DOCSLIB.ORG

Mobile Phones and the Promises of Connectivity: Interrogating the Role of Information, Communication Technologies (Icts) in Marketisation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mobile Phones and the Promises of Connectivity: Interrogating the Role of Information, Communication Technologies (Icts) in Marketisation Mobile phones and the promises of connectivity: Interrogating the Role of Information, Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Marketisation Asha Susan Titus A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy of The Australian National University July 2019 1 I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own investigation, and where I have drawn on the work of others, due acknowledgement has been made. The text is no longer than 60,000 words. Asha Titus 2 Mobile phones and the promises of connectivity: Interrogating the Role of Information, Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Marketisation Abstract This research investigates the role of ICTs (mobile phones) in economic development particularly in the Papua New Guinean coffee and fresh produce value chains. It aims to interrogate the promises and unwavering optimism attached to the ‘ICT revolution’ by examining the effects of ICTs on economic practices and the extent to which communication and network integration will be a driver of development. Following the deregulation of the telecommunications sector in 2007, considerable attention has been paid to the digital transformation in Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands and the unprecedented growth of mobile phone and social media use. PNG’s mobile phone penetration has increased exponentially from approximately 2% to over 48.6% in just over ten years (from 2005 to 2016 - World Bank 2017). Media commentators have noted with delight that there are now more Pacific Islanders with mobile phones than bank accounts and that in PNG alone, internet access from mobile phones is forecast to increase to about 50 per cent of the population in the near future (UNESCAP 2006, Beschorner 2008, SPC 2012). Much expectancy and promise has already been attached to the future impacts of such increased connectivity as World Bank Economists postulate that a 10% improvement in Internet penetration leads to an increase in GDP of up to of 1.5%; while 10% increase in mobile penetration can translate into a 0.81% increase in growth (Qiang et al. 2009). These projections are mainly premised on the assumption that increased connectivity will facilitate better access to current information about market prices and reduce price dispersion; producing savings in time, transport and search costs. Furthermore, ICTs could directly link small scale producers to buyer’s markets by weeding out ‘rent seeking’ brokers and middlemen in the value chain through a process referred to as ‘disintermediation’. Using case studies from key regional economic sectors, this thesis interrogates if such claims are borne out on the ground and tests if information infrastructure is necessarily going to lead to more openness, equality and an all-encompassing ‘digital provide’ (Jensen 2007). 3 Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ 5 List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 6 1 Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the Pacific Region: the promises of connectivity as a tool of development ................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.1 State of the field: Dearth of Research into ICTs in Papua New Guinea and the region ...................... 11 1.2 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.1 Development Informatics ............................................................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Mobile Phone Coverage and Producer Markets .............................................................................. 22 1.2.3 Market Structure, Trading Practices and Discontinuous Information ............................................. 24 1.2.4 Digital Disintermediation ............................................................................................................... 28 1.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 29 1.4 Chapter Overview ............................................................................................................................... 30 2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 32 Case Selection Rationale .............................................................................................................................. 35 Coffee: The Classic Buyer Driven Value Chain ........................................................................................... 35 Fresh Produce Trade ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Village profiles: ............................................................................................................................................ 38 3 ‘Relational Coffee’ and the Mobile Phone ................................................................................................... 43 3. 1 Mediated Communication and Space ............................................................................................. 44 3. 2 Embeddedness of Economic Behaviour ......................................................................................... 57 4 Digital Disintermediation and the Social Role of the Namelman ................................................................. 68 4.1 Seeing Like a Smallholder Farmer ................................................................................................. 70 4.2 Impersonal information and the affective ties that bind ...................................................................... 75 4.3 Middlebuyers and the Social Organisation of Trade .......................................................................... 79 5 Information, arbitrage and efficiency: Mobiles and the circulation of price information ............................. 84 5.1 Arbitrage and Price Setting ................................................................................................................. 86 5.2 Coffee, the Classic Buyer Driven Chain: The Price Setting Context .............................................. 88 5.3 ICT based Development Interventions in the Coffee Sector: Information Delivery and Access .... 98 6 Information, Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the Fresh Produce trade: Imagined Affordances, mobile solutions and data for development? ...................................................................................................... 106 6.1 The Formal and Informal Fresh Produce trade.................................................................................. 109 6.3 MOMIS (Mobile Market Information Service) in the Fresh Produce Sector .................................... 115 6.4 Migration of Administrative databases online: Data for development, the future? ........................... 125 6.4.1 CASE STUDY: Mobile based reporting – Workflow and Organisational changes...................... 127 6.5 Conclusion: From an ‘ICT revolution in the digital islands’ to a data revolution? ........................... 130 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 136 References .......................................................................................................................................................... 143 4 Acknowledgements It has been a rare privilege to conduct fieldwork in Papua New Guinea and hear the stories of coffee farmers, intermediaries, traders, local exporters and fresh produce growers. I would like to thank and acknowledge the generosity of the men and women in the communities visited for their willingness to participate in the research and include me in their lifeworlds. This work was conducted with the help of an Australian Government Research Training Program Domestic Scholarship and a Department of Pacific Affairs fieldwork grant. It benefitted greatly from the guidance and support of my supervisory panel. My sincere thanks to Asso. Prof. Richard Eves for introducing me to the vast and exciting world of Melanesian Anthropology and Dr. Sarah Logan for her enthusiasm for digital media and encouragement in getting this project off the ground. Much of the data collection was done while working as a researcher on an ACIAR project. I am greatly indebted to colleagues for their camaraderie and insights from carrying out extended fieldwork in remote parts of the Asia Pacific region. While international development research aimed at improving livelihoods and food security is critical, there are a range of challenges associated with living for extended periods of time in the ‘networked peripheries’ of the Global South. I am greatly indebted to the following members of the Research for Development and INGO network for facilitating introductions, sharing working papers and ensuring my
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PNG: Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program (Tranche 2) Volume 2: Goroka to Kagamuga Section
    Resettlement Plan Project Number: 48444-005 Document Stage: Draft January 2020 PNG: Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program (Tranche 2) Volume 2: Goroka to Kagamuga Section Prepared by the Department of Works (Government of Papua New Guinea) for the Asian Development Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Kina = PNG Kina (K) (BPNG Mid-Rate, 30 Sep 2019) K1.00 = $02.940 $1.00 = K3.4013 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ha = hectare km = kilometer km2 = square kilometer m = meter m2 = square meter mm = millimeter NOTES (i) In this report “$” refers to US dollars. (ii) This Resettlement Plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. (iii) In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS i GLOSSARY ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iv I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1 A. Background 1 B. Tranche 2 Scope of Works 2 C. Section 2 Scope and Impacts 4 D. Alternative Analysis 6 II. SCOPE OF LAND ACQUISITION AND RESETTLEMENT. 6 III. SOCIOECONOMIC INFORMATION AND PROFILE 10 A. Demographic Information 10 B. Impacts of Land and Assets Acquisition of Affected Persons 11 C. Project Impacts on Poor, Different Ethnic Groups, and Other Vulnerable Groups 12 D. Gender and Resettlement Impacts 12 E. Geography 13 F. Population 15 G.
    [Show full text]
  • RAPID ASSESSMENT of AVOIDABLE BLINDNESS and DIABETIC RETINOPATHY REPORT Papua New Guinea 2017
    RAPID ASSESSMENT OF AVOIDABLE BLINDNESS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY REPORT Papua New Guinea 2017 RAPID ASSESSMENT OF AVOIDABLE BLINDNESS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY PAPUA NEW GUINEA, 2017 1 Acknowledgements The Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) + Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) was a Brien Holden Vision Institute (the Institute) project, conducted in cooperation with the Institute’s partner in Papua New Guinea (PNG) – PNG Eye Care. We would like to sincerely thank the Fred Hollows Foundation, Australia for providing project funding, PNG Eye Care for managing the field work logistics, Fred Hollows New Zealand for providing expertise to the steering committee, Dr Hans Limburg and Dr Ana Cama for providing the RAAB training. We also wish to acknowledge the National Prevention of Blindness Committee in PNG and the following individuals for their tremendous contributions: Dr Jambi Garap – President of National Prevention of Blindness Committee PNG, Board President of PNG Eye Care Dr Simon Melengas – Chief Ophthalmologist PNG Dr Geoffrey Wabulembo - Paediatric ophthalmologist, University of PNG and CBM Mr Samuel Koim – General Manager, PNG Eye Care Dr Georgia Guldan – Professor of Public Health, Acting Head of Division of Public Health, School of Medical and Health Services, University of PNG Dr Apisai Kerek – Ophthalmologist, Port Moresby General Hospital Dr Robert Ko – Ophthalmologist, Port Moresby General Hospital Dr David Pahau – Ophthalmologist, Boram General Hospital Dr Waimbe Wahamu – Ophthalmologist, Mt Hagen Hospital Ms Theresa Gende
    [Show full text]
  • PNG: Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program -Tranche 2
    Initial Environmental Examination Project Number: 48444 Date: February 2020 Document status: Draft PNG: Sustainable Highlands Highway Investment Program -Tranche 2 Volume II: Jogi River Bridge (Km 298+900) to Waghi River Bridge (Km 463+900) Prepared by the Department of Works (DOW) for Asian Development Bank This Initial Environmental Examination ( Volume II) is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of February 2020) Currency Unit – Kina (K) K1.00 = $0.294 $1.00 = K3.396 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AP Affected Persons BOD – Biochemical Oxygen Demand CEMP – Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan CEPA – Conservation and Environmental Protection Authority CSC – Construction Supervision Consultant DC – Design Consultant DFAT – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the Government of Australia DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey DNPM – Department of National Planning and Monitoring DOW – Department of Works EARF – Environmental Assessment and Review Framework EHSG _ Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines EHSO _ Environment,
    [Show full text]
  • Harvesting Development
    HARVESTING DEVELOPMENT The Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS) is funded by the govern- ments of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden via the Nordic Council of Ministers, and works to encourage and support Asian studies in the Nordic countries. In so doing, NIAS has been publishing books since 1969, with more than one hundred titles produced in the last decade. Nordic Council of Ministers HARVESTING DEVELOPMENT THE CONSTRUCTION OF FRESH FOOD MARKETS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA Karl Benediktsson Copyright © Karl Benediktsson 2002 All rights reserved. First Published in Denmark by Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (Simultaneously published in North America by The University of Michigan Press) Printed in Singapore No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Benediktsson, Karl Harvesting development : the construction of fresh food markets in Papua New Guinea 1.Food supply - Papua New Guinea 2.Farm produce - Papua New Guinea I.Title II.Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 381'.4'5'6413'009953 ISBN 87-87062-92-5 (cloth) ISBN 87-87062-91-7 (paper) Contents Illustrations … vi Tables … viii Vignettes … viii Acknowledgements … ix Abbreviations … xii 1Introduction … 1 2Markets, commoditization, and actors: spacious concepts … 22 3Faces in the crowd: Lives and networks of selected actors … 54 4Fresh food movements in a fragmented national
    [Show full text]
  • Liquidity and Credit As Constraints to Small Coffee Farmers in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lincoln University Research Archive Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Liquidity and Credit as Constraints to Small Coffee Farmers in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce (Agricultural) at Lincoln University by J. J. Mauro Lincoln University 2010 Abstract Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce (Agricultural) Liquidity and Credit as Constraints to Small Coffee Farmers in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea By J. J. Mauro Coffee is Papua New Guinea‟s (PNG‟s) second largest export crop and the main source of income for over 50 per cent of the country‟s households. It is estimated that PNG has more than 2.5 million small coffee growers However, small grower coffee sales have been declining since 1998. This research examined the importance of cash flow (liquidity) problems relative to other constraints confronting small coffee farmers in the Highlands region, which accounts for more than 90 per cent of PNG‟s coffee production.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Mipela Makim Gavman': Unofficial Village Courts and Local Perceptions of Order in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea
    PRE-COPYEDITED VERSION — PUBLISHED AS Schwoerer, Tobias. 2018. Mipela Makim Gavman’: Unofficial Village Courts and Local Perceptions of Order in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Anthropological Forum, 28(4): 342-358. Downloaded from http://www.anthropologicalforum.net COPYRIGHT All rights held by SCHWOERER, Tobias. You need to get the author’s permission for uses other than teaching and personal research. ‘Mipela Makim Gavman’: Unofficial Village Courts and Local Perceptions of Order in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea Tobias Schwoerer Universität Luzern - Ethnologisches Seminar Abstract: In remote villages of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, where official village courts and other state institutions are absent, local leaders routinely hold unofficial village courts to maintain law and order. They base their decisions on local perceptions of order and justice, all the while emulating elements of state justice and constantly referring to the state as the source of their legitimacy. As these unofficial judicial institutions historically emerged as a convergence of local patterns of leadership with colonial concepts of order, they neither form a completely new nor completely autochthonous method of conflict settlement, but are an example of para-statehood, in which local leaders take on state functions in the absence of the state. Keywords Village Courts, Dispute Settlement, Leadership, Para-state, Papua New Guinea PRE-COPYEDITED VERSION – Schwoerer 2018 2 Introduction1 ‘Mipela makim gavman’ – ‘We represent the government’: Three members of a village committee in Bibeori, a Southern Tairora village in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, used these words while delivering their ruling on a dispute in the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Rotarians Against Malaria
    ROTARIANS AGAINST MALARIA LONG LASTING INSECTICIDAL NET DISTRIBUTION REPORT Eastern Highlands Province Carried Out In Conjunction With The Provincial And District Government Health Services And The Church Health Services Of Eastern Highlands With Support From Against Malaria Foundation, Global Fund and Government Of Papua New Guinea 12 July to 13 September 2017 Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 3 Background ........................................................................................................................... 4 Schedule ............................................................................................................................... 6 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 6 Results .................................................................................................................................10 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................12 Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................13 Appendix One – History Of LLIN Distribution In PNG ...........................................................16 Appendix Two – Malaria In Eastern Highlands Compared With Other Provinces .................19 Appendix Three - Malaria
    [Show full text]
  • Oecussi and Ermera Water Rehabilitation Project
    Initial Environmental Examination April 2016 PNG: HIGHLANDS REGION ROAD IMPROVEMENT INVESTMENT PROGRAM Henganofi to Nupuru Road This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 1 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 3 A. THE PROGRAM ....................................................................................................................... 3 B. OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT ....................................................................................................... 4 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ............................................................ 5 A. PAPUA NEW GUINEA ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Highlands Province
    OTHER PUBLICATION Jeremy Goro EASTERN HIGHLANDS Kilala Devette-Chee Peter Magury PROVINCE Daphney Kollin 2009 PROVINCIAL AND Martha Waim DISTRICT UNIVERSAL BASIC www.pngnri.org EDUCATION PROFILE September 2020 This page is intentionally left blank OTHER PUBLICATION EASTERN HIGHLANDS Jeremy Goro Kilala Devette-Chee PROVINCE Peter Magury Daphney Kollin 2009 PROVINCIAL AND Martha Waim DISTRICT UNIVERSAL BASIC EDUCATION PROFILE September 2020 First published in September 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Copyright © 2020 The National Research Institute. Direct any inquiries regarding this publication to: The Editorial Unit Leader National Research Institute P.O. Box 5854 Boroko, NCD 111 Papua New Guinea Tel: +675 326 0300/326 0061; Fax: +675 326 0213 Email: [email protected] Website: www.pngnri.org The Papua New Guinea National Research Institute (PNG NRI) is an independent statutory authority established by an Act of Parliament in 1988 and confirmed by the IASER (Amendment) Act 1993. PNG NRI is mandated by legislation to carry out independent research and analysis on development issues affecting PNG. The legislation states that the functions of the PNG NRI are: (a) the promotion of research into Papua New Guinea society and the economy (b) the undertaking of research into social, political and economic problems of Papua New Guinea in order to enable practical solutions to such problems to be formulated. ISBN 9980 75 277 7 National Library Service of Papua New Guinea ABCDE 202423222120 The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the Papua New Guinea National Research Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Notable Events Book All Regions
    NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE 2009 HOUSEHOLD INCOME EXPENDITURE SURVEY NOTABLE EVENTS BOOK ALL REGIONS Population and Social Statistics Division National Statistical Office Waigani, February 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1. WHAT IS A NOTABLE EVENTS BOOK? 1 2. WHY DO WE USE A NOTABLE EVENTS BOOK? 1 3. HOW DO YOU USE THE NOTABLE EVENTS BOOK? 1 4. WHEN DO YOU USE THE NOTABLE EVENTS BOOK? 2 5. NOTIONAL EVENTS – SUMMARY 4 6. NOTABLE EVENTS – SOUTHERN REGION 5 7. NOTABLE EVENTS – WESTERN PROVINCE 6 South Fly District 6 Middle Fly District 8 North Fly District 10 8. NOTABLE EVENTS – GULF PROVINCE 11 Kerema District 11 Kikori District 14 9. NOTABLE EVENTS – CENTRAL PROVINCE 17 Abau District 17 Rigo District 19 Kairuku/Hiri District 22 Goilala District 23 10. NOTABLE EVENTS – NATIONAL CAPITAL DISTRICT 25 National Capital District 26 11. NOTABLE EVENTS – MILNE BAY PROVINCE 27 Alotau District 27 Samarai/Murua District 28 Esa’ala District 30 12. NOTABLE EVENTS – ORO (NORTHERN) PROVINCE 31 Sohe District 31 Ijivitari District 33 13. NOTABLE EVENTS – HIGHLANDS REGION 36 14. NOTABLE EVENTS – SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS 37 Ialibu/Pangia District 37 Imbongu District 39 Kagua/Erave District 39 Komo/Magarima District 41 Koroba/Kopiago 41 Mendi District 42 Nipa/Kutubu 43 Tari District 43 15. NOTABLE EVENTS – ENGA PROVINCE 44 Kandep District 44 i Lagaip/Porgera District 44 Wabag District 45 Wapenamanda District 45 16. NOTABLE EVENTS – WESTERN HIGHLANDS PROVINCE 46 Anglimp/South Wahgi District 46 Dei District 47 Hagen Central District 47 Jimi District 48 Mul/Baiyer District 49 North Wahgi District 51 Tambu/Nebilyer District 51 17.
    [Show full text]
  • Pcab Exit Strategy Draft
    DRAFT DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE Financial Management Improvement Programme Provincial Capacity Building Programme Phase II ( PCaB ) Exit Strategy December 2011 PCaB Exit Strategy 2012 INDICE Executive summary ...................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 12 2. Background ......................................................................................................................... 13 3. PCaB Project ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.1 PCaB project objectives ................................................................................................ 14 3.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 15 4. Results and impact to date............................................................................................... 19 5. Need of an exit strategy.................................................................................................... 30 5.1 Why do we need an Exit Strategy? ............................................................................. 31 5.2 Key issues to consider .................................................................................................... 32 6. Strategic Analysis ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Effectiveness of Climate Change Programmes and Project Implementation in Papua New Guinea
    Assessing the effectiveness of climate change programmes and project implementation in Papua New Guinea A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geography at the University of Canterbury by Peter Konam Bosip Department of Geography 2012 Abstract Papua New Guinea has faced a challenge to subsistence livelihoods caused by the rapidly changing climate since the early 1990s. In response to the challenges, PNG has adopted and promoted the adaptation concept since 2007. The adaptation initiatives have taken place at various levels, by a number of responsible groups and institutions: state institutions have targeted policy development while the local communities have initiated projects to overcome the changing environment. Since the programmes and projects happen at various levels, this study aims to assess and gain insights into the experiences of those stakeholders who are directly involved in implementation, to see whether community projects complement or challenge government programmes. A case study approach to data gathering was employed to gain qualitative insights into the challenges and opportunities experienced. In-depth interviews, general observations, and online questionnaires were employed for primary data collection. Data collected were analysed to identify the common issues experienced. The study found that community initiated projects do not intuitively correlate with government established programmes. There is no clear mechanism established between government and communities to work in partnership to address climate change impacts at the community level. Communities initiate and implement projects based on their own local knowledge and circumstances. To encourage and enable communities to achieve the maximum expected outcome, state institutions and other stakeholders would need to support and build skills and technical capacity.
    [Show full text]