Three Days Cairo Trip from Marsa Alam by Flight

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Three Days Cairo Trip from Marsa Alam by Flight MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] Three Days Cairo trip From Marsa Alam By Flight Type Run Duration Pick up Private Every Monday 3 Days/ 2 Nights 10:00 AM Cairo Three days tour from Marsa Alam, Visit Cairo highlights. You will visit the Giza pyramids, the Egyptian museum, the citadel, The old Cairo, Memphis, Sakkara and Dashour. Inclusions: Exclusions: Qualified Egyptologist guide during Any Extras not mentioned in the the 3-day trips. itinerary Flight ticket { Hurghada/Cairo- Tipping Cairo/Hurghada}. All transfers by a private air- The Price for groups: conditioned vehicle. Private tour for 2 Persons 600 Two nights in Cairo in 5 stars $ Per Person Entrance fees to all the mentioned Private tour for 3 Persons 590 sites. $ Per Person Hotel pickup and drop off. Private tour for 4 Persons 580 $ Bottled water on board the vehicle Per Person during the tour Private tour for 5 Persons 570 $ Lunch meals during the tours. Per Person Shopping tours in Cairo Private tour for 6-9 Persons 560 $ All Service charges & taxes Per Person Private tour for child 350 $ Per child Private trip for Single traveller 800 $ Per person Itinerary: Three days excursion to Cairo from Marsa Alam ,Enjoy Cairo highlights. On the First day You will visit Giza pyramids, The sphinx On the second day you will visit the Egyptian museum,the citadel of Saladin,The Mosque of Mohamed Ali, Old Cairo, de Coptic Cairo the hanging Church and the old Bazaar Khan el Khalil, on the Third day,Visit Memphis,Sakkara and Dahsour page 1 / 5 MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] Days Table First Day :Day 1 Marsa Alam- Giza Marsaalamtours Tours representative will pick you up from your hotel in Marsa Alam to transfer to Hurghada Airport. It takes 02.30 minutes driving.Take your flight to Cairo ,The flight Leaves at 5:30 AM and arrives at Cairo at 06.30 where you will be met and assisted by our representative. Upon arrival at Cairo airport you will be met by your private guide to visit : Giza Pyramid Complex: The complex includes three main pyramids, six little pyramids, the great sphinx and the Valley Temple . The complex dates back to the 4th dynasty 2400 years B.C. The Great Pyramid: It is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids of Giza plateau and the only one to remain intact from the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World. The height of the great pyramid is 147m, the number of stones used in construction is 2,300,000 and it took twenty years to be built. The Great Sphinx: It is the largest statue in the world, standing 73 m. long, 19 m. wide, and 20 m height. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture. The Valley Temple: A Granite mortuary temple used by Ancient Egyptians for the mummification process and this is the only remaining one at Giza plateau. Lunch will be served at the Pyramids/ Nile view restaurant, then move to visit The Egyptian Museum The Egyptian Museum : The museum displays a rare collection of 5000 years of art. Over 250,000 genuine artefacts are presented, including an exhibit dedicated to Tutankhamen collection of treasure, gold, and jewellery which was enclosed in his tomb for over 3,500 years Then transfer to hotel at Giza for overnighting. Second Day :Day 2 Cairo - Old City After breakfast, then join your private tour guide to visit Cairo page 2 / 5 MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] Highlights including: The Egyptian Museum: The museum displays a rare collection of 5000 years of art. Over 250,000 genuine artifacts are presented, including an exhibit dedicated to Tutankhamen collection of treasure, gold, and jewelry which was enclosed in his tomb for over 3,500 years. Lunch will be served at local restaurant in Cairo then proceed to visit Salah el-Din Citadel: It served as Egypt's seat of government till the 1860s, Cairo Citadel is a magnificent fortress. It was constructed during Salah ad-Din reign. The construction work has started in 1176 and was completed in 1182. Then pay a visit to Mohamed Ali Mosque: It was constructed between 1830 and 1848, the mosque named " The Alabaster Mosque" because of most of the walls made out of pure alabaster. The mosque is a replica of the Blue Mosque in Istanbul Khan El Khalili Bazaar: No visit to Cairo is complete without a stop to Khan EL Khalili bazaar; one of the most famous and oldest bazaars in the Middle East. Then transfer to hotel for overnight. Third Day :Day 3 Memphis, Sakkara Dahshour - Hurghada- Marsa Alam After breakfast, then join your private tour guide to visit Cairo Highlights including: Djoser Step Pyramid at Saqqara The Step Pyramid was built in the 27th century BC during the 3rd dynasty rule of Djoser. It is the first pyramid built in Egypt and while it is not a ‘true pyramid’ with smooth sides, like those at Giza and Dahshur, it remains an important stepping stone in their development. It is also the first large-scale cut-stone structure in the world. The Ancient City of Memphis Memphis, founded around 3,100 BC, is the legendary city of Menes, the King who united Upper and Lower Egypt. Early on, Memphis was more likely a fortress from which Menes controlled the land and water routes between Upper Egypt and the Delta. Having probably originated in Upper Egypt, from Memphis he page 3 / 5 MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] could control the conquered people of Lower Egypt. However, by the Third Dynasty, the building at Saqqara suggests that Memphis had become a sizable city. Dahshour Located about 40 kilometres southwest of Cairo , the village of Dahshur marks the southern end of the vast pyramid field that begins at Giza. Excavations at Dahshur have revealed the remains of seven pyramids, as well as extensive tomb complexes built for queens and nobility from Memphis up until the 13th Dynasty in the Middle Kingdom. Two of the later pyramids constructed here have been completely destroyed by time and the elements and several others, such as the Black Pyramid (12th Dynasty, 1929-1885 BC), are badly damaged, but Dahshur also boasts two of Egypt’s best-preserved early pyramids. Both built during the reign of King Sneferu (2613-2589 BC), the founder of the 4th Dynasty, the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid at Dahshur are massive evidence of the architectural development that lead to the construction of the Great Pyramid and its companions at Giza. You will be transferred to Cairo airport, You will fly to Hurghada from Cairo and from Hurghada .You will be transferred by Private vehicle to Marsa Alam page 4 / 5 MARSA ALAM TOURS 00201001058227 [email protected] Price: ($) 600 ( €) 534 (£) 474 Spechial Offer For Groups And Childeren (Below 12 ) 50% Discount Book Now Trip Page page 5 / 5 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org).
Recommended publications
  • Humbaba Research Packet.Pdf
    HUMBABA Research Packet Compiled by Cassi Schiano and Christine Scarfuto CONTENTS: History of the Epic of Gilgamesh Summary of the Epic (and the Twelve Tablets) Character Info on Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and Humbaba Brief Historical Info: Babylon Ancient Rome The Samurai Colonial England War in Afghanistan 1 History of The Epic of Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh is epic poetry from Mesopotamia and is among the earliest known works of literature. The story revolves around a relationship between Gilgamesh (probably a real ruler in the late Early Dynastic II period ca. 27th century BC) and his close male companion, Enkidu. Enkidu is a wild man created by the gods as Gilgamesh's equal to distract him from oppressing the citizens of Uruk. Together they undertake dangerous quests that incur the displeasure of the gods. Firstly, they journey to the Cedar Mountain to defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian. Later they kill the Bull of Heaven that the goddess Ishtar has sent to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. The latter part of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh's distressed reaction to Enkidu's death, which takes the form of a quest for immortality. Gilgamesh attempts to learn the secret of eternal life by undertaking a long and perilous journey to meet the immortal flood hero, Utnapishtim. Ultimately the poignant words addressed to Gilgamesh in the midst of his quest foreshadow the end result: "The life that you are seeking you will never find. When the gods created man they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping." Gilgamesh, however, was celebrated by posterity for his building achievements, and for bringing back long-lost cultic knowledge to Uruk as a result of his meeting with Utnapishtim.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mysterious Pyramid on Elephantine Island: Possible Origin of the Pyramid Code
    Archaeological Discovery, 2017, 5, 187-223 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ad ISSN Online: 2331-1967 ISSN Print: 2331-1959 The Mysterious Pyramid on Elephantine Island: Possible Origin of the Pyramid Code Manu Seyfzadeh Lake Forest, CA, USA How to cite this paper: Seyfzadeh, M. Abstract (2017). The Mysterious Pyramid on Ele- phantine Island: Possible Origin of the After the step pyramids of the Third Dynasty and before the true pyramids of Pyramid Code. Archaeological Discovery, the Fourth Dynasty, seven mysterious minor step pyramids were built by King 5, 187-223. Sneferu1 and a predecessor. None of them were tombs. Clues as to why they https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2017.54012 were built emerged from analyzing their orientation to objects in the sky Received: August 26, 2017 worshiped by the ancient Egyptians and hinted at a renewed preoccupation Accepted: September 19, 2017 with measuring time and the flow of the Nile. The first of the seven was built Published: September 22, 2017 on the Island of Elephantine, Egypt. Its orientation suggests that an aspect of Copyright © 2017 by author and the star Sirius was being enshrined. This paper proposes that this aspect per- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. tained to the different timings of its annual invisibility period observable from This work is licensed under the Creative either the capital at Memphis in Lower Egypt or from Upper Egypt at Ele- Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). phantine. I argue that these periods, measured in days, were converted to di- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ mensions in cubits, and consequently these numbers and the resulting geo- Open Access metric relationships between them became important.
    [Show full text]
  • Trachoma in Asia-A Disappearing Scourge
    Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology xxx (2016) 1e3 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology journal homepage: www.e-tjo.com Review article Trachoma in AsiadA disappearing scourge * Hugh R. Taylor Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia article info abstract Article history: Trachoma is an ancient blinding eye disease. With improvements in hygiene and living conditions and Received 4 January 2016 development of targeted strategies by the World Health Organization, trachoma is being progressively Received in revised form eliminated. Great progress is being seen in Asian countries, many of which are becoming trachoma free. 1 April 2016 Accepted 6 April 2016 Available online xxx Keywords: targeted strategies trachoma elimination World Health Organization 1. Introduction hygiene, chances of individuals repeatedly being infected with Chlamydia increased, leading to the development of trachoma. A Trachoma is the blinding infection caused by Chlamydia tra- single episode of chlamydial eye infection will usually resolve chomatis.1 C. trachomatis is a Gram-negative bacteria that first without serious sequelae, but repeated episodes of reinfection lead evolved at the time of the dinosaurs.2 Basically, every vertebrate to blinding trachoma. species has evolved around its own particular species of Chla- Clinically significant outbreaks of chlamydial infection are also mydia.3 The human strains separated into a predominantly ocular seen in a variety of other animal species, particularly when they are strain and general strains some 2e5 million years ago at about the crowded together.5 When birds are crowded together, they develop time when early human ancestors were evolving; however, modern psittacosis; when cows, pigs, or sheep are crowded, they develop humans evolved only some 100,000 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Medicine: a Synopsis of the Past, Present and a Glimpse Into the Future Scenarios
    Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 33(12): 69-78, 2021; Article no.JAMMR.69101 ISSN: 2456-8899 (Past name: British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, Past ISSN: 2231-0614, NLM ID: 101570965) Forensic Medicine: A Synopsis of the Past, Present and a Glimpse into the Future Scenarios S. R. Hulathduwa1* 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. Author’s contribution The sole author designed, analyzed, interpreted and prepared the manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JAMMR/2021/v33i1230944 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Sinan INCE, Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey. Reviewers: (1) Francesco Sessa, University of Foggia, Italy. (2) Vivek Mishra, AIIMS, India. (3) S. C. Mehta, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/69101 Received 25 March 2021 Accepted 30 May 2021 Review Article Published 31 May 2021 ABSTRACT Forensic medicine is the science (as well as the art) of applying medical knowledge, skills (and perhaps even the attitudes) to assist in the process of execution of justice. Forensic medicine is broadly divided into clinical forensic medicine and forensic pathology though the boundaries between the two are merging. Forensic pathology is not a pure science as it is nurtured by many other sciences, sociological/criminological disciplines and law. The principle role of forensic pathology today is to deal with numerous medico-legal issues pertaining to all forms of deaths. To achieve this, the principle approach of forensic pathology today in most of the institutions globally is conducting a standard autopsy.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Influences on Toy Design
    Cultural Influences on Toy Design A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Design in the School of Design College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning By Hui Wang Bachelor of Technology, Beijing Forestry University June 20, 2012 Committee Chair: Gerald Michaud Committee Member: Margie Voelker-Ferrier and Mikiko Hirayama Abstract Traditional cultures are human treasures. It is necessary to preserve traditional cultures. Due to political, economic, cultural influences, and globalization, the loss of traditional culture becomes a severe problem and needs to be addressed. Education is an important means of spreading culture. For children, toys can be great educational tools as well as entertaining playthings. Through playing with appropriate educational toys, children learn a lot while having fun. Therefore, it is possible for children to learn traditional culture by playing with toys. This thesis focuses on finding how cultural influences can be integrated into toys. By integrating Han ethnic clothing with dolls as an example, I discuss the impact it can bring to children’s traditional cultural education and propose guidelines for cultural educational toy design. 2 3 Acknowledgement “Thank you” is not enough to express my appreciation to my thesis committee members. But still, I would like to first thank Professor Gerald Michauld for his kindly two years’ company of advising me during my entire master of design program. Thank him for always wanting me to accomplish what I want to pursue as a designer, and thank him for enlightening me and pulling me back to the right track at every stage of the thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Languages by Date Before 1000 BC
    Languages by Date Before 1000 BC Further information: Bronze Age writing Writing first appeared in the Near East at the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. A very limited number of languages are attested in the area from before the Bronze Age collapse and the rise of alphabetic writing: the Sumerian, Hurrian, Hattic and Elamite language isolates, Afro-Asiatic in the form of the Egyptian and Semitic languages and Indo-European (Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek). In East Asia towards the end of the second millennium BC, the Sino- Tibetan family was represented by Old Chinese. There are also a number of undeciphered Bronze Age records: Proto-Elamite script and Linear Elamite the Indus script (claimed to record a "Harappan language") Cretan hieroglyphs and Linear A (encoding a possible "Minoan language")[3][4] the Cypro-Minoan syllabary[5] Earlier symbols, such as the Jiahu symbols, Vinča symbols and the marks on the Dispilio tablet, are believed to be proto-writing, rather than representations of language. Date Language Attestation Notes "proto-hieroglyphic" Egyptian hieroglyphs inscriptions from in the tomb of Seth- about 3300 BC c. 2690 BC Egyptian Peribsen (2nd (Naqada III; see Dynasty), Umm el- Abydos, Egypt, Qa'ab[6] Narmer Palette) Instructions of "proto-literate" period Shuruppak, the Kesh from about 3500 BC 26th century BC Sumerian temple hymn and (see Kish tablet); other cuneiform texts administrative 1 | P a g e Languages by Date from Shuruppak and records at Uruk and Abu Salabikh (Fara Ur from c. 2900 BC. period)[7][8] Some proper names attested in Sumerian A few dozen pre- texts at Tell Harmal Sargonic texts from from about 2800 c.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 SHAPESHIFT Mai Truong the Human Body Is an Amazing
    SHAPESHIFT Mai Truong The human body is an amazing structure. It can be pushed, pinned, and pulled into almost any form desired. For centuries the Egyptians and Greeks have based their architectural wonders off the proportions of the human body. Roman architect Vitruvius’s1 De architectura2 payed homage to the human proportions in relation to the structure and form of architecture. In Book 3 (out of 10), Chapter 1, paragraph 2, Vitruvius writes: “2.…. Nature has so planned the human body that the face from the chin to the top of the forehead and the roots of the hair is a tenth part; also the palm of the hand from the wrist to the top of the middle finger is as much; the head from the chin to the crown, an eighth part; from the top of the breast with the bottom of the neck to the roots of the hair, a sixth part; from the middle of the breast to the crown, a fourth part; a third part of the height of the face is from the bottom of the chin to the bottom of the nostrils; the nose from the bottom of the nostrils to the line between the brows, as much; from that line to the roots of the hair, the forehead is given as the third part. The foot is a sixth of the height of the body; the cubit a quarter, the breast also a quarter. The other limbs also have their own proportionate measurements. And by using these, ancient painters and famous sculptors have attained great and unbounded distinction”.
    [Show full text]
  • ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last Updated : Jan
    - Institute for scientific and technical information - ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary ART and ARCHAEOLOGY Vocabulary Version 1.1 (Last updated : Jan. 22, 2018) This resource contains 1960 entries. Controlled vocabulary used for indexing bibliographical records for the "Art and Archaeology" FRANCIS database (1972-2015, http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/ ). This vocabulary is browsable online at: https://www.loterre.fr Legend • Syn: Synonym. • →: Corresponding Preferred Term. • FR: French Preferred Term. • ES: Spanish Preferred Term. • DE: German Preferred Term. • URI: Concept's URI (link to the online view). This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license: LIST OF ENTRIES List of entries English French Page • 10th century AD Xe siècle apr. J.-C. 46 • 10th dynasty Xe dynastie 46 • 11th century AD XIe siècle apr. J.-C. 46 • 11th century BC XIe siècle av. J.-C. 46 • 11th dynasty XIe dynastie 46 • 12th century AD XIIe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 12th century BC XIIe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 12th dynasty XIIe dynastie 46 • 13th century AD XIIIe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 13th century BC XIIIe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 13th dynasty XIIIe dynastie 46 • 14th century AD XIVe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 14th century BC XIVe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 14th dynasty XIVe dynastie 46 • 15th century AD XVe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 15th century BC XVe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 15th dynasty XVe dynastie 46 • 16th century AD XVIe siècle apr. J.-C 46 • 16th century BC XVIe siècle av. J.-C 46 • 16th dynasty XVIe dynastie 46 • 17th century AD XVIIe siècle apr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Apple in Paradise
    The Apple in Paradise Miklos Faust n the Christian mythology, the first human beings placed into Paradise by God committed sin by eating the fruit of the forbid- den tree and were punished with hardships in life. Nowadays, the forbidden tree is thought to be an apple tree. It is not known howI or when the apple became associated with this Christian belief. This paper compiles the available evidence on the subject. The origin of Paradise The English word “paradise” is a transliteration of the old Per- sian word pairidaeza, referring to a walled garden. Cyrus the Younger (424–401 BC), a Persian king, called his walled-in garden pairidaeza, which is a simple combination of pairi (around) and daeza (wall). Pairidaeza comes to us through Xenophon, the Greek writer and historian, who heard it in 401 BC in Persia, where he fought with Greek mercenaries. Xenophon used the Greek word “paradeisoi” for garden (Lord, 1970). This became the Latin paradisus, and first ap- peared in Middle English as paradis in 1175 (Oxford Dict., 1933). Fruit Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this fact. 338 HortTechnology ● Oct./Dec. 1994 4(4) The idea of Paradise as a garden is much Testament, Paul refers to a man caught up in older than the word itself. Since the begin- the “third heaven” of Paradise (Corinthians ning of history, or perhaps prehistory, societ- II 12:2–4).
    [Show full text]
  • The Minoan Civilization.Pdf
    The Minoan Civilization The Minoan Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 27th century BC to the 15th century BC. It was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of the British archaeologist Arthur Evans. Will Durant referred to it as “the first link in the European chain”. The early inhabitants of Crete settled as early as 128,000 BC, during the Middle Paleolithic age. However, it was not until 5000 BC that the first signs of advanced agriculture appeared. What the Minoans called themselves is unknown. The term "Minoan" was coined by Arthur Evans after the mythic "king" Minos. Minos was associated in Greek myth with the labyrinth, which Evans identified with the site at Knossos. In the Odyssey, composed centuries after the destruction of the Minoan civilization, Homer calls the natives of Crete Eteocretans ("true Cretans"); these may have been descendants of the Minoans. Minoan palaces (anaktora) are the best known building types to have been excavated on the island. They are monumental buildings serving administrative purposes as evidenced by the large archives unearthed by archaeologists. Each of the palaces excavated to date has its own unique features, but they also share features which set them apart from other structures. The palaces were often multi-storied, with interior and exterior staircases, light wells, massive columns, storage magazines and courtyards. It seems that the Minoan people were not Indo-European, and that they were even related to the pre-Greek dwellers of the Greek mainland and Western Anatolia, the so- called Pelasgians.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence for the Exodus and Conquest
    EVIDENCE FOR THE EXODUS AND CONQUEST Compelling Articles from Bible and Spade Magazine by the Associates for Biblical Research www.BibleArchaeology.org EVIDENCE FOR THE EXODUS AND CONQUEST Compelling Articles from Bible and Spade magazine by the Associates for Biblical Research © 2019 Associates for Biblical Research Associates for Biblical Research PO Box 144 Akron, PA 17501 Phone 717-859-3443 Toll Free 800-430-0008 www.biblearchaeology.org 1 | P a g e TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction, by Bryan Windle 2 CHAPTER ONE Israel in Egypt, by Gary Byers 4 Published in Bible and Spade (Spring 2005, Vol. 18, No. 1) CHAPTER TWO Amenhotep II as the Pharaoh of the Exodus, by William Shea 15 Published in Bible and Spade (Spring 2003, Vol. 16, No. 2) CHAPTER THREE New Evidence from Egypt on the Location of the Exodus Sea 31 Crossing: Part I, by Gary Byers Published in Bible and Spade (Winter 2006, Vol. 19, No. 1) CHAPTER FOUR New Evidence from Egypt on the Location of the Exodus Sea 42 Crossing: Part II, by Gary Byers Published in Bible and Spade (Spring 2006, Vol. 19, No. 2) CHAPTER FIVE Rise and Fall of the 13th Century Exodus-Conquest Theory 50 by Bryant Wood Published in Bible and Spade (Winter 2019, Vol. 32, No. 1) CHAPTER SIX The Walls of Jericho, by Bryant Wood 64 Published in Bible and Spade (Spring 1999, Vol. 12, No. 2) CHAPTER SEVEN The Problem of Ai Solved After Nearly Forty Years of Excavations 73 in the West Bank of Israel, by Scott Stripling and Mark Hassler Published in Bible and Spade (Spring 2018, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Imhotep and the Discovery of Cerebrospinal Fluid
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Anatomy Research International Volume 2014, Article ID 256105, 2 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/256105 Letter to the Editor Imhotep and the Discovery of Cerebrospinal Fluid Patric Blomstedt Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, UmeaUniversity,SE-90185Ume˚ a,˚ Sweden Correspondence should be addressed to Patric Blomstedt; [email protected] Received 2 February 2014; Accepted 21 February 2014; Published 13 March 2014 Academic Editor: Feng C. Zhou Copyright © 2014 Patric Blomstedt. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Herbowski (2013) suggested recently the Egyptian Imhotep from the 3rd dynasty in Egypt to be the discoverer of cerebrospinal fluid. There are, however, no sources within the first 2000 years after Imhotep suggesting him to be in any way connected with the field of medicine. Over the course of three millennia Imhotep evolves into the sage who besides architecture also masters the arts of medicine, magic, astronomy, and astrology, at the same time as him being transformed from man to demi-God, and finally to a God. The identification of Imhotep as a doctor has thus little to do with facts and it is unlikely that he had anything to do withthe Edwin-Smith papyrus from a much later period where CSF is first mentioned. I read with interest the paper by Herbowski [1]. only few, very short inscriptions regarding Imhotep that are I would like to thank the author for his commendable closeintime,andnoneofthesesuggeststhathewasa desiretocontributetothehistoryofthisarea.Thereis, physician or had any medical knowledge [2].
    [Show full text]