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Life Cycle and Feeding Potential of Illeis Indica, a Mycovorous Ladybird Beetle on Powdery Mildew of Mulberry

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Life Cycle and Feeding Potential of Illeis Indica, a Mycovorous Ladybird Beetle on Powdery Mildew of Mulberry Acta Scientific Biotechnology (ASBT) Volume 1 Issue 5 May 2020 Research Article Life Cycle and Feeding Potential of Illeis indica, a Mycovorous Ladybird Beetle on Powdery Mildew of Mulberry Swatilekha Garai and Kunal Sarkar* Received: February 29, 2020 Department of Sericulture, CSR&TI, Mysore, India Published: April 23, 2020 *Corresponding Author: Kunal Sarkar, Department of Sericulture, CSR&TI, Mysore, India. © All rights are reserved by Swatilekha Garai and Kunal Sarkar. Abstract Mulberry is a perennial, heterogenous, dioecious, cross pollinated fast growing tree plant. The total area under mulberry cultivation is over 3,13,000 hectares covering 19 states are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Jammu and Kashmir. Powdery mildew is one of major disease of mulberry, is caused by Phyllactinia corylea (Pers) Karsts, the fungus belongs to the class Ascomycetes, order Erysiphales, and family Erisiphaceae. The fungus causes 8 - 10% loss in the annual yield of mulberry leaves, besides reducing the leaf quality Generally when disease progress, we use chemicals or fungicide for controlling the disease. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides has an adverse impact on the environment and disturbed ecological balance. Majority of the chemicals pesticides are harmful to man and animals, some of which are not easily degradable and tend to enter food chains, thereby spreading the toxic effects. The fungivorous insects Illeis indica is a biocontrol agent of Phyllactinia corylea. Keeping the view of the importance of I. indica as potent biocontrol agent against powdery mildew, the present study has been undertaken with the following objectives-to completely observe the morphology and biology of mycophagous insect I. indica, feeds on powdery mildew and to analyse the consumption rate of I. indica on fungal spores. Keywords: Powdery Mildew; Biological Control Agent; Morphology and Biology of I. indica Introduction mycelial growth of the undersurface of the mature leaves in small Mulberry plants are extensively cultivated for silkworm rearing patches. As the disease advances the lower surface of the leaves is in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate zones, most of it belongs to covered with the patches which makes the leaves yellowish brown, the north of equator, and ranging from 50N latitude to 10S latitude coarser and leathery, reducing the protein (Anonymous, 1969), to- (Yokoyoma, 1962). tal sugar starch and total carbohydrate contents [1] poor perfor- mance of silkworm rearing, like prolongation of the larval period, Mulberry is a perennial, heterogenous, dioecious, cross polli- poor cocoon crop and deterioration of cocoon characters were re- nated fast growing tree plant. The total area under mulberry culti- ported when feeding the worms with mildew affected leaves [1]. vation is over 3,13,000 hectares covering 19 states are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Jammu and Kashmir. About98% of the country’s total mulberry silk production comes Tamil nadu by Salmon in 1905. Besides, P. corylea, P. guttala, was In India, powdery mildew was first reported from Ootacamund, from these states. Karnataka is the highest raw silk producer, with also reported from Jabalpur causing powdery mildew on mulberry. a production of 8121 MT of raw silk per annum and about 1,20,119 The fungus causes 8 - 10% loss in the annual yield of mulberry hectares of land is employed for mulberry cultivation in Karnataka. leaves, besides reducing the leaf quality. There are two hyphomy- cetous hypoparasitic fungi of Phyllactinia corylea were reported by Mulberry is affected by a number of diseases and pests. Among Rao and Sallia (1981). the disease, Powdery mildew is one of major disease of mulberry, which occurs in low temperature and high humidity. It is caused CSR&TI, Mysore has developed the package for control of Pow- by Phyllactinia corylea (Pers) Karsts, the fungus belongs to the dery mildew, which become a serious menace in mulberry gar- class Ascomycetes, order Erysiphales, and family Erisiphaceae. dens of South India. The package includes the following control The powdery mildew are a group of fungi, which cannot be grown measures: A) Physical: Removal and burning of affected leaves, B) outside their respective hosts as they are obligate parasites. The Cultural: adoption of wider spacing C) Chemical: 0.2% Karathene symptom at the initial stage of infection appears as a powdery (Dinocap 30% EC/Bavistin). Citation: Swatilekha Garai and Kunal Sarkar. “Life Cycle and Feeding Potential of Illeis indica, a Mycovorous Ladybird Beetle on Powdery Mildew of Mulberry". Acta Scientific Biotechnology 1.5 (2020): 13-19. Life Cycle and Feeding Potential of Illeis indica, a Mycovorous Ladybird Beetle on Powdery Mildew of Mulberry 14 Generally, when disease progress, we use chemicals or fungi- Keeping the petiole of each of the infected leaves in the middle, cide for controlling the disease. The indiscriminate use of chemical the stem was cut on either side with a sharp knife at 1” distance fertilizer and pesticides has an adverse impact on the environment from the node. Both the cut ends are plugged with wet cotton and disturbed ecological balance. Majority of the chemicals pesti- swabs. The extent of the infection was determined according to the cides are harmful to man and animals, some of which are not easily scale of 1 to 7, as per Krishna., et al. [3] as follows: degradable and tend to enter food chains, thereby spreading the • Rating 0, free toxic effects. • Rating 1, traces of mildew specks Earliar, Kapur [2] reported that “the species of the genus Illeis • Rating 2, 1 - 10% leaf area covered, like other genera of the tribe Phylloborini, feed on mildew is the • Rating 3, 11 - 20% leaf area covered, yellow beetle which devours the mycelia and conidia of powdery • Rating 4, 21 - 30% leaf area covered, mildew. • Rating 5, 31 - 50% leaf area covered, • Rating 6, 51 - 75% leaf area covered, Keeping the view of the importance of I. indica as potent bio- control agent against powdery mildew, the present study has been • Rating 7, 76 - 100% leaf area covered. undertaken with the following objectives: Three replications were taken for each rating of infection with • A: To completely observe the morphology and biology of my- one leaf in each replication, which was provided with an adult cophagous insect I. indica, feeds on powdery mildew. and a grub separately and kept in a covered Petridish (153 x 17 • B: To analyse the consumption rate of I. indica on fungal mm/149 x 20 mm). A constant was undertaken to maintain suc- spores. culence of the leaves by providing to the cotton swabs from time to I. indica at Materials and Methods every 12 hours interval till the mycelia of the respective ratings of The detail methodology adopted during laboratory and glass time. Observation was made on the feeding efficiency of infection were cleared off. The predators were taken out while the house studies given below: Mulberry twigs containing mildew leaves were left in the Petridishes under the same conditions for infected leaves and adults and grubs of the yellow beetle I. indi- three days to observe redevelopment of mildew of the leaves if any. ca, The rate of consumption of mildew patches by an adult beetle and (mulberry potted plants kept within polytunnel for powdery mil- were collected both from the mulberry fields and glass house a grub was calculated by the following formula: dew inoculation and beetles released) CSR&TI, Mysore, Karnataka and maintained the laboratory conditions at 25 - 27 degree tem- Average leaf area x Rating value x perature and 70 - 80% RH. Mycelia consumed (%) × 100 Consumption rate (Cm2/hr) = Time in hours The rearing set up was made in the laboratory in order to study the complete biology of insects. The following parameters were SEM studies studied for the biology of I. indica: The hatching and emergence of neonates were observed under 1. Incubation Period 2. Grub (1, 2, 3, 4) duration Besides mouthparts of ladybird beetle I. indica were also observed light microscope and the samples were also fixed for SEM study. 3. Prepupal Period under SEM study. 4. Pupal Period The neonates released in separate petri dishes (7.5 x 7.5) were 5. Mating Period fed on the fungus present in patches on infected leaves. The later 6. Preoviposition Period stage grubs were allowed to feed on fully infected mulberry leaves 7. till they grew into adults. Growth and development of the insect as well as their feeding behaviors were observed under light mi- 8. OvipositionAdult Longevity: Period Male and Female 9. Fecundity fungal mass were periodically replaced with infected fresh leaves. 10. Number of egg catches croscope at regular intervals. Old mulberry leaves with exhausted Leaves with partially and fully consumed fungus were also pro- 11. Egg Viability (10%) cessed for SEM study. Further, new samples of each stage viz., Egg 12. Sex Ratio. to Adult of I. indica was kept separately for microscopic (Leitz wild The feeding potential of predatory nature of beetle was ob- served besides its fungivorous character, both in laboratory and M8) at different magnifications. was also studied using I. indica in 0.2M cacodylate buffer at pH 7.2 for 4 hours at 4 degree C. The standard taxonomy keys. Samples for SEM were fixed in 2.5% Glutaraldehyde prepared field condition. Morphology of samples were washed in cacodylate buffer and then washed again Citation: Swatilekha Garai and Kunal Sarkar. “Life Cycle and Feeding Potential of Illeis indica,
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