tel: 223-7523/24 Hydar Ally Email: [email protected] Indranie Chandarpal ii PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE OF THE GUYANESE SUGAR SECTOR: CAPITAL, CROP AND COUNTRY European Union (EU) sugar regime during the 2000s, which involved abrogation of the longstanding agreement to buy raw cane sugar from select African, Caribbean and Pacific countries at ‘remunerative prices’ and a shift instead toward free trade policy. This has provided greater market access to the EU but no guarantees on price, exposing to competition producers in the former European colonies that exported sugar to the EU at close to world market levels. Facing lower and more volatile sales revenue, economic restructuring has appeared increasingly unavoidable. Given its historic dependence on exports to the EU and relatively higher cost of production, the Guyanese sugar sector has been on the front line of this change. Indeed, this restructuring remains an ongoing process, and there is arguably still no settlement on what the sector ought to look like and who should bear the burden of getting there. Such questions are inescapably political, and it is partly for this reason that they have prompted such vociferous debate in the country. The other reason is because of their immediate importance not just for the thousands of jobs and livelihoods connected to sugar production, but also the wider role of GuySuCo as a foreign exchange earner and service providers; and even the view taken by voters at the next general election as they reflect on how restructuring has been managed by the government and challenged by the n the last three decades, the international sugar opposition. Clearly, there is a lot at stake. Itrade has undergone an ideological transformation. Appeals for liberalisation, privatisation and During my research into the effects of EU trade marketisation have been ascendant, reshaping the reform in Guyana – which involved interviews with rules governing where in the world sugar is produced, policy-makers and people working in sugar – there by whom, and at what cost. Against this intellectual was a diversity of opinion expressed about why the tide, attempts to manage trade through state-led sector was experiencing difficulties, and what should policies like import taxes and production quotas have be done about it. Yet, within these accounts as well as become increasingly hard to maintain. those provided in documentary sources like newspaper commentary and institutional reports, three general The epitome of this has been the reform of the perspectives kept reappearing: one based on capital 1 and the commercial pressures facing the sector; one seen as a unity that had to be understood holistically: based on the crop and the distinctive agricultural and carving off parts of it would jeopardise the whole. industrial characteristics of cane sugar production; Time horizons were also different. Decisions to save and one based on the country and the place of sugar money by cutting back on activities such as tilling in the longer history of the Guyanese polity. Each were considered myopic, as they would only make offered a different interpretation of unfolding events. it harder to maintain yields further down the line. Similarly, investments in new technology and in From the capital perspective there was an emphasis training personnel would take time to pay dividends. on ensuring the immediate economic viability The unique qualities of sugar production were of GuySuCo. There was a readiness to scrutinise also stressed. It had grown symbiotically with the the indebtedness of the company and its reliance landscape such that the water management services on regular subventions by the state – or, to make carried out by GuySuCo were now indispensable it more personal, the Guyanese taxpayer – and in preventing large areas of the country from being conclude from this that far-reaching restructuring flooded. The supply-chain was also straightforward was necessary. Bringing down the total wage bill was and for farmers provided an assurance of sale, albeit deemed particularly important, as in comparison to under increasing price pressure, that other crops more competitive sugar producers where cultivation could not. Finally, working in sugar was not just and harvesting is highly mechanised, labour in another
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