DOCSLIB.ORG

A Thorny, 'Anareolate' Stick-Insect (Phasmatid.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Thorny, 'Anareolate' Stick-Insect (Phasmatid.Pdf Cretaceous Research 63 (2016) 45e53 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cretaceous Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes A thorny, ‘anareolate’ stick-insect (Phasmatidae s.l.) in Upper Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with remarks on diversification times among Phasmatodea * Michael S. Engel a, b, , Bo Wang c, d, Abdulaziz S. Alqarni e a Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, 1501 Crestline Drive e Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-4415, USA b Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA c State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China d Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China e Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia article info abstract Article history: A new fossil stick-insect (Phasmatodea) is described and figured from a male preserved in Cretaceous Received 7 January 2016 amber from Myanmar. Echinosomiscus primoticus Engel and Wang, gen. et sp. nov., is a robust, somewhat- Received in revised form compressed stick-insect bearing abundant acanthae over the head and body, and remarkably lacks an 26 February 2016 area apicalis on the tibiae. The species is described and assigned to a new, extinct subfamily of Phas- Accepted in revised form 27 February 2016 matidae s.l., as Echinosomiscinae Engel, subfam. nov. Brief remarks are made regarding the dating of Available online 3 March 2016 phasmatodean lineages, with E. primoticus providing the first reliable evidence for Euphasmatodea and even Neophasmatodea in the Cenomanian. Keywords: © Cenomanian 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Euphasmatodea Holophasmatodea Neophasmatodea Phasmatidae Taxonomy 1. Introduction whereby gentle swaying gives the impression of foliage moving in a breeze (Bedford, 1978). The eggs of Phasmatodea are remarkably Insects of the order Phasmatodea are famous for crypsis, character-rich and mimic seeds, and the order is one of the few assuming diverse morphologies that allow them to mimic the with a developed ootaxonomy (Clark, 1976a, 1976b, 1978, 1979; surrounding foliage (Bedford, 1978), and their affinities among Sellick, 1988, 1997a, 1997b, 1998), making it possible to diagnose other polyneopteran lineages continues to inspire debate, either as the presence of particular clades from eggs alone. relatives to the Embiodea (Kristensen, 1975; Whiting et al., 2003; Naturally, in a group as varied as Phasmatodea, not all species Terry and Whiting, 2005; Friedemann et al., 2012) or Orthoptera can simply be lumped as either stick or leaf mimics, and there are (Hennig, 1981; Wheeler et al., 2001; Grimaldi and Engel, 2005). those, such as Trychopeplus Shelford or Oreophasma Günther that These prominent herbivores include some of the longest of extant are rather moss- or fern-like, and some Extatosoma Gray mimic insects, such as Phobaeticus chani Bragg reaching to over 56 cm in lichens (Robinson, 1969; Brock, 2001). On the other end of the length when the legs are extended (Hennemann and Conle, 2008), spectrum, some forms are more robust and although long, are often and different groups are either greatly elongate, mimetic with compressed and not so clearly stick-like. Regionally known as land twigs or sticks, hence the name stick-insect, or are broadened and or tree ‘lobsters’, such phasmatodeans are often heavily armed by leaf-like, the aptly named leaf-insects of the Phylliidae (Phyllo- thorny projections, or acanthae (acanthae do occur widely phasmatodea). This mimicry extends also into their behavior, throughout Phasmatodea), and can be at times massive, reaching up to 15 cm and with a body masses nearing 25 g, although at masses up to 65 g females of the Malaysian Heteropteryx dilatata * Corresponding author. Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, 1501 (Parkinson, 1798) tip the scales as the heaviest of Phasmatodea Crestline Drive e Suite 140, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-4415, USA. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M.S. Engel), [email protected] (Brock, 1999a). Perhaps the most famous of such insects is the (B. Wang), [email protected] (A.S. Alqarni). critically endangered Dryococelus australis (Montrouzier, 1855), the http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2016.02.015 0195-6671/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 46 M.S. Engel et al. / Cretaceous Research 63 (2016) 45e53 Lord Howe Island Stick-Insect (sometimes referred to as the Lord long surface, beneath the insect, is comparatively flat, while the Howe Island Tree Lobster). Populations of this large, ‘Lazarus’ spe- opposing one is arched. The insect is oriented obliquely across the cies were decimated on Lord Howe Island by rats, becoming locally shorter axis (Fig. 1), with its face looking toward the curved rim of extinct by the 1960s, but in 2001 an isolated group of 24 individuals the oval. The legs are set alongside the body as if the animals were was rediscovered on Ball's Pyramid and it is considered the rarest of in stance, and the antennae are extended to the side and along the insects (Priddel et al., 2003; Robertson, 2006). Given their striking line of the body, although that of the left is incomplete. The morphologies and usually docile behavior, many stick- and leaf- abdomen is a bit shriveled, and the apicalmost segment partly insects are popular with zoological gardens and as pets for pri- damaged, the dorsomedial membrane torn, but preserving well vate collectors and children, and detailed guides exist to their the characteristic divided tenth tergum, albeit with the hemi- breeding and care (Brock, 1999a, 2000; Bradler and Seiler, 2012). tergites slightly twisted out of their natural position. The integu- The order is an ideal group from which to explore patterns of ment is partially cleared as preserved, and there is some Schimmel morphological evolution and convergence (e.g., Whiting et al., in places which, in combination with scattered organic debris 2003; Buckley et al., 2009), and is a textbook example of a group within the piece as well as the placement of the insect near some whereby wings are repeatedly lost and reacquired, presumably curved surfaces render various views difficult. Nonetheless, a through the turning on and off of a specific hox gene such that the remarkable amount of detail is observable, permitting a thorough genetic architecture for wings remains in place, albeit ‘dormant’, understanding of the species. even in those clades that are otherwise apterous. Parthenogenesis The mine from which the fossil was excavated is located in the abounds throughout Phasmatodea (Scali, 2009), and this repro- Hukawng Valley of Myanmar's northern state of Kachin, and near ductive mechanism appears to extend deeply in their phylogeny the village of Noije Bum, near Tainang, and westward of Myitkyina owing to its scattered phylogenetic presence across the order and (Kania et al., 2015). These Burmese amber mines have yielded well-studied occurrence in the relict genus Timema Scudder thousands of fossils of earliest Cenomanian age (Shi et al., 2012), (Sandoval et al., 1998; Schwander et al., 2011), a group from west- and represent one of the richest and oldest sources for paleobio- ernmost North America isolated into its own suborder, Time- logical information on the Upper Cretaceous. The locality has been matodea, and sister to all other extant phasmatodeans, or extensively studied and mapped by Grimaldi et al. (2002) and Euphasmatodea (Bradler, 1999; Tilgner et al., 1999). Cruickshank and Ko (2003), and the biotic diversity, largely While the Phasmatodea include over 3000 modern species and comprising insects, has been tabulated by Grimaldi et al. (2002) are particularly diverse in southern and southeastern Asia (Brock, and Ross et al. (2010), but with numerous important additions 1999b; Seow-Choen, 2000; Bragg, 2001; Otte and Brock, 2005; subsequent to these works that have expanded the crustacean Chen and He, 2008; Großer,€ 2008), their past diversity has been a (Broly et al., 2015), arachnid (Engel and Grimaldi, 2014a; Engel challenge to reconstruct. Their often large proportions and frail et al., 2016a), and insect records (e.g., Grimaldi and Engel, 2013; bodies have not lent them to ideal preservation, and when fossils Barden and Grimaldi, 2014, 2016; Dikow and Grimaldi, 2014; have been recovered they are frequently of nymphs or exception- Engel and Grimaldi, 2014b; Grimaldi and Johnston, 2014; Arillo ally fragmented. Varied Mesozoic fossils from the Jurassic and et al., 2015; Parker and Grimaldi, 2014; Vea and Grimaldi, 2015; Lower Cretaceous, many known only from isolated wings, have Delclos et al., 2016; Engel et al., 2016b, 2016c, 2016d, 2016e, been attributed to the stem group of Phasmatodea, the most 2016f; Yamamoto, 2016). notable being those of the Aeroplanidae, Aerophasmatidae, and The classification of Phasmatodea is rather muddled, with Susumaniidae (e.g., Tillyard, 1918; Sharov, 1968; Gorochov, 1993, much comparative morphological investigation and revision 1994; Ren, 1997; Gorochov and Rasnitsyn, 2002; Shang et al., necessary before a robust, stable system is achieved. The Bradley 2011; Wang and Ren, 2013; Wang et al., 2014 d the Chresmodi- and Galil (1977) system has repeatedly been found wanting (e.g., dae are no longer attributed to Holophasmatodea:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2018-07-01 Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Life Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Pacheco, Yelena Marlese, "Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 7444. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7444 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Michael F. Whiting, Chair Sven Bradler Seth M. Bybee Steven D. Leavitt Department of Biology Brigham Young University Copyright © 2018 Yelena Marlese Pacheco All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Department of Biology, BYU Master of Science Phasmatodea exhibit a variety of cryptic ecomorphs associated with various microhabitats. Multiple ecomorphs are present in the stick insect fauna from Papua New Guinea, including the tree lobster, spiny, and long slender forms. While ecomorphs have long been recognized in phasmids, there has yet to be an attempt to objectively define and study the evolution of these ecomorphs.
    [Show full text]
  • Phasmid Studies 1 (June & December 1992)
    PSG 118, Aretaon asperrimus (Redtenbacher) Paul Jennings, 14, Grenfell Avenue, Sunnybill, Derby, DE3 7JZ. U.K•• Taxonomic and distribution notes by P .E. Bragg. lliustration of male by E. Newman. Key words Phasmida, Aretaon asperrimus, Breeding, Rearing. Classification This species was originally described as Obrimus asperrimus by Redtenbacher in 1906. In 1938 Rehn & Rehn established the new genus Aretaon (1938: 419), with asperrimus as the type species. I have examined the type specimens of this species and A. muscosus Redtenbacher, which are all in Vienna, and I found that the type specimens of A. asperrimus are all adults while those of A. muscosus are all nymphs. A. muscosus is distinguished by having more prominent spines, particularly on the front tibiae and the top of the abdomen. However, having reared A. asperrimus it is clear that nymphs of this genus are very spiny and these spines in particular are reduced when the insect becomes adult. It is therefore quite likely that A. asperrimus and A. muscosus are the same species. This possibility was considered and rejected by Gunther (1935: 123) but as he had not reared them he would not have known that the spines are reduced when the insects become adult. The species in culture is clearly A. asperrimus, however it has smaller spines than the type specimens so clearly the species is variable. The type specimens of A. muscosus are much more spiny than those in culture, I cannot therefore be certain that A. asperrimus and A. muscosus are the same species. As there is a strong possibility that they are the same species, I am listing the published references and distribution records for both species.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Rate Depression Is Induced by Caloric Restriction and Correlates with Rate of Development and Lifespan in a Parthenogenetic Insect
    Experimental Gerontology 44 (2009) 413–419 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Experimental Gerontology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/expgero Metabolic rate depression is induced by caloric restriction and correlates with rate of development and lifespan in a parthenogenetic insect Alison M. Roark *, Karen A. Bjorndal Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA article info abstract Article history: Caloric restriction (CR) extends lifespan in most animals, but the mechanisms underlying this phenom- Received 8 January 2009 enon are the subject of much debate. We investigated the association between longevity and resting met- Received in revised form 10 March 2009 abolic rate (RMR) in Indian stick insects (Carausius morosus) by (i) determining the appropriate scaling Accepted 17 March 2009 coefficient for calculating mass-corrected RMR of insects throughout development, (ii) quantifying the Available online 26 March 2009 response of RMR to diet history, and (iii) correlating RMR in multiple life-history stages with adult and total lifespan. Over a range of body sizes, whole-body RMR (measured as oxygen consumption rate) Keywords: scaled linearly with body mass. Mass-specific RMR decreased in response to CR, particularly when food Ad libitum was restricted during juvenile stages. With one exception, RMR of insects in different life-history stages Body size Carausius morosus matched current feeding level and was not substantially affected by intake history. Total lifespan was Dietary restriction affected by intake, with insects that experienced CR early in development living longer than insects that Food restriction were fed ad libitum. Although CR was associated with extended total lifespan and decreased RMR, it was Longevity also associated with shortened adult lifespan.
    [Show full text]
  • Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny
    insects Article Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny Ke-Ke Xu 1, Qing-Ping Chen 1, Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi 1 , Jia-Yin Guan 1, Kenneth B. Storey 2, Dan-Na Yu 1,3 and Jia-Yong Zhang 1,3,* 1 College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; [email protected] (K.-K.X.); [email protected] (Q.-P.C.); [email protected] (S.P.G.A.); [email protected] (J.-Y.G.); [email protected] (D.-N.Y.) 2 Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; [email protected] 3 Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Simple Summary: Twenty-seven complete mitochondrial genomes of Phasmatodea have been published in the NCBI. To shed light on the intra-ordinal and inter-ordinal relationships among Phas- matodea, more mitochondrial genomes of stick insects are used to explore mitogenome structures and clarify the disputes regarding the phylogenetic relationships among Phasmatodea. We sequence and annotate the first acquired complete mitochondrial genome from the family Pseudophasmati- dae (Peruphasma schultei), the first reported mitochondrial genome from the genus Phryganistria Citation: Xu, K.-K.; Chen, Q.-P.; Ayivi, of Phasmatidae (P. guangxiensis), and the complete mitochondrial genome of Orestes guangxiensis S.P.G.; Guan, J.-Y.; Storey, K.B.; Yu, belonging to the family Heteropterygidae. We analyze the gene composition and the structure D.-N.; Zhang, J.-Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild About Learning
    WILD ABOUT LEARNING An Interdisciplinary Unit Fostering Discovery Learning Written on a 4th grade reading level, Wild Discoveries: Wacky New Animals, is perfect for every kid who loves wacky animals! With engaging full-color photos throughout, the book draws readers right into the animal action! Wild Discoveries features newly discovered species from around the world--such as the Shocking Pink Dragon and the Green Bomber. These wacky species are organized by region with fun facts about each one's amazing abilities and traits. The book concludes with a special section featuring new species discovered by kids! Heather L. Montgomery writes about science and nature for kids. Her subject matter ranges from snake tongues to snail poop. Heather is an award-winning teacher who uses yuck appeal to engage young minds. During a typical school visit, petrified parts and tree guts inspire reluctant writers and encourage scientific thinking. Heather has a B.S. in Biology and a M.S. in Environmental Education. When she is not writing, you can find her painting her face with mud at the McDowell Environmental Center where she is the Education Coordinator. Heather resides on the Tennessee/Alabama border. Learn more about her ten books at www.HeatherLMontgomery.com. Dear Teachers, Photo by Sonya Sones As I wrote Wild Discoveries: Wacky New Animals, I was astounded by how much I learned. As expected, I learned amazing facts about animals and the process of scientifically describing new species, but my knowledge also grew in subjects such as geography, math and language arts. I have developed this unit to share that learning growth with children.
    [Show full text]
  • Working List of Prairie Restricted (Specialist) Insects in Wisconsin (11/26/2015)
    Working List of Prairie Restricted (Specialist) Insects in Wisconsin (11/26/2015) By Richard Henderson Research Ecologist, WI DNR Bureau of Science Services Summary This is a preliminary list of insects that are either well known, or likely, to be closely associated with Wisconsin’s original native prairie. These species are mostly dependent upon remnants of original prairie, or plantings/restorations of prairie where their hosts have been re-established (see discussion below), and thus are rarely found outside of these settings. The list also includes some species tied to native ecosystems that grade into prairie, such as savannas, sand barrens, fens, sedge meadow, and shallow marsh. The list is annotated with known host(s) of each insect, and the likelihood of its presence in the state (see key at end of list for specifics). This working list is a byproduct of a prairie invertebrate study I coordinated from1995-2005 that covered 6 Midwestern states and included 14 cooperators. The project surveyed insects on prairie remnants and investigated the effects of fire on those insects. It was funded in part by a series of grants from the US Fish and Wildlife Service. So far, the list has 475 species. However, this is a partial list at best, representing approximately only ¼ of the prairie-specialist insects likely present in the region (see discussion below). Significant input to this list is needed, as there are major taxa groups missing or greatly under represented. Such absence is not necessarily due to few or no prairie-specialists in those groups, but due more to lack of knowledge about life histories (at least published knowledge), unsettled taxonomy, and lack of taxonomic specialists currently working in those groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects for Human Consumption
    Chapter 18 Insects for Human Consumption Marianne Shockley1 and Aaron T. Dossey2 1Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, 2All Things Bugs, Gainesville, FL, USA 18.1. INTRODUCTION The utilization of insects as a sustainable and secure source of animal-based food for the human diet has continued to increase in popularity in recent years (Ash et al., 2010; Crabbe, 2012; Dossey, 2013; Dzamba, 2010; FAO, 2008; Gahukar, 2011; Katayama et al., 2008; Nonaka, 2009; Premalatha et al., 2011; Ramos- Elorduy, 2009; Smith, 2012; Srivastava et al., 2009; van Huis, 2013; van Huis et al., 2013; Vantomme et al., 2012; Vogel, 2010; Yen, 2009a, b). Throughout the world, a large portion of the human population consumes insects as a regular part of their diet (Fig. 18.1). Thousands of edible species have been identified (Bukkens, 1997; Bukkens and Paoletti, 2005; DeFoliart, 1999; Ramos-Elorduy, 2009). However, in regions of the world where Western cultures dominate, such as North America and Europe, and in developing countries heavily influenced by Western culture, mass media have negatively influenced the public’s percep- tion of insects by creating or reinforcing fears and phobias (Kellert, 1993; Looy and Wood, 2006). Nonetheless, the potentially substantial benefits of farming and utilizing insects as a primary dietary component, particularly to supplement or replace foods and food ingredients made from vertebrate livestock, are gain- ing increased attention even in Europe and the United States. Thus, we present this chapter to
    [Show full text]
  • (Phasmida: Diapheromeridae) from Colombia
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida 11-27-2020 A new species of Oncotophasma Rehn, 1904 (Phasmida: Diapheromeridae) from Colombia Andres David Murcia Oscar J. Cadena-Castañeda Daniela Santos Martins Silva Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. A journal of world insect systematics INSECTA MUNDI 0819 A new species of Oncotophasma Rehn, 1904 Page Count: 7 (Phasmida: Diapheromeridae) from Colombia Andres David Murcia Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. Grupo de Investigación en Artrópodos “Kumangui” Carrera 3 # 26A – 40 Bogotá, DC, Colombia Oscar J. Cadena-Castañeda Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas Grupo de Investigación en Artrópodos “Kumangui” Carrera 3 # 26A – 40 Bogotá, DC, Colombia Daniela Santos Martins Silva Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) campus Rio Paranaíba, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Rodovia MG 230, KM 7, 38810–000 Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brazil Date of issue: November 27, 2020 Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc., Gainesville, FL Murcia AD, Cadena-Castañeda OJ, Silva DSM. 2020. A new species of Oncotophasma Rehn, 1904 (Phasmida: Diapheromeridae) from Colombia. Insecta Mundi 0819: 1–7. Published on November 27, 2020 by Center for Systematic Entomology, Inc. P.O. Box 141874 Gainesville, FL 32614-1874 USA http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/ Insecta Mundi is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non- marine arthropod.
    [Show full text]
  • Phasmid Studies
    ISSN 0966-0011 PHASMID STUDIES. volume 13, numbers 1 & 2. September 2005. Editor: P.E. Bragg. Published by the Phasmid Study Group. Phasmid Studies ISSN 0966-0011 volume 13, numbers I & 2. Contents Phasmids from Sabah Robert Bradburne I A reassessment of some Bornean Lonchodinae and Aschiphasmalidae, with some lectotype designations, new synonyms, and the description of (WO new species P.E. Bragg ................ ........ .. 11 Hap/opus Burmeisler, 1838, replacement name for Aplopus Gray, 1835 (Phasmalodea). Oliver Zornpro ... .. 30 A new species of the genus Baculofraclum. the first record of the genus from Borneo. P.E. Bragg .. ............................. .. 31 Reviews and Abstracts Phasmid Abstracts 38 Cover illustration: Female Parafoxopsis kQrySll!.~ Gilmher, 1932 by r.E. Bragg. Br.dburn, R. (2005) Phasmid Studies, 13(1&2): \-10. - Phasmids from Sabah Robert Bradburne, 26 Royal Avenue, Tonbridge, Kent, TN9 208, UK. Abstract This paper describes a trip (Q six locations in Sabah, Borneo, during October 2003. A 101:11 of around 20 species of stick insects were found al four of these locations, including an undescribed species found at 3300m on Moum Kinabalu. The most commonly encountered species in the lowland forest were Lonchodes spp., Haaniella spp., and Asceles margarilatus. Key words Phasmida, Borneo, Sabah, Sukau, Kinabalu, Danum Valley, Haaniella, Asceles, Prosemoria, Necroscia, Presbistus, Carausius, PhellQcephoms, Dinophasmo. Introduction In October 2003 I travelled to Sabah in North Borneo to spend [WO weeks searching for the wildlife of the region. Our group stayed in six locations, four of which yielded many species of phasmid. The rainy season had started early and therefore it frequently rained all afternoon, and often into the night.
    [Show full text]
  • Phasmida (Stick and Leaf Insects)
    ● Phasmida (Stick and leaf insects) Class Insecta Order Phasmida Number of families 8 Photo: A leaf insect (Phyllium bioculatum) in Japan. (Photo by ©Ron Austing/Photo Researchers, Inc. Reproduced by permission.) Evolution and systematics Anareolatae. The Timematodea has only one family, the The oldest fossil specimens of Phasmida date to the Tri- Timematidae (1 genus, 21 species). These small stick insects assic period—as long ago as 225 million years. Relatively few are not typical phasmids, having the ability to jump, unlike fossil species have been found, and they include doubtful almost all other species in the order. It is questionable whether records. Occasionally a puzzle to entomologists, the Phasmida they are indeed phasmids, and phylogenetic research is not (whose name derives from a Greek word meaning “appari- conclusive. Studies relating to phylogeny are scarce and lim- tion”) comprise stick and leaf insects, generally accepted as ited in scope. The eggs of each phasmid are distinctive and orthopteroid insects. Other alternatives have been proposed, are important in classification of these insects. however. There are about 3,000 species of phasmids, although in this understudied order this number probably includes about 30% as yet unidentified synonyms (repeated descrip- Physical characteristics tions). Numerous species still await formal description. Stick insects range in length from Timema cristinae at 0.46 in (11.6 mm) to Phobaeticus kirbyi at 12.9 in (328 mm), or 21.5 Extant species usually are divided into eight families, in (546 mm) with legs outstretched. Numerous phasmid “gi- though some researchers cite just two, based on a reluctance ants” easily rank as the world’s longest insects.
    [Show full text]
  • (Walking Leaves) (Insecta, Orthoptera) 129-141 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München;Download
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Spixiana, Zeitschrift für Zoologie Jahr/Year: 2003 Band/Volume: 026 Autor(en)/Author(s): Zompro Oliver, Größer Detlef Artikel/Article: A generic revision of the insect order Phasmatodea: The genera of the areolate stick insect family Phylliidae (Walking Leaves) (Insecta, Orthoptera) 129-141 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München;download: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at -> SPIXIANA 26 129-141 München, Ol. Juli 2003 ISSN 0341-8391 A generic revision of the insect order Phasmatodea: The genera of the areolate stick insect family Phylliidae (Walking Leaves) (Insecta, Orthoptera) Oliver Zompro & Detlef Größer Zompro, O. & D. Größer (2003): A generic revision of the insect order Phasma- todea: The genera of the areolate stick insect family Phviliidae (Walking Leaves) (Insecta: Orthoptera). - Spixiana 26/2: 129-141 The genera of the family Phylliidae (Walking Leaves) (Phasmatodea: Areoiatae) are revised and the relationships between them discussed. Nniiopln/Uiuin Redten- bacher, 1906 differs strikingly from the other genera and is transferred in the Nanophylliini, trib. nov. A key to genera and species is provided. Nniiopliylliiim adisi, spec. nov. from New Guinea is described for the first time. The paper includes a key to the species of Nmwpln/Uiiiin. Dr. Oliver Zompro, Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie, Arbeitsgruppe Tro- penökologie, August-ThienemamvStraße 2, D-24306 Plön, Germany; e-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.sungaya.de Detlef Größer, Ernst-Lemmer-Ring 119, D-14165 Berlin, Germany; e-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.Phvllium.de Introduction Material and methods The species of the areolate family Phylliidae are Material in various public and private collections was well known as "Walking Leaves" or "Leaf Insects".
    [Show full text]
  • Phasmid Studies ISSN 0966-0011 Volume 9, Numbers 1 & 2
    Phasmid Studies ISSN 0966-0011 volume 9, numbers 1 & 2. Contents Species Report PSG. 122, Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard Paul A. Hoskisson . 1 Cigarrophasma, a new genus of stick-insect (Phasmatidae) from Australia Paul D. Brock & Jack Hasenpusch . 0 •••••• 0 ••• 0 ••••••• 4 A review of the genus Medaura Stal, 1875 (Phasmatidae: Phasmatinae), including the description of a new species from Bangladesh Paul Do Brock & Nicolas Cliquennois 11 First records and discovery of two new species of Anisomorpha Gray (Phasmida: Pseudophasmatidae) in Haiti and Dominican Republic Daniel E. Perez-Gelabert 0 .. .. 0 • • • • • • 0 • • • • 0 • • 0 • 0 • • 0 0 • • • 27 Species report on Pharnacia biceps Redtenbacher, PSG 203 Wim Potvin 0 ••• 28 How Anisomorpha got its stripes? Paul Hoskisson . 33 Reviews and Abstracts Book Reviews . 35 Phasmid Abstracts 38 Cover illustr ation : Orthonecroscia pulcherrima Kirby, drawing by PoE. Bragg. Species Report PSG. 122, Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard Paul A. Hoskisson, School of Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, 13 3AF, UK. With illustrations by P.E. Bragg. Abstract This report summarises the care and breeding of Anisomorpha monstrosa Hebard, the largest species in the genus. Behaviour and defence mechanism are also discussed along with descriptions of the eggs, nymphs, and adults. Key words Phasmida, Anisomorpha monstrosa, Pseudophasmatinae, Rearing, Distribution, Defence. Taxonomy Anisomorpha monstrosa belongs to the sub-family Pseudophasmatinae. It was described in 1932 by Hebard (1932: 214) and is the largest species in the genus. The type specimen is a female collected from Merida, in Yucatan, Mexico. Culture History The original culture of this species was collected in Belize, approximately 150km north of Belize City by Jan Meerman in 1993 or 1994 (D'Hulster, personal communication).
    [Show full text]