極限運動「跑酷」如何成為一種生活態度 運 動 Parkour : from Practice of Body to Practice of Everyday Life

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極限運動「跑酷」如何成為一種生活態度 運 動 Parkour : from Practice of Body to Practice of Everyday Life 社 國 立 中 會 , 山 大 學 所 下 留 1.5 碩 公 士 國立中山大學社會學系 分 論 文 碩士論文 從 Institute of Sociology 身 體 National Sun Yat-sen University 實 踐 Master Thesis 到 日 常 實 踐 從身體實踐到日常實踐: : 極 限 極限運動「跑酷」如何成為一種生活態度 運 動 Parkour : From practice of body to practice of everyday life. 「 跑 酷 」 如 何 研究生:蔡牧霖 成 為 Moo-lin Tsai 一 種 生 活 指導教授:萬毓澤 博士 態 度 Dr. Yu-ze Wan 研 究 生 : 中華民國104年10月 蔡 牧 霖 October 2015 104 學 年 度 國立中山大學社會學系 碩士論文 Institute of Sociology National Sun Yat-sen University Master Thesis 從身體實踐到日常實踐: 極限運動「跑酷」如何成為一種生活態度 Parkour : From practice of body to practice of everyday life. 研究生:蔡牧霖 Moo-lin Tsai 指導教授:萬毓澤 博士 Dr. Yu-ze Wan 中華民國104年10月 October 2015 i 謝誌 終於到了寫謝誌的時候,不過謝意很大、版面很小,只能以此篇小小文章表 達對各方的感謝。 感謝我的指導教授萬毓澤老師,感謝老師能夠接下這篇論文的指導工作,不 厭其煩的細細指正我的各種錯誤並給我建議,並且忍受我的爛中文和不是很穩定 的寫作狀態。感謝兩位口試委員畢恆達教授和阮曉眉教授,不只是幫助我完善這 篇論文,同時讓我確實的體會到老師們很認真的對待這篇論文。 感謝研究室的同伴們,伴我度過各個讀書崩潰的夜晚,以及幹了很多跟學術 無關的事情,但這就是陪伴。感謝中山社會系給我一個令人開心的環境,老師、 同學與系辦的每個人,我喜歡這裡的調性,謝謝大家。感謝中山大學的環境,沙 灘、停車場、紅牆、全家上面、樓頂、單槓、消波塊、樹葉與海風,和我一起度 過每個腦袋打結的時候。 感謝跑酷界的所有夥伴,在論文上給我很多寶貴的討論與想法,練習上互相 鼓勵與交流,感謝用講的太難講了,還是來練習吧,一起開始、一起結束。 感謝家人,給我無限的自由和信任,讓我不用煩惱如何渡過這個階段。 感謝凡,每每在我文思泉湧之際來電阻撓,給我情感上最穩定的依靠。 感謝自己,好手好腳、能走能跑。 ii 摘要 本研究旨在探討跑酷玩家觀察空間的方式,如何從練習的現場傳遞到日常生 活中。藉由此研究可進一步討論空間反抗的行動,如何在結束以後仍能夠保存與 運作,以及其形式為何。本研究以參與觀察以及深度訪談進行資料收集,對象為 台北、高雄兩地之跑酷玩家與團體。以資料描繪跑酷的練習方式、內容,以及跑 酷玩家的論述與社群文化。研究發現,玩家在跑酷中學到身體與環境、情緒與環 境的知識,並能以這種知識去判斷、了解空間。這些知識以默會的形式在玩家的 日常生活中發生作用。跑酷在日常生活的空間中進行,因此玩家能夠在日常生活 中以跑酷學習到的默會知識感受移動的可能性,並將這種觀感以及跑酷的論述作 為他們生活風格。本研究認為在日常生活中運作的跑酷空間觀,是一種空間反抗 展演後的延續。本研究同時發現,跑酷社群尋求體制認可的同時,亦改變了接觸 跑酷的方式。從不同的路徑接觸跑酷可能養成與過去不同的跑酷空間觀,因此具 空間反抗特性的空間觀,需特定的接觸路徑使能達成。 關鍵詞:跑酷、空間、情緒、實作、生活風格 iii Abstract This study was to investigate how parkour practitioner observes spaces, and to investigate how this way of observation spread from practicing to practitioner’s everyday life. This study also discussed how a spatial resistant activity preserved after the activity ends. Research methods were field work and interview. Subjects were parkour practitioners and groups at Kaohsiung and Taipei. The knowledge generated in practice and the subculture of parkour was demonstrated in this article. This study discovered that practitioners learned two kinds of knowledge, physical and emotional. Practitioner could use this knowledge to confirm physical and emotional condition of them self and environment. The knowledge performed in practitioner’s everyday life was preserve as tacit knowledge. Practitioners practice parkour in their daily life spaces, which enable them to perceive their daily life space with the knowledge of pakrour. Practitioners transformed this perception of space and subculture of parkour to a kind of attitude, and take this attitude as their lifestyle. The study suggests that the space awareness of parkour was an extension of spatial resistant activity. The study also discovered that the institutionalization of parkour could provide different way for people to practice parkour, which may not provide the same space awareness to practitioner. Keywords: parkour、space、emotion、practice、lifestyle iv 目錄 第一章、導論 ............................................................................................................... 1 一、跑酷源起........................................................................................................ 2 二、跑酷在台灣.................................................................................................... 3 三、文獻回顧........................................................................................................ 4 四、研究目的........................................................................................................ 6 五、研究方法........................................................................................................ 6 六、章節架構........................................................................................................ 7 第二章、描繪跑酷 ....................................................................................................... 9 一、跑酷的練習.................................................................................................... 9 二、從練習中凝聚的知識與態度...................................................................... 13 三、跑酷玩家的論述與態度.............................................................................. 17 四、小結.............................................................................................................. 20 第三章、跑酷與實作 ................................................................................................. 22 一、作為實作的跑酷.......................................................................................... 22 二、跑酷與默會知識.......................................................................................... 25 三、Parkour vision ............................................................................................... 29 四、小結.............................................................................................................. 30 第四章、跑酷到底是什麼? ..................................................................................... 32 一、內行看什麼門道?...................................................................................... 32 二、不只是運動的運動...................................................................................... 37 v 三、小結.............................................................................................................. 40 第五章、從另類走向主流 ......................................................................................... 42 一、運動的發展,運動化與組織...................................................................... 42 二、被體制看見的需求...................................................................................... 44 三、滿足制度的需求.......................................................................................... 47 四、小結.............................................................................................................. 50 第六章、結論 ............................................................................................................. 53 一、研究發現...................................................................................................... 53 二、研究限制...................................................................................................... 54 三、從身體到日常.............................................................................................. 55 參考文獻 ..................................................................................................................... 56 vi 圖次 圖 1-1 .......................................................................................................... 10 圖 1-2 .......................................................................................................... 12 圖 1-3 .......................................................................................................... 17 圖 2-1 .......................................................................................................... 29 圖 2-2 .......................................................................................................... 30 vii 第一章、導論 寒冷的冬天,十二月的台北,那時是我第一次參加「跑酷」的團練。走出捷運站就 看到一群運動穿著的人聚集在捷運站門口,有幾個人席地而坐,有幾個人做著暖身的動 作,更有幾個人當場就開始玩起跨越欄杆的動作。他們的行為和其他從捷運站走出來的 人截然不同,以至於路人都不由得轉頭多看幾眼。 跑酷1,是從法國開始在西方國家出現的一種運動方式,有些較深入的參與 者會自稱為 Traceur。2跑酷沒有遊戲規則,參與者大多透過各種跑、跳、翻滾、 攀爬等各種動作來跨越各式障礙物(如樹、欄杆、牆壁等)。簡單的說,看起來 就像是公園裡的孩童在遊樂設施中追趕跑跳的樣子,只是換到各種場地玩得更極 限、更誇張。熟練的跑酷參與者表現出來的動作往往會超出一般人的想像,可以 在大樓的屋頂、充滿障礙的街道等各種地方用不同的技巧迅速穿梭自如,因此現 在許多電影、電玩也採用了這些容易吸引目光的元素。 爬上高牆、在大樓之間飛簷走壁,這些畫面自然使媒體去選擇再現跑酷中「酷」 的元素。跑酷被呈現成一種「跑得很酷」的極限運動,許多參與者起初也是出於 類似的興趣而參與練習。但是台上十分鐘,台下十年功,華麗背後總有不為人知 的過程,媒體的再現自然無法呈現出完整的樣貌。許多跑酷玩家,包含我自己, 都在練習跑酷的過程中,發現在自己身上有了一些特殊、細微的變化。幾乎所有 玩家都認為,練習跑酷之後對建築及空間的看法都不一樣了。玩家們學會用一種 跑酷的目光去觀察身處的環境,而且這種目光會帶到日常生活中,即使他們沒有 身處練習的現場也是如此。這種觀看空間的另類目光,變成了玩家的一種態度, 成為玩家認識世界的一個方式。 人們經常站巨人的肩膀上理解世界。我們閱讀 Foucault,學到了空間中潛在 的權力運作。我們閱讀 Debord,看到了都市的奇觀工程。我們在論述與書本中 學習到,個體的舉手投足無一不受到空間與社會的制約,我們的行動與思考無一 不受到環境影響。然而有一群人卻不是用這種方式認識到這些,卻也學到了類似 這樣的想法。例如參加跑酷社團課程的高中學生,在第一次上課後就發表了類似 的看法。 學生:我覺得人類好笨喔…都做一堆東西限制自己…你看樓梯在那邊,我們走路就 只會想樓梯。 1 原文為 Parkour,亦稱作 Free Running、art du déplacement。 2 Traceur 為法文,意為子彈、蹤跡。 1 這引起我的興趣,讓我開始思考身體經驗的可能性。他們沒有接觸過那些論 述,而是在行動與遊玩的經驗中,發展並理解身體與空間的關係。而且這種理解 在離開了遊玩的現場後,還能進入玩家日常生活的意識中。在這之前,我總是以 為身體的知識總是關於身體如何使用,而思考總是腦袋的工作,是種「身首分離」 的理解方式。但是跑酷所展現出來的樣貌,是純粹身體的操練滲透到日常生活的 意識。身體實踐如何成為日常的實踐,便是其中我想了解的問題。 一、跑酷源起 (一)自然訓練法與 Hébertism 跑酷文化啟蒙者為一次世界大戰時期的法國海軍軍官 Georges Hébert。他在 旅行經過非洲時遇到了當地原住民,並對他們的身體能力感到相當驚訝(Atkinson 2009)。他認為「他們的身體非常靈活敏捷、技巧超群、耐力強又富有韌性,他 們沒有受過專業的體操訓練,而是大自然的生活造就了他們的身體。」(王润斌 et al. 2010) Hébert 後來成為蘭斯大學(College of Rheims)的體育教練,並結合他的信 念以及經驗,發展出一套稱為「自然訓練法」(méthode naturelle)的體育訓練系 統,其中包含十項基本訓練:走、跑、跳、四肢運動、攀爬、平衡、投擲、舉重、 防衛和游泳。這套訓練法強調發展一個人各方面的能量,不只是身體上的強健, 同時還有心靈的強韌,強調道德意識,仁愛、援助、榮譽和誠實。他認為透過這 種訓練,參與者能夠學習如何在任何處境中控制自己的狀態與情緒。 在一戰與二戰之間,Hébert 的自然訓練概念被廣泛用於法國的體育、軍隊以 及消防員的體能訓練中,而後這種訓練就稱做 Hébertism(Atkinson 2009; 王润斌 et al. 2010)。 (二)跑酷出現 跑酷創始人 David Belle 的父親 Raymond Belle 是一位前軍人兼運動員,後任 職法國消防隊,在他的生涯中長期接觸 Hébertism 式的訓練。Belle 受到父親的影 響,自小接受武術與體操的訓練,離開學校後,便致力於發展父親教導的方法鍛 鍊自己的身心。後來移居一個法國城鎮 Lisses,開始將這些技巧運用在生活的環 境中,並找到一群與他有類似想法的同好組成團體 Yamakasi,此名稱源自剛果 的一種原住民語言,意為身心強韌者。他們並將這種運動稱做 Parkour,原文為 法文的 Parcours,意為路徑、航程等 。 由於他們技巧不斷精進,精湛的技巧吸引了電影導演的目光,因此在 2001 2 年便以他們的團員拍攝了電影 Yamakasi,3但由於 Belle 與他的同伴 Sébastien Foucan 對於跑酷的觀點衝突,因此並未參與拍攝。而後 Foucan 與其團員參與了 2003 年的跑酷記錄片 Jump London 以及 2005 年的 Jump Britain。這些映像作品將 跑酷帶入公眾的目光(Mould 2009)。 隨著科技技術與網路平台的發展,跑酷玩家開始紛紛將自己練習的影片加以 剪輯配上音樂,放上網路以及 YouTube 等網站以展示自己或團體的技巧(de Freitas 2011)。而這些引人注目的影片也是跑酷開始往全世界延伸的一大推力。 二、跑酷在台灣 (一)各自獨立的練習者 Parkour 在台灣音譯為跑酷,約在 2006 年嘉義開始出現零星的練習者,有些 玩家從各類媒體如電影、網路接觸到並開始練習。有少數玩家當時本來就在進行 類似的活動,只是當時不知道自己的運動被稱為跑酷。2007 年,來到台灣生活 的美國跑酷玩家與另一群台灣參與者開始在台北嘗試推廣跑酷。2007 年建立的 網路討論區「台灣跑酷推廣論壇」一度是最大且唯一的台灣參與者交流平台,但 隨著網路使用者逐漸轉向 Facebook 平台,論壇的人數就相對減少。至今主要的 網路交流平台除了原本的論壇以外,亦有數個 Facebook
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