The memories of the Spanish Civil War: Consensus and Divergence La mayor injusticia es la justicia tardía (Seneca)

Credits: 8 ECTS/4 US Language of instruction: English

Professor University of Barcelona: Martín Iturralde Professor CASA-Barcelona: Juanjo Romero

Course Description Memories of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) have trapped the nation’s politics and society in an Antigone’s Labyrinth. Segments of Spanish society is still struggling today to gain the right to a dignified remembrance and burial for those family members who were victims of the war and Franco’s subsequent dictatorship (1939-1975). In the aftermath of the dictatorship, which followed the defeat of the Republican government in 1939, a heavy Curtain of Silence shrouded the memory of the civil conflict. Consequently, the trauma of the war appeared to be overcome. However, at the beginning of the 2000’s the shadow of the war reappeared, and this time society not only petitioned to know what happened during the war and dictatorship, but also demanded an honorable remembrance of the victims as well as justice for them. As a result, in 2007 the government passed the Law of Historical Memory which aimed to address these political and social issues. This course aims to understand the enduring debate about the Civil War in Spanish society by analyzing the conflict, its consequences and, in particular, its narrative from a holistic point of view. The course starts with an introduction to the historical context of 1930’s Europe, and then examines Spain and the events of the conflict itself. In order to understand the relevance and persistence of the Civil War in present-day society, this part of the course will focus in the context and development of the conflict. The second part of the course will analyze how it was remembered in the the post-war period. Particular attention will be paid to the Construction of Memory throughout the periods of the dictatorship and Spain’s transition to democracy through the study of the political discourse, literature works, arts and audiovisual productions of the time. Finally, the issue of Transitional Justice from a comparative and international perspective will be discussed, emphasizing the challenges and contradictions of the memory recovery in the context of Spain.

Activities Complementing the classroom-based sessions (1,5 hours each), there is a wide variety of on-site visits that include guided walking tours, visits to air-raid shelters and other specific sites linked to the war. A study trip to Madrid focuses on Pablo Picasso’s and other avant-garde artists art work, commemorative monuments to Franco and battlefields sites. In addition, presentations by specialists guest speakers and film viewings complement the course.

Prerequisites The course is designed for students from all disciplines, who may not be familiar with the topic. Students should have level B2 English (CEFR) or equivalent. Evaluation 20% Attendance, preparation, and Students will be evaluated not only on their attendance, but also on how participation well they prepare for the class sessions and their degree of active participation. Preparation entails reading the assigned readings and film viewings, preparing the questions in advance of the class session. Student should bring brief notes and responses to the class discussion. Active participation does not just mean offering comments frequently. It also means listening to other students interventions and responding accordingly. Active participation includes: • Asking questions in response to stdudents’ observations • Encouraging fellow students to clarify and expand their ideas • Providing new perspectives by citing sources not previously discussed in class • Making comments linking different classmates contributions • Expressing what you have gained from the discussion

45% Three short essays (15% each) Papers will be related to the course discussions and materials. They should (800 – 1200 words each) provide alternative points of view rather than simply repeat the topics covered in class or in the readings. The topics of the papers will be assigned in class. Submission dates: Essay 1: June 16th Essay 2: June 27th Essay 3: July 6th

15% Group Oral Presentation In the last course session (July 7th) each group will give a 5-10 minute (3-4 students per group) presentation on a previously selected topic. For this exercise students will use scholarly sources (minimum of three).

20% Final take-home exam The final exam will by based on class and course materials and it will be composed of short, open-ended questions and a longer essay question. The exam will be distributed on July 3th, and be due by e-mail on July 7th by 5pm.

Policies • On-line readings will be available via the University of Barcelona virtual campus • Bring the course readings and notes to each class for discussion • Check the e-mail regularly for class announcements • Attendance: each absence will correspond to a deduction of two percent (2%) from the final grade. • Be punctual: late arrivals disturbe the class dynamic • Proper citation: Sources should be properly cited, both when quoting directly and when paraphrasing or summarizing • All written work should follow MLA style for scholarly writing • Cell phones are not permitted in class • Class protocol: students will be addressed by their legal names, however if studens request an alternate name or gender pronoun, please inform the instructors at the very beginning of the course.

Note: Some readings and films contain graphic content, specially in terms of violence. If reading, watching or discussing such content might pose a serious problem for any student, it is advisable not to enroll in the course. COURSE SESSIONS

Session 1 [June, 12th] Introduction to the course Course presentation • Course aims, description, activities, assessment • Essays and exams • Readings (on-line): intranet access • Course policies • Students expectations and background enquiry

Session 2 [June, 12th] Europe in the Interwar Period (1918-1936) The international Context of the • Effects of World War and Russian Revolution Spanish Civil War I • First Holocaust and Violence of War • The Collpase of Empires? • New Political Order

Session 3 [June, 13th] Europe in the Inter-war Period (1918-1936) The international Context of the • Birth of Mass Society Spanish Civil War II • Youth, Violence and Action • New Political Movements • Cultural Ruptures – Avant-gardes and Pop Culture

Readings: Casanova, Julián: “Civil Wars, Revolutions and Counterrevolutions in Finland, Spain and Greece (1918-1949): A Comparative Analisys”, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society. 13/3, 2000. 515-537. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022922309012 or, Berg-Schlosser, Dirk and Gisele de Meur. “Conditions of Authoritarianism, Fascism and Democracy in Inter-War Europe: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 39/4 (1998): 335–377. DOI: 10.1177/0010414096029004003 [This article is recommended for those students familiar with sociological methodologies]

Film Viewing: Riefenstahl, L.: Triumph des Willens (1935) Excerpts: Time: 00:31:35 – 00:34:05; 01:00:00 – 01:01:00; & 00:14:00 – 00:18:15

Conference [June, 13th] Philosophers and Writers and the Civil War: Antonio Machado, César Vallejo, María Zambrano y José Bergamín (Prof. Julio Ortega, Brown University)

Session 4 [June, 14th] The Second Republic (1931-1936) The Spanish Context I: Politics • The Failure of the Authoritarian Dictatorship (1923-1930) • The Second Republic (1931-1936) • Heritage of the Monarchy • Politics: Old and New movements

Reading: Graham, Helen: The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford (Chapter 1)

Session 5 [June, 14th] The Second Republic (1931-1936) The Spanish Context II: Society • Social Forces • The Church and the Army • Rural Middle Classes and Fascist reaction • Tensions of Modernization: Cities vs Countryside • Social Violence: Riots, Rebellions, Mobs and Revolutionary Attemps • The Women’s Republic

Reading: Madorran, Carmen. “The Open Window: Women in Spain’s Second Republic and Civil War.” Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 15 (2016): 246–253 DOI: 10.1163/15691497-12341386

Session 6 [June, 15th] The Second Republic (1931-1936): The Spring of Culture The Republic of Arts I • New Cultural Athmosphere (the Residencia de Estudiantes, La Barraca, The Misones Pedagógicas...) • The Cultural Republic, Its Educational Policies and Its Limitations • The Role of the Artist during the Republic

Reading: Afinoguénova, Eugenia (2011). “Leisure and Agrarian Reform: Liberal Governance in the Traveling Museums Of Spanish Misiones Pedagógicas (1931-1933)”, Hispanic Review, 79/2: 261–90. DOI: 10.1353/hir.2011.0017

Field Visit [June, 15th] The Republic Pavillion of the Paris Internationl Exhibition: Avant-garde and International Propaganda

Essay 1 Submission [June, 16th] Session 7 [June, 16th] The Second Republic (1931-1936): The Spring of Culture The Republic of Arts II • The Silver Age of Spanish Literature • Avant-garde in Spain: Breaking the Norms • The Great Gap: Peasants, Workers, Artists and Republican Intellectuals

Film Viewing: Buñuel, Luis: Un Chien Andalou (1929)

Field Study [June, 16th-18th] Madrid

• Reina Sofía Museum – Collections: Picasso’s Gernika and Avant-gardes in the 1930’s • Jarama Battlefield and Madrid’s Project for the Recovery of the Republican Defenses • Valle de los Caídos - Francoist Pantheon built by war prisoners Session 8 [June, 19th] The Civil War (1936-1939) The Outbreak of the Civil War • The Enemies of the Republic withdrawal from Democracy • The Preparation of the Rebellion • 1936: Last Republic Elections and the Popular Front Victory • The Failure of the Coup d'Etat • Social and Political Forces (Who is Who during the War) • Republican State Collapse • The Internacionalization of the Conflict

Field Study [June, 19th] Orwell’s Barcelona

Session 9 [June 20th] The Civil War (1936-1939) War and Revolution I • Violence during the War: the meanings of violence • Revolutionary Violence • Crusades, Repression and Violence • A Colonial War? • The Revolutionary process • Republican Counter-revolution • The Revolutionary Order

• Reading: Seidman, Michael (1982): "Work and Revolution: Workers' Control in Barcelona in the Spanish Civil War, 1936- 1938", Journal of Contemporary History, 17/3.

Film Viewing: Granada TV: The Spanish Civil War: Revolution, Counter- Revolution and Terror. (1986) and, Sindicato Único de Espectáculos Públicos: The Mass Tribute to Buenaventura Durruti. ( 1937)

Film Viewing [June, 20th] The Civil War (1936-1939): War into the War

Film Viewing: Loach, Ken: Land and Freedom (1995)

Session 11 [June, 21st] The Civil War (1936-1939) On-site class* • Arts and War War and Revolution III • Propaganda? • Artists and writers during the War * This class will be held in the “Pabellón de la • The Last Romantic War: The International Brigades República” where the second best collection of Civil War popsters in Spain is preserved Watching: Civil War Popsters Website visit: Sidbrint Project

Session 12 [June, 22nd] The Civil War (1936-1939) War and Revolution IV • Defeat and Exile • The inner Prison

Film Viewing: Granada TV: The Spanish Civil War: Victory and Defeat (1986) Conference [June, 22nd] Republican Women during the War (Prof. Mary Nash, University of Barcelona) Session 13 [ June, 23rd] Francoist Dictatorship (1939-1975) Defeat and Repression • Years of Famine (Repression by Starvation) • Repression and Punitive Work (Prisoners Forced Labor) • Winners and Losers: the Presence of the War

Session 14 [June, 26th] Historical Memory Buliding Memories I: Theory • Memory, Literature, History and Society • Public Art, Propaganda and Memory

Readings: Nora, Pierre (1989): "Between Memory and History: 'Les Lieux de Mémoire'”, Representations, 26. 7-24. DOI: 10.2307/2928520 O’Donoghue, Stephen. 2016. “The ‘Truth’ of the Past: Fiction as an Alternative to History in Contemporary Spanish Narratives of the Civil War and the Holocaust.” Hispanic Research Journal 17 (4): 322–38. DOI:10.1080/14682737.2016.1200856.

Session 15 [June, 26th] Historical Memory Buliding Memories I: Theory • Paintings and Photos of the War • Subjectivity and Memory

Reading: Nilsson, Maria (2013): "On Photography, History and Memory in Spain", Hispanic Issues, 3. 1-9.

Essay 2 Submission [June, 27th] Session 16 [June, 27th] Historical Memory Building Memories II: Francoist • Winners and Losers in Francoist Dictatorship Dictatorship • Arts, Religion and Propaganda • Polictics and Memory

Film Viewing: NODO, April 1943 (section “Desfile de la Victoria”), and December 1946 (section “En el Escorial”)

Film Viewing [June, 27th] Historical Memory Bulding and Losing Memories

Picture analysis: Mauthausen Liberation Day Film Viewing: Francisco Boix: Un Fotógrafo En El Infierno (2000)

Session 17 [June, 28th] Historical Memory Building Memories II: Francoist • Memory as a Tool of Repression Dictatorship • Shifting Memory: 25 years of Peace

Recommended: Kinder, Marsha: “Sacrifice and Massacre. On the Cultural Specificity of Violence”, in Blood Cinema. The Reconstruction of National Identity in Spain. UCP. Berkeley, 1993. 136-196 Session 18 [June, 28th] Historical Memory Building Memories III: • Tensions and Forces during the Transition to Democracy Transition • The Pact of Silence, did it really exist? • The Overwhelming Shadow of the War

Readings: Peris, Jaume (2011): "There was a Time, not so long ago... Accounts and Aesthetics of Memory and Ideology of Reconciliation in Spain", 452º Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada, 4. 35-55. or, Hansen, Hans (2011). “Multiperspectivism in the Novels of the Spanish Civil War.” Orbis Litterarum 66/2- 148–166. Web. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0730.2011.01017.x or, Kinder, Marsha (2003): “Uncanny Visions of History: Two Experimental Documentaries from Transnational Spain— Asaltar Los Cielos and Tren de Sombras.” Film Quarterly, 56/3. 12–24. DOI:10.1525/fq.2003.56.3.12.

Session 19 [June, 29th] Historical Memory: Breaking the Hegemony Building Memories IV: • The Exile: Memories an Myths Divergences • Women’s Memories

Reading: Osborne, Raquel (2011): "Good Girls versus Bad Girls in Early Francoist Prisons: Sexuality as a Great Divide", Sexualities, 14/5. 509- 525. DOI: 0.1177/1363460711415215

Field Study [June, 29th] Air Raid Shelters in Barcelona

Session 20 [June, 30th] Historical Memory: Popular Culture Building Memories V: Divergences • Opposition: Culture as Battlefield • Pop Culture and Memory of the War (Comic)

Class analysis: Comics about the War (Exile, opposition and women) Giménez, Carlos (2010): Todo 36-39. Malos Tiempos; Roca, Paco (2013) Los Surcos de Azar; Uceda, Rubén (2015) El Corazón Del Sueño. Verano y Otoño de 1936.

Reading: Mangini, Shirley (1991): "Memories of Resistence: Women Activists from the Spanish Civil War", Signs, 17/1. 171-186 DOI: 10.1086/494719

Conference [June, 30th] Memory and Identity in Carme Riera's Narrative; Two Key Moments in Female Self Identification (Prof. M. L. Guardiola, Swarthmore College) Field Study [July, 1st] Historical Memory: Commemorations Visit to the sites of Ebro Battle • The Material Recovery of the War • Patterns of Remembrance

Session 21 [July, 3rd] Historical Memory: Popular Culture Building Memories VI: Divergences • Spanish Literature about the War (from the 70s to the 2000s) • The Civil War in the Spanish Movies

Film Viewing: Vicente Aranda (1996) Libertarias

Session 22 [July, 4th] Justice and Memory Memory and Justice I • Human Rights and Memory • Transitional Justice: Origins and Limits • Justice and History

Reading: Cohen, Stanley (1995): "State Crimes of Previous Regimes: Knowledge, Accountability, and the Policing of the Past", Law & Social Enquiry, 1/20. 7-50

Conference [July, 4th] Memory of the Exile (Prof. M. Tenorio, University of Chicago)

Session 23 [July, 5th] Justice and Memory, Pending Justice? Memory and Justice II • The Spanish Law of Historical Memory: Context and Comparisons • Applying Transitional Justice in Spain • The Stolen Children of Francoism • The Desaparecidos and Its Legal Implications

Reading: Aguilar, Paloma (et Alii) (2011): "Attitudes toward Transitional Justice: An Empirical Analysis of the Spanish Case", Comparative Political Studies, 10/44. 1287-1430. DOI: 10.1177/0010414011407468

Essay 3 Submission [July, 6th] Session 24 [July, 6th] Justice and Memory: Civil War Mass Graves Digging up the Past • Law, Memory and Mass Graves • International Laws and Spanish Courts • Where is the Civil War Museum? Historical Justice

Reading: Burbidge, Peter (2011): "Walking the Deatd of Spanish Civil War. Judge Baltasar Garzón and the Spanish Law of Histtorical Memory", Journal of International Criminal Justice, 9. 753-781 DOI: 10.1093/jicj/mqr027 or, Ferrándiz, Francisco 2013. “Exhuming the Defeated: Civil War Mass Graves in 21st-Century Spain.” American Ethnologist 40 (1): 38–54. DOI:10.1111/amet.12004. Conference [July, 6th] Civil War Mass Graves Exhumantion Experiences (Dominika Nociarová, Antropòlegs.LAB) Session 25 [July, 7th] Students Presentations [July, 7th] Final Exam Submission

Bibliography (Short selection of books)

AGUILAR, P. (2002): Memory and Amnesia: the Role of the Spanish Civil War in the Transition to Democracy. Berghahn BALCELLS, L. (2007): Rivalry and Revenge: Kinlling Civilians in the Spanish Civil War. Madrid BESAS, P. (1985): Behind the Spanish Lens. Spanish Cinema under Fascism and Democracy. Denver BASILIO, M. (2013): Visual Propaganda, Exhibitions, and the Spanish Civil War. Burlington BUNK, B. (2007): Ghost of Passion: Martyrdom, Gender, and the Origins of the Spanish Civil War. Durham EALHAM, Ch.; RICHARDS, M. (2005): The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. Cambridge FRASER, R. (1994): Blood of Spain: an Oral History of the Spanish Civil War. London GREELEY, R. (2006): Surrealism and the Spanish Civil War. New Haven GOODKIN, M.; HAYES, M.; MITCHELL, A. (2015): The Spanish Civil War and its Memory. Barcelona HART, S.M. [Ed.] (1988): ¡No pasarán!: Art, Literature and teh Spanish Civil War. London HIGGINBOTHAM, V. (1988): Spanish Film under Franco. Austin LLOYD, N. (2015): Forgotten Places: Barcelona and the Spanish Civil War. Barcelona MANGINI, S. (1995): Memories of Resistance: Women’s Voices from the Spanish Civil War. New Haven MARTIN, S. (2014): Conscience and Conflict: British Artists and teh Spanish Civil War. Chichester NASH, M. (1995): Defying Male Civilization: Women in the Spanish Civil War. Denver PRESTON, P. (2006): The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge. London SEIDMAN, M. (2002): Republic of Egos: a Social History of the Spanish Civil War. Madison VERNON, K. [Ed.] (1990): The Spanish Civil War and the Visual Arts. Ithaca YOUNG, C. [Ed.] (2010): The Mexican Suitcase: the Rediscovered Spanish Civil War Negatives of Capa, Chim and Taro. New York