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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and beaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI’ GEOCHEMICAL BALANCE OF THE DILLON RESERVOIR AND INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ACID ROCK-DR.AINAGE IN SUMMIT COLÎNTY, COLOR.ADO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By LeeAnn Munk, B.Sc., VI.Sc. The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Gunter Faure. .Advisor i I J i ^ / Adviser Dr. Jerry M. Bigham Department of Geological Dr. Douglas E. Pride Sciences Dr. Garrv .McKenzie UMI Number: 3011123 Copyright 2001 by Munk, LeeAnn All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform 3011123 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 Copyright hy LeeAnn Munk 2001 ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of acid-mine drainage (AM D ) and acid-rock drainage ( ARD) in streams flowing into the Dillon Reservoir. Summit County. Colorado. The Dillon reservoir was formed in 1963 and has been accumulating metal-rich sediment since that time. The streams entering the reservoir transport trace metals that are dissolved in the water and sorbed to hydroxide particles. Weathering of ore samples in the laboratory indicate that the pH and chemical composition of the solutions evolve and become similar to samples of .AMD collected in the field. The results demonstrate that the mineral composition of the ore controls the chemical composition of the experimental mine effluent. The distribution of trace metals between water and precipitates is controlled by sorption depending on the pH. which ranges from 2.8 to near 8.0 in the drainage. The dissolved metal concentrations in the water include Zn (up to 3050 ppb). Cu (up to 454 ppb). Pb (up to 30 ppb). and Mo (up to 437 ppb). The highest concentrations of Zn. Cu. and Pb occur in Peru Creek near the Pennsylvania Mine, whereas Tenmile Creek has the highest concentration of Mo. The hydroxides of Fe and A1 that form at the confluence of the Snake River with Deer Creek are enriched in trace metals whose concentrations in the sediment of the Dillon Reservoir include Zn (up to 3217 ppm). Cu (up to 195 ppm). Pb (up to 401 ppm), and Mo (up to 83 ppm). ii The total value of recoverable metals from a I cm thick layer of sediment in the Dillon Reservoir is estimated at $1,414,550. which can offset the cost of dredging the reservoir in the future. The water in the Dillon Reservoir has higher concentrations of major elements and lower concentrations of trace metals than predicted based on the chemical composition of tributaries weighted by their respective monthly average discharges. The addition of Na and Ca is likely caused by road salt used by the towns surrounding the reservoir. The deficit of the trace metal concentrations can be e.xplained by soqnion in response to increases of pH as well as by uptake by aquatic organisms. The importance of pH in controlling trace-metal concentrations of the Dillon Reservoir is confirmed by the fact that these concentrations are strongly correlated to the pH of the water leaving the reservoir. Ill To Jens IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 am grateful to my advisor. Gunter Faure, not only for his continuous suppon in my research and for teaching me how to be a geochemist, but also for his friendship. I thank Jerry Bigham for all the lab work that improved the quality of this research and for his guidance. I am thankful to my husband. Jens, for all his encouragement, help with math whenever I needed it. all the laughs, camping excursions, and for his assistance in the field. 1 thank my parents. Tom and Bonnie and my sister. Lisa, for being proud of me. To my great sampling team. Doug Pride and Charles S. Robinson, thank you tor getting in the cold water when 1 needed you to and for all the good times. I also thank Garry McKenzie for his support in my teaching and research. I thank Giehyeon Lee. Nadine Piatak. and Linda Centeno for being great office mates. I would also like to thank the Graduate School and the Department of Geological Sciences and The Ohio State University for funds that helped support my research. In addition. I am thankful to Tom Vogel for all of his support and for helping me to move on to reach my goals. I thank my undergraduate advisers. Tim Flood and Nelson Ham for pointing me in the right direction in the first place. VITA February 19, 1973 ...................................Bom - Milwaukee. Wisconsin 1995 ....................................................... B.S. Geology. St. Norbert College. Wisconsin 1997 ....................................................... M.S. Geology. Michigan State University 199S-200Ü..............................................Instructor. The Ohio State University - .Vlarion August 2001 .......................................... .Assistant Professor of Geology. University of Alaska - Anchorage Research Publications Refereed .lournals 1. Munk. L.A.. Faure. G.. Pride. D.E.. and Bigham. J.M.. 2001. Sorption of Trace Metals to an .Aluminum Precipitate in a Stream Receiving Acid Rock- D rain age: Snake River. Summit County. Colorado. .Applied Geochemistry (in press ). 2. \'ogel. T..A.. Cambray. F.W.. Feher. L.A.. Constenius. K.N.. 1997. Petrochemistry and emplacement history of the Wasatch Igneous Belt. Utah. Geolog} and ore deposits of the Oquirrh and Wasatch Mountains. Utah. Society of Economic Geologists. Guidebook Series, v. 29. pp. 47-63. Published abstracts 3. Munk. L..A.. Faure. G.. Pride. D.E.. Bigham. J.M.. 2000. Sorption and transport of trace metals; Snake River and Deer Creek confluence. Summit County. Colorado. National Geological Society of America Annual Meeting .Abstracts with Programs. VI 4. Faure, G., Pride, D.E., Lee, G. Munk, L ,A „ Piatak, N.M., Centeno, L „ 2000. Geochemical processes affecting cations and anions in metal-rich acid streams of Colorado and Tennessee, USA. 3 U‘ International Geological Congress. 5. M unk, L..A. and, Faure, G „ 1999. E.xperimental weathering of a sulfide- beanng ore: an acid-mine drainage water component for Peru creek. Summit County, Colorado. North-Central Geological Society of .-kmerica .-\nnual Meeting .-\bstracts with Programs. 6. Feher, L..A., and Ryder, G., 1998. Chemical variation within and among samples of the .Apollo 17 aphanitic impact melt rocks: generation, relationships, and crustal sources. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Te.xas. 7. Feher, L..A., Constenius, Kurt N., and Vogel, Thomas A., 1996. Relationships between the Wasatch Intrusive Belt and the Keetley Volcanics, North Central Utah. Geological Society of .America Annual Meeting .Abstracts with Programs, Denver, Colorado. S. Feher, L.A., and Flood, T.P., 1995. Vesicles and Breccia due to Injection of mafic magma into partially lithified sediments of the Early Proterozoic Ironuood Iron-Formation, Western Gogebic Range, NW Wisconsin. Institute on Lake Superior Geology .Annual Meeting .Abstracts with Programs. 9. Feher. L..A.. and Flood, T.P., 1995. The petrology of some Proterozoic argillites and associated igneous rocks from the Western Gogebic District, NW Wisconsin. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters .Annual Meeting .Abstracts with Programs. 10. Feher. L..A., and Burg. C. .VI.. 1994. .An analysis of recent sediment types around .Achutupo Island, Panama, Central .America, Wisconsin .Academy of Sciences. .Arts, and Letters .Annual Meeting .Abstracts and Proceedings. M.S. Thesis 11. Feher. L..A., 1997. Petrogenesis of the Keetley Volcanics in Summit and Wasatch Counties. North-Central Utah. M.S. Thesis, Michigan State Universitv. Fields of Study Major Field: Geological Sciences .Minor Field: Geochemistry Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Paae Abstract .................................................................................................................. ii Dedication .............................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments .................................................................................................v
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