REGIONAL MOBILITY MAPPING WEST AND CENTRAL JUNE 2021 REGIONAL MOBILITY MAPPING Permission is required to reproduce any part of this publication. Permission to be freely granted to educational or non-profit WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA organizations. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the JUNE 2021 International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed, and the presentation of material within the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the US FUNDING SUPPORT Government and the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development (DFID). The views expressed herein can in no way be This report is produced by DTM Regional Support team for West and Central Africa through funding support taken to reflect the official opinion of the donors. from: © International Organization for Migration (IOM) July 2021

IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to assist in This project is funded by the European Union meeting the operational challenges of migration, advance understanding of migration issues, encourage social and economic development through migration, and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.

Disclaimer: The maps in this report are for illustrative purposes only. Representations and the use of boundaries and geographical names on these maps may include errors and do not imply judgment of the legal status of a territory, nor official recognition or acceptance of these boundaries by IOM.

For feedback, please contact: RO , Data & Research Division – [email protected]

2 INTRODUCTION DATA SOURCES

ABOUT THIS REPORT Data sources for the information displayed in this document are provided at the bottom of each page. When reference is made to IOM data, the data was collected from: 1) Flow Monitoring, 2) Mobility The development and implementation of policies and Tracking, 3) Interviews with individuals who benefited from voluntary returns and reintegration programs programmes in West and Central Africa promoting safe, (AVRR), 4) Search and Rescue activities conducted in and 5) Interviews with IOM Key Informants, 6) orderly and humane migration require a better Missing Migrants Project, 7) Transhumance Tracking Tool understanding of human mobility in the region. Further information on the data collection methodologies and on the activities referenced throughout the Human mobility in the region take many different forms. report is available in the following documents: Transhumance, seasonal migration conducted during the • Migration Data collection activities in West and Central Africa – Factsheet harvesting season, travel during religious festivities, tourism, • Internal Displacement Data collection activities in West and Central Africa – Factsheet economic migration to North Africa and Europe, the search • Products and Publication in West and Central Africa - Factsheet for employment in the mining industry, forced • Assistance to Voluntary Return and Reintegration – Website displacements due to conflict, natural disasters or climate- related migration, rural exodus, are all examples of Other data presented in this document is provided by the Ministries of the Interior of Spain, Italy and movements observes in West and Central Africa and show Greece, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and United Nations Department of the many faceted nature of mobility in the region. Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA).

This document is an attempt to provide a dynamic and CONTENT regularly updated portrait of mobility within, from and to West and Central Africa regionon for Migration (IOM), the • INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS ◦ Page 4 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs • EMIGRATION FROM WCA ◦ Page 5 (UNDESA) and the United Nations High Commissioner for • MIGRATION FLOWS ◦ Page 6 Refugees (UNHCR). • MIGRATION CORRIDORS ◦ Page 7 • LABOUR MOBILITY ◦ Page 8 The maps contained in this document are not only meant to • TRANSHUMANCE ◦ Page 9 inform on ongoing mobility patterns, but also provide • INTER-REGIONAL ROUTES ◦ Page 10 information to support direct programming (protection of • ARRIVALS TO EUROPE I ◦ Page 11 migrants, management of transhumance flows, support to • ARRIVALS TO EUROPE II ◦ Page 12 safe returns of displaced people) and policy. • TRAVELLER PROFILES ◦ Page 13 • MISSING MIGRANTS ◦ Page 14 • COVID-19 AND MOBILITY ◦ Page 15 • REGIONS OF ORIGIN ◦ Page 16 • CONFLICT & INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT ◦ Page 17 • DISASTERS & INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT ◦ Page 18 • RETURN ASSISTANCE BY IOM ◦ Page 19 • IOM PRESENCE IN THE REGION ◦ Page 20 • NOTE ON METHODOLOGY I ◦ Page 21 • NOTE ON METHODOLOGY II ◦ Page 22 • DATA SOURCES ◦ Page 23 3 INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS 4 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

83% of immigrants living in West and Central Africa are from another country in the region(2)

182,000

16,000 486,000 275,000 348,000 CABO VERDE

547,000 275,000

18,000 724,000

121,000 476,000 394,000

54,000 1.3 M 89,000 280,000 88,000 2.6 M

579,000 An estimated 9.8 million

2,100 migrants live in the 231,000 WCA region. The largest CONGO registered migrant communities in the LEGEND 417,000 region are currently COUNTRY BORDER DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE NUMBER OF living in Côte d’Ivoire IMMIGRANTS REGISTERED IN EACH COUNTRY OF WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION (1) 402,000 THE REGION. (2.6 million) and MAIN ROADS SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM (1.3 million) (UNDESA). REGIONAL OFFICE. (2) UNDESA MIGRANT DATABASE XX NUMBER OF MIGRANTS PRESENT IN COUNTRY (2) 0 500 km 2020 EMIGRATION FROM WCA 5 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

65% of emigrants from An estimated 12.5 million WCA countries live in individuals from West and Central Africa currently live another WCA country(2) outside their country of origin. The countries with the largest numbers of emigrants 130,000 1.3 M (or diasporas, nationals living 400,000 abroad) are from (1.6 M), Nigeria (1.6 M), (1.3 M). 188,000 694,000 CABO VERDE

222,000 139,000 682,000 1.6 M 551,000 1.6 M 112,000

152,000 817,000 441,000 1 M 545,000 234,000 1.1 M

40,000 129,000

CONGO

224,000 LEGEND 48,000

COUNTRY BORDER DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE VOLUME OF WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION (1) EMIGRANTS REGISTERED ORIGINATING FROM EACH COUNTRY OF THE REGION. MAIN ROADS SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM XX NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS CURRENTLY LIVING OUTSIDE REGIONAL OFFICE. (2) UNDESA MIGRANT DATABASE 0 500 km THEIR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN (2) 2020 MIGRATION FLOWS 6 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

Sabha

Tamanrasset

Madama Inhalid Nouadhibou Zouarké

Arlit Assamaka Faya

Agadez Ménaka

Timbuktu Gao Gogui Dakar

Mopti Tambacounda Abéché Sokoto Kano N’Djamena Bobo- Dioulasso

Kankan

Conakry

Freetown Bouaké

Lagos Kumasi Yamoussoukro Porto-Novo Lomé Abijdan Aba

Douala Malobo Yaoundé

An estimated 80% CONGO LEGEND Sao Tome to 95% of DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE MAIN MIGRATION ROUTES IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA. COUNTRY BORDER migration flows in SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION (1) OFFICE. (2) ROUTES DRAWN BASED ON DISCUSSIONS DEMOCRATICWest REPUBLICand OF THECentral CONGO WITH MIGRANTS AND KEY INFORMANTS SURVEYS MAIN ROADS CONDUCTED WITH NATIONAL AND LOCAL Africa are internal AUTHORITIES IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF THE REGION. MAIN MIGRATION ROUTES (2) (3) ESTIMATES BASED ON UNDESA 2020, FMP DATA to the region(3) CAPITAL CITIES 2019-2020 AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA, REPORT 2018 FROM UNCTAD. (4) FMP DATA 2019- 0 500 km OTHER CITIES 2021. MIGRATION CORRIDORS 7 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

Sabha

Tamanrasset

Madama Inhalid Nouadhibou Zouarké

Arlit Assamaka Nouakchott Faya

Agadez Ménaka

Timbuktu Gao Gogui Dakar

Banjul Tambacounda Abéché Niamey Sokoto Bamako Ouagadougou Bissau Kano N’Djamena Bobo- Dioulasso

Kankan

Conakry Abuja

Freetown Bouaké

Lagos Kumasi Monrovia Yamoussoukro Porto-Novo Lomé Abijdan Accra Aba

Douala Bangui Malobo Yaoundé Intraregional mobility

LEGEND Libreville mainly takes place Sao Tome CONGO COUNTRY BORDER along two MAIN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION (1) EAST-WEST AXES DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE MAIN MIGRATION MAIN ROADS ROUTES AND AXES IN THE WEST AND CENTRAL and are then AFRICA REGION. MAIN AXES (2) SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL distributed over (2) OTHER AXIS OFFICE. (2) ROUTES DRAWNS BASED ON DIRECT DISCUSSIONS WITH MIGRANTS AND KEY INFORMANTS Brazzaville CAPITAL CITIES ancillary routes. SURVEYS CONDUCTED WITH NATIONAL AND LOCAL 0 500 km OTHER CITIES AUTHORITIES IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF THE REGION. LABOUR MIGRATION 8 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

Sabha 78% of movements observed at IOM Flow Monitoring Points are motivated by labour or economic reasons(4) Tamanrasset

Madama Inhalid Nouadhibou Zouarké

Arlit Assamaka Nouakchott Faya

Agadez Ménaka

Timbuktu Gao Gogui Dakar

Banjul Tambacounda Abéché Niamey Sokoto Bamako Ouagadougou Bissau Kano N’Djamena Bobo- Dioulasso

Kankan

Conakry Abuja

Freetown Bouaké

Lagos Kumasi Monrovia Yamoussoukro Porto-Novo MAIN SECTORS ATTRACTING MIGRATION Lomé Abijdan Accra Farming Aba Services (auto repairs, Douala housekeeping, etc.)Bangui Malobo Yaoundé Fishing Mining Forestry

LEGEND Libreville Sao Tome COUNTRY BORDER DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE MAIN MIGRATION Intraregional mobility is largely driven ROUTES IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA AND LABOUR (1) WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION INTENSIVE AREAS ATTRACTING LARGE MIGRATION by employment opportunities in FLOWS MAIN ROADS DEMOCRATIC SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL labour intensive areas. Favoured MAIN MIGRATION ROUTES (3) OFFICE. (2) BASED ON DISCUSSION WITH VARIOUS IOM OFFICES AND SECONDARY DATA REVIEW, (3) DIRECT MAIN DESTINATION FOR LABOUR MIGRANTS (2) destinations for labour migration DISCUSSIONS WITH MIGRANTS AND KEY INFORMANTS Brazzaville CAPITAL CITIES SURVEYS CONDUCTED WITH NATIONAL AND LOCAL vary depending on the season. AUTHORITIES IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF THE REGION (4) 0 500 km OTHER CITIES FMP DATA 2019-2021. TRANSHUMANCE 9 R e g i o n a l M o b i l i t y Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

Sabha animals and 57,000 transhumance herders were stranded along Transhumance, a form of pastoralism which sees herders and their livestock migrate on the border separating Sahelian countries (Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger) a seasonal basis between complementary ecological areas, from areas with scarce grazing lands and water sources to areas with more abundant pastures and water, is a from coastal countries (Côte d’Ivoire, , Bénin) for security or 1.5 M Tamanrassetcommon occupation across West and Central Africa which contributes significantly to mobility restriction reasons (data collected in January 2021) human mobility in the region. The main transhumance routes link between Sahelian countries and coastal countries. COVID-19 mobility restrictions and insecurity has left 57,000 herders stranded along transhumance corridors (data from January 2021). Madama Inhalid Nouadhibou Zouarké

Arlit Assamaka Nouakchott Faya

Agadez Ménaka

Timbuktu Gao Gogui Dakar

Banjul Tambacounda Abéché Niamey Sokoto Bamako Ouagadougou Bissau Kano N’Djamena Bobo- Dioulasso

Kankan

Conakry Abuja

Freetown Bouaké

Lagos Kumasi Monrovia Yamoussoukro Transhumance flow monitoring – February to March Porto-Novo Lomé 2021(4) Abijdan Accra Aba

Douala Bangui Malobo 202,613 Yaoundé LEGEND DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE MAIN TRANSHUMANCE AND NOMADIC ROUTES IN THE 44,644 COUNTRY BORDER WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION AS WELL AS THE 72,765 CURRENT LOCATION OF OF HERDERS AND CATTLE (1) WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION STRANDED DUE TO INSECURITY AND MOBILITY RESTRICTION MEASURES PASTORAL ZONE (2) Libreville SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL Sao Tome (3) LOCATIONS OF STRANDED HERDERS OFFICE. (2) ROUTES ARE TAKEN FROM FAO-CIRAD, 209,095 TRANSBOUNDARY TRANSHUMANCE ROUTE (2) SYSTEME D’INFORMATON SUR LE PASTORALISME AU SAHEL, 2012 AND IOM TRANSHUMANCE TRACKING DIRECTION DURING DRY SEASON (2) TOOL (, BURKINA FASO, , CAR, CÔTE 21,990 55,712 17,903 D’IVOIRE, MALI, , NIGER, TOGO). (3) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO DIRECTION DURING (2) TRANSHUMANCE TRACKING TOOL 2021 (4) DATA 55,823 COLLECTED USING THE TTT FLOW TOOL IN BÉNIN, KEY TRANSIT POINTS FOR TRANSHUMANT HERDERS (2) , CÔTE D’IVOIRE, MALI, NIGER, TOGO) AND PRESENTING FLOW OF ANIMALS ALONG THE MAIN Brazzaville CAPITAL CITIES CENTRAL SAHEL CORRIDOR DURING THE 0 TRANSHUMANCE SEASON IN FEBRUARY AND MARCH 500 km Departure (# Arrivals (# OTHER CITIES 2021. animals) animals) INTER-REGIONAL ROUTES 10 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021 WESTERN AFRICAN ROUTE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE

To To or Morocco To To or To the Canary Tunisia Islands, Spain Tamanrasset

Madama

Nouadhibou Séguédine Zouarké

Arlit Assamaka Nouakchott Faya

Agadez Ménaka

Timbuktu Gao Gogui Dakar Tahoua Kidira Sévaré Banjul Rig-Rig Benana Dan Issa Dan Barto Niamey Magaria Moussala Sokoto Bamako Bissau Ouagadougou Kano N’Djamena

Heremakono

Kankan

Conakry Abuja Sarh Freetown Inter-regional migration routes Lagos taken by migrants regularly shift Monrovia Yamoussoukro Porto-Novo Lomé according to changes in Abijdan Accra migration legislation, policies and Bangui LEGEND Malobo controls. However, the routes Yaoundé COUNTRY BORDER themselves do not evolve much. WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION (1)

FLOW MONITORING POINTS - ACTIVE Libreville MAIN INTRA-REGIONAL MIGRATION ROUTES (2) Migrants heading to North Africa Sao Tome WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE (BY AIR) or Europe travel along three WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE (BY LAND) DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE MAIN MIGRATION main migration routes: ROUTES IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA AND INTER- WESTERN AFRICAN ROUTE (MARITIME) DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO REGIONAL ROUTES 1. Western African CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL OFFICE. (2) DIRECT DISCUSSIONS WITH MIGRANTS AND 0 500 km MAIN ROADS 2. Western Mediterranean KEY INFORMANTS SURVEYS CONDUCTED WITH Brazzaville NATIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN VARIOUS CAPITAL CITIES COUNTRIES OF THE REGION 3. Central Mediterranean OTHER CITIES ARRIVALS TO EUROPE I 11 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

To Morocco To Algeria or Morocco To Tunisia To Libya or To the Canary Tunisia Islands, Spain Tamanrasset 39,310

2021 6,952 6,531 20,785 5,042 (+47%)

ARRIVAL TO TO ARRIVAL (+157%) (+11%) (+134%) (-46%)

Madama EUROPE IN JUNE JUNE IN EUROPE Nouadhibou Zouarké

Arlit

Faya

Ménaka Timbuktu

2020 26,760 2,706 5,856 Gao 8,881 9,317

Gogui

ARRIVAL TO TO ARRIVAL EUROPE IN JUNE JUNE IN EUROPE Banjul Rig-Rig Benana Dan Issa Dan Barto Niamey Magaria Moussala Sokoto Bamako Bissau Ouagadougou Kano N’Djamena Séguédine West African Heremakono Kankan Western Mediterranean Central Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean Atlantic Route Assamaka (1) Conakry (1) (1) (1) Nouakchott Route Route Route ------Abuja ------Sarh Canary IslandsFreetown Spain (mainland) Italy, Malta Agadez Greece, Cyprus (Spain) Lagos

Dakar Monrovia Yamoussoukro Porto-Novo Tahoua Kidira Sévaré Lomé Abijdan Accra MAIN NATIONALITY OF IRREGULAR MIGRANTS FROM WEST & CENTRAL AFRICA ARRIVING IN EUROPE – 2020 (2) Bangui LEGEND Malobo Yaoundé COTE D'IVOIRE 2702 COUNTRY BORDER SUB-SAHARAN UNIDENTIFIED 2498

(1) WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION 1683 FLOW MONITORING POINTS - ACTIVE MALI 1599 In 2020, an estimated 96,076 Libreville MAIN INTRA-REGIONAL MIGRATION ROUTES (2) migrants arrived in Italy, Spain, Sao Tome 703 WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE (BY AIR) 607 WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE (BY LAND) Greece and other countries DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE MAIN MIGRATION NIGERIA 543 ROUTES IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA AND INTER- WESTERN AFRICAN ROUTE (MARITIME) (Malta, Cyprus) by sea and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO REGIONAL ROUTES GHANA st 449 CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE land irregularly. In the 1 SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL CONGO 402 OFFICE. (2) DIRECT DISCUSSIONS WITH MIGRANTS AND 0 500 km MAIN ROADS semesterKEY INFORMANTS SURVEYSof CONDUCTED2021 WITH, 39,310 GAMBIABrazzaville 322 NATIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN VARIOUS CAPITAL CITIES individualsCOUNTRIES OF THE REGIONarrived in Europe. OTHER 771 OTHER CITIES ARRIVALS TO EUROPE II 12 R e g i o n a l M o b i l i t y Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

TOTAL ARRIVALS IN GREECE AND PROPORTION OF WCA NATIONALS 1,000,000 100% 900,000 800,000 857,363 80% 700,000 600,000 60% 500,000 400,000 26% 40% 300,000 50,125 71,386 176,906 35,052 200,000 9% 7% 20% 1% 1% 3% 5% 100,000 9,361 1,222 - 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

TOTAL ARRIVALS IN ITALY AND PROPORTION OF WCA NATIONALS 200000 100% 180000 160000 80% 140000 60% 120000 60% 47% 100000 37% 181436 38% 80000 40% LEGEND: 60000 119369 20% 21% 153842 13% XX # OF ARRIVALS 40000 20% 11471 6,950 % OF ARRIVALS OF WCA 20000 X% 23370 20,532 NATIONALS 0 0% 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

DETAILS: THIS PAGE PRESENTS THE NUMBERS OF TOTAL ARRIVALS IN SPAIN AND PROPORTION OF WCA NATIONALS ARRIVALS TO EUROPE BY MAIN COUNTRY OF ARRIVAL 70000 100% (GREECE, ITALY, SPAIN), YEAR, AND PROPORTION OF 60000 WEST AND CENTRAL 71% 80% AFRICAN NATIONALS. DATA 50000 60% FOR 2021 ARE PRESENTED 49% 60% UP UNTIL JUNE 2021 40000 43% 65325 40% SOURCES: National 30000 40% Government of Spain, Italy 28% and Greece as well as IOM 20000 and UNHCR data were used 28707 32513 8,546 20% 10000 for this infographic. 14558 13,483 *Nationality data for Spain 0 5309 0% are only available until September 2020. 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Migrant and refugee arrivals to Europe have changed significantly between 2015 and 2021. In 2015, an estimated 857,363 migrants and refugees reached Greece, with only 1% originating from West and Central Africa (WCA). The share of migrants from WCA amongst arrivals to Greece then steadily increased, reaching 5% in 2018, and to 9% in 2020. Arrivals of WCA nationals in Italy slowly decrease in 2019-2020 (respectively 21% and 16%) but are showing a large increase in 2021 (38% in the first quarter of 2021). The share of WCA nationals amongst migrant and refugee arrivals to Spain witnessed some fluctuations between 2015 and 2020, and witnessed a sharp decrease between 2018 (71% of all arrivals in Spain, the highest observed in the 2015- 2020 time period) and 2020 (14%). The drop in the share of WCA nationals arriving in Spain between 2019 and 2020 is partially explained by the lack of nationality data for October-December 2020 (nationality data for 2021 for irregular arrivals to Spain are unavailable). For January-June 2021, irregular arrivals to Spain and Italy both increased significantly compared to 2020. In Italy, arrivals in the first semester of 2021 have already more than double the total number of arrivals of irregular migrants in 2020. TRAVELLERS’ PROFILES 13 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

MARITAL STATUS EDUCATION LEVEL EMPLOYMENT LEVEL (average) AGE 30% 25% 87% 22% Others 2%

26.6 9% Employed 2% 5% 4% 1% 2% 2% Student 4% Gender (distribution) Male: 84% 12% Self-employed 36% EUROPE 1% Unemployed - looking 56% Female: 16% Single Married Widowed for a job

MARITAL STATUS EDUCATION LEVEL EMPLOYMENT LEVEL AGE (average) 72% 24% Others 2% 19% 21% 15% Unemployed - not looking 27.8 2% 8% for a job 4% 2% 3% 2% Employed 4% Gender (distribution) 27%

Self-employed 26% NORTH NORTH AFRICA Male: 85% 1% Unemployed - looking for 66% a job Female: 15% Single Married Divorced

MARITAL STATUS EDUCATION LEVEL EMPLOYMENT LEVEL AGE (average) 29% Other 2% 22% 20% Unemployed - not 5% 11% looking for a job 54% 8% By INTENDED DESTINATION INTENDED By 30.7 4% 43% 2% 2% 2% Student 6% Gender (distribution)

Employed 19% WCA

Male: 82% Self-employed 31% 2% 1% Unemployed - looking Female: 18% 36% Married Single Divorced Widowed for a job

Travellers moving within West and Central Africa, headed for North Africa, and migrating to Europe showcase significant differences in age, marital status, education level and employment status prior to travel (in their country of habitual residence). The unemployment rate of travellers also varies according to the nature of the movements and the intended destination: migration to a country in West and Central Africa is more likely to be conducted in response to concrete job opportunities than migration to Europe or North Africa. The profile of travellers (individuals crossing IOM Flow Monitoring Points) by intended destination presented on this page is based on data collected during Flow Monitoring Surveys conducted with over 47,787 travellers across the region between January and December 2020. Further information on methodology is available at the end of this document. MISSING MIGRANTS 14 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

To Morocco To Algeria or Morocco To Tunisia To Libya or To the Canary Tunisia Islands, Spain Tamanrasset 1,149

250 149 744 6 (+54%)

MISSMIG MISSMIG JUNE 2021 JUNE

(+102) (+93%) (+199%) Madama(-92%) MIGRANTS IN IN MIGRANTS

Nouadhibou Zouarké

Arlit

Faya

Ménaka Timbuktu 526 124 77 Gao 249 76

MISSMIG MISSMIG Gogui

JUNE 2020 JUNE MIGRANTS IN IN MIGRANTS

Banjul Rig-Rig Benana Dan Issa Dan Barto Niamey Magaria Moussala Sokoto Bamako Bissau Ouagadougou Kano N’Djamena Séguédine West African Heremakono Kankan Western Mediterranean Central Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean Atlantic Route Assamaka (1) Conakry (1) (1) (1) Nouakchott Route Route Route ------Abuja ------Sarh Canary IslandsFreetown Spain (mainland) Italy, Malta Agadez Greece, Cyprus (Spain) Lagos

Dakar Monrovia Yamoussoukro Porto-Novo Tahoua Kidira Sévaré Lomé Abijdan Accra As of June 2021, the number of Bangui Malobo migrants who died or Yaoundé DISTRIBUTION OF MISSING MIGRANTS BY MAIN MIGRATION ROUTE(1) disappeared along these routes 6000 (1,149) are more than double DETAILS: THIS VISUAL PRESENTS THE NUMBERS 5000 compared to the same period in OF DEAD AND MISSING MIGRANTS RECORDED Libreville 4000 ALONG THE FOUR MAIN MIGRATIONS ROUTES IN Sao Tome 2020 (526). In 2020, an estimated 2021 (JANUARY TO JUNE) AND COMPARED WITH 3000 2020 (SAME PERIOD). 2,221 migrants died or 2000DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE MAIN MIGRATION ROUTES IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA AND INTER- disappeared along the Central 1000 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO SOURCES: (1) MISSING MIGRANT PROJECT DATA REGIONAL ROUTES Mediterranean, Western FOR 2020 AND 2021, GLOBAL MIGRATION DATA SOURCES0 : (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 AND ANALYSIS CENTER, IOM. OFFICE. (2) DIRECT DISCUSSIONS WITH MIGRANTS AND 0 500 km Mediterranean, West African KEY INFORMANTS SURVEYS CONDUCTED WITH Brazzaville NATIONAL AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN VARIOUS Atlantic and Eastern COUNTRIESCentral OF THEMediterranean REGION Eastern Mediterranean Western Africa / Atlantic route to the Western Mediterranean Mediterranean routes. COVID-19 & MOBILITY 15 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

OVER WEEKLY NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS AT FLOW MONITORING POINTS IN 2020 (3) LAND BORDER AIRPORTS

35000 50,000 30000 25000

STRANDED MIGRANTS 20000

IN 2020 DUE TO COVID-19 15000 (4) MOBILITY RESTRICTIONS 10000

5000

0 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51

THE

LEGEND

COUNTRY BORDER

WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION (1)

MAIN ROADS DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE TYPE OF POINT OF ENTRY (2) OPERATIONAL STATUS OF POINTS OF ENTRY IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION IS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT Travel disruptions, restrictions and bans in West and PROVIDED ON THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 LAND BORDER POINT ON REGIONAL MOBILITY Central Africa adopted by governments to stem the spread

BLUE BORDER POINT SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL OFFICE. (2) BASED ON of COVID-19, had profound effects on regional mobility STATUS OF POINT OF ENTRY (2) POINT OF ENTRY ASSESSMENT CONDUCTED BY IOM IN WEST AND across the region and stranded 50,000 migrants. While OPEN CENTRAL AFRICA, IN APRIL 2020 AND MARCH 2021. (3) BASED ON FLOW flows declined abruptly in March-April 2020, they then PARTIAL CLOSURE (OPEN FOR COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC ONLY) MONITORING REGISTRY CONDUCTED IN CAMEROON, CHAD, MALI AND NIGERIA rose back quickly during the rest of 2020. As of March CLOSED IN 2020. (4) BASED ON REPORTS FROM 0 500 km 2021, 44% of all Points of Entry in WCA were still closed. STATUS UNKNOWN WCA IOM OFFICES THROUGHOUT 2020. REGIONS OF ORIGIN 16 R e g i o n a l M o b i l i t y Mapping in West and Central A f r i c a • June 2021

The main regions of origin of irregularSabhamigrants heading to North Africa (Libya, Algeria, Morroco and Tunisia) and assisted in their return by IOM is displayed on this map. A large part of migrants assisted to Tamanrassetreturn by IOM are from Edo State (Nigeria), Kayes and Bamako (Mali) and Conakry (Guinea). This data is based on a question on

regions of origin asked to migrantsMadamaIOM assisted with their return and

Inhalid reintegration in their country of origin

Nouadhibou Zouarké

Assamaka Arlit Faya

Ménaka Agadez

Timbuktu Gao Gogui Abéché

Sokoto

Bobo- Dioulasso

Bouaké

Kumasi

Aba

LEGEND

COUNTRY BORDER

MAIN ROADS DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE CAPITAL CITIES REGIONS OF ORIGIN OF MIGRANTS IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA OTHER CITIES SOURCES: (1) DATA FROM RO DAKAR MAIN AREAS OF ORIGIN OF MIGRANTS (1) ON ORIGINS OF MIGRANTS ASSISTED Brazzaville TO RETURN 2017- June 2021 (AVRR). Admin ADMIN LEVEL OF AREA OF ORIGIN (1) CONFLICT & INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT 17 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

Sabha 7.2 million Internally Displaced Persons(3) due to Conflict and Violence in West and central Africa Tamanrasset

Madama Inhalid Nouadhibou Zouarké

Arlit Assamaka Nouakchott Faya

Agadez Ménaka

Timbuktu Gao Gogui MALI NIGER 372k NIGER (Diffa) Mopti (Tahoua Tillaberi) 105k CHAD 138k 389k Abéché BURKINA Niamey Sokoto FASO NIGERIA (NORTH Bissau Ouagadougou Bobo- 1,2 M CENTRAL/N WEST) Dioulasso 605k NIGERIA (NORTH-EAST) CAMEROON 2.1 M (FAR-NORTH) Conakry Kankan 318k Abuja

Freetown Bouaké

Lagos CENTRAL Yamoussoukro Kumasi Monrovia CÔTE AFRICAN Porto-Novo D’IVOIRE Lomé REPUBLIC 308k 727k Aba CAMEROON (SOUTH WEST & Bangui Malobo NORTH WEST) 711k Yaoundé

LEGEND Libreville Sao Tome CONGO COUNTRY BORDER

WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION (1) CONGO DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE CORE CONFLIT AREAS MAIN ROADS AND NUMBER OF IDPs DISPLACED IN THE CONTEXT OF 134k THE MAIN DISPLACEMENT CRISES CAPITAL CITIES SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL OFFICE. (2) BASED ON REPORTS FROM IOM FIELD OFFICES OTHER CITIES AND ACLED DATABASE. (3) CALCULATION OF THE 2021 Brazzaville CONFLICT, VIOLENCE AND INSECURITY (2) NUMBER OF IDPS AND REFUGEES IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA BASED ON A COMBINATION OF SOURCE : 0 500 km X k MAIN INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT (3) NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, IDMC, IOM, UNHCR. DISASTER & INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT 18 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

Sabha 582,000 individuals were internaly displaced due to natural disasters, such as floods, storms, or Tamanrasset landslides, in West and Central Africa(3)

Madama Inhalid Nouadhibou Zouarké

Arlit Assamaka Nouakchott Faya

Agadez SENEGAL Ménaka NIGER 2k Timbuktu Gao 260k Gogui

CHAD 12k Abéché 2k MALI Sokoto Bissau 7k Bobo- DioulassoBURKINA NIGERIA GUINEA FASO 3k 20k 143k Conakry Kankan BENIN

Freetown 2k Bouaké CAMEROON Lagos Kumasi 30k Monrovia

LIBERIA 1k Aba CAR 4k

LEGEND

COUNTRY BORDER

WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA REGION (1) DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE MAIN CONFLIT AREAS CONGO REP AND NUMBER OF IDPs OF THE MAIN DISPLACEMENT MAIN ROADS CRISES 107k

CAPITAL CITIES SOURCES: (1) REGION AS COVERED BY IOM REGIONAL OFFICE. (2) BASED ON IDMC 2020 GLOBAL REPORT ON OTHER CITIES INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT & IOM DTM DATA. SOME Brazzaville OTHER SMALLER DISPLACEMENT ARE NOT DISPLAYED ON (2) 0 500 km X k MAIN INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT DUE TO DISASTERS THE MAP RETURN ASSISTANCE BY IOM 19 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

Individuals assisted in their voluntary return (AVR) to WCA MAIN SENDING COUNTRIES until June 2021 (2017-June 2021) 2017 28,361 NIGER 50,016

2018 36,578 LIBYA 43,498 2019 29,669 MOROCCO 6,132 2020 15,069 MALI 3,865 2021 8,683 63 OTHER 14,849

22,436 9,033

7,647 617 5,230

3,605 21,202

796 1,593

2,416 20,291 5,265 9,464 611 237 2,424 IOM is assisting stranded migrants 5,125 who wish to go home. Between 2017 and June 2021, 118,360 migrants benefited from IOM assistance, often conducted through the EU-IOM Joint Initiative on Migrant Protection and 37 DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS MIGRANTS’ ORIGINS LEGEND AND MAIN RETURN ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY IOM Reintegration, a comprehensive

COUNTRY BORDER SOURCES: (1) IOM MISSIONS CURRENTLY programme to save lives, protect IMPLEMENTING EU TRUST FUND ACTIVITIES. (2) 240 WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA + LIBYA (EUTF) (1) ROUNDED UP FIGURES FOR STRANDED AND and assist migrants along key VULNERABLE MIGRANTS SUPPORTED BY IOM WITH XX ASSISTANCE TO VOLUNTARY RETURNS 2017-2021 (2) THEIR VOLUNTARY RETURN IN 2017 AND 2021 migration routes in Africa. (JANUARY TO JUNE). 0 500 km MAIN ROADS IOM PRESENCE 20 Regional Mobility Mapping in West and Central Africa • June 2021

CABO VERDE

THE

IOM counts 20 country offices in West and Central LEGEND Africa as well as more than COUNTRY BORDER 45 sub-offices. Transit centers, IOM COUNTRY OFFICES (1) CONGO Migrants Resources Centers IOM SUB-OFFICES (1) and shelter for victims of TRANSIT CENTRE (1) trafficking and MRC (MIGRANTS RESOURCE CENTRE) (1)

UMC (UNACCOMAPNIED MIGRANT CHILDREN) SHELTER (1) DETAILS: THIS MAP PRESENTS THE LOCATIONS OF unaccompanied migrant IOM OFFICES IN THE WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA VOT (VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING) SHELTER (1) REGION AND KEY MIGRATION IOM FACILITIES children are active in eight 0 500 km MAIN ROADS SOURCES: (1) IOM MISSIONS countries. 21 NOTE ON METHODOLOGY I

This section provides additional details on data sources West and Central Africa region (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, DTM MOBILITY TRACKING used in this report Chad, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Senegal). COUNTRIES: CAMEROON, , DATA ON RETURNS THROUGH ASSISTED Data is collected at FMPs using two main tools: Flow CHAD, MAURITANIA (MIGRANTS), NIGERIA. VOLUNTARY AND HUMANITARIAN RETURN Monitoring Registry (FMR) and Flow Monitoring Survey PROGRAMMES (FMS). The FMR includes direct observations at places of DESCRIPTION: Mobility tracking aims to quantify presence entry, transit or exit, as well as interviews with key of population categories, reasons for displacement, length informants (including transportation workers, housing Data collected on the regions of origin of migrants of displacement and needs within defined locations, with workers, and migration officials) to assess movement provides details on individuals assisted in voluntary or a frequency that captures mobility dynamics. This trends, routes, and countries of origin and destination. The humanitarian return by IOM. It is based on databases from component is well suited to quantifying groups of people, FMS entails more detailed individual surveys to profile Libya and Niger that have been aggregated and uses nearly whether internally displaced, migrants in transit locations, people on the move, including education levels and 110,000 entries dating from 2016 to 2020. stranded migrants or other populations of concern. Its skills/employment; drivers of migrations; and needs, risks approach is highly customizable: it can be light-touch or in- and vulnerabilities. This document presents an analysis of It does not necessarily present the origins of all migrants depth depending on the phase and requirements of the surveys conducted using the FMS tool. A similar moving in WCA and focuses on a very specific migrant response, and often increases in depth and detail over methodology is used in other regions (Horn of Africa and population (those trying to move to other regions). successive rounds. Mobility tracking can be established Europe) to allow for comparative analysis of flows and quickly and is suitable for covering large areas, including individuals’ characteristics. DTM FLOW MONITORING for nationwide coverage. It is better suited for populations with some base level of stability and predictability of LIMITS: The data presented on Page 11 is based on location, rather than highly mobile populations. However, COUNTRIES: BURKINA FASO, CAMEROON, CHAD, GUINEA, surveys conducted with travellers at FMPs in Senegal, in and out movement is routinely captured, and the event MALI, NIGER, NIGERIA, SENEGAL Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Niger and Chad during tracking tool can supplement to mitigate this limitation. the timeframe indicated. The data should not be DESCRIPTION: At Flow Monitoring Point (FMP), generalized and does not present a full picture of inter- enumerators collect information on the number, and intra-regional migration, but rather a snapshot of frequency and defining features of individuals transiting migration flows at specific locations. For example, while through a particular location. Prior to the establishment of IOM aims to establish Flow Monitoring Points at locations an FMP, areas of high mobility are identified following with high transit flows (based on information from key discussions with national and local actors. The locations at informants), flows are changing, and FMPs can only which FMPs are set up, key points of transit such as border provide a partial picture. points or coach stations, are then identified based on participatory mapping of main migration routes conducted in partnership with national and local authorities. In 2020, more than 30 FMPs were active in eight countries of the 22 NOTE ON METHODOLOGY II

DTM TRANSHUMANCE TRACKING TOOL: linked to the Bilital Maroobé Network (RBM) which data are relayed from relevant national authorities to IOM provide information to help implement programs for the field missions, who then share it with the Missing COUNTRIES: BENIN, BURKINA FASO, CAMEROON, CHAD, population involved in transhumance and try to inform Migrants Project team. Data are also obtained by IOM and COTE D’IVOIRE, GHANA, MALI, MAURITANIA, NIGER, populations and authorities of the risks of conflicts linked other organizations that receive survivors at landing points TOGO to transhumance. in Italy and Greece. IOM and UNHCR also regularly coordinate to validate data on missing migrants in the Transhumance is a farming method by which farmers The methodology used in the context of the TTT, Mediterranean. accompany their herds in search of pasture and water developed in collaboration with government partners and points. It can be carried out internally in a country or cover society civil, is based on an approach similar to the There are some limitations to the data available on deaths several countries, and often extends over large distances. monitoring of populations (Flow Monitoring Points by and disappearances during migration in West and Central Climate variation, the economic situation and the IOM) and is based on three fundamental tools (the Africa. The information available is sparse and rarely reduction of pastures and water have accentuated the mapping, counting and alert). contains information on sex, age, and places of phenomenon of transhumance for twenty years, pushing disappearance or death. Moreover, there is no perfectly transhumant pastoralists to travel longer distances. harmonized data on the number of migrants missing, nor IOM GMDAC MISSING MIGRANT PROJECT information on the families who are still looking for those Pastoral projects and programs help improve lost during their migration. transhumance practices by establishing infrastructures COUNTRIES: BURKINA FASO, CHAD, MALI, MAURITANIA, along livestock corridors. However, these infrastructures NIGER, SENEGAL EXTERNAL SOURCES are still insufficient. Although various actors are working on a pastoral monitoring system to support "the Missing Migrants Project counts migrants who have died ARRIVALS IN ITALY, GREECE AND SPAIN: data presented on prevention of humanitarian crises, food and nutrition in at the external borders of states, or in the process of arrivals to Europe is taken from figures provided by Greek, the Sahelian pastoral", coverage geographically and migration towards an international destination, regardless Italians and Spanish national authorities. However, the resources are limited. National and regional partners do of their legal status. The Project records only those complete nationality breakdown of migrants is not not have systematic monitoring systems of transhumance migrants who die during their journey to a country available; only the top 10 nationalities of arriving migrants movements on a larger scale that would prevent and different from their country of residence. is provided. Therefore, nationality figures presented are resolve potential conflicts. Furthermore, there is a glaring likely fragmented. lack of data on the transhumance movement. Missing Migrants Project data include the deaths of migrants who die in transportation accidents, shipwrecks, IDMC: the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centers is the IOM has developed the Transhumance Tracking Tool (TTT). violent attacks, or due to medical complications during world's definitive source of data and analysis on internal The TTT, with data collected through a network of key their journeys. It also includes the number of corpses displacement and provide regular data on internal informants, collects key data on transhumance found at border crossings that are categorized as the displacement through its Global internal displacement movements in West and Central Africa, with the aim of bodies of migrants, on the basis of belongings and/or the database and report. providing the information needed for the implementation characteristics of the death. of support programs for populations involved in UNDESA: the United Nations Department for Economic transhumance. The Missing Migrants Project currently gathers and Social Affairs (UNDESA) provides regular update on its information from diverse sources such as official records – migrants’ stocks. Data presented does not reflect all This methodology aims to support, strengthen and including from coast guards and medical examiners – and migration stocks in each country and are likely harmonize transhumance monitoring within the West and other sources such as media reports, NGOs, and surveys underestimating total migrants’ population in the region. Central Africa region implemented by various associations and interviews of migrants. In the Mediterranean region, DATA COLLECTION OVERVIEW & METHODOLOGY DISPLACEMENT PUBLICATIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS MIGRATION

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