Vaulted Structures Gayatri Dome

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VAULTED STRUCTURES GAYATRI DOME This project has been built in Auroville, in the community of Auromodele, at Suryanivas as a pavilion which is meant to play a “spiritual game”. The concept of this pavilion was based on a lotus shape, emerging from water. Thus the pointed shape of the dome and the building emerging like from a pond. The walls were built with compressed stabilised earth blocks, 14 cm thick and the roofing structure presents these features: • Octagonal pointed dome 6.4 m diameter, 4.4 m rise • Squinche dome and “Conical” vaults above the corner rooms • “Triangular” vault above the side galleries • Thickness of the vaults and dome: 7 cm • The dome and all vaults have been built free spanning The entrance of the compound was marked by a monumental pointed arch. This arch was design to allow a truck to pass below and therefore no truss rod could be used. This arch was built on two pillars made of composite columns 290. Each pillar was composed of 4 columns 290 which were reinforced with 12 mm vertical bars. The horizontal trust of this arch was going out of the pillars at about 70 cm above ground and therefore the pillars had to deal with the shear stress created by the horizontal trust. A special arrangement of the stirrups allowed the pillars to bear this shear. The arch was built on a Segmental groined dome completed in 5 days with 4 masons centring done with block laid with a very sandy earth mortar, so as to be removed easily later on. DOME AND OTHER VAULTED STRUCTURES OF GAYATRI Starting the octagonal dome Starting a pendentive Building a pendentive Laying the first rings above the pendentives Dome in progress Dome near completion Completed dome Starting the conical vault in the corner Building the conical vault in the corner Starting the squinche to meet the conical vault Building the squinche Squinche in progress Squinche near completion Closing the gap between the conical vault and the squinche Starting the conical vault with an earth concrete Window frame used as a template to create the shape Conical vault in progress Completing the vault by checking with a straight edge Gayatri dome completed Pointed dome with the squinches domes on the side Pointed dome covered with ceramic tiles POINTED ARCH 4 composite columns with 12 mm vertical bars Square stirrups for every column, placed every 2 courses high Laying block of the columns Crossed stirrups to take care of the shear caused by the horizontal Doing the centring on blocks laid on a very sandy earth mortar Starting the arch trust, placed every 2 courses high Courses of the arch rising Applying the mortar with 0 mm at the intrados Bond pattern for the odd courses Checking the alignment of the arch with a string line Checking the verticality with a plumb line Bond pattern for the even courses Building the arch symmetrically Arch near completion Linking the side blocks of the keystone with reinforcement bars Arch completed, before removing the centring Arch completed .

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189 09 Aju 12 Huerta 8/1/10 07:43 Página 289
189_09 aju 12 Huerta 8/1/10 07:43 Página 289 The Geometry and Construction of Byzantine vaults: the fundamental contribution of Auguste Choisy Santiago Huerta On fait la science avec des faits, comme on fait une maison avec des pierres: mais une accumulation de faits n’est pas plus une science qu’un tas de pierres n’est une maison. Henri Poincaré In 1883 Auguste Choisy published his book L’art de bâtir chez les Byzantins. In it he explained, for the first time, all the details of the geometry and construction of byzantine vaults. The main source was the direct study of the monuments, in- terpreting his observations in the light of traditional vaulting techniques. He is explicit about this: «ma seule ressource était d’interroger les monuments eux mêmes, ou mieux encore de rapprocher les uns des autres les faits anciens et les traditions contemporaines» (Choisy 1883, 3).1 Choisy focused on vaults, as he was convinced that the vault governs the whole architectural system: «Toutes les circonstances de la construction découlent ainsi de la nature de la voûte byzan- tine; et j’ai cru qu’il convenait de ranger les faits autour de cet élément fonda- mental du système» (4). The other fundamental principle is the economy of con- struction, as the vaults «. s’y subordonnent dans l’économie générale des édifices». The observations were made during a six month mission of the Admin- istration des Ponts et Chaussées in 1875 (Mandoul 2008, 29).2 The following year he published a «Note sur la construction des voûtes sans cintrage pendant la péri- ode byzantine» (Choisy 1876), where he summarized the main results concern- ing the technique of vaulting without centring.
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The Domes of Mamluk Mausolea (1250 A.D.-1517A.D.)
Construction Techniques in Medieval Cairo: the Domes of Mamluk Mausolea (1250 A.D.-1517A.D.) Barbara Cipriani and Wanda W. Lau INTRODUCTION Medieval and Renaissance Cairo is significant in the evolution of dome construction. With a tradition of masonry construction dating from ancient Egypt, which later witnessed the Islamic practice of covering holy spaces with domes by the eighth century, Cairo contains some of the highest examples of expertise in masonry architecture. The thin domes considered in this paper are spectacular for their structural daring, their complex carving, and their speed of construction. In the crowded urban context of Cairo, more than 200 domes still stand, indicating the presence of the shrine of a powerful ruler. This paper discusses domes that belong to the Mamluk rule in Cairo (1250-1517), a period that witnessed an exceptional production and experimentation in the construction of funerary and charitable complexes. In particular, we focus on three case studies: the domes of the funerary complexes of Umm Sultan Sha’ban (1369), Sultan Farag Ibn Barquq (1398- 1411), and Amir Khayer Bek (1502), (Table 1). HISTORICAL BACKGROUND We aim to reconstruct some of the building features, the construction methods, and the structural changes of different stages of dome construction from the beginning to the end of the Mamluk rule when the characteristic shape of Mamluk domes was lost. The resources upon which this research is based are bibliographic sources, photographic material, restoration reports, and field surveys, all of which were integral in our observations and hypotheses on the history of these structures. We compared data from these resources with the result of our structural analyses, our main contribution to the field of engineering in historic structures.
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The Structural Development of Masonry Domes in India
Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003, ed. S. Huerta, Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados, 2003. The structural development of masonry domes in India Stuart Tappin This paper researches the origins, structural which still generally relies on non-mechanised development and construction of masonry domes in methods of building and documented practice in India. It investigates where the structural engineering Europe during the period under study. knowledge of the original builders carne from and how successfully that knowledge was applied. We will also look at the choices that had to be made with ISLAMIC PROTOTYPES materials and methods of construction. The period under review covers Islamic rule over In Syria the classical Roman temples and mausolea northern and central India fram the late 12th century became the model for builders who created churches to the mid 18th century. New types of buildings or memorial s to house the body or relics of Christian and structural forms carne with the new rulers in saints or biblical character, or to mark a particular particular, for this study, the domed tambo How event (Hillenbrand 1984, 254). These were generally Hindu masons, experienced only in trabe ate small in scale and used a variety of plan-forms; construction, responded to these new structural forms square, cruciform, polygonal or circular. The small is a key part the synthesis of sty les that created a size meant that the structura] stability of the dome wholly new and original architecture. could be achieved by copying existing buildings.
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Construction of Avd
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Abbasids Ablaq
A Abbasids three architectural traditions - Sassanian, Central Dynasty which ruled most of the Islamic world between Asian (Soghdian) and later, during the twelfth and 750 and 945. thirteenth centuries, Seljuk. Many early Abbasid structures such as the palace of Ukhaidhir bear a In 750 CE there was a revolution against Umayyad striking resemblance to Sassanian architecture, as rule which began in eastern Iran and rapidly spread they used the same techniques (vaults made with over the whole empire. The Umayyads were to out centring) and materials (mud brick, baked brick tally destroyed except for one prince who fled to and roughly hewn stone laid in mortar), and built Spain and established the Umayyad dynasty there. to similar designs (solid buttress towers). Central The newly established Abbasids decided to move Asian influence was already present in Sassanian the capital from Damascus to a city further east, architecture but it was reinforced by the Islamic first Raqqa was chosen and then in 762 Baghdad conquest of Central Asia and the incorporation of was founded by the Abbasid caliph aI-Mansur. a large number of Turkic troops into the army. Baghdad grew to be one of the biggest and most Central Asian influence is seen most clearly at populous cities in the world based around Mansur's Samarra where the wall paintings and some of the famous round city. In 836 the caliph al-Mu>tassim stucco work resemble that of the Soghdian palaces was unhappy about clashes between the local popu at Panjikent. The Abbasid architecture of the lation and his troops so he established a new twelfth and thirteenth centuries is essentially Seljuk capital further north on the Tigris at Samarra.
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Structural Analysis of Thin Tile Vaults and Domes: the Inner Oval Dome of the Basilica De La Virgen De Los Desamparados in Valencia
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The Combination of Tile Vaults with Reinforcement and Concrete
International Journal of Architectural Heritage Conservation, Analysis, and Restoration ISSN: 1558-3058 (Print) 1558-3066 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uarc20 The combination of tile vaults with reinforcement and concrete David López López, Tom Van Mele & Philippe Block To cite this article: David López López, Tom Van Mele & Philippe Block (2018): The combination of tile vaults with reinforcement and concrete, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, DOI: 10.1080/15583058.2018.1476606 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1476606 Published online: 06 Jun 2018. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=uarc20 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1476606 The combination of tile vaults with reinforcement and concrete David López López , Tom Van Mele, and Philippe Block ETH Zurich, Institute of Technology in Architecture, Block Research Group, Zurich, Switzerland ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Tile vaults are unreinforced masonry structures made of thin bricks (tiles) and fast-setting mortar Received 14 February 2018 that can be constructed needing only formwork along their boundaries, making them inherently Accepted 11 May 2018 economic. Their slenderness and finishing make them also efficient and expressive. KEYWORDS These qualities of tile vaulting can be enhanced by combining it with concrete and/or Catalan; composite; reinforcement. A top layer of concrete reduces time and labour, whereas reinforcement can concrete; shells; formwork; reduce the thickness, allows the construction in seismic areas and opens the formal possibilities Guastavino; reinforcement; of tile-vaulted construction beyond compression only.
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Vaulted Structures
VAULTED STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTION OF AVD To download complete Construction of AVD, as Doc. file, Click here ******************************************** The following web page presents various specifications and construction details for building AVD, mostly with compressed stabilised earth blocks. First important detail: these blocks must have been well cured for 1 month and left for drying for 3 more months. The reason is that earth blocks, even stabilised ones, always shrink because of clay in the soil. This time period is essential to allow the blocks to shrink fully. If this requirement is not followed and the blocks are used too early, they will shrink in the vaulted structures. Thus they will create tension in the masonry and the latter will crack. One should know that arches always tend to crack, even if they are well built. The reason is that the arch has a different behaviour than the masonry above it, and the line of thrust changes when the arch is loaded. Compressed stabilised earth blocks used for building AVD should have a very accurate and regular thickness. The Auram Press 3000 allows accuracy within 0.5 mm for the block thickness, from corner to corner and from block to block. It is essential to control regularly their thickness during the production process. The following pages try to explain how to build various types of AVD, but one should understand that nothing replaces hands-on experience and the acquisition of technical gestures through a proper training course. NUBIAN TECHNIQUE This technique came from Nubia, from Southern Egypt, hence the name Nubian. It has been used since ages, as it is testified by the vaults of the granaries of the Ramasseum, Egypt, which was built by Ramses II around 1300 BC.
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