Green and Blue Infrastructures Research Line LEAF | Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food School of Agronomy| University of

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NEW EUROPEAN BAUHAUS IDEA IN LINE WITH GREEN DEAL

Ecological Network applied in , developed by the team

Location Scale Date Authors Telles (coord.) (1993 Municipal &1997) Lisbon 1993; 2001; 2011 1: 25 000 Magalhães (1993)

Telles, Magalhães, 1:2 5000 1994-1996 Alfaiate (1996) Magalhães et al. (2002) 1: 25 000 2001 – 2003 Magalhães et al. (2004) Almada 1: 25 000 2002 – 2003 Magalhães et al. (2006) Magalhães et al. 1: 25 000 2004 – 2008 (2005/07) Cinfães Baião 1: 25 000 2009 – 2011 Magalhães et al. (2012) Mirandela Santo Tirso Lisbon Regional Magalhães et al. (2003) Metropolitan 2002-3; 2013 1: 100 000 Franco et al. (2013) area Magalhaes et al. (2013) Mainland Nacional Cunha & Magalhães Portugal 2010 – 2013 (2017)

Green and Blue Infrastructures Green and Blue Infrastructures Thematic Line Thematic Line Project name Date 2013 - ongoing EPIC WEBGIS PORTUGAL http://epic-webgisportugal.isa.ulisboa.pt/

The integration of landscape into planning policies considering its protection, management, and planning remains one of the great challenges addressed by the European Landscape Convention. The recognition of landscape as a complex system composed of ecological and cultural components is a challenge for specialists, technicians, municipalities, and researchers. The “Landscape-System” methodology (Magalhães et al., 2007) considers landscape as a system constituted by a network of subsystems comprising several interconnected levels that correspond respectively to its ecological, cultural, and semiotic components. During the last decade, this methodology has been gradually developed and applied in several case studies at local and regional scales by the Green and Blue Infrastructures Research Line team of the University of Lisbon. In terms of scientific content, this project brings together the results of two projects "National Ecological Network (EEN) - a proposal for delimitation and regulation" [PTDC / AUR-URB / 102578/2008] and “Ecological Landscape Potential Plan. Application to Portugal "PTDC / AUR-URB / 119340/2010, both funded by the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT). The cartography produced in these two projects was compiled in a Cartographic Data Base - http://epic-webgis-portugal.isa.ulisboa.pt/ to serve as a basis for Landscape and Land-use Planning, held with an ecological basis. This platform is free of charge and interactive, open to new data, contributing to the implementation of Open Access policies. EPIC WebGIS main goal is to enhance the generalization and acceptance by society of an ecologically based planning policy, which will bring already, recognized social and economic benefits. The use of the available cartography as an auxiliary tool in spatial planning will contribute to more sustainable landscape management.

Green and Blue Infrastructures Green and Blue Infrastructures Thematic Line Thematic Line Project name Date 2010 - 2013 NATIONAL ECOLOGICAL NETWORK Mainland Portugal

The main goal is to develop a methodology to map a National Ecological Network (NEN) for mainland Portugal and establish the theoretical framework of the EN (equivalent to Green Infrastructure), by identifying and mapping the most valuable and sensitive areas that guarantee the ecosystem functioning through multi-level ecological evaluation criteria that integrate the physical and biological systems. For that purpose, a large team gathered with all the scientific backgrounds that are necessary to the study and interpretation of the several NEN sub-systems. The considered sub-systems are, among others, geology/lithology, soil, water, vegetation, and climate, all of them spatially interpreted with land morphology. The Ecological Network forms the basis for the EU's definition of Green Infrastructure. It has been delimited by this team at the various scales of Landscape - National, Regional and Local, to show the possibility and need to be integrated in all Landscape and Land-use Plans. Hence, the NEN and its various sub-systems maps can be considered of great utility for all those, technicians and entities, involved in landscape planning, particularly those responsible for the master plans, but also for education, research, management, agricultural production and forestry, nature conservation, cultural promotion and construction .

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Project name Date 2013 - 2016 POTENCIAL ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE Mainland Portugal PLANNING. APPLICATION TO PORTUGAL

The main objective of this project is to bring development strategies, in terms of Landscape Planning, to discussion and to propose potential uses to, what has been designated Potential Landscape Planning. For this purpose a methodology was designed in which, initially, the ecological suitability to agricultural crops, tree species, spontaneous pastures and urban development was evaluated and, subsequently, the ecological adequacy or inadequacy of the various types of land use was evaluated. The results of this evaluation led to the formulation of new questions about development strategies.

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AGRICULTURE (RAINFED) AGRICULTURE (IRRIGATED) ECOLOGICAL LAND SUITABILITY ECOLOGICAL LAND SUITABILITY

FORESTRY EDAFO-MORPHOLOGICAL MODEL ECOLOGICAL LAND SUITABILITY

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MAPPING SOIL ATTRIBUTES

MAPPING WET SYSTEM AND FLOOD RISK

Green and Blue Infrastructures Green and Blue Infrastructures Thematic Line Thematic Line Project name Date 2012 - 2013 LISBON METROPOLITAN ECOLOGICAL NETWORK

LISBON METROPOLITAN ECOLOGICAL NETWORK

Green and Blue Infrastructures Green and Blue Infrastructures Thematic Line Thematic Line Project name Date 1993; 1997; 2013 LISBON ECOLOGICAL NETWORK Lisbon Municipality

This project proposed an Ecological Network for Lisbon, in 1993, which became one of the components of the Municipal Master Plan (1994). This network adapted the principles of the natural continuum and Urban Ecology to the characteristics of urbanization with different levels of density. It was the first urban Ecological Network designed in Portugal and his experience allowed to deepen the concept and apply it to other cases studies, ultimately leading to the inclusion of the figure of the Ecological Network in the law, in 1999. This network corresponds to the concepts of Green Infrastructure, the Sponge City, etc. more recently defined by the European Union.

LISBON ECOLOGICAL NETWORK, (GREEN PLAN, Telles et al. 1993; 1997)

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Project name Date: 2003 - 2006 LOURES GREEN PLAN Loures Municipality

The Municipal Green Plan to the municipality of Loures constituted, on the one hand, the ecological basis of the Master Plan, through the proposal of i) a municipal Ecological Network; ii) a water and soil conservation plan iii) the assessment of the landscape suitability to building construction; on the other hand, he proposed a cultural structure that integrated pedestrian and cultural paths. The methodology used was further developed in other municipal study cases in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK CULTURAL NETWORK

POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE PLAN URBAN ECOLOGICAL NETWORK

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Project name Date: 2002; 2006-07 ALMADA GREEN PLAN Almada Municipality

The Almada’s Municipality Green Plan proposed the Municipal Ecological Structure and the Municipal Cultural Structure. The Municipal Ecological Structure integrates the natural systems essential to the ecological balance of the landscape; the Municipal Cultural Structure integrates the built elements, inert or “natural” that should be connected by a Cycle Network, in its variety of uses: daily use, leisure, recreation and culture. The adopted approach defines the potential for using the landscape according to its ecological suitability and proposes its development through the structures that ensure the essential and determinant of the land-use, allowing the less sensitive areas to be subject to greater flexibility of interpretation, by the licensing agents of human activities

ALMADA LAND-USE PLAN IDEM - DETAIL

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ALMADA AGRICULTURE PARK ALMADA CULTURAL NETWORK

ALMADA CYCLE NETWORK CYCLE NETWORK – DETAIL

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ALMADA - TRAFFIC CALMING BY DESIGN PROJECT

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Project name Date 2004 - 2009 SINTRA GREEN PLAN Sintra Municipality

This plan proposes the delimitation of the Municipal Ecological Network, as well as the evaluation of its implications to the revision of the Municipal Master Plan (PDM). At the base of this plan is a landscape planning model that is based on a complex understanding of the development and construction of the landscape, composed by its natural and cultural networks, with the objective of applying the principles of landscape sustainability. (MAGALHÃES, 2001). This strategic intervention is carried out through the concept of Landscape Morphology, which is understood as the form of the Landscape that emerges from its structures. The innovation of this concept results from the conciliation between permanent elements, fundamental for the formal and functional definition of the landscape, with areas that are located in the interstices of these structures and in which the characteristics of the landscape present less demands, in terms of their ecological functioning. The proposal made in this project is that systems should be defined that must ensure the essentials of sustainability and the use of the landscape (the structures arising from the concept of morphology). It begins by defining the potential and thresholds of resilience of the landscape and for these, the various preferential, possible or restrictive uses.

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Project name Date 2008 - 2011 THE SOCIAL DIMENSION OF FOREST FIRES - Baião, S.Tirso, CONTRIBUTION TO A SUSTAINABLE, Mirandela, Cinfães INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT Municipalities

The study aims to verify if the empirical assumptions related to the abandonment of the rural space, the collapse of traditional societies, and the replacement of the traditional agroforestry systems by continuous and monospecific forest stands, constituted by species with high flammability, such as Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus will have been one of the determining causes of the current situation. Furthermore, it proposes a landscape model based on the establishment of a diversified agro-silvo-pastoral mosaic, in the protection of urban areas by agricultural buffers, in the existence of grazing cattle and common land, and the replacement of pine and eucalyptus by native broadleaved species. Pine and eucalyptus must be limited in size, to constitute a “working capital” for the owners. In other words, it is the landscape ecological suitability defining land use and not the opposite. In this way, it is intended to assert the importance of spatial planning in the prevention of rural fires, in contrast to a posteriori combat, a measure that has prevailed in Portugal.

CINFÃES LAND-USE PLAN – RESILIENT TO RURAL FIRES

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MIRANDELA LAND-USE PLAN - RESILIENT TO RURAL FIRES

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Referências bibliográficas

Cunha, N.S., Magalhães, M. R. (2019). Methodology for mapping the national ecological network to mainland Portugal: A planning tool towards a green infrastructure, Ecological Indicators 104C: 802-818. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.050 Magalhães, M.R., 1993. The Ecological Structure of Lisbon, In “Ekistics”. The Problems and Science of Human Settlements. 1 The Landscape. Design and Planning, (60) 360- 361, 159–166. Retrieved from http://www.isa.utl.pt/ceap/index_files/artigo-ekistics1993.pdf Magalhães, M.R., Silva, P.G., Cunha, N.S., Campo, S.L., 2002. Delimitação da Estrutura Ecológica Municipal de Loures, Métodos de Análise Espacial para Interpretação da Paisagem, “Encontro de Utilizadores de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica”, -Park, Oeiras (Portugal). Magalhães, M. R., Cortez, N., Abreu, M. M., Conceição, J. M., Raichande, S., 2003. Morfologia da Paisagem Metropolitana. In Tenedório, J. A. (Ed.), 2003. Atlas da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. Junta Metropolitana de Lisboa. Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. 69-89. ISBN 972-98655-7-4. Magalhães, M. R., Abreu, M., Lousã, M., Cortez, N., Cunha, N.S., Campo, S. L., et al., 2005/07. Plano Verde do Concelho de Sintra, Centro de Estudos de Arquitectura Paisagista, Instituto Superior de Agronomia/ UTL, Lisboa. Magalhães, M. R., Abreu, M.; Lousã, M., Cunha, N.S., Campo, S.L., Mata, D. A., Ferro, I., et al., 2006 Estruturas da Paisagem do Concelho de Almada, Centro de Estudos de Arquitectura Paisagista, Instituto Superior de Agronomia/ UTL, Lisboa Magalhães, M.R., Cunha, N., Pena, S, 2011. The Ecological Land Suitability in the Land-Use Plan. Proceedings of 7 VCT. Internacional Conference on Virtual Cities and Territories, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 11-13 Outubro. Magalhães, M.R., Baptista, F. O., Cunha, N. S., Pena, S., Müller, A., Silva, J., Leitão, M., 2012. O Ordenamento do Território na Prevenção dos Incêndios Florestais. Centro de Estudos de Arquitectura Paisagista, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisboa in Tedim, F., Paton D. (eds). A Dimensão Humana dos Incêndios Florestais. Estratégias Criativas Edições, Porto. ISBN: 978-989- 8459-10-7. Magalhães, M. R. (Coord), 2013. Estrutura Ecológica Nacional - uma proposta de delimitação e regulamentação. ISApress, Lisboa. ISBN 978-972-8669-53-9 Telles, G. (Coord.), 1997. Plano Verde de Lisboa. Componente do Plano Director Municipal de Lisboa. Edições Colibri. Lisboa. ISBN: 972-8288-74-3.

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