Reply Submitted by the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Reply Submitted by the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE MARITIME DELIMITATION IN THE AREA BETWEEN GREENLAND AND JAN MAYEN (DENMARKJNORWAY) REPLY SUBMITTED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK VOLUME 1 JANUARY 199 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1 Page INTRODUCTION ............................ 3 PART 1. THE FACTS Refutation of the Norwegian Presentation and Supplementary Information ....... 9 A . The Relevant Area ....................... I I B . Hisrory of the Dispute .................... 16 I . The Incident ....................... 16 2 . lnterim Arrangement ................. 17 3 . Arbitration Negotiations ............... 18 C . Jan Mayen ............................ 21 I . General Description of Jan Mayen ........ 21 2 . The Relevance of Geology and Geomorphology ..................... 23 D . Activities in the Region ................... 28 I . General Remarks .................... 28 2 . Specific Comments on Map 1 in the Counrer-Memorial .............. 34 E . The Greenland Economy and Fisheries Sector ...... 36 I . Recent Developments in the Greenland Economy ............... 36 2 . Greenland and Foreign Fishing Activities in Greenland Waters ...........42 F . The Resources off the East Coast of Greenland .... 51 1. The Importance of Easr Coast Fishing to the Economy of Greenland ............51 2 . Fishing for Capelin ..................62 3 . Sealing and Whaling in the Easr Greenland Fishery Zone ............... 70 G . Manne Research in Greenland Waters .......... 78 PART II . THE LAW ............................ 81 CHAPTER 1. The Status of Islands in Maritime Delimitation . 83 A . General Remarks ........................ 83 B . Analysis of the Effecr of Islands in Maritime Delimitarion ..................... 86 1 . State Practice Relied on in the Counter-Mernoriai ............... 86 2 . Other Islands Accorded Partial or No Effect ...................... 96 3 . Bear Island ....................... 100 CHAPTER II . The Case of the Island of Jan Mayen ....... 109 A . Prelude ............................ 109 B . Delimitation vis-à-vis the Open Sea ............ 113 C . Delimitaiion vis-à-vis Iceland ................ 114 D . Delimitation vis-à-vis Greenland .............. 118 CHAPTER III . The Rule Applicable to the Present Dispute ... 125 A . Norwegian Contentions .................... 125 I . The 1965 Agreement .................126 2 . The Conduct of the Parties ............. 130 3 . General International Law .............. 150 B . The Position of Denmark .................. 161 CHAITER IV. The Method of Delimitation . 165 A. General Approach . 165 B. Relevant Factors . 167 C. The Single Line Approach . 170 D. Computation of the 200-Mile Delimitaiion Line . 173 PART III. SUBMISSIONS . 175 MAPS ............................ 179 Map V Disputed and Relevant Areas in their Geographical Context Map VI Illustration of the Computation of East Greenland's 200-Nautical Mile Line Map VI1 Illustration of the Revised East Greenland Baseline VOLUME Il ANNEXES Annex 56. Excerpt from Maritime Boundary Agreements (1970 - 1984). Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations, New York 1987. (page 42). Annex 57. Map annexed to Proposition No. 61 to the Storting Annex 58. The Revised Baseline along the East Coast of Greenland Annex 59. Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "The Incident": Day-to-Day Description, dated 16 September 1981 (excerpt). Annex 60. Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Elements of an Arbitration Agreement, dated 9 May 1988. Annex 6 1. Nonvegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Paper 1 and II containing draft elements of an "aibitration" procedure. dated 21 June 1988. Annex 62. Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Conclusion Resumk Arbitration talks held in Copenhagen on 21 June 1988. Annex 63. Second Protocol laying down the Conditions relating to Fishing provided for in the Agreement on Fisheries between the Government of Denmark and the Local Government of Greenland. on the one hand, and the European Economic Community. on the other. Done al Bmssels 16 July 1990. Annex 64. Act of the Landsting No. 12 of 22 November 1984 on Commercial Hunting. Annex 65. Danish and International Marine Research in Greenland Waters after 1950. Annex 66. Document A/Conf.62/C.2/L-62/Rev.I.Algeria, Dahomey, Guinea. Ivory Coast, Liberia, Madagascar. Mali, Mauritania, Morocco. Sierra Leone. Sudan, Tunesia, Upper Volta and Zambia: draft anicles on the régime of islands, of 27 August 1974. Annex 67. Treaty of 6 April 1984 on the Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Costa Rica, supplementary to that signed in the City of San Jose on 17 March 1977. Agreement of 24 October 1968 concerning the Sovereignty over the Islands of AlL'Arabiyah and Farsi and the Delirnitation of the Boundary Line separating the Submarine Areas between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iran. Annex 69. Agreement of 24 May 1977 between the Republic of ltaly and the Republic of Greece on the Delineation of the Zones of the Continental Shelf belonging to each of the two States. Annex 70. Agreement of 27 October 1969 between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of lndonesia on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelves between the two Countries. Annex 7 1. Agreement of 25 July 1974 concerning Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Iran and Oman. Annex 72. Agreement of 7 November 1988 between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nonhem lreland and the Govemment of the Republic of lreland concerning the Delimitation of Areas of the Continental Shelf between the two Countries. Annex 73. Agreement of 8 January 1968 between ltaly and Yugoslavia concerning the Continental Shelf Boundary. Annex 74. Agreement of 20 August 1971 between the Government of the ltalian Republic and the Govemment of the Tunisian Republic relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between the two Countries. Annex 75. Agreement of 30 March 1969 on Settlement of Maritime Boundary Lines and Sovereign Rights over Islands between Qatar and Abu Dhabi. Annex 76. Agreement of 13 August 1974 between Iran and the United Arab Emirates on the Continental Shelf Boundary. Annex 77. Treaty of 18 Decernber 1978 between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea concerning Sovereignty and Maritime Boundaries in the Area between the two Countries. including the Area known as Torres Strait, and related Maners. Annex 78. Sketch Map relating to the Sharjah - Dubai Continental Shelf Arbitration 1981. Annex 79. Treaty concerning the Archipelago of Spitsbergen. signed at Paris, 9 Februaw 1920. Annex 80. Nonvegian Ministry of Justice. Excerpt from Srorringsmelding No. 40 (1985 - 1986). Svalbard. Annex 81. The Hansard, House of Lords, Volume 389, 1977fi8. Columns 1353 - 1356. Annex 82. Excerpt from statement by Nonvegian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Mr Knut Frydenlund. during a foreign policy debate in the Srorring on 6 June 1977 (Records of Debates in the Srorring No. 40, 3 - 6 June, 1976 - 77). Annex 83. Excerpt from Records of the Question Time of the Slorting on 31 May 1989 (Records of Debates in the Storting No. 41, 31 May - 2 June, 1988 - 1989). Annex 84. Nonvegian Ministi of Foreign Affairs. Proposition No. 63 to the Srorting (1979 - 1980). Annex 85. Royal Decree No. 259 of 7 June 1963 conceming the Exercise of Danish Sovereignty over the Continental Shelf. Annex 86. Written Comments by the Danish Minister for Foreign Affairs on a proposal submitted to the Folkering for ratification of the Convention on the Continental Shelf, adopted on 26 April 1958 in Geneva. Annex 87. Act No. 259 of 9 lune 1971 on the Continental Shelf. Annex 88. Act No. 259 of 9 June 1971 on the Continental Shelf Excerpt from Writlen Comments on the Bill. Annex 89. Reply by the Minister for Greenland on 9 December 1976 to the interpellation from the Folkering Committee on the Bill relating to the Fishing Temtory of the Danish Realm. INTRODUCTION 1. As stated in Article 49 of the Rules of Court, the main purpose of the Reply and the Rejoinder should be to address those issues of the dispute which continue to divide the Parties. Unfortunately, the Parties seem to have little common ground with respect to the law which should govem the present dispute. Also with regard to the facts of the case the two Parties are not in agreement. The contents of the Mernorial and the Counter-Memorial make it apparent why this maritime delimitation case is now pending before the International Court of Justice. 2. Though the Counter-Memorial operates with several lines of reasoning which are said to be both independent of and supplementary to each other, they al1 seem to end up in the thesis that the median line method amounts to a legal principle which must govem al1 maritime delimitation situations at least as a starting point, and in the present case even as a mandatory rule deciding the dispute. 3. However, the goveming norm for maritime delimitation according to contemporary international law is to seek an equitable solution. It is the submission of the Danish Govemment that the relevant factors substantiating that norm in the present case, and among them first and foremost the factors of geography and population, lead to the establishment of a 200-mile boundary line measured from Greenland's baseline. 4. The most astonishing features in the Norwegian presentation are the assertion that the boundary line conceming the continental shelf in the waters between Greenland and Jan Mayen is already in place and has, in fact, been so since 1965, and the assertion
Recommended publications
  • MARC Code List for Countries: Part I
    Code Sequence PART II: CODE SEQUENCE Discontinued codes are identified by a hyphen preceding the code aa Albania ce Sri Lanka abc Alberta cf Congo (Brazzaville) -ac Ashmore and Cartier Islands cg Congo (Democratic Republic) ae Algeria ch China (Republic : 1949- ) af Afghanistan ci Croatia ag Argentina cj Cayman Islands -ai Anguilla ck Colombia ai Armenia (Republic) cl Chile -air Armenian S.S.R. cm Cameroon aj Azerbaijan -cn Canada -ajr Azerbaijan S.S.R. cou Colorado aku Alaska -cp Canton and Enderbury Islands alu Alabama cq Comoros am Anguilla cr Costa Rica an Andorra -cs Czechoslovakia ao Angola ctu Connecticut aq Antigua and Barbuda cu Cuba aru Arkansas cv Cape Verde as American Samoa cw Cook Islands at Australia cx Central African Republic au Austria cy Cyprus aw Aruba -cz Canal Zone ay Antarctica dcu District of Columbia azu Arizona deu Delaware ba Bahrain dk Denmark bb Barbados dm Benin bcc British Columbia dq Dominica bd Burundi dr Dominican Republic be Belgium ea Eritrea bf Bahamas ec Ecuador bg Bangladesh eg Equatorial Guinea bh Belize em East Timor bi British Indian Ocean Territory enk England bl Brazil er Estonia bm Bermuda Islands -err Estonia bn Bosnia and Hercegovina es El Salvador bo Bolivia et Ethiopia bp Solomon Islands fa Faroe Islands br Burma fg French Guiana bs Botswana fi Finland bt Bhutan fj Fiji bu Bulgaria fk Falkland Islands bv Bouvet Island flu Florida bw Belarus fm Micronesia (Federated States) -bwr Byelorussian S.S.R. fp French Polynesia bx Brunei fr France cau California fs Terres australes et antarctiques cb Cambodia françaises cc China ft Djibouti cd Chad gau Georgia MARC Code List for Countries page 37 Code Sequence gb Kiribati kz Kazakhstan gd Grenada -kzr Kazakh S.S.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Maps of Locations Mentioned in Global Review of The
    Regional Maps of Locations Mentioned in Global Review of the Conservation Status of Monodontid Stocks These maps provide the locations of the geographic features mentioned in the Global Review of the Conservation Status of Monodontid Stocks. Figure 1. Locations associated with beluga stocks of the Okhotsk Sea (beluga stocks 1-5). Numbered locations are: (1) Amur River, (2) Ul- bansky Bay, (3) Tugursky Bay, (4) Udskaya Bay, (5) Nikolaya Bay, (6) Ulban River, (7) Big Shantar Island, (8) Uda River, (9) Torom River. Figure 2. Locations associated with beluga stocks of the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska (beluga stocks 6-9). Numbered locations are: (1) Anadyr River Estuary, (2) Anadyr River, (3) Anadyr City, (4) Kresta Bay, (5) Cape Navarin, (6) Yakutat Bay, (7) Knik Arm, (8) Turnagain Arm, (9) Anchorage, (10) Nushagak Bay, (11) Kvichak Bay, (12) Yukon River, (13) Kuskokwim River, (14) Saint Matthew Island, (15) Round Island, (16) St. Lawrence Island. Figure 3. Locations associated with beluga stocks of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, Canadian Arctic and West Greenland (beluga stocks 10-12 and 19). Numbered locations are: (1) St. Lawrence Island, (2) Kotzebue Sound, (3) Kasegaluk Lagoon, (4) Point Lay, (5) Wain- wright, (6) Mackenzie River, (7) Somerset Island, (8) Radstock Bay, (9) Maxwell Bay, (10) Croker Bay, (11) Devon Island, (12) Cunning- ham Inlet, (13) Creswell Bay, (14) Mary River Mine, (15) Elwin Bay, (16) Coningham Bay, (17) Prince of Wales Island, (18) Qeqertarsuat- siaat, (19) Nuuk, (20) Maniitsoq, (21) Godthåb Fjord, (22) Uummannaq, (23) Upernavik. Figure 4. Locations associated with beluga stocks of subarctic eastern Canada, Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay, Cumberland Sound and St.
    [Show full text]
  • People of the Ice Bridge: the Future of the Pikialasorsuaq
    People of the ice bridge: The future of the Pikialasorsuaq National Advisory Panel on Marine Protected Area Standards, Iqaluit, Nunavut June 9, 2018 FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS FROM THE PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSION Map of Pikialasorsuaq between Nunavut, Canada and Greenland CONTEXT: INTERNATIONAL • Growing momentum in ocean protection by applying conservation measures to designated marine areas • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Aichi Target 11: NOAA Arct1047, Fairweather. >10% of marine and coastal areas to be conserved • The Arctic Council’s working group Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment has created toolboxes to help Arctic countries and regions develop Marine Protected Areas. • Many organizations supporting and promoting marine protection of key areas in Circumpolar Arctic (WWF, IUCN) Photo credit:Crew & officers of NOAA ship NOAA of officers & credit:Crew Photo CONTEXT: CANADA • Federal commitment to Aichi Target • Mechanisms under different federal departments, e.g.: – Marine Protected Areas (DFO) – National Wildlife Areas (ECCC) – National Marine Conservation Area (Parks Canada) • 2017 proposal by Mary Simon—create Indigenous Protected Areas (IPA) Iglunaksuak Point/Kangeq. On the way from Siorapaluk to Qaanaaq. Photo credit: Kuupik Kleist Kuupik credit: Photo PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSION • Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) initiated the Inuit-led Pikialasorsuaq Commission Commissioners Kuupik Kleist, Okalik Eegeesiak, Eva Aariak Photo credit: Byarne Lyberth Byarne credit: Photo PIKIALASORSUAQ COMMISSION •
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8 Polar Bear Harvesting in Baffin Bay and Kane Basin: a Summary of Historical Harvest and Harvest Reporting, 1993 to 2014
    Chapter 8 SWG Final Report CHAPTER 8 POLAR BEAR HARVESTING IN BAFFIN BAY AND KANE BASIN: A SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL HARVEST AND HARVEST REPORTING, 1993 TO 2014 KEY FINDINGS Both Canada (Nunavut) and Greenland harvest from the shared subpopulations of polar • bears in Baffin Bay and Kane Basin. During 1993-2005 (i.e., before quotas were introduced in Greenland) the combined • annual harvest averaged 165 polar bears (range: 120-268) from the Baffin Bay subpopulation and 12 polar bears (range: 6-26) from Kane Basin (for several of the years, harvest reported from Kane Basin was based on an estimate). During 2006-2014 the combined annual harvest averaged 161 (range: 138-176) from • Baffin Bay and 6 (range: 3-9) polar bears from Kane Basin. Total harvest peaked between 2002 and 2005 coinciding with several events in harvest • reporting and harvest management in both Canada and Greenland. In Baffin Bay the sex ratio of the combined harvest has remained around 2:1 (male: • females) with an annual mean of 35% females amongst independent bears. In Kane Basin the sex composition of the combined harvest was 33% females overall for • the period 1993-2014. The estimated composition of the harvest since the introduction of a quota in Greenland is 44% female but the factual basis for estimation of the sex ratio in the harvest is weak. In Greenland the vast majority of bears are harvested between January and June in Baffin • Bay and Kane Basin whereas in Nunavut ca. 40% of the harvest in Baffin Bay is in the summer to fall (August – November) while bears are on or near shore.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Department of Education
    FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Implementation Date: DOE INFORMATION DATA BASE REQUIREMENTS Fiscal Year 1995-96 VOLUME II: AUTOMATED STAFF INFORMATION SYSTEM July 1, 1995 AUTOMATED STAFF DATA ELEMENTS APPENDIX C COUNTRY CODES CODE COUNTRY CODE COUNTRY AF Afghanistan CV Cape Verde AB Albania CJ Cayman Islands AG Algeria CP Central African Republic AN Andorra CD Chad AO Angola CI Chile AV Anguilla CH China AY Antarctica KI Christmas Island AC Antigua and Barbuda CN Clipperton Island AX Antilles KG Cocos Islands (Keeling) AE Argentina CL Colombia AD Armenia CQ Comoros AA Aruba CF Congo AS Australia CR Coral Sea Island AU Austria CS Costa Rica AJ Azerbaijan DF Croatia AI Azores Islands, Portugal CU Cuba BF Bahamas DH Curacao Island BA Bahrain CY Cyprus BS Baltic States CX Czechoslovakia BG Bangladesh DT Czech Republic BB Barbados DK Democratic Kampuchea BI Bassas Da India DA Denmark BE Belgium DJ Djibouti BZ Belize DO Dominica BN Benin DR Dominican Republic BD Bermuda EJ East Timor BH Bhutan EC Ecuador BL Bolivia EG Egypt BJ Bonaire Island ES El Salvador BP Bosnia and Herzegovina EN England BC Botswana EA Equatorial Africa BV Bouvet Island EQ Equatorial Guinea BR Brazil ER Eritrea BT British Virgin Islands EE Estonia BW British West Indies ET Ethiopia BQ Brunei Darussalam EU Europa Island BU Bulgaria FA Falkland Islands (Malvinas) BX Burkina Faso, West Africa FO Faroe Islands BM Burma FJ Fiji BY Burundi FI Finland JB Byelorussia SSR FR France CB Cambodia FM France, Metropolitian CM Cameroon FN French Guiana CC Canada FP French Polynesia Revised:
    [Show full text]
  • National Report Norway
    HCA9-07.4Ad IHO HYDROGRAPHIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTICA (HCA) 9th Meeting, Simon’s Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 12-14 October 2009 NATIONAL REPORT – NORWAY NORWEGIAN HYDROGRAPHIC SERVICE (NHS) 1. General The Norwegian Hydrographic Service (NHS) is responsible for the provision of hydrographic services for Norwegian waters and sea areas, including the Svalbard and Jan Mayen area. In Antarctica the Norwegian geographical area of interest mainly is concentrated in Dronning Maud Land (Queen Maud Land) and the adjacent Kong Håkon VII Hav (King Håkon VII Sea). Peter I Øy (Peter I Island) in the Bellingshausen Sea and Bouvetøya (Bouvet Island) are also Norwegian dependencies. However, the latter is north of the 60 parallel. In July 2008, Norway reached the goal of full ENC coverage for the Norwegian coast. Although this was a major step forwards, there still remains large areas with old data that needs to be replaced with new survey data. In addition, large areas on Svalbard remain to be surveyed and covered with ENCs and papercharts. The NHS has established a fully digital production flowline and all new products and updates are produced from a seamless Primary database. A new chart production system that enables more efficient maintenance of the ENC and chart portfolio is currently being fully implemented. The NHS intends to establish a Tracing service in 2009 and Print on Demand in 2010. Two projects are being carried out in order to develop the services including the technology needed to support it. PRIMAR International ENC service, operated by the Norwegian Hydrographic Service, now includes approx 8400 ENCs from more than 35 countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperializing Norden
    Neumann, Iver B. Imperializing Norden Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Neumann, Iver B. (2014) Imperializing Norden. Cooperation and Conflict, 49 (1). pp. 119-129. ISSN 0010-8367 DOI: 10.1177/0010836714520745 © 2014 by Nordic International Studies Association, SAGE Publications This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/56565/ Available in LSE Research Online: April 2016 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. Imperializing Norden.1 Cooperation and Conflict 49 (1): 119-129 (2014) Epilogue for a special issue on Post-Imperial Sovereignty Games in Norden Iver B. Neumann, [email protected] Abstract The two pre-Napoleonic Nordic polities are best understood as empires. Drawing on recent analytical and historical scholarship on empires, I argue that 17th and 18th-century Denmark, on which the piece concentrates, was very much akin to other European empires that existed at the time.
    [Show full text]
  • ISO Country Codes
    COUNTRY SHORT NAME DESCRIPTION CODE AD Andorra Principality of Andorra AE United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates AF Afghanistan The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan AG Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda (includes Redonda Island) AI Anguilla Anguilla AL Albania Republic of Albania AM Armenia Republic of Armenia Netherlands Antilles (includes Bonaire, Curacao, AN Netherlands Antilles Saba, St. Eustatius, and Southern St. Martin) AO Angola Republic of Angola (includes Cabinda) AQ Antarctica Territory south of 60 degrees south latitude AR Argentina Argentine Republic America Samoa (principal island Tutuila and AS American Samoa includes Swain's Island) AT Austria Republic of Austria Australia (includes Lord Howe Island, Macquarie Islands, Ashmore Islands and Cartier Island, and Coral Sea Islands are Australian external AU Australia territories) AW Aruba Aruba AX Aland Islands Aland Islands AZ Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan BA Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina BB Barbados Barbados BD Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh BE Belgium Kingdom of Belgium BF Burkina Faso Burkina Faso BG Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria BH Bahrain Kingdom of Bahrain BI Burundi Republic of Burundi BJ Benin Republic of Benin BL Saint Barthelemy Saint Barthelemy BM Bermuda Bermuda BN Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam BO Bolivia Republic of Bolivia Federative Republic of Brazil (includes Fernando de Noronha Island, Martim Vaz Islands, and BR Brazil Trindade Island) BS Bahamas Commonwealth of the Bahamas BT Bhutan Kingdom of Bhutan
    [Show full text]
  • Colonies and Metropole
    COLONIES AND METROPOLE Michael Bregnsbo, Niels Brimnes, Anne Folke Henningsen, Poul Erik Olsen, Mik- kel Venborg Pedersen og Uffe Østergård Danmark – En kolonimagt Gads Forlag, 2017, 480 pages Colonial history is a ield that has developed rapidly in the Nordic countries since the start of the new millennium.1 Old myths of the Nordic countries as the inno- cent bystanders of European colonialism have been comprehensively challenged, as have ideas of the Nordic countries as “good colonists”, pursuing a more benign form of overseas expansion compared to the major European powers like Britain, France and Germany.2 As Magdalena Naum and Jonas M. Nordin wrote in their in- troduction to an anthology published in 2013, “colonialism in its many forms was part of the very fabric of the North European societies”, driven by the same mo- tives as those operating in other parts of Europe: the pursuit of proit and politi- cal power.3 That the colonial ambitions of the Danish and Swedish kingdoms were only ever partly realised does not diminish the importance of researching them, and historians have also studied Nordic participation in informal colonialism, in- cluding trade and missionary activities.4 The reasons for this interest are not hard to ind. The idea of Norden as a Euro- pean periphery is no longer sustainable, if indeed it ever was. Almost half a cen- tury of mass immigration, including from non-European societies, and the deba- tes about ethnic pluralism and cultural “otherness” that this has provoked, have focused attention on this further. Within history as an academic discipline, the rising interest in transnational and global history, with its emphasis on the im- portance of links, connections and interactions across national borders, has also had an inluence.5 As Gunlög Fur has noted, however, where the Nordic countries 1 Also in ields other than history: see for example Larsen and Thisted, ‘Preface’, on postco- lonial studies in Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic Marine Aviation Transportation
    SARA FRENCh, WAlTER AND DuNCAN GORDON FOundation Response CapacityandSustainableDevelopment Arctic Transportation Infrastructure: Transportation Arctic 3-6 December 2012 | Reykjavik, Iceland 3-6 December2012|Reykjavik, Prepared for the Sustainable Development Working Group Prepared fortheSustainableDevelopment Working By InstituteoftheNorth,Anchorage, Alaska,USA PROCEEDINGS: 20 Decem B er 2012 ICElANDIC coast GuARD INSTITuTE OF ThE NORTh INSTITuTE OF ThE NORTh SARA FRENCh, WAlTER AND DuNCAN GORDON FOundation Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgments ......................................................................... 6 Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................... 7 Executive Summary ....................................................................... 8 Chapters—Workshop Proceedings................................................. 10 1. Current infrastructure and response 2. Current and future activity 3. Infrastructure and investment 4. Infrastructure and sustainable development 5. Conclusions: What’s next? Appendices ................................................................................ 21 A. Arctic vignettes—innovative best practices B. Case studies—showcasing Arctic infrastructure C. Workshop materials 1) Workshop agenda 2) Workshop participants 3) Project-related terminology 4) List of data points and definitions 5) List of Arctic marine and aviation infrastructure AlASkA DepartmENT OF ENvIRONmental
    [Show full text]
  • Kvinner Og Natur
    Women and Natural Resource Management in the Rural North Arctic Council Sustainable Development Working Group 2004-2006 By Lindis Sloan (ed) Joanna Kafarowski Anna Heilmann Anna Karlsdóttir Bente Aasjord Maria Udén May-Britt Öhman Nandita Singh Sanna Ojalammi Women and Natural Resource Management in the Rural North Arctic Council Sustainable Development Working Group 2004-2006 By Lindis Sloan (ed) Joanna Kafarowski Anna Heilmann Anna Karlsdóttir Bente Aasjord Maria Udén May-Britt Öhman Nandita Singh Sanna Ojalammi Published by Forlaget Nora Kvinneuniversitetet Nord N-8286 Nordfold Layout: Pure Line Design, Nordfold. www.PureLine.Norge.cc Cover photo: International Steering Committee member Lene Kielsen Holm on the lulissat ice fjord, June 2006. Photo: Anna Heilmann. ISBN: 82-92038-02 Contents Preface . 7 Concluding remarks from the project work group and international steering committee . 9 A human security perspective . 10 Women and Natural Resource Management in the Rural North . 12 Project summaries . 17 Canada . 19 Greenland . 37 Iceland . 73 Norway . 97 Sweden . 129 Finland . 155 5 6 Preface “Women and Natural Resource Management “Management of natural, including living, in the Rural North” is a continuation of the resources”. Analysing natural resource-based 2003-2004 Arctic Council SDWG project industries in the Arctic in terms of women’s “Women’s participation in decision-making participation in these sectors covers both processes in Arctic fisheries resource manage- these points. ment”, which presented its report to the Developing prosperous and resilient local Ministers in Reykjavik. communities depends on achieving social sustainability, including economic activities The “Women and Natural Resource in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Necessity of Close Collaboration 1 2 the Necessity of Close Collaboration the Necessity of Close Collaboration
    The Necessity of Close Collaboration 1 2 The Necessity of Close Collaboration The Necessity of Close Collaboration 2017 National Spatial Planning Report 2017 autumn assembly Ministry of Finances and Taxes November 2017 The Necessity of Close Collaboration 3 The Necessity of Close Collaboration 2017 National Spatial Planning Report Ministry of Finances and Taxes Government of Greenland November 2017 Photos: Jason King, page 5 Bent Petersen, page 6, 113 Leiff Josefsen, page 12, 30, 74, 89 Bent Petersen, page 11, 16, 44 Helle Nørregaard, page 19, 34, 48 ,54, 110 Klaus Georg Hansen, page 24, 67, 76 Translation from Danish to English: Tuluttut Translations Paul Cohen [email protected] Layout: allu design Monika Brune www.allu.gl Printing: Nuuk Offset, Nuuk 4 The Necessity of Close Collaboration Contents Foreword . .7 Chapter 1 1.0 Aspects of Economic and Physical Planning . .9 1.1 Construction – Distribution of Public Construction Funds . .10 1.2 Labor Market – Localization of Public Jobs . .25 1.3 Demographics – Examining Migration Patterns and Causes . 35 Chapter 2 2.0 Tools to Secure a Balanced Development . .55 2.1 Community Profiles – Enhancing Comparability . .56 2.2 Sector Planning – Enhancing Coordination, Prioritization and Cooperation . 77 Chapter 3 3.0 Basic Tools to Secure Transparency . .89 3.1 Geodata – for Structure . .90 3.2 Baseline Data – for Systematization . .96 3.3 NunaGIS – for an Overview . .101 Chapter 4 4.0 Summary . 109 Appendixes . 111 The Necessity of Close Collaboration 5 6 The Necessity of Close Collaboration Foreword A well-functioning public adminis- by the Government of Greenland. trative system is a prerequisite for a Hence, the reports serve to enhance modern democratic society.
    [Show full text]