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'Deprived of Their Liberty'
'DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY': ENEMY PRISONERS AND THE CULTURE OF WAR IN REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA, 1775-1783 by Trenton Cole Jones A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland June, 2014 © 2014 Trenton Cole Jones All Rights Reserved Abstract Deprived of Their Liberty explores Americans' changing conceptions of legitimate wartime violence by analyzing how the revolutionaries treated their captured enemies, and by asking what their treatment can tell us about the American Revolution more broadly. I suggest that at the commencement of conflict, the revolutionary leadership sought to contain the violence of war according to the prevailing customs of warfare in Europe. These rules of war—or to phrase it differently, the cultural norms of war— emphasized restricting the violence of war to the battlefield and treating enemy prisoners humanely. Only six years later, however, captured British soldiers and seamen, as well as civilian loyalists, languished on board noisome prison ships in Massachusetts and New York, in the lead mines of Connecticut, the jails of Pennsylvania, and the camps of Virginia and Maryland, where they were deprived of their liberty and often their lives by the very government purporting to defend those inalienable rights. My dissertation explores this curious, and heretofore largely unrecognized, transformation in the revolutionaries' conduct of war by looking at the experience of captivity in American hands. Throughout the dissertation, I suggest three principal factors to account for the escalation of violence during the war. From the onset of hostilities, the revolutionaries encountered an obstinate enemy that denied them the status of legitimate combatants, labeling them as rebels and traitors. -
© 2014 Mekala Shadd-Sartor Audain ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
© 2014 Mekala Shadd-Sartor Audain ALL RIGHTS RESERVED MEXICAN CANAAN: FUGITIVE SLAVES AND FREE BLACKS ON THE AMERICAN FRONTIER, 1804-1867 By MEKALA SHADD-SARTOR AUDAIN A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History written under the direction of Mia Bay and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Mexican Canaan: Fugitive Slaves and Free Blacks on the American Frontier, 1804-1867 By MEKALA SHADD-SARTOR AUDAIN Dissertation Director: Mia Bay This dissertation examines the migration of free blacks and slaves across the United States’ southern border into New Spain and later Mexico in the antebellum era. For fugitive slaves, Mexico offered a sanctuary from U.S. slavery. Mexico abolished slavery in 1829; never policed its borders very effectively; and at times, actively welcomed runaways. Northeastern Mexico was sparsely populated and attracted few immigrants and welcomed slave fugitives who could help defend its border. The nation also welcomed free blacks, offering them full citizenship rights—unlike the United States. Consequently, starting in the 1820s and 1830s, some free blacks began to immigrate there. The Texas Revolution and subsequent U.S. annexation of Texas made it less welcoming to free blacks, who became subjected to greater restrictions after the United States acquired the region. But some free blacks continued to migrate to Texas after 1836, and both free blacks and fugitive slaves migrated to Mexico after 1845. -
The Loyalist Origins of Canada's Identity Crisis
Condemned to Rootlessness: The Loyalist Origins of Canada's Identity Crisis Introduction In the view of the English-speaking Canadian media, Canada has an identity crisis, a situation attributable to divisions within the Canadian body politic that are regularly expressed in constitutional bickering between Quebec and the Rest of Canada and between the provinces and the federal government.1 Yet the identity crisis in the lifeworld of the average English-Canadian appears to possess a somewhat different quality. The following statement from Rod Lamirand, a resident of Surrey, B.C., expresses the subjectivity of this existential unease with remarkable accuracy: 'We [our family] were isolated, self-sufficient, cut off from a close community and from our pasts...Our family was not drawn into a neighborhood of friends because of a shared difference from mainstream society. We didn't have a name for the cultural majority because for the most part they were us. We were part of the dominant cultural society and we had no real culture. The great wash of pale European blood that saturated this continent was uniform in color only. Much of what survived is a hodgepodge of eclectic, meaningless routines...We were the product of white bread and instant coffee, Hollywood and the CBC....'2 (emphasis added) The connection between the Canadian identity crisis mentioned in the English-Canadian media and Lamirand's statement might appear distant. Surely, one might ask, the latter reflects a problem that should be labeled 'English-Canadian' rather than 'Canadian.' It is the position of this paper, however, that the discourses of English-Canadian and Canadian identity are inextricably bound. -
CPY Document
DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING CiTY OF Los ANGELES EXECUTIVE OFFICES OFf-ICE Of- HISTORIC: RESOl.RUS CALIFORNIA S, CAlL COLDBeRC, AIO' 20D N. SPRI,,C SIRfrT, ROUM 620 DIRECTOR Los Ai'ULfS, LA ')0012-4801 (213) 97/J-127: i2131971l-1200 leVA YUAi'-McDi\NIH CULTURAl HERITAGE COMMISSION OfPLTYDIRfOOR (113:978-1173 MARY KI.ALS-MAR i IN PRf,IIDf¡"T FAX: (213: 978-1275 RICH/\RLJ Bi\RROi' VICE PRlSIOFNI ,ALM.'\,'v, C\RLiSU ANTONIO R. VILLARAIGOSA I"JFORMA i ION ci FN C. DAKE MAYOR I:!U)9781no MI/\U:HRFR www_lacity,org/rLI'J COMMISSION ol-rlCE (2i:) 978-1:00 DATE: SEP 2 i 2007 Los Angeles City Council Room 395, City Hall 200 North Spring Street Los Angeles, California 90012 ATTENTION: Barbara Greaves, Legislative Assistant Planning and Land Use Management Committee CASE NUMBER CHC-2007-2577 -HCM CASTERA RESIDENCE 651 NORTH SIENA WAY At the Cultural Heritage Commission meeting of August 16, 2007, the Commission moved to include the above property in the list of Historic-Cultural Monuments, subject to adoption by the City CounciL. As required under the provisions of Section 22.126 of the Los Angeles Administrative Code, the Commission has solicited opinions and information from the office of the Council District in which the site is located and from any Department or Bureau of the city whose operations may be affected by the designation of such site as a Historic- Cultural Monument. Such designation in and of itself has no fiscal impact. Future applications for permits may cause minimal administrative costs. The City Council, according to the guidelines set forth in Section 22.125.1 of the Los Angeles Administrative Code, shall act on the proposed inclusion to the list within 90 days of the Councilor Commission action, whichever first occurs. -
A History of the Spiritan Missionaries in Acadia and North America 1732-1839 Henry J
Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Duquesne Studies Spiritan Series Spiritan Collection 1-1-1962 Knaves or Knights? A History of the Spiritan Missionaries in Acadia and North America 1732-1839 Henry J. Koren C.S.Sp. Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/spiritan-dsss Recommended Citation Koren, H. J. (1962). Knaves or Knights? A History of the Spiritan Missionaries in Acadia and North America 1732-1839. Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/spiritan-dsss/3 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Spiritan Collection at Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Duquesne Studies Spiritan Series by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. Spiritan Collection Duquesne University The Gumberg Library Congregation of the Holy Spirit USA Eastern Province SPtRITAN ARCHIVES U.S.A. g_ / / Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/duquesnestudiess04henr DUQUESNE STUDIES Spiritan Series 4 KNAVES OR KNIGHTS? : DUQUESNE STUDIES Spiritan Series Volume One— Henry J. Koren. C S.Sp., THE SPIRI- TAN S. A History of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost. XXIX and 641 pages. Illustrated. Price: paper $5.75, cloth $6.50. ,,lt is a pleasure to meet profound scholarship and interesting writing united. " The American Ecclesias- tical Review. Volume Two— Adrian L. van Kaam, C.S.Sp., A LIGHT TO THE GENTILES. The Life-Story of the Venerable Francis Lihermann. XI and 312 pages. Illustrated Price: paper $4.00, cloth $4.75. ,,A splendid example or contemporary hagiography at its best." America. -
Cumberland Planters and the Aftermath of the Attack on Fort Cumberland
Cumberland Planters and the Aftermath of the Attack on Fort Cumberland Ernest A. Clarke Halifax, Nova Scotia "There are many timorous and weak persons among us, who aw'd by fear, are drove to do what they would avoid, if they durst." John Eagleson, Anglican missionary and acting chaplain of Fort Cumberland, describing Cumberland Planters during the rebellion.1 ***** "O most mighty God," prayed the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel missionary at Windsor. "Ruler of Heaven and Earth," prayed the Rev. William Ellis as H.M.S. Vulture sailed out Minas Basin to relieve Fort Cumberland in November 1776. "Re-unite the Divided interests and Distracted minds of our Countrymen. Defend us from Seditious rage at home and from the Designs of all our...enemies, wheresoever they may be!"2 A good many of the distracted wheresoevers were, even as Ellis prayed, surrounding Fort Cumberland where sedition had raged through the Planter community, for the past year and where the fort had been under attack for a month by a band of 180 guerrillas led by the self styled Colonel Jonathan Eddy.3 Inside the fort were about the same number of defenders: a garrison of provincial troops, the Royal Fencible Americans, and two dozen or more 1 Eagleson to John Butler, 27 January 1776, Public Archives of Canada (PAC), MG 11, Vol.95, 112-7. 2 Prayer, Discourses and Sermons of the Rev. William Ellis, Dalhousie University Archives. Ellis also was a chaplain at Fort Edward. 3 The Planter community of Cumberland was an amalgam of halfpay officers, farmers, tradesmen and artisans heavily dependent on the fort for their livlihood. -
The United Empire Loyalist Settlement in British North America, 1775–1812
Echa Przeszłości XXI/1, 2020 ISSN 1509–9873 DOI 10.31648/ep.6139 Mateusz Bogdanowicz Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Hope Restored: the United Empire Loyalist Settlement in British North America, 1775–1812 Streszczenie: Artykuł analizuje procesy przesiedleńcze tzw. Zjednoczonych Lojalistów Imperialnych (United Empire Loyalists) z nowopowstałych Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki do Brytyjskiej Ameryki Północnej. Ocenie poddane zostały osadnictwo, kwestie polityczne i społeczne jak również wyzwa- nia natury logistycznej stojące przed już istniejącymi prowincjami kanadyjskimi – punktem docelo- wym lojalistów. Przedstawiono także proces powstawania (specjalnie na potrzeby lojalistów) prowincji Nowy Brunszwik oraz Górnej Kanady. Dodatkowym elementem badań są losy i zagadnienia związane z lojalistami rekrutującymi się spośród Indian i Murzynów amerykańskich, ich repatriacją i pomocą rządu brytyjskiego w tej operacji. Słowa kluczowe: Lojaliści, Kanada, prowincje, wojna o niepodległość, przesiedlenia, Zjednoczone Królestwo History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon. Napoleon Bonaparte The article is an attempt at a brief analysis and evaluation of the United Empire Loyalists (UELs) relocation process to Canada. It also evaluates their impact on shaping Canada’s political, economic and social profiles as well as on the regional stratification of the Anglophone element within the Canadian population between the American War of Independence and the War of 1812. The dates 1775 and 1812/1815 seem perfect for trac- ing the trends and progress of the Loyalist re-settlement to Canada and their development of the new Canadian provinces, their administration, society and economy. The period makes thirty years, i.e. a whole generation; it provides a proper insight into the tendencies which proved constant and influential in the historical development of Canada. -
Britain's Magnificent “Forts”
Britain’s Magnificent “Forts” The Freedom Freighters of WW 2 By Geoff Walker For our non-seafaring friends, many would associate the word “Fort” with some kind of medieval bastion or land based strong hold, but in the case to hand, nothing could be further from reality. Fort was the name given to a class of Cargo Ship built in Canada during WW2, for the British government (MOWT), under the Lend Lease scheme. All Fort ships, except two which were paid for outright, were transferred on bareboat charter, on Lend - lease terms, from the Canadian Government or the U.S. War Shipping Administration who bought ninety of the 'Forts' built in Canada. The construction of this type of ship commenced in 1942, and by war’s end well over 230 of these vessels had been delivered to the MOWT, (including all “Fort” variants and those built as Tankers) each at an average cost of $1,856,500. Often, confusion persists between “Fort” and “Park” class ships that were built in Canada. To clarify, “Fort” ships were ships transferred to the British Government and the “Park” ships were those employed by the Canadian Government, both types had similar design specifications. All Fort ships were given names prefixed by the word “Fort”, whilst “Park” ships all had names ending or suffixed with “Park” at the time of their launching, although names were frequently changed later during their working life. These ships were built across eighteen different Canadian shipyards. Their triple expansion steam engines were built by seven different manufacturers. There were 3 sub-classes of the type, namely, “North Sands” type which were mainly of riveted construction, and the “Canadian” and “Victory” types, which were of welded construction. -
Precarious Lives: Black Seminoles and Other Freedom Seekers in Florida
Precarious lives Black Seminoles and other freedom seekers in Florida before the US civil war A. A. Morgan Copyright 2020 A. A. Morgan This work is licensed under the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. You are welcome to share it, within a few basic limits stated in the license, as long as you credit the author and do not alter the work. To view a copy of the license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0. I gratefully acknowledge the insightful and constructive feedback received from Cheryl Nicchitta and Donna Stokes. All remaining mistakes and infelicities are my own. This work is offered free of charge. If you enjoy reading it, please consider making a small donation to the charity of your choice. i Dedication Sandy Perryman ? – 1839 warrior, diplomat, linguist ii Contents 1 Introduction 3 Seeking freedom in the Americas 18 Florida — a precarious haven 19 Seeking freedom in Florida 27 A fragile freedom 41 War 75 After Florida 78 Notes 95 Sources iii Introduction Florida was once a place where people in bondage came to be free. For generations, fugitives from the slave plantations of Alabama, the Carolinas, and Georgia crossed the border into Spanish Florida, where they sought official sanctuary or disappeared into the peninsula’s uncharted forests, swamps, and savannas. There, many of them fell in with American Indians, also relatively new to the region, who would become known as Seminoles. Their relationships with the Indians took many forms and have been described over the years in many ways — from slavery (similar to the Euro-American version but less brutal), to a form of vassalage in which they owed an annual tribute but were otherwise left to their own devices, to alliances between equals in which they served as trusted advisors, interpreters, and military allies. -
Phase IA Archaeological Documentary Study
Phase IA Archaeological Documentary Study New York City Department of Environmental Protection Wards Point Infrastructure Improvements Amboy Road from Wards Point Avenue to U.S. Pierhead and Bulkhead Line Staten Island, Richmond County, New York Phase IA Archaeological Documentary Study New York City Department of Environmental Protection Wards Point Infrastructure Improvements Amboy Road from Wards Point Avenue to U.S. Pierhead and Bulkhead Line Staten Island, Richmond County, New York Prepared For: Hazen and Sawyer 498 Seventh Avenue, 11th Floor New York, NY, 10018 Prepared By: Historical Perspectives, Inc. P.O. Box 3037 Westport, CT 06880 Author: Julie Abell Horn, M.A., R.P.A. January 2011 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The New York City Department of Design and Construction (NYCDDC), on behalf of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP), is proposing Capital Project No. SER-200208, which involves the construction of new storm sewers and appurtenances, street reconstruction (i.e. final paving, grading), and a new stormwater outfall in the Tottenville neighborhood of Staten Island. One of these site locations is situated at the terminus of Amboy Road, extending from Wards Point Avenue to the U.S. Pierhead and Bulkhead Line in the Arthur Kill (Figures 1 and 2). The new outfall would be located at approximately the same location as an existing drainage outlet, which currently contains a concrete drainage swale. It would be constructed within a 40 foot wide section of an 80 foot wide right-of-way leading from the intersection of Wards Point Avenue and Amboy Avenue to Arthur Kill. The right-of-way ranges from 228 feet in length on the north to 242 feet in length on the south. -
Documents Population Patterns in Pre-Confederation New Brunswick*
Documents Population Patterns in Pre-Confederation New Brunswick* Although few geographers would go as far as Derwent Whittlesey, who argued in 1937 that to "know precisely where the population is" is "to have gone a long way toward understanding the cultural geography of the region",1 most would agree that the population map is a fundamental document, provoking thought and leading the geographer to account for the patterns it reveals. In this sense, the maps that follow are the building blocks of a fuller interpretation of the evolving geography of pre-confederation New Brunswick. Like all maps, they are generalizations. The statistics from which they are compiled refer to a changing mesh of areal units. For the enumerations of 1785 and 1803, these units were described verbally in the most general terms; for the censuses of 1824, 1834, 1840, 1851, and 1861, civil parishes were the bases of data collection, but their number increased from 59 in 1824 to 117 in 1861, and their boundaries and areas were often adjusted.2 Moreover, information about the distribution of population within parishes (or districts) is uneven in quantity and quality. Con temporary maps locate most towns, villages, and hamlets, and some of them chart the roads along which population spread. Travellers' descriptions offer a more qualitative but revealing record of settlement patterns. For 1851 and 1861, manuscript census schedules allow more precise analyses of settler locations, but (as is also the case with the extensive land grant records) their use at the provin cial scale is quite impracticable. Such difficulties are compounded, especially in those areas of particularly high or low population densities, by the necessity of aggregating the data for graphic representation. -
The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada(1)
THE HISTORIC SITES AND MONUMENTS BOARD OF CANADA(1) M. H. Long President, Canadian Historical Association 1954 A Glance through the Annual Reports of the Canadian Historical Association will reveal that in their presidential papers former presidents have as a rule addressed themselves to topics which embodied the results of research in fields in which they were interested, or considered technical problems of the historian, or involved philosophical or semi-philosophical reflection on history or aspects of it. My subject tonight, I fear, is of a different order. It is necessarily factual and narrative and, with the aid of lantern slides, visual in character. It neither plumbs the depths of research nor soars to philosophical heights. Perhaps, therefore, its selection deserves a word of explanation. The immediate reason for the choice of subject is the attention which the Massey Commission directed to the Historic Sites and Monuments Board. As was its duty, it examined the work and organization of the Board and made various suggestions for their improvement. Among these was a recommendation that the Canadian Historical Association should have direct representation on the Board, a proposal which the Board itself considered unwise and to which the Government did not accede. This aroused, or deepened, a critical spirit towards the Board among some members of the Association, and this has caused a general discussion of the relationship of the two bodies to be arranged for the concluding meeting of the Association on Saturday morning at 10.30 o'clock. It seemed to me that, as I happened to be a member of the Board as well as President this year of the Association, a useful purpose would be served if I should try to lay a foundation for the proposed discussion by devoting this paper to a survey of the Board and its work.