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Review of Contract Law Report on Third Party Rights

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Review of Contract Law Report on Third Party Rights (SCOT LAW COM No 245) Review of Contract Law Report on Third Party Rights report Review of Contract Law Report on Third Party Rights Laid before the Scottish Parliament by the Scottish Ministers under section 3(2) of the Law Commissions Act 1965 July 2016 SCOT LAW COM No 245 SG/2016/98 The Scottish Law Commission was set up by section 2 of the Law Commissions Act 1965 (as amended) for the purpose of promoting the reform of the law of Scotland. The Commissioners are: The Honourable Lord Pentland, Chairman Caroline Drummond David Johnston QC Professor Hector L MacQueen Dr Andrew J M Steven. The Chief Executive of the Commission is Malcolm McMillan. Its offices are at 140 Causewayside, Edinburgh EH9 1PR. Tel: 0131 668 2131 Email: [email protected] Or via our website at http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk/contact-us NOTES 1. Please note that, unless otherwise stated, all hyperlinks in this document were checked for accuracy at the time of final draft. 2. If you have any difficulty in reading this document, please contact us and we will do our best to assist. You may wish to note that the pdf version of this document available on our website has been tagged for accessibility. 3. © Crown copyright 2016 You may re-use this publication (excluding logos and any photographs) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0. To view this licence visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3; or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 4DU; or email [email protected]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is also available on our website at http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at [email protected]. ISBN: 978-0-9935529-3-9 Produced for the Scottish Law Commission by APS Group Scotland, 21 Tennant Street, Edinburgh EH6 5NA. ii SCOTTISH LAW COMMISSION Item No 2 of our Ninth Programme of Law Reform Review of Contract Law Report on Third Party Rights To: Michael Matheson MSP, Cabinet Secretary for Justice We have the honour to submit to the Scottish Ministers our Report on Third Party Rights. (Signed) PAUL B CULLEN, Chairman C S DRUMMOND D E L JOHNSTON HECTOR L MACQUEEN ANDREW J M STEVEN Malcolm McMillan, Chief Executive 9 May 2016 iii iv Contents Click on any of the headings below to go to the relevant page Contents .................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Scottish Law Commission’s review of contract law ........................................................ 1 What are third-party rights in contract? .......................................................................... 2 Comparative material .................................................................................................... 3 Examples of third-party rights in practice ....................................................................... 5 Company groups ....................................................................................................... 7 Construction projects and collateral warranties .......................................................... 9 Other uses of third-party rights legislation ................................................................ 12 Structure and summary of the Report .......................................................................... 14 General approach taken by the draft Bill .................................................................. 14 Summary of recommended reforms ........................................................................ 15 Legislative competence and relationship with specific rules ........................................ 17 Effect of recommendations on specific third-party rights rules ................................. 17 Employment contracts ............................................................................................. 18 Business and Regulatory Impact Assessment (“BRIA”) ............................................... 22 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 2 SUMMARY OF CURRENT LAW .................................................................... 23 Third-party rights in Scots law ..................................................................................... 23 Origins ..................................................................................................................... 23 Identification of the third party ..................................................................................... 24 Contracting parties’ intention to create third-party rights .............................................. 25 No requirement of third party acceptance .................................................................... 27 The requirement of irrevocability ................................................................................. 28 Revocation of a third-party right: conditionality ............................................................ 31 Reconciling Carmichael with Love and Kelly ............................................................... 34 Third party’s rejection or refusal of the right or benefit ................................................. 37 Effect of invalidity, unenforceability or frustration of the contract on the third party ...... 37 Third party remedies ................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 3 TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................ 39 The parties .................................................................................................................. 40 Rights or benefits? ...................................................................................................... 41 Juristic characterisation of the third-party right? .......................................................... 44 Enforcement or invocation of the third-party right ........................................................ 45 v Chapter 4 FORMATION: IDENTIFICATION AND INTENTION ....................................... 47 Identification of the third party ..................................................................................... 47 (i) Third party not yet in existence ...................................................................... 49 (ii) Third party in existence but not a member of the class in question ................ 49 (iii) Third party identified other than by or from the contract ................................. 50 Intention of contracting parties to confer a right ........................................................... 51 Should a third-party right taking the form of an exclusion of liability be competent?..... 54 No need for third party’s acceptance ........................................................................... 55 Two kinds of case?...................................................................................................... 55 Is formal writing necessary? ........................................................................................ 57 Conditional obligations ................................................................................................ 58 Chapter 5 IRREVOCABILITY ......................................................................................... 60 Abolition of irrevocability as a requirement of constitution............................................ 60 May a third-party right become uncancellable or unmodifiable? .................................. 61 Fulfilment of conditions and other terms .................................................................. 61 Registration of the contract ...................................................................................... 66 Declarations of irrevocability by the contracting parties ........................................... 67 Reliance and personal bar ....................................................................................... 68 Assignation of the third-party right ........................................................................... 75 Third party’s acceptance ......................................................................................... 77 Other issues ............................................................................................................ 77 Chapter 6 RENUNCIATION, REMEDIES AND DEFENCES .......................................... 79 Renunciation or rejection of its right by the third party ................................................. 79 Remedies available to the third party........................................................................... 81 Defences ..................................................................................................................... 82 Direct defences against the third party..................................................................... 86 Prescription ............................................................................................................
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