DOCSLIB.ORG

Gang Injunctions and Abatement Injunctions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gang Injunctions and Abatement Injunctions K13081_cover 11/3/11 1:57 PM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND LAW O’Deane GANG GANG INJUNCTIONS AND ABATEMENT INJUNCTIONS AND Using Civil Remedies to ABATEMENT Curb Gang-Related Crimes As gang violence continues to rise across the country and the world, police departments, prosecutors, and community members are seeking new methods to reduce the spread of gang-related criminal activity. Civil gang injunctions have become a growing feature of crime control programs in several states across the nation. Gang Injunctions and Abatement: Using Civil Remedies to Curb Gang-Related Crimes examines the effectiveness of this strategy and explores the accompanying constitutional controversies related to freedom of speech, assembly, and other rights. Questions raised by this thought-provoking volume include: • What are the costs of gang violence to society? • Do civil remedies curb violence in the communities where they are implemented? • What factors make a given injunction or abatement more or less effective? • What legal and policy issues stand in the way of gang injunctions and abatement? Providing step-by-step instructions on how to establish a successful injunction and abatement program, the book presents comprehensive research on the theoretical basis for the strategy. It includes a legal and chronological progression of actual cases and their outcomes, describing weaknesses and successes in various programs. Supplying succinct guidelines from lessons learned, the book enables prosecutors, police agencies, and the public to take steps toward eradicating gang activities in their communities. K13081 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue an informa business New York, NY 10017 www.crcpress.com 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK www.crcpress.com Composite GANG INJUNCTIONS AND ABATEMENT Using Civil Remedies to Curb Gang-Related Crimes K13081_Book.indb 1 11/15/11 9:45 AM This page intentionally left blank GANG INJUNCTIONS AND ABATEMENT Using Civil Remedies to Curb Gang-Related Crimes Matthew D. O’Deane Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business K13081_Book.indb 3 11/15/11 9:45 AM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20111107 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-6788-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro- duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copy- right.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica- tion and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents List of Figures .........................................................................xxix List of Tables .........................................................................xxxiii About the Author ..................................................................xxxvii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................. 1 Criminal Law versus Civil Law .............................. 3 Public Nuisances ..................................................... 4 What Is an Injunction or Abatement? ...................... 6 The Gang Problem .................................................. 8 Definition of Terms ............................................... 10 Stage 1: At Risk or Peripheral ........................... 13 Stage 2: Associates or Affiliates ........................14 Stage 3: Gang Members .....................................14 Stage 4: Hard-Core Gang Members .................. 15 Stage 5: Gang Leaders ...................................... 15 No Single Method Will Solve the Problem ............17 Chapter 2 Steps 1 to 5 of the Injunction Process ................... 21 Step 1: Start with a Motivated and Knowledgeable Prosecutor and Police Officer ...... 21 Step 2: Accurately Identify the Nuisance Activity and the Problem ....................................... 24 Step 3: Identify the Defendants or Gang to Be Named or Targeted by the Injunction .......... 26 What Are DOEs? .............................................. 28 Step 4: Identify and Describe the Target Location, Target Area, or Safety Zone .................. 33 Gang Abatement at a Specific Location ............ 38 Step 5: Collect Evidence ........................................ 38 Not Enough Evidence: Consider an Eviction .... 50 Chapter 3 Steps 6 to 10 of the Injunction Process ...................51 Step 6: Prepare the Order, Decide Which Type to Obtain ........................................................51 Name the Gang, Name the Individuals, Name Both? ....................................................... 53 Requirements for Issuance of Preliminary Injunction .......................................................... 57 v K13081_Book.indb 5 11/15/11 9:45 AM vi Contents Procedure for Obtaining Preliminary Injunction: Order to Show Cause (OSC) ........... 57 Step 7: Obtain the Order, What Activity Will You Restrict? ................................................. 58 The Narrowly Tailored Limitation on the Scope of an Injunction .......................................61 Step 8: Notify the Defendants ............................... 62 The Yolo County Broderick Boys Case ............ 65 Step 9: Final Disposition or Trial .......................... 65 Proposed Preliminary Injunction ...................... 66 Ex Parte Application for Order to Show Cause ................................................ 66 Proposed Order to Show Cause ........................ 67 Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Ex Parte Application and Preliminary Injunction ...................................... 67 Obtaining Judgment Granting Permanent Injunction .......................................................... 67 Step 10: Enforce and Maintain the Order, Educate the Police and Community ...................... 70 Chapter 4 Literature and Policy ............................................. 73 Category 1: Police Response ................................. 74 Police Response Time ....................................... 77 Category 2: Other Enforcement That Impacted Results ................................................................... 79 Category 3: Type of Gang ..................................... 83 Percentage of the Overall Gang Targeted with Injunction .................................................. 84 Targeting Gang Leaders .................................... 85 Territoriality of the Gang .................................. 86 Category 4: Type of Activity ................................. 87 Is the Crime Collective or Individual? .............. 88 Category 5: Target Area Characteristics ............... 89 Percentage of Turf Enjoined and Displacement ...........................................91 Economic Status of the Target Area ................. 93 Zoning in Target Area ....................................... 95 Category 6: Type of Community ........................... 96 Police-Initiated Injunctions ............................... 97 Category 7: Type of Order ..................................... 98 Category 8: Maintenance of the Order ................ 100 More Jail Time ................................................ 100 Updated Orders May Be More Effective .........101 Gang Injunctions and Gang Dynamics ........... 102 K13081_Book.indb 6 11/15/11 9:45 AM Contents vii Chapter 5 Gang Injunction and Gang Abatement Theory ....103 Deterrence Theory: Increasing Risk and Punishment ....................................................105 Old Town National City Example: Testing the Resolve of Police ...........................111 Injunction Violations Help Prove Gang Membership .....................................................112 Additional Common Provisions .......................113 Association Theory: Group Processes and Negative Peer Influence
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Making a Gang: Exporting US Criminal Capital to El Salvador
    Making a Gang: Exporting US Criminal Capital to El Salvador Maria Micaela Sviatschi Princeton University∗y March 31, 2020 Abstract This paper provides new evidence on how criminal knowledge exported from the US affect gang development. In 1996, the US Illegal Immigration Responsibility Act drastically increased the number of criminal deportations. In particular, the members of large Salvadoran gangs that developed in Los Angeles were sent back to El Salvador. Using variation in criminal depor- tations over time and across cohorts combined with geographical variation in the location of gangs and their members place of birth, I find that criminal deportations led to a large increase in Salvadoran homicide rates and gang activity, such as extortion and drug trafficking, as well as an increase in gang recruitment of children. In particular, I find evidence that children in their early teens when the leaders arrived are more likely to be involved in gang-related crimes when they are adults. I also find evidence that these deportations, by increasing gang violence in El Salvador, increase child migration to the US–potentially leading to more deportations. However, I find that in municipalities characterized by stronger organizational skills and social ties in the 1980s, before the deportation shocks, gangs of US origin are less likely to develop. In sum, this paper provides evidence on how deportation policies can backfire by disseminating not only ideas between countries but also criminal networks, spreading gangs across Central America and back into parts of the US. ∗I am grateful for the feedback I received from Roland Benabou, Leah Boustan, Chris Blattman, Zach Brown, Janet Currie, Will Dobbie, Thomas Fujiwara, Jonas Hjort, Ben Lessing, Bentley Macleod, Beatriz Magaloni, Eduardo Morales, Mike Mueller-Smith, Suresh Naidu, Kiki Pop-Eleches, Maria Fernanda Rosales, Violeta Rosenthal, Jake Shapiro, Carlos Schmidt-Padilla, Santiago Tobon, Miguel Urquiola, Juan Vargas, Tom Vogl, Leonard Wanchekon, Austin Wright and participants at numerous conferences and seminars.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Conflict, Local Organizations, and Mobilizing Ethnic Violence In
    Private Conflict, Local Organizations, and Mobilizing Ethnic Violence in Southern California Bradley E. Holland∗ Abstract Prominent research highlights links between group-level conflicts and low-intensity (i.e. non-militarized) ethnic violence. However, the processes driving this relationship are often less clear. Why do certain actors attempt to mobilize ethnic violence? How are those actors able to mobilize participation in ethnic violence? I argue that addressing these questions requires scholars to focus not only on group-level conflicts and tensions, but also private conflicts and local violent organizations. Private conflicts give certain members of ethnic groups incentives to mobilize violence against certain out-group adversaries. Institutions within local violent organizations allow them to mobilize participation in such violence. Promoting these selective forms of violence against out- group adversaries mobilizes indiscriminate forms of ethnic violence due to identification problems, efforts to deny adversaries access to resources, and spirals of retribution. I develop these arguments by tracing ethnic violence between blacks and Latinos in Southern California. In efforts to gain leverage in private conflicts, a group of Latino prisoners mobilized members of local street gangs to participate in selective violence against African American adversaries. In doing so, even indiscriminate forms of ethnic violence have become entangled in the private conflicts of members of local violent organizations. ∗Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University, [email protected]. Thanks to Sarah Brooks, Jorge Dominguez, Jennifer Hochschild, Didi Kuo, Steven Levitsky, Chika Ogawa, Meg Rithmire, Annie Temple, and Bernardo Zacka for comments on earlier drafts. 1 Introduction On an evening in August 1992, the homes of two African American families in the Ramona Gardens housing projects, just east of downtown Los Angeles, were firebombed.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Groups and Youth Savers: Gangs, Crews, and the Rise of Filipino American
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Youth Groups and Youth Savers: Gangs, Crews, and the Rise of Filipino American Youth Culture in Los Angeles A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Bangele Deguzman Alsaybar 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3302589 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3302589 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © Copyright by Bangele Deguzman Alsaybar 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The dissertation of Bangele Deguzman Alsaybar is approved. Karen Brodkin Jack Katz lan, Committee ChairDougli University of California, Los Angeles 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION For Ban Alsaybar, my beloved father, friend, and guiding light, who inspired me more than he ever realized. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 the Emergence of Gangs in the United States— Then and Now
    Chapter 1 The Emergence of Gangs in the United States— Then and Now CHAPTER OBJECTIVES î Examine the emergence of gangs in the United States. î Explore where gangs from New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles first emerged. î Identify the differences and similarities between each regions growth of gangs. î Examine the emergence of Black and Hispanic/Latino gangs. î Describe the newest gang trends throughout the United States. “The Cat’s Alleys,” the Degraw Street Gang, the Sackett Street gang, “The Harrisons,” the Bush Street Gang, and 21 other boys’ gangs were the subjects of a report of the New York State Crime Commission which told, last week, of its findings in the Red Hook section of Brooklyn. The boys who comprise the gangs have to undergo rigorous initiations before being qualified for membership. In one of the more exclusive gangs initiates, usually aged about nine, have to drink twelve glasses of dago-red wine and have a revolver pressed into their temples while they take the pledge. Source: Gangs (1927). Time, 9(13), 11. Introduction The above excerpt comes from a 1927 article in Time Magazine that identifies local gangs in New York City and their activities. However, gangs existed long before any established city in the United States. British crime chronicler, Luke Pike (1873), reported that the first 1 ch01.indd 1 12/23/15 9:08 AM 2 Chapter 1: The Emergence of Gangs in the United States—Then and Now set of active gangs were in Europe. During those times, they were better known as highway robbers.
    [Show full text]
  • Not to Be Published in the Official Reports in The
    Filed 7/29/04 P. v. Pok CA2/8 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 977(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 977(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 977. IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION EIGHT THE PEOPLE, B166394 Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. SA043631) v. SOPHAN POK, Defendant and Appellant. APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Steven van Sicklen, Jr., Judge. Affirmed as modified. Richard A. Levy, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Bill Lockyer, Attorney General, Robert R. Anderson, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Pamela C. Hamanaka, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Lane E. Winters, Supervising Deputy Attorney General and Richard T. Breen, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent. Carlos Gonzalez, who happened to be in the territory of the Venice 13 gang, was shot to death on November 11, 2001, in retaliation for the shooting death earlier that day of John Lovejoy, a member of the Culver City Boys gang and Diablo clique to which appellant Pok belonged. Following a jury trial, appellant Sophan Pok was convicted of 1 the first degree murder of Carlos Gonzalez (Pen. Code, § 187, count 4 or 5), possession of cocaine for sale (Health & Saf. Code, § 11351, count 1), possession of methamphetamine for sale (Health & Saf.
    [Show full text]
  • Download 18Th Street Indictment S-4.Pdf
    \ )\ :-1(,1- ll :; [Ji ,i\i:' I \] '.! i \) j.j y 1 J\j \ ! -· \ 1·1 L SD:JPL F. #2018R00178 / OCDETF #NY-NYE-846 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORI( ---------------------------------X UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SUPERSEDING INDICTMENT - against- Cr. No. 18-139 (S-4) (LDH) YANKIMISAEL CRUZ-MATEO, (T. 18, u.s.C., §§ 922(g)(5)(A), also known as "Yen1d Misael Cruz 924(a)(2), 924(c)(l)(A)(i), Mateo," "Yan1cee Mateo," "Doggy" and 924(c )(1 )(A)(ii), 924( c)(1 )(A)(iii), "Wino," 924(d)(l), 9240)(1), 1959(a)(l), ISRAEL MENDIOLA FLORES, 1959(a)(3), 1959(a)(5), 2 and 3551 et also known as "Chapito" and "Sinaloa," ~.; T. 21, U.S.C., § 853(p); T. 28, SERGIO GERARDO HERRERA-HIDALGO, U.S.C., § 246l(c)) also known as "Gerardo Herrera" and "Street Boy," YONI ALEXANDER SIERRA, also known as "Arca," "Arc Angel" and "Wasson," JOSE JIMENEZ CHACON, also known as "Little One," SAUDI LEVY RAMIREZ, also known as. "El Malo," CAROLINA CRUZ, also known as "La Fi era," JOSE DOUGLAS CASTELLANO, also known as "Chino," JUNIOR ZELAYA-CANALES, also known as "Terco," JONATHAN ZELAYA-DIAZ, also known as "Scooby," and ERIC CHAVEZ, also known as "Lunatico," Defendants. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X 2 THE GRAND JURY CHARGES: INTRODUCTION At all times relevant to this Superseding Indictment, unless otherwise indicated: The Enterprise 1. The 18th Street gang (" 18th Street" or the "enterprise") was a violent street gang with members located throughout Queens, New York, and elsewhere, divided into local chapters or "canchas." Members and associates of 18th Street engaged in murder, attempted murder, assault, narcotics trafficking and extortion, as well as other crimes.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Annual Report United States Department of Justice United States Attorney’S Office Central District of California
    2016 Annual Report United States Department of Justice United States Attorney’s Office Central District of California TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter from U.S. Attorney Eileen M. Decker ____________________________________________________________________ 3 Introduction ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 Overview of Cases ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Assaults on Federal Officers ___________________________________________________________________________________ 6 Appeals __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 Bank and Mortgage Fraud ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10 Civil Recovery _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 Civil Rights _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16 Community Safety _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 19 Credit Fraud ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 21 Crimes and Fraud against the Government _________________________________________________________________ 22 Cyber Crimes __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 26 Defending the United States __________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • History of Gangs in the United States
    1 ❖ History of Gangs in the United States Introduction A widely respected chronicler of British crime, Luke Pike (1873), reported the first active gangs in Western civilization. While Pike documented the existence of gangs of highway robbers in England during the 17th century, it does not appear that these gangs had the features of modern-day, serious street gangs. Later in the 1600s, London was “terrorized by a series of organized gangs calling themselves the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, Dead Boys [and they] fought pitched battles among themselves dressed with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions” (Pearson, 1983, p. 188). According to Sante (1991), the history of street gangs in the United States began with their emer- gence on the East Coast around 1783, as the American Revolution ended. These gangs emerged in rapidly growing eastern U.S. cities, out of the conditions created in large part by multiple waves of large-scale immigration and urban overcrowding. This chapter examines the emergence of gang activity in four major U.S. regions, as classified by the U.S. Census Bureau: the Northeast, Midwest, West, and South. The purpose of this regional focus is to develop a better understanding of the origins of gang activity and to examine regional migration and cultural influences on gangs themselves. Unlike the South, in the Northeast, Midwest, and West regions, major phases characterize gang emergence. Table 1.1 displays these phases. 1 2 ❖ GANGS IN AMERICA’S COMMUNITIES Table 1.1 Key Timelines in U.S. Street Gang History Northeast Region (mainly New York City) First period: 1783–1850s · The first ganglike groups emerged immediately after the American Revolution ended, in 1783, among the White European immigrants (mainly English, Germans, and Irish).
    [Show full text]
  • Cdcr Recognized Disruptive Groups June 5, 2012
    CDCR RECOGNIZED DISRUPTIVE GROUPS JUNE 5, 2012 GANG NAMES 17TH ST ROAD KINGS ACORN MOB AKRHO BOYS CRAZZYS AMNI ANOTHER ORDER ANSAR EL MUHAMMAD ARMENIAN POWER ARYAN BROTHERHOOD - FEDERAL SYSTEM ARYAN BROTHERHOOD OF TEXAS ARYAN NATION ARYAN WARRIORS ASAIN-MASTERS OF DESTRUCTION ASIAN CRIPS ASIAN-AMERICAN BORN IN CHINA ASIAN-ASIAN BOYS ASIAN-ASIAN MAFIA ASSASSIN ASIAN-ASIAN PERSUASION ASIAN-BAHALA-NA GANG ASIAN-HOP SING BOYS ASIAN-JACKSON ST BOYS ASIAN-KING COBRAS ASIAN-KOREAN COBRA BOYS ASIAN-MABUHAY PINOY ASIAN-MONGOLIAN BOYS SOCIETY ASIAN-NINJA CLAN ASSASSINS ASIAN-NON SPECIFIC ASIAN-ORIENTAL BOYS ASIAN-ORIENTAL LAZY BOYS ASIAN-ORIENTAL MOB ASIAN-ORIENTAL TROOP W/S ASIAN-ORIENTAL TROOPS ASIAN-PINOY REAL ASIAN-SONS OF DEVIL ASIAN-SONS OF SAMOA [SF] ASIAN-SONS OF SOMOA [LONG BEACH] ASIAN-V BOYS ASIAN-VIET CHING ASIAN-VIETNAMESE BOYS ASIAN-VIETNAMESE GANGSTER FAMILY ASIAN-VIETNAMESE NATOMA BOYS CDCR RECOGNIZED DISRUPTIVE GROUPS JUNE 5, 2012 ASIAN-WAH CHING ASIAN-WO HOP TO ATWOOD BABY BLUE WRECKING CREW BARBARIAN BROTHERHOOD BARHOPPERS M.C.C. BELL GARDENS WHITE BOYS BLACK DIAMONDS BLACK GANGSTER DISCIPLE BLACK GANGSTER DISCIPLES NATION BLACK GANGSTERS BLACK INLAND EMPIRE MOB BLACK MENACE MAFIA BLACK P STONE RANGER BLACK PANTHERS BLACK-NON SPECIFIC BLOOD-21 MAIN BLOOD-916 BLOOD-ATHENS PARK BOYS BLOOD-B DOWN BOYS BLOOD-BISHOP 9/2 BLOOD-BISHOPS BLOOD-BLACK P-STONE BLOOD-BLOOD STONE VILLAIN BLOOD-BOULEVARD BOYS BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER [LOT BOYS] BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER-BELHAVEN BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER-INCKERSON GARDENS BLOOD-BOUNTY HUNTER-NICKERSON
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of STREET GANGS in the UNITED STATES By: James C
    Bureau of Justice Assistance U.S. Department of Justice NATIO N AL GA ng CE N TER BULLETI N No. 4 May 2010 HISTORY OF STREET GANGS IN THE UNITED STATES By: James C. Howell and John P. Moore Introduction The first active gangs in Western civilization were reported characteristics of gangs in their respective regions. by Pike (1873, pp. 276–277), a widely respected chronicler Therefore, an understanding of regional influences of British crime. He documented the existence of gangs of should help illuminate key features of gangs that operate highway robbers in England during the 17th century, and in these particular areas of the United States. he speculates that similar gangs might well have existed in our mother country much earlier, perhaps as early as Gang emergence in the Northeast and Midwest was the 14th or even the 12th century. But it does not appear fueled by immigration and poverty, first by two waves that these gangs had the features of modern-day, serious of poor, largely white families from Europe. Seeking a street gangs.1 More structured gangs did not appear better life, the early immigrant groups mainly settled in until the early 1600s, when London was “terrorized by a urban areas and formed communities to join each other series of organized gangs calling themselves the Mims, in the economic struggle. Unfortunately, they had few Hectors, Bugles, Dead Boys … who found amusement in marketable skills. Difficulties in finding work and a place breaking windows, [and] demolishing taverns, [and they] to live and adjusting to urban life were equally common also fought pitched battles among themselves dressed among the European immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Gang Injunctions on Crime: a Study of Los Angeles from 1988-2014
    Department of Criminology Working Paper No. 2018-3.0 Effect of Gang Injunctions on Crime: A Study of Los Angeles from 1988-2014 Greg Ridgeway Jeffrey Grogger Ruth Moyer John MacDonald This paper can be downloaded from the Penn Criminology Working Papers Collection: http://crim.upenn.edu Effect of Gang Injunctions on Crime: A Study of Los Angeles from 1988-2014 Greg Ridgeway Jeffrey Grogger Ruth Moyer John MacDonald Department of Criminology Harris School of Public Policy Department of Criminology Department of Criminology Department of Statistics University of Chicago University of Pennsylvania Department of Sociology University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Abstract Objective: Assess the effect of civil gang injunctions on crime. Methods: Data include crimes reported to the Los Angeles Police Department from 1988 to 2014 and the timing and geography of the safety zones that the injunctions create, from the first injunction in 1993 to the 46th injunction in 2013, the most recent during our study period. Because the courts activate the injunctions at different timepoints, we can compare the affected geography before and after the imposition of the injunction contrasted with comparison areas. We conduct separate analyses examining the average short-term impact and average long-term impact. The Rampart scandal and its investigation (1998-2000) caused the interruption of three injunctions creating a natural experiment. We use a series of difference-in-difference analyses to identify the effect of gang injunctions, including various methods for addressing spatial and temporal correlation. Results: Injunctions appear to reduce total crime by an estimated 5% in the short-term and as much as 18% in the long-term, with larger effects for assaults, 19% in the short-term and 35% in the long-term.
    [Show full text]
  • Portland Daily Press: March 24,1870
    ^ PO: LTLAND ~ Established Jane ‘id, 1S62. lot, 8. ~ PORTLAND. THURSDAY MORNING. MAROR 9.4. 1R”7r> _ jLcr/HH uit per annum, in aavance. The Portland Daily Press __MISCELLANEOUS. •M ISCELLAJiEOCS. Is every day (Sundays excepted) b> INSURANCE. published _ die of the the daily press song hooks and a Louisians lottery Portland Publishing Co., A-. DAILY PRESS. ticket. Disgusted with his ill luck, he imme- ROTOn>y & CO. Statement" diately sold the lot to an old daikey standing At 109 Exchange Street, Portland. BUSINESS DIRECTORY. near, who carried it to bis a EETAIL DEALERS IN OF IDE PORTLAND. employer, large a Holyoke corn Terms:—Eight Dollars Year in advance BOOTS OF factor, tor investigation. The payment BURT’S of the $li',0C0 over the courter Is a result of We invite the attention of both and that a Tlie Maine State AND HI. F. Insurance Co. City Thursday Moraine;, March 1870. investigation, and makes fitting moral Press Boots, Shoes and 24, to the Rubbers readers to story.” MASS. Country the following list of Port- Is Thursday OTHER CELEBRATED MANUFACTURE SALEM, guardian published every Morning a land Americnnvln Pari*.—1 Pacini BcTolation $2.50 a year; if paid in at i BUSINESS which arc Brceal Publication. advance, 82.00 Statement at the Con lition of o HOUSES, among on said Company » Fire and in l'rog>e»«. year. Opposite ST. JULIAN, Constantly hand. Marine Ins. Go,, is as it _ the most The Atlantic for April better, seems tha 1st day of January, 1870. reliable establishments in the City. Before the American in Office, Na.
    [Show full text]