Forever a Rhode Islander and Not a Green Mountain Boy: Bradley J. Norris of Albany, Vermont
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Forever a Rhode Islander and not a Green Mountain Boy: Bradley J. Norris of Albany, Vermont What caused Bradley Norris to go to Rhode Island to enlist is unknown. Perhaps he had family connection there; perhaps he knew the bounties were higher than those being offered in Vermont. By Robert Grandchamp n his massive 1886 and 1888 histories, Vermont in the Civil War, George G. Benedict recorded a total of 28,267 men who enlisted in one of Vermont’s seventeen infantry regiments, one cavalry regiment, three batteries of light artillery, and three companies of sharp- shooters. Benedict also listed 1,329 men who enlisted in the United States Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. While these enlistment numbers are truly impressive, Benedict failed to document the nearly 10,000 Vermonters who enlisted in units of other states.1 The 1860 census reported that 42 percent of the people who had been born in Vermont had migrated to other locations by the time of the . Robert Grandchamp is the author of a dozen books on American military history, including The Boys of Adams’ Battery G (2009), Colonel Edward E. Cross (2012), A Connecticut Yankee at War (2015), and most recently “We Lost Many Brave Men:” A Statistical History of the Seventh Rhode Island Volunteers (2018). He received his M.A. in American History from Rhode Island College. A former National Park Ranger, Grandchamp is an analyst with the federal government and resides in Jericho Center, Vermont. Vermont History Vol. 87, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2019): 43-58 © 2019 by the Vermont Historical Society. ISSN: 0042-4161; on-line ISSN: 1544-3043 44 . Civil War. Lewis D. Stillwell, in his classic study Migration from Ver- mont, wrote, “if the Vermonters in the entire world in 1860 had been counted, an even half of them would have been found outside the state.” Many men would go on to enlist in regiments in every northern state, while some would even wear Confederate gray. In time, some would be forever connected to the state they enlisted from, and not Vermont, the state of their nativity.2 While most Vermonters who remained in Vermont served in Ver- mont regiments, a surprising number of men served in regiments from other states. Corporal Elmer Bragg was a native of Quechee. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he was a student at Kimball Union Academy in Plainfield, New Hampshire. When a number of his friends and class- mates decided to enlist in the summer of 1862, Bragg went with his friends to Lebanon and enlisted in Company E, Ninth New Hampshire Volunteers. Corporal Bragg was mortally wounded on May 12, 1864, at Spotsylvania Court House, fighting under the flag of New Hampshire. His father brought his remains home, and today Bragg is interred in Quechee, while his gravestone notes that he served in the Ninth New Hampshire. Another soldier, Francis M. Nash, was born in Jericho Cen- ter on February 8, 1828. Nash was residing in Wisconsin at the start of the Civil War and in May 1861 enlisted in the famed Seventh Wisconsin Volunteers, later part of the legendary Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac. Nash survived the war, married, and later moved back to Jeri- cho. He died in 1905 and is buried in the Jericho Center Cemetery.3 The 1860 census recorded 709 African Americans living in Vermont. Remarkably, 152 of the men among them enlisted in the Union forces during the Civil War. Because Vermont did not send a regiment of black soldiers to the front, these 152 men all enlisted in units outside the state, with the largest percentage joining the famed Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts.4 Another large contingent of Vermonters who served in a unit out of state was the College Cavaliers. Sanford Burr, a junior at Dartmouth College, proposed to enlist a company of college men to serve three months in the Union Army in the summer of 1862. Burr’s motives are unknown, but the experience would later prove beneficial to all of the men in their professional lives, as they were able to claim that they, too, had joined the Union forces in the time of peril. Burr recruited thirty- five students from Dartmouth, twenty-three from Norwich University, and several others from Bowdoin, Union, Williams, and Amherst col- leges. To fill out the company, seventeen men were recruited from the Woodstock, Vermont, area. Burr contacted the governors of all the New England states, but only 45 . Governor William Sprague of Rhode Island would accept the services of the company for three months. A second company composed of non- college Rhode Islanders was recruited in Providence, and the two units became the Seventh Squadron of Rhode Island Cavalry. The squadron provided scouting services in the Shenandoah Valley in July and August 1862. Several members of the unit were captured, while Private Arthur Coombs of Thetford, Vermont, a Norwich cadet, died of typhoid at Win- chester, Virginia. The Seventh Squadron was one of the few units to es- cape from Harpers Ferry during the siege and capture on September 14, 1862. The unit helped capture a Confederate supply train and was on the field at Antietam before returning to Providence for muster out. While the majority of the College Cavaliers came from Vermont, they were officially credited towards Rhode Island’s quota of troops, and not Vermont’s.5 Uz Cameron was born in Walden, Vermont. In 1862, he was working as a “peddler” in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. When the town raised a company for the Seventh Rhode Island Volunteers, Cameron enlisted in Company G of the regiment; he was fifty-one years old and married at the time. He enlisted in the Seventh Rhode Island because it was the most convenient unit for him to join at the time, and South Kingstown was offering bounties of five hundred dollars for men to enlist. Due to his age, Cameron became the company cook. A known sleep walker, Cameron fell overboard in the Mississippi River on June 9, 1863, when the steamer he was on was transporting the Seventh Rhode Island to Mississippi. Despite a search, Cameron’s remains were never found. He left behind a widow and two minor daughters. Captain Edward T. Allen placed an informational advertisement in a local South Kingstown newspaper, asking for assistance in locating Cameron’s widow in Ver- mont so that Allen could send the Vermonter’s personal effects home. Susan Cameron eventually learned of her husband’s death, and in Janu- ary 1864, with Captain Allen’s assistance, she filed for a widow’s pension in Vermont.6 What were the motivations of these men to leave Vermont and serve in units from another state? For Corporal Bragg of the Ninth New Hampshire, it was because his friends all enlisted in the Ninth New Hampshire. For the College Cavaliers, no other New England governor would accept the services of a unit for only three months. In Private Cameron’s case, he was living and working in Rhode Island at the time. For many Union soldiers, bounty money was one of the largest factors in determining where to enlist and would motivate men to leave their homes and travel to another town, or even another state, in order to obtain a larger payment. 46 . Rhode Island is a good example. In May 1862, Governor Sprague is- sued orders to activate the Seventh Rhode Island Volunteers, a three- year infantry regiment. Recruits were painfully slow in joining the unit, and by July 1, 1862, barely 100 men had signed up. Following President Abraham Lincoln’s urgent call for 300,000 men to serve three years fol- lowing the Union defeat during the Peninsula Campaign, the towns of Rhode Island instantly responded, issuing bounties averaging four hun- dred dollars. The money had the desired effect: by mid-August the Sev- enth Rhode Island was fully recruited.7 Unlike many Northern states, Vermont paid her soldiers well. Ver- mont volunteers were allocated an additional seven dollars per month, paid by the state, as they were considered to be state militiamen called up to federal service. Initially, Vermont did not need to offer large boun- ties to her sons to enlist. In a history of Franklin County, however, Hamilton Child noted how this process changed during the war. During the first year, in 1861, no special inducements were offered for enlistments, save $7.00 per month paid by the State to the soldiers and their families, and then more sol- diers volunteered than were required. In the summer and autumn of 1862, some towns paid small bounties, from $25.00 to $75.00 for three years men. In 1863, town bounties ranged from $100.00 to $350.00 for three years men, and in 1864, the highest point was reached, from $500.00 to $1,000.00. The town of Fairfield paid as high as $1,000.00 for one years men in the summer of 1864, while the town of Montgomery paid nothing throughout the war, except Recruiting posters such as this encour- to drafted men.8 aged men to join the First Rhode Island In time, many Union sol- Light Artillery by proclaiming the boun- diers who joined up later in ties being offered. Robert Grandchamp the war would be derided by Collection. their comrades as “bounty 47 . men,” especially those who took the large sums of money and deserted. However, the sums being offered were often necessary to entice men to leave their families and businesses to enlist. By the end of 1861, as casu- alties began to mount and illness killed thousands of soldiers, the real- ization that war was no holiday sport came to many Vermont hill towns.