Poverty & Race

PRRAC POVERTY & RACE RESEARCH ACTION COUNCIL

May/June 2006 Volume 15: Number 3

The Chicago Freedom Movement 40 Years Later: A Symposium

Assessing the Chicago Freedom Movement by James Ralph

The Chicago Freedom Movement membered today. While there are tion and the fifth edition of Out of was the most ambitious civil rights museums devoted to the famous civil Many. In each of these textbooks, mobilization ever launched in the rights campaigns in Montgomery, Bir- Martin Luther King’s and SCLC’s North. The product of an alliance of mingham and Selma, Alabama, there earlier Birmingham and Selma cam- the Southern Christian Leadership is no museum commemorating the paigns are discussed. Even James Conference (SCLC) and the Coordi- Chicago Freedom Movement. In fact, Patterson’s prizewinning history of nating Council of Community Orga- the city of Chicago lacks even historic America from 1945 to 1974, Grand nizations (CCCO—a coalition of Chi- markers acknowledging the important Expectations, is silent on the Chicago cago civil rights groups), the Chicago sites of the Chicago movement. In movement. Freedom Movement lasted from 1965 Atlanta, the National Park Service A critical question, then, is how can to 1967. It built upon the hard work maintains the childhood home of Mar- this discrepancy in the public memory of the CCCO in contesting racial in- tin Luther King. In Memphis, the of the Chicago Freedom Movement equality in Chicago, especially in its Lorraine Motel, where King was as- and King’s and SCLC’s other cam- public schools. And it attracted na- sassinated in 1968, is the centerpiece paigns be explained. tional attention in the summer of 1966 of an impressive civil rights museum. (Please turn to page 2) when it launched a series of marches In Chicago, by contrast, the North to expose persistent housing discrimi- Lawndale apartment building where nation in metropolitan Chicago. On King lived for a time in order to be one open-housing march, Martin close to African Americans confined Luther King, Jr. was struck on the to Chicago’s West Side ghetto was CONTENTS: head by a rock. “Frankly,” he said, torn down many years ago and now is Chicago Freedom “I have never seen as much hatred and a vacant lot. Movement...... 1 hostility on the part of so many The custodians of that deemed im- Human/Civil Rights people.” portant in American history—the text- for Immigrants...... 3 books and the surveys—second this lack Katrina Blueprint of public acknowledgment of the Chi- for Ending Poverty .... 5 Faintly Remembered cago Freedom Movement. The fifth Today edition of America’s History does not PRRAC Update ...... 6 mention it. Nor does the most recent Witt Internships ...... 9 What is striking, on the occasion edition of American Journey. The New PRRAC Grants .. 18 of its 40th anniversary, is how faintly same is true for the second edition of Resources ...... 18 the Chicago Freedom Movement is re- American Destiny: Narrative of a Na-

Poverty & Race Research Action Council • 1015 15th Street NW • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20005 202/906-8023 • FAX: 202/842-2885 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.prrac.org Recycled Paper (RALPH: Continued from page 1) This bleak reading of the Chicago Branch has recently noted in his new Freedom Movement shaped the per- book, At Canaan’s Edge, its weak- The explanation stems in part from spective of the first major biography nesses “disappeared in a rippling tide the popular judgment that the Chicago of King, written by David Levering that dissolved formal segregation by Freedom Movement was a defeat, es- Lewis in 1970. “The Chicago debacle” comprehensive national law.” Though pecially compared to the Birmingham was how Lewis categorized its out- the Chicago Freedom Movement was and Selma initiatives. The verdict of come. Many later scholars arrived at part of the constellation of forces that failure circled the Chicago movement the same conclusion. In America in Our led to the passage of a federal fair hous- even before it came to an end. Dissat- Time, published in 1976, Godfrey ing law in 1968, housing discrimina- isfied activists helped to fuel such a Hodgson stated that “Martin Luther tion, residential segregation and inner- reading when in the wake of the Sum- King went to Chicago and was routed city slums have not disappeared the mit Agreement—a pact reached in late . . .” Nearly a decade later, Alonzo way that segregated lunch counters and August 1966 between Martin Luther Hamby, in Liberalism and its Chal- blatantly racist voting registrars have. King, Al Raby (convenor of the lengers, concluded that the Chicago Even a recent outpouring of schol- CCCO) and other civil rights leaders, Freedom Movement “undeniably was arship focusing on the Civil Rights and Mayor Richard J. Daley and civic, more failure than success.” In the Movement in the North is unlikely to business and religious elites to bring a early 1990s, in his survey of the Civil boost the reputation of the Chicago halt to the open-housing marches and Rights Movement, Freedom Bound, Freedom Movement. New books like to take concrete steps to end the racial Robert Weisbrot argued that “In many Matthew Countryman’s Up South: divide in the region—they decided to Civil Rights and Black Power in Phila- stage a march in Cicero, long known The Chicago Freedom delphia and Martha Biondi’s To Stand for its hostility toward blacks. and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights As Robert Lucas, who led the march Movement was the in Postwar New York City point to a in Cicero in September 1966, has most ambitious civil growing recognition of the importance stated, “King went up against Richard rights mobilization ever and complexity of the fight for racial J. Daley, and he lost.” Over the de- launched in the North. equality in the North. So rich is Jeanne cades, this assessment has been the Theoharis and Komozi Woodard’s dominant one in Chicago. Surveying Freedom North, a new collection of the state of the city’s West Side 20 years respects, the Chicago freedom move- essays about Northern activism, that after the Chicago Freedom Movement, ment had emerged as a debacle to ri- the conventional view of the Civil one African-American resident con- val the Albany [GA] movement.” Rights Movement as confined to the cluded, “Nothing really happened.” The assessment of the Chicago South in the 1950s and 1960s is des- And recently, Leon Despres, a sup- Freedom Movement as a defeat is not tined for revision. But the place of the porter of civil rights who opposed the the only reason for its diminished place Chicago Freedom Movement in this Daley administration during the 1960s, in the country’s public memory. That new scholarship is ambiguous. Putting has said that results of the Chicago cam- the Chicago movement was more fo- a spotlight on the Chicago campaign paign were “not much of a victory for cused on changing local conditions than deflects attention from the wide array Martin Luther King, Jr.” were the Birmingham campaign and of local movements in the North and especially the Selma campaign also suggests that Northern protest relied accounts for its modest national stand- on the influence of Martin Luther King Poverty and Race (ISSN 1075-3591) ing. During their initiatives in the and Southern-based civil rights orga- is published six times a year by the nizations. Poverty & Race Research Action Coun- South, King and SCLC were much cil, 1015 15th Street NW, Suite 400, more attentive to the national response Washington, DC 20005, 202/906- (and corrective federal legislation) than 8023, fax: 202/842-2885, E-mail: they were in Chicago. The Chicago An Alternative Reading [email protected]. Chester Hartman, campaign, they hoped, would inspire Editor. Subscriptions are $25/year, similar nonviolent movements in other The prevailing wisdom, then, is that $45/two years. Foreign postage extra. Northern cities. the Chicago Freedom Movement was Articles, article suggestions, letters and not one of the most noteworthy or sig- general comments are welcome, as are The Summit Agreement, which notices of publications, conferences, marked the end of the most active nificant episodes of recent history. job openings, etc. for our Resources phase of the Chicago Freedom Move- Yet looking back after 40 years, there Section. Articles generally may be re- ment, was in fact the strongest local is a strong case for an alternative read- printed, providing PRRAC gives ad- agreement King and SCLC had ever ing. vance permission. negotiated in any of their city projects. First, there is the overwhelming © Copyright 2006 by the Poverty The settlement that ended the Birming- evidence that the Chicago project— & Race Research Action Council. All whose motto was “End Slums”—was rights reserved. ham campaign was fuzzier than the Summit Agreement. But, as Taylor (Please turn to page 7)

2• Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 The National Network for Immigrant and Refugee Rights, headed by PRRAC Board member Catherine Tactaquin, convened a series of discussions among members and partners around the current immigration proposals before Congress; the following Statement is the product of those meetings. Organizations and Individuals are requested to endorse the Statement (available in Spanish as well on their website, www.nnirr.org. Endorsement/inquires to [email protected].

National Statement to Support Human and Civil Rights for All Immigrants and to Oppose Compromise Immigration Reform Proposals April 2006

“Fair and Just out in the legislative process. These This year is the 20th anniversary of Immigration trade-offs and deals are based on elec- the 1986 legalization and employer Reform for All tion-year campaigning and demands by sanctions law, and the 10th anniver- business lobbyists, rather than on the sary of the restrictive Illegal Immigra- best interests and voices of immigrant We stand together as immigrant, tion Reform and Immigrant Respon- communities. We say, “No deal!” faith, social justice, labor, peace, hu- sibility Act. We cannot allow the cur- In a re-ignited civil rights move- man and civil rights organizations and rent proposals to be enacted as this ment, millions of immigrants, their other concerned communities to sup- generation’s flawed immigration re- families, neighbors and co-workers, port human and civil rights for all form legacy. along with faith and labor leaders, immigrants and to oppose the immi- peace and justice advocates, have gration “reform” proposals presently marched and rallied in cities across the in the U.S. Senate. [On May 25, the What We Want: U.S. The mobilizations have served Senate passed its immigration reform as a wake-up call for the whole coun- Fair and Just bill by a 62-36 vote; the bill goes to a try to acknowledge the vital role of Immigration Reform House-Senate conference committee, immigrants as co-workers, neighbors where it will doubtless receive strong and members of our broad society. Fair and just immigration reform right-wing opposition from House And, as details of the current legisla- means: leaders who favor far stricter mea- tive compromise have become known, sures.] We oppose H.R. 4437, the the voices of immigrant communities • Genuine legalization and opportu- immigration bill passed in the House are rejecting the proposals for a so- nities to adjust status for all undocu- of Representatives in December, as called legalization program, and are mented immigrants, including youth well as all of the compromise bills pre- denouncing the further erosion of hu- and farmworkers sented in the Senate. man and civil rights through the en- • Preservation of due process, includ- We call upon members of Congress forcement and criminalization provi- ing restoration of access to the courts and the Administration to stop mas- sions. The stakes are considerable, and and meaningful judicial review for querading these proposals as immigra- affect all of us. (Please turn to page 4) tion reform. We demand nothing less than immigration policies that are fair and just, and that respect the rights and dignity of all immigrants and other William Sloane Coffin members of our society. The rush to reach a bipartisan ac- Arthur Hertzberg cord on immigration legislation has led We dedicate this issue of Poverty & Race to Rev. William Sloane Coffin to a compromise that would create deep and Rabbi Arthur Hertzberg, whose recent passing reminds us of the impor- divisions within the immigrant com- tant role played by whites—in particular, white clerics—in the Civil Rights munity and leave millions of undocu- Movement, as well as the vital links between that Movement and other mented immigrants in the shadows of social justice struggles. Rev. Coffin in particular lent his prestige and moral our country. We oppose the behind- authority to the anti-war movement, from Vietnam to Iraq. the-scenes brokering currently playing

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 3 (IMMIGRATION: Continued from page 3) dards, and place a greater burden on maintain reasonable working condi- safety-net services. tions. These proposals continue in that immigrants same shameful vein, and are designed • No indefinite detention or expan- to force and keep wages down to com- sion of mandatory detention The Enforcement pete with cheap labor suppliers glo- • No expansion of guest worker pro- Proposals Undermine bally. grams All of Our Rights Workers need more, not less, • No more wasted resources allocated rights. A real legalization proposal to further militarize our borders and Significant provisions in the current needs to be coupled with the repeal of to contribute to the crisis of human Senate proposals would dramatically employer sanctions, the provision of rights and lives in the border regions undermine a broad array of rights, in- the landmark 1986 Immigration Re- • An end to employer sanctions and crease the criminalization of all im- form and Control Act that has led to electronic worker verification sys- migrants, result in mass deportations, the criminalization of immigrant tems and unfairly exclude millions from workers, and which would be deep- • The strengthening and enforcement eligibility for any legalization oppor- ened through an expansion of an em- of labor law protections for all tunity. The expansion of expedited ployment verification system. This workers, native and foreign born removal would eliminate the right to program has done nothing in the last • No use of city, state or other gov- a court hearing, while the broadened twenty years but increase discrimina- ernment agencies in the enforce- definition of “aggravated felony” to tion and abuse of immigrant workers. ment of immigration law include many minor offenses would Employers have had greater leverage • No more criminalization of immi- result in mandatory detention and mass to threaten and intimidate immigrant grants, or their service providers deportations. The proposals also seek workers, break organizing efforts, • Expansion of legal immigration to reinstate indefinite detention and carry out unjust firings, and lower opportunities, support for family increase detention facilities, including wages and work conditions for all reunification and immediate pro- the use of closed military bases. En- working people. These abuses impact cessing of the backlog of pending couraging local police to enforce im- the entire American workforce, par- visa applications migration law would not only add an ticularly the most vulnerable toiling in • Elimination of harsh obstacles to additional burden that detracts from low-wage jobs such as farmworkers, immigrating, including the HIV current responsibilities, but would dis- day laborers and domestic workers. ban, “3 and 10 year bars,” and high courage immigrant access to public income requirements for immigrant safety institutions. sponsors. Moreover, the increased resources No Expansion of Guest to militarize the border, which has al- Worker Programs ready cost over $30 billion in the past The Current ‘Legalization’ 12 years, has not deterred unautho- A key concern is the significant Proposal is Unacceptable rized border crossings and instead has expansion of guest worker programs caused a humanitarian crisis with the found in almost all Senate proposals The proposed 3-tiered temporary deaths of some 4,000 people in the and supported by the Administration. worker program offers little hope for desert. Current border enforcement We oppose these programs both when broad, inclusive legalization of un- policies, without provision for safe they are tied to legalization for undocu- documented immigrants. What some and legal entry, have resulted in the mented immigrants already living and are calling a “path to citizenship” in detention and criminalization of tens working here, and as a means for man- the last Senate bill is merely a massive of thousands of people at a significant aging future flows of immigrants into temporary worker program without daily cost to taxpayers. the United States. The U.S. does not worker protections, and contains nu- have a shortage of workers; what we merous hurdles that will drastically have is a shortage of employers will- limit the number of undocumented The Proposals Fail ing to pay a living wage and maintain immigrants who can actually legalize. decent working conditions. Such a program would divide commu- to Protect Workers Guest worker programs have been nities, including mixed-status fami- condemned by labor and immigrant The current proposals would fur- lies, erode wage and benefits stan- communities for their long record of ther erode already weak labor protec- violations of labor rights and stan- tions and rights for immigrants and dards, including blacklists and depor- Be sure to visit other workers. Immigrant workers tations of workers who protest. In PRRAC’s website at: have historically been used as “cheap 1964, Ernesto Galarza, Cesar Chavez labor” by employers and industries and other defenders of workplace www.prrac.org unwilling to pay decent wages or to (Please turn to page 6)

4 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 Katrina’s Blueprint for Ending Poverty by Lance Hill

There is an old saying, “When you the poor to better lives elsewhere. This housing, necessary social services, and stumble, dig for gold.” When we en- is the fashionable “silver lining” ar- good healthcare and schools. counter adversity, we seldom have the gument trumpeted by pundits who be- These simple experiments with ur- presence of mind to learn from it, al- lieve that every success that displaced ban poverty have produced a formula though we generally learn more in life people enjoy is more evidence that they for success. Now we know that these from our mistakes than from our suc- should never return home to New Or- children can learn, if only they are cesses. Hurricane Katrina was a monu- leans. A “culture of poverty” created provided the necessary resources. mental stumble that nearly landed us by the poor themselves was respon- Given this knowledge, to return these into an abyss. It scattered the poor of sible for their plight, so they say, and children to the same underfunded and New Orleans throughout the nation and no amount of government services or overcrowded schools will be nothing left those behind consumed with the employment opportunities could mend short of a moral crime. Now we know task of shoring up the city’s levees be- a broken spirit. that families are far more likely to fore the next storm arrived. Yet con- Most of the displaced are not far- prosper and become independent if cealed within the dispersal of hundreds ing as well as some would have us be- they have a helping hand from some- of thousands of poor people was a rich lieve, but there are success stories and one who will advocate for them against vein of new knowledge that may un- they deserve our attention—but not for unresponsive government bureaucra- lock the secret to ending poverty. the reasons normally offered. Success cies and heartless corporations. Why The unexpected windfall was not can also be a sign of failure—in this cannot we provide the same helping that the flood waters had washed away case, the failure of New Orleans to hand for people returning to New Or- provide adequate services and oppor- leans? If we change nothing, nothing tunities for poor people to help them will change. succeed. Why do the same people The great exodus from New Orleans Katrina Summer flourish in one environment and and the Gulf Coast created an unprec- Research Project founder in another? The answer lies edented opportunity to experiment with viewing the displacement as an with new strategies for ending poverty To complement the extensive enormous social experiment. and ignorance. The key that unlocked humanitarian relief work by the Before Katrina, we were told that the door to a better life in Houston or hundreds of people coming to the it was a waste to spend money on New Austin is the same key that will un- Gulf Area, Lance Hill, Executive Orleans schools because poor black lock the door to a better life in New Director of Tulane University’s students did not want to learn. Yet Orleans. While researchers are de- Southern Inst. for Education & there is clear evidence that many host scending on the Gulf Coast by the hun- Research, is organizing teams to communities succeeded where New dreds to find solutions to our problems, undertake basic research tasks nec- Orleans failed. In Houston, Austin and it may be that the answers are to be essary to counter the racial injus- Columbia, South Carolina, many dis- found using this Diaspora as Blueprint tices of the recovery. The aim is placed children are excelling in school. Research approach to research in the to create Katrina Research Rather than treat these successes as ar- displaced communities. Social scien- Workgroups to go to New Orleans guments against returning to New Or- tists need to rethink their research strat- this summer, for brief or extended leans, we need to find out why these egies and objectives in the displaced periods, to develop brief, acces- communities succeeded and use their communities so that they can ulti- sible reports on social justice is- strategies as a blueprint to rebuild New mately translate their findings into a sues surrounding education, hous- Orleans schools and neighborhoods. blueprint for ending poverty, igno- ing, homelessness, employment, The answers are not that hard to find. rance and crime in New Orleans as well social services, resettlement pat- To improve achievement scores in as rest of the nation. terns, community organizing, the some Houston schools it took little Lance Hill ([email protected]) is environment, public health, etc. more than reducing the teacher-student Executive Director of Tulane Such groups will be comprised of ratio and using new computer-based University’s Southern Inst. for Educa- experienced researchers and stu- learning technologies. In Columbia, tion & Research and author of Dea- dents working with and guided by South Carolina, each displaced fam- cons for Defense, the story of blacks local community people. For fur- ily person was provided a “shepherd,” in Bogalusa, LA arming themselves ther information, contact Hill at a personal advocate whose job was to during the Civil Rights Movement to [email protected]. make sure that evacuees found decent successfully deter Klan violence. ❏

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 5 (IMMIGRATION: Continued from page 4) No Compromise, No Remember to send rights won the abolition of the old Deal on Fair and Just Immigration Reform us items for our Bracero guest worker program. The Resources purpose of that program, they said, was the creation a vulnerable work- In recent years, immigrant commu- section. force in order to drive down wages and nity members, including youth and break union organizing efforts among students, farmworkers and others, have immigrants and non-immigrants alike. effectively organized and rallied in that would detrimentally affect current The purpose of current proposals is the support of legislative proposals to and future immigrants for years to same. Temporary, contract workers strengthen their rights and opportuni- come. are prevented the option of putting ties to be equal members of this soci- Increased enforcement does not ad- down roots and becoming full and ety. Despite the loud and determined dress the complex issue of global mi- equal members of our communities. voice of immigrant communities, ad- gration. Employer sanctions and Future migrants should not be vocates and supporters for fair and just beefed up border security have been forced to accept a second-class status, immigration reform this year, we have in place for decades as deterrents to violating our country’s most basic com- yet to see an acceptable proposal from migration, and yet the number of un- mitments to equality. They should be Congress. And with H.R. 4437 already documented continues to grow. The given permanent residence status, al- passed by the House, we are very aware sources of migration rest in the prob- lowing them to work and travel freely, that any proposal from the Senate lems of economic and political insta- to exercise their labor rights, and to would be subject to further compro- bility, poverty and war in migrant- live as any other member of our soci- mise in a Senate-House reconciliation sending countries. Despite the urgency ety. process, and would likely produce laws of the immigration issue in this coun- try, it is clearly not just a “domestic” issue and our policies need to consider support for economic stability, fair PRRAC Update trade agreements and peace as vital to addressing the migration of people in search of work, survival, and safety. • PRRAC Board members Flo- cant numbers of Filipino immigrants We will continue to raise our voices rence Roisman and Olati Johnson arrived in Hawai’i to work on the for genuine immigration reform that have new academic appointments: island’s sugar plantations). respects the rights and dignity of all Florence will spend Fall Semester immigrants, and is fair and just. Im- 2006 as the J. Skelly Wright Fel- • We welcome PRRAC’s two new migrant workers, students and fami- low at Yale Law School; Olati has summer law interns: Tamica lies are making incredible sacrifices to been appointed Associate Profes- Daniel of Georgetown Law Center raise their voices for themselves and sor at Columbia Law School. and Alanna Buchanan of Harvard future generations, in the face of re- Law School. criminations and disciplinary actions • PRRAC Board member Darrell from employers and schools. As im- Armstrong has been appointed di- migrant communities continue to mo- rector of the Div. of Child Abuse • We are grateful to the following bilize for their rights, on May 1 and Prevention & Community Partner- for their recent financial contribu- beyond, we will support their right and ships at the NJ Dept. of Human tions to PRRAC (in several instances choice to express themselves. Services; he will remain pastor of via the Combined Federal Cam- We pledge to increase public edu- Trenton’s Shiloh Baptist Church. paign): ACLU of Ohio, Roger cation efforts and the building and Borgenicht/Kate Lambert, Kenon mobilization of meaningful alliances, Burns, Jim Campen/Phyllis Ewen, and we will encourage and support • PRRAC Board member Anthony David Casey/Nancy Newman, immigrant community leadership to Sarmiento was one of four distin- Dessie Diamond, Deborah Dills, advance real immigration reform. We guished panelists at the April 14 John W. Edwards, Demitrius call upon Congress and the Adminis- event, “Filipino American Activism Genwright, John Hayden, Angel tration to heed the voices of immigrant & the American Labor Move- Houston, Jeffrey Little, Robert communities demanding genuine im- ment,” part of the Smithsonian Moore, Alan/Andrea Rabinowitz, migration reforms: real legalization, Institution’s 2006 Filipino Ameri- Eddie Rhone, Cecelia Williams, Dr. equitable inclusion in our society, jus- can Centennial Commemoration Reginald Wilson, Thomas/Lauren tice, and respect for human rights.” (1906 was the year the first signifi- Winkler. ❏

6 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 (RALPH: Continued from page 2) isolated from the country’s currents of the Chicago Freedom Movement, opportunity and prosperity. James Bevel and Bernard LaFayette, decisive to Martin Luther King’s evo- The Leadership Council for Met- view the Chicago campaign as a deci- lution as a national leader for social ropolitan Open Communities, the one sive episode in the history of nonvio- justice. As his leading biographers, long-lasting product of the Summit lence. Bill Moyer, a member of the David Garrow and Taylor Branch, Agreement [but see Box, p. 17], was staff of the American Friends Service have shown, King’s encounter with the a pioneer for four decades in develop- Committee and the original formula- slums and racial inequality in Chicago ing new strategies to open up housing tor of the open-housing strategy in propelled him to agitate for more opportunities for all. Because of its 1966, and David Jehnsen, a staffer searching reform and to focus on the work and that of other fair-housing with the West Side Christian Parish in need to eliminate poverty throughout groups, residential segregation—while the mid-1960s, drew from the lessons the country. still severe—is not as rigid as it might learned during the Chicago Freedom There is also a strong argument to have been if housing discrimination Movement in spreading the message be made for the centrality of the Chi- had not been challenged over the past of the power of nonviolent movements cago Freedom Movement in the over- 40 years. in subsequent years. And there are all trajectory of the broader Civil The Chicago Freedom Movement others—veterans of the Chicago cam- Rights Movement and contemporary also recognized that good jobs were paign—who have continued to pro- American race relations. Over 20 years essential to the fortunes of all Chica- mote the nonviolent way. Any con- ago, Allen Matusow placed the Chi- goans. The Chicago chapter of Op- temporary history of nonviolence cago Freedom Movement at the cen- should acknowledge the radiating in- ter of his history of the 1960s. In The fluence of the Chicago Freedom Unraveling of America, Matusow The Chicago project was Movement. pointed to the uneven record of accom- decisive to Martin Finally, the Chicago Freedom plishment of the Chicago movement, Luther King’s evolution Movement—more than any Southern but, more significantly, he viewed its as a national leader. civil rights campaign—speaks directly unfolding as illustrative of the chal- to the importance of developing a lenge of confronting Northern racial broad coalition in confronting injus- inequality. “Civil Rights in the eration Breadbasket, established in tice. The Chicago open-housing North,” he wrote, “was a drama in 1966 with Jesse Jackson at its helm, marches, which were contemporane- three parts—schools, housing, and turned to selective buying campaigns ous with the rising influence of Black jobs—played out in Chicago and fea- in order to break racial barriers in em- Power, were interracial and repre- turing Mayor Richard J. Daley, ployment. For the past four decades, sented a wide range of social classes. Lyndon Johnson, and Martin Luther Jackson and his supporters—subse- Moreover, the Chicago movement saw King.” quently as Operation PUSH and today the limitations of viewing race rela- The Chicago Freedom Movement as the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition— tions through a binary lens. In its de- was more, however, than an illumi- have fought to open up the American mands, it sought equal opportunities nating transitional episode. It also economy to minorities. for “whites, Negroes, and Latin produced substantial achievements, Americans.” In this sense, it prefig- achievements that have become more ured Martin Luther King’s Poor evident with the passage of time. The Non-Violence People’s Campaign and Jesse Jackson’s focus of the Movement’s direct action “Rainbow Coalition.” The Chicago campaign—housing discrimination— The Chicago Freedom Movement Freedom Movement, then, went be- was an eleventh-hour decision and was is increasingly seen as a critical stage yond the black/white orientation of initially questioned by many activists in the application of nonviolent direct Southern campaigns for civil rights. and observers. But over time, the pre- action to promoting social change. It envisioned a multicultural future. science of this focus has become The Chicago movement represented James Ralph (ralph@middlebury. clearer. As Douglas Massey and Nancy the first time a nonviolent campaign edu) is a professor of history at Denton have argued in American was launched in a sprawling metropo- Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT. Apartheid, housing segregation is at lis. The city of Selma, Alabama, con- He is author of Northern Protest: Mar- the heart of inequality in contempo- sisted of roughly 30,000 residents in tin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the rary America. Where one lives is 1965; Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 Civil Rights Movement (Harvard highly determinative of one’s quality numbered only about 300,000. Chi- Univ. Press, 1993). He is a member of life. The poor in America—espe- cago, with three million residents in of the Steering Comm. of the Chicago cially those of color—too often find the city proper, dwarfed them. To this Freedom Movement 40th Anniversary themselves confined to bleak settings, day, two of the leading architects of Commemoration (see Box, p. 13).❏

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 7 Success and the Chicago Freedom Movement by Mary Lou Finley

Housing segregation still persists Building Majority Public Support; (7) The open housing marches served in Chicago, and by some measures Success; and (8) Continuing the as the “trigger event” that sparked a poverty has even worsened in the 40 Struggle. Moyer also suggests that Stage 4 take-off of the movement years since Martin Luther King, Jr. when victories have been won on many against housing segregation. The moved into a slum apartment on issues within a larger movement, it is drama of the nonviolent marches them- Chicago’s West Side in January 1966 easier to win on the next issue within selves, the violent neighborhood re- as a profound statement of support for that frame, as both the public and sponse and the presence of Martin the poor. Yet to conclude that the powerholders have already made com- Luther King, Jr. prompted a city-wide movement was, as one historian char- mitments to change and the crisis in Chicago and brought national acterized it, “defeat in Chicago” is to movement’s message has begun to and international attention. Housing miss much about the significance of resonate widely. (For example, it was segregation was placed in the national this movement. spotlight, and the clear violation of the To see that significance, we need The Chicago Freedom rights of African Americans to equal to trace the forces of change set in treatment was made startlingly visible. motion by the Chicago Freedom Movement was multi- A fair housing bill was introduced in Movement and follow those energies faceted. Congress. The Summit Agreement forward through the years, even de- reached by negotiations between the cades, to see what changes emerged easier to win the integration of swim- movement and Mayor Richard J. Daley over time. In this, its 40th anniver- ming pools and theaters in a town af- ended the marches and committed Chi- sary year, we can begin to do just that. ter the integration of restaurants had cago institutions to make changes. The Chicago Freedom Movement already been won.) However, it was viewed by many— was multi-faceted. However, it can both then and now—as weak. largely be characterized as two inter- If we view the open housing woven movements: first, the conclud- The Open Housing marches through the lens of the MAP ing chapter of a decade-long nonvio- Campaign model, we see that movement victo- lent movement against racial segrega- ries are seldom won at the end of Stage tion which began with the 1955 Mont- Using the MAP lens, I would sug- 4, Movement Take-off. Rather, they gomery bus boycott and concluded gest that by the Spring of 1966, the come later, as the forces set in motion with the open housing marches oppos- open housing issue was ripe for move- by the movement engage a wide range ing housing segregation in Chicago in ment take-off. Earlier successes in of community members in the some- the Summer of 1966; and secondly, Southern desegregation campaigns had times slow and deliberate work of pro- the beginning stages of an anti-pov- brought segregation into the public pelling each movement issue forward erty/economic justice movement. We spotlight and convinced many—al- to victory over time. Political scien- need to follow the threads of both of though far from everyone—that seg- tist Sidney Tarrow, in his book Power these efforts if we are to understand regation was wrong. Significant in Movement: Social Movements and the outcomes of the Chicago move- groundwork had been done in fair Contentious Politics, noted a similar ment. housing organizing in Chicago during pattern: “Cycles of contention are a Activist Bill Moyer’s Movement the previous decade, largely by the season for sowing, but the reaping is Action Plan (MAP) model of social American Friends Service Committee. often done in periods of demobiliza- movements, developed to help orga- Chicago had passed a fair housing or- tion that follow, by latecomers to the nizers better understand their move- dinance in 1963, but tests of real es- cause, by elites and authorities.” While ments and strategize more effectively, tate offices by black and white pro- Tarrow seemed to view this process as can provide a useful framework in our spective buyers had proved the ordi- rather mysterious, the MAP model efforts to assess the impact of the Chi- nance ineffective (propelling this provides clues as to how this next chap- cago Freedom Movement. movement through Stage 2, Proving ter of a movement’s life unfolds. The MAP model suggests that suc- the Failure of Existing Institutions). In Stage 6, Building Majority Pub- cessful social movements pass through Nonviolent tactics for confronting the lic Support, movement work shifts eight stages: (1) Normal Times; (2) real estate industry, such as picketing from protest to quieter, protracted Proving the Failure of Existing Insti- real estate offices known to discrimi- struggle, utilizing educational efforts tutions; (3) Ripening Conditions; (4) nate against black homebuyers or rent- to deepen and broaden public support, Movement Take-off; (5) Perception of ers, had been developed and tried on a and, as public support grows, to work Failure—a movement detour; (6) small scale. through legislative, legal and commu-

8 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 nity channels to institutionalize change, President Bush’s home in August 2005 told, but I can at least cite a few ex- propelling the movement, issue by is- was such an event in the movement amples, many of which address the sue, to Stage 7, Success. Protests may against the Iraq war. Multitudinous original 1966 demands posted by Mar- also occur, but they tend to be smaller vigils supporting her sprung up across tin Luther King, Jr. on the door of and localized, either directed at spe- the U.S. in less than a week.) Chicago’s City Hall. cific local targets or prompted by “re- How did this Stage 6 work, Build- The Civil Rights Act of 1968, with trigger events” which again pull ing Majority Public Support, unfold, provisions for fair housing, was passed movement issues into the public spot- then, in the months and years follow- by Congress in April 1968, shortly light. (Cindy Sheehan’s decision to ing the Summer 1966 open housing after Martin Luther King, Jr.’s assas- camp out in Crawford, Texas outside marches? This story is yet to be fully sination. It was further strengthened in 1988. The Leadership Council for Metropolitan Open Communities, es- PRRAC’s Edith Witt Internships tablished by the 1966 Summit Agree- ment, for 40 years continued to sup- We are pleased to announce our 2006 award, to the Idaho Community port thousands of African Americans Action Network (in Boise) and their intern, Fernando Mejia. Their project, moving into predominantly white Idaho DREAM in Motion, DREAM in Action, focuses on developing youth neighborhoods in the city and its sub- leadership teams across the state and coordinating campus/community cam- urbs. [But see Box, p. 17] The noisy, paigns in support of the DREAM Act, an in-state tuition bill in Idaho, and virulent and sometimes violent oppo- comprehensive immigration reform. Mr. Mejia, born in Mexico, is a po- sition to these move-ins which had been litical science major at Boise State Univ. A subsequent issue of Poverty & a characteristic of race relations in Race will report on their work. Chicago since the early 20th century were, by the mid-1990s, virtually Below is the report of Katie Yue-Sum Li, the 2005 Edith Witt intern, ended. An anti-redlining movement and her work for Teaching for Change (our partner organization in pub- against discrimination in mortgage- lishing Putting the Movement Back Into Civil Rights Teaching): lending, which spread across the coun- try in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Katie Li’s Edith Witt Fellowship has supported her work with Teaching was rooted in Chicago and led by Chi- for Change’s curriculum development for the National Equity Center Civil cagoans such as Gail Cincotta, Direc- Rights Institutes. The National Equity Center will hold two Summer Civil tor of National Peoples Action. The Rights Activist Institutes—one for college students (in Los Angeles) and Community Reinvestment Act passed one for high school students (in DC). The mission of these two unprec- by Congress in 1977 guaranteed equal- edented institutes is to mentor, guide and train the next generation of lead- ity in bank-lending and required bank ers to fight in the movement for social justice. Understanding that new investment in communities with bank leaders must gain a deep knowledge of the Civil Rights Movement from a branches. The Gautreaux case against people’s perspective as well as develop leadership and advocacy skills, the the Chicago Housing Authority, led NEC has partnered with Teaching for Change to write the curriculum for by Alex Polikoff and described in his their two institutes. The curriculum draws in part from the Teaching for compelling new book, Waiting for Change/PRRAC publication, Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Gautreaux, won a 1976 Supreme Teaching. Court ruling that required CHA to Over the course of the last few months, I have coordinated, written and house African Americans in predomi- gathered resources and curricula for the high school institute. This curricu- nantly white neighborhoods. This case lum focuses on the history of the Civil Rights Movement as a people’s was intertwined with the Chicago Free- movement, leadership and advocacy skills, media and communications train- dom Movement’s work in significant ing, and site visits to organizations and community groups that are contem- ways: Dorothy Gautreaux was active porary examples of people fighting in the movement for social justice to- in the Coordinating Council of Com- day. Specifically, I have had the opportunity to write a curriculum empha- munity Organizations, and others in sizing alliance-building and intergroup community-building. the American Civil Liberties Union— In addition, I have served as the communication liaison between Teach- which engaged Polikoff in this ing for Change and the high school institute faculty. This role has included project—were quietly supporting the tasks such as coordinating meeting times, facilitating conference calls, so- Chicago Freedom Movement. The liciting feedback, and revising the curriculum after receiving suggestions. Contract Buyers League, which The critical experience I have gained writing and editing the NEC curricu- emerged from organizing out of Pre- lum for TfC has broadened my knowledge about social justice resources sentation Catholic Church on the West and networks as well as deepened my skills for writing and reviewing a Side in the late 1960s fought for the social justice and popular education curriculum. rights of homeowners who had been (Please turn to page 10)

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 9 (FINLEY: Continued from page 9) improved housing conditions; and sec- MAP model suggests that we would ondly, a more general anti-poverty not expect massive mobilizations dur- unable to get conventional bank mort- effort to bring to public consciousness ing these early stages. gages. the indignities of poverty, the sys- Jesse Gray’s organizing of tenant Moyer’s MAP model suggests that temic, institutionalized nature of pov- councils and rent strikes in New York “reformers” who carry movement is- erty, and the immorality of a society City was known to Freedom Move- sues on to victory through legislative which allows poverty to persist in the ment organizers and served as an in- and legal channels and patient com- midst of wealth. Operation Breadbas- spiration. Martin Luther King’s deci- munity work in the later stages of a ket, led by Rev. Jesse Jackson and a sion to move into a slum apartment movement, as described above, are group of black ministers, conducted a himself brought widespread public at- often different individuals or groups tention to poor housing conditions in from the “rebels” who organized the The open housing the black community. Bernard initial protests and brought the issue marches served as the Lafayette’s work on a lead poisoning to public attention. Activists involved campaign with neighborhood youth in these different roles may even be “trigger event.” Housing highlighted the very real health dan- unaware of each other’s contributions segregation was placed gers of slum housing while teaching to the overall movement effort. Yet, in the national youth strategies for bringing change Moyer contends, all are critical for a spotlight. in their community. Southern Chris- movement’s ultimate success, and all tian Leadership Conference Project of this work needs to be seen as a part Director Rev. James Bevel proposed of the larger movement whole. the development of tenant unions, in focused economic justice campaign which tenants would seek collective aimed at more jobs and economic em- bargaining agreements with landlords; powerment for African Americans. this formed the basis of the tenant or- The “End the Slums” Both the tenants’ rights movement ganizing work. and Economic Justice and the general anti-poverty movement Tenant union organizing efforts were in their very early stages in 1965- Campaigns brought an important victory a few 67. It was a time for experimenting days after the rally at Soldier’s Field The “End the Slums” campaign had with ways of framing issues and de- kicking off the summer campaign. On a dual focus: organizing tenants around veloping organizing strategies, but the July 13, 1966, East Garfield Park slum- lords John Condor and Louis Costallis agreed to sign a collective bargaining New Report on Race and Subprime Lending agreement with their tenants allowing rent withholding if buildings were in The National Community Reinvestment Coalition (NCRC), along with dangerous states of disrepair. The im- The Opportunity Agenda and PRRAC, have jointly published portance of this work was swallowed Homeownership and Wealth Building Impeded: Continuing Lending Dis- up at the time in preparations for the parities for Minorities and Emerging Obstacles for Middle-Income and open housing marches, and its inno- Female Borrowers of all Races. The study reveals that home loan lending vative potential seems to have been inequities break down not only along racial and gender lines, but follow overlooked by many movement ob- the ethnic make-up of neighborhoods as well. Based on the new 2004 servers. Yet it is the type of victory Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data, NCRC found that minorities and the MAP model would lead us to an- immigrants receive strikingly high numbers of high-cost—or subprime— ticipate when a movement is in its early loans independent of their economic status. In addition, women—regard- stages; it is small and local and, at the less of ethnic or racial make-up—received over 32% of subprime loans same time, a creative new approach, made to all Americans even though females comprise only 29% of the full of potential. nation’s households; by contrast, women received only 24% of the prime Tenant organizing continued in rate home purchase loans. Chicago, but it was not until the 1980s We are grateful for the generous assistance Prof. Greg Squires, chair that the tenants’ rights movement of the George Washington Univ. Sociology Dept. and a member of reached take-off. In the mid-1980s, PRRAC’s Social Science Advisory Board, provided for this report. The the 40-group Coalition for Tenants report, authored primarily by NCRC research director Josh Silver, is avail- Rights formed and in 1986 won a Chi- able on the websites of the three participating organizations (all sites worth cago city ordinance offering new ten- visiting in their own right): www.ncrc.org, www.opportunityagenda.org ant protections, including a “repair and and www.prrac.org. deduct” provision which, according to Gregory Squires and his colleagues (see the accompanying Resources Box,

10 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 p. 15), “allows tenants to make repairs for all Chicagoans was only 1%.” The the Memphis garbage workers’ strike. that are necessary for health or safety efforts of Breadbasket/PUSH, com- Both of these campaigns represented reasons and deduct the cost from the bined with nationally-mandated anti- strategic innovations that provided rent,” paralleling the Freedom discrimination and affirmative action more powerful vehicles for raising the Movement’s original tenant-landlord programs in colleges and universities issue of poverty in the public arena. collective bargaining agreement. as well as workplaces, have no doubt Yet this work was cut short by Dr. Meanwhile, the National Low Income contributed significantly to this expan- King’s tragic assassination. Housing Coalition was formed in sion of the African-American middle Former SCLC staffers Dorothy 1974, “dedicated to ending America’s and upper classes. These are impor- Wright Tillman—now alderman for a affordable housing crisis,” and tenant tant victories. Chicago South Side ward—and Rev. organizations emerged in other cities Al Sampson, pastor of a South Side to protect tenants’ rights. church, have continued to address the Operation Breadbasket won its first Anti-Poverty Efforts needs of the poor in Chicago over the victory in April 1966, gaining com- intervening decades. When Rev. Jesse. mitments for jobs for African Ameri- The same cannot be said, however, Jackson ran for President in 1984 and cans in companies through its strategy of anti-poverty efforts. The Chicago 1988, he brought the issues of eco- of selective buying campaigns, taking Freedom Movement developed an nomic justice and poverty to national on one dairy, soft drink company, gro- analysis of the slum as an exploited political debates. cery chain at a time. This approach to community, a community from which While the other issues raised by the improving job opportunities—which resources were drained, a victim of an Chicago movement are by no means itself paralleled earlier “don’t shop “internal colonialism”; the Union to completely resolved, I would suggest where you can’t work” campaigns in that the battle against poverty is the Chicago dating back to the 1930s— great unfinished work of that time. provided early practical and concep- The Chicago Freedom Yet this cannot be seen just as a tual support for affirmative action, Movement developed an movement failure. Anti-poverty with its goals and timetables for hir- analysis of the slum as movements in Chicago and other ing minorities, ordered by the Supreme an exploited commu- Northern cities continued to build in Court in 1971. nity, a victim of an the late 1960s and early 1970s. But Breadbasket also expanded rapidly “internal colonialism.” with the election of Ronald Reagan in in its first year to include broader eco- 1980 a great backlash took hold. nomic empowerment goals, winning Reagan cut social spending, refused to campaigns for increased deposits in End Slums was an effort to organize raise the minimum wage, reduced black-owned banks, marketing assis- around this analysis. Yet it did not go taxes for the rich and, with his attack tance for black businessmen and other far. Specific anti-poverty provisions on mythical “welfare queens,” began efforts to strengthen the black were included in the Summer 1966 a decades-long ideological battle to community’s economic base. Rev. demands, such as a call for an increase label the poor as “unworthy,” and Jesse Jackson and others have contin- in the minimum wage and improve- undercut the framing of poverty as an ued this highly successful work for the ments in the administration of the wel- issue of justice. The deindustrialization last 40 years, continuing to organize fare system, as well as institution of begun in the 1970s and the continued in support of new economic opportu- fair employment practices. The move- outsourcing of well-paying jobs have nities for African Americans and for ment did not—at this point—succeed also made the escape from poverty ever African-American-owned businesses. in developing viable strategies and tac- more difficult. This organization became independent tics for tackling the issue of poverty. Only in the last decade have we of SCLC in 1971 and now operates as However, Martin Luther King’s begun to see the serious revival of an Rainbow/PUSH. speeches framing poverty as an issue economic justice movement. Living- As Paul Street’s new report for the of economic justice are an important wage ordinances have been adopted by Chicago Urban League (see Box, p. legacy of that time. over 100 cities and counties, and there 15) documents, there has been a very After Chicago, anti-poverty move- have been successful state-level initia- substantial expansion of the black ments were increasingly Dr. King’s tives to raise the minimum wage, most middle class, upper middle class and focus, and, when he was assassinated recently in Florida and Nevada. La- upper class since the 1970s. For ex- in April of 1968, he was deeply en- bor efforts to organize the unorga- ample, he notes: “Between 1970 and gaged in two such campaigns: the Poor nized, particularly in the service in- 2000 the number of African Ameri- Peoples Campaign, a multiracial non- dustry, are revitalizing the labor move- can Chicagoans receiving an income violent action campaign to bring poor ment and bringing hope to workers. of $75,000 and above [according people from across the country to the Hurricane Katrina brought persistent to]..the 2000 census increased by seat of power in the nation’s capital to poverty back into the public spotlight 13%,” while “the comparable increase demand that poverty be abolished; and (Please turn to page 12)

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 11 (FINLEY: Continued from page 11) The End-the-Slums Movement and broke through the Reaganesque caricatures of the poor, reviving wide- by Bernard LaFayette, Jr. spread empathy for mothers with hun- gry children and others who are suf- Although the most well-publicized the community under the leadership of fering. focus of the Chicago Freedom Move- Clarence James, a local high school Perhaps the anti-poverty/economic ment was the Open Housing Cam- student. The organization was named justice movement will, finally, take paign, a parallel “End-the-Slums” SOUL (Students Organization for Ur- off and we will begin to work together campaign raised the issue of housing ban Leadership). as a nation to address this painful and health in a combined research and Dr. David Elwyn, a university legacy of untended public business. advocacy campaign. chemistry professor, developed a lit- In conclusion, I would suggest that This campaign focused on the con- mus test to detect high contents of el- the Chicago Freedom Movement did dition of slum housing in the area, ements in the urine, which is an indi- its work, the work that could be done, where people of color lived. In addi- cator of disproportional presence of at that moment in history. It brought tion to the lack of trash pick-up and lead in the body. The high school stu- the housing segregation movement to unswept streets, the physical housing dents were trained to properly collect take-off and succeeded in framing anti- was in disrepair: broken windows, urine samples from the small children poverty efforts as a matter of economic busted door locks, unpainted surfaces, who lived in housing where peeling justice. Its tenant union organizing crumbling steps, and of most concern paint was discovered. These samples helped the nascent tenant movement was the lead-based paint peeling from were taken to a make-shift laboratory to grow. The economic empowerment the walls. in the basement of the AFSC Project work begun by Operation Breadbas- Tony Henry, who directed the House on the west side of Chicago. ket has borne fruit for the last 40 years. American Friends Service Com- Once the test results showed that a All of these undertakings were fur- mittee’s (AFSC) Pre-Adolescent En- high content of elements existed in a thered, often by others, in the decades richment Program, initiated the idea urine sample— which indicated a high that followed, and, over the years, of organizing a union of the tenants presence of lead in the child’s body— there were many successes. Yet there that would include dues check-off and the parents were notified and the child is still much to be done. formal representatives for the tenants. was taken to Presbyterian St. Luke As we commemorate the Chicago In the process of organizing the ten- Hospital for a more precise blood level Freedom Movement’s 40th anniver- ants, we discovered that young chil- test. The child was consequently hos- sary this year, a call will be issued in- dren were experiencing severe health pitalized for treatment. viting everyone to join in the unfin- problems. Young children suffered This model served as an example ished work. from swollen stomachs, blindness, of how the human resources of a com- Mary Lou Finley (mlfinley@ damaged internal organs, vomiting and munity can be used to address the prob- antiochsea.edu) was on the SCLC staff paralysis due to ingestion of peeling lem directly, which strengthened our in Chicago in 1965-66, where she lead-based paint chips from the inte- demand that the city and state take re- served as secretary for Project Direc- rior walls of the slum housing. The sponsibility to properly address the tor Rev. James Bevel. She is a mem- peeling paint chips fell from the inte- problem in a systematic way. The high ber of the faculty at Antioch Univer- rior walls of the ceiling onto the floors school students who participated con- sity Seattle and a co-author of Doing and sometimes even in the babies’ cribs. sequently saw improvement in their Democracy: the MAP Model for Or- The walking toddlers sometimes grades, specifically in the areas of sci- ganizing Social Movement, with pri- gnawed on the window sills as they ence. Some of these students even went mary author Bill Moyer (now de- peered out the windows. The lead on to become medical professionals. ceased), who was a collaborator in the from the paint caused irreversible dam- The City of Chicago consequently initial thinking on these issues. ❏ age to the children’s brain cells, which employed service workers to imple- led to a permanent physiological im- ment our Lead Poisoning Project. We 20% Book Discount pairment. were able to show the relationship be- Rather than organize a protest tween slum housing and environmen- Lexington Books is providing P&R march to address the problem, which tal health problems in children. readers with a 20% discount on our is always an appropriate method after Bernard Lafayette, Jr. (doc@uri. new “best of P&R” collection, gathering the information, educating edu), a leader of the Nashville Move- Poverty & Race in America: The the constituents, and preparing oneself ment and Freedom Rider, co-founded Emerging Agendas. Use code for the campaign, we decided to ad- the Student Nonviolent Coordinating 8S6POVRA when ordering (800/ dress the problem directly. Committee. He is Director of the Cen- 462-6420), and you will receive While we were organizing the ten- ter for Nonviolence and Peace Studies this discount. ants, we were organizing the youth in at the Univ. of Rhode Island.❏

12• Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 Forty Years of the Civil Rights Movement in Chicago by Dick Simpson

Forty years ago, the civil rights the same racial profile as the metro- Congressmen Chicago voters regularly marches burst upon the scene in Chi- politan region as a whole). But despite elect. In social science language, cago. Within a year, there was a sum- itself, Chicago is moving toward more Blacks have been incorporated into the mit agreement of sorts between Mar- integration and shared power and ruling elite governing the city. tin Luther King, Jr. and Mayor Rich- wealth between the races. The high water mark of Black ard J. Daley. Many at the time saw Since the 1960s, there have been power, of course, was Harold the agreement as a sham and simply a advances in racial justice and power- Washington’s mayoralty from 1983- way for Dr. King to leave town and sharing. The Chicago City Council has 1987. He began programs of affirma- take the movement other places where replaced the “Silent Six” Black alder- tive action in city jobs and contracts there would be more success. Others men with 20 African-American alder- which have brought thousands of gov- note today that the gap between poor men who are prepared, at least on clear ernment jobs and millions of dollars Blacks and rich Whites in the Chicago racial issues, to vote the views and in city contracts to the Black commu- Metropolitan region is greater than in needs of their constituents. Unfortu- nity. He not only empowered Blacks, Dr. King’s time. Yet, to claim that but also Latinos, Asians, women, gays nothing was gained then or now is to The high water mark and progressive Whites. As his sup- miss significant changes that have oc- porters like to say, with justification, curred. of black power, of he raised the floor of city government. For most of the 1960s, African course, was Harold Since his death, the programs of af- Americans were represented in the City Washington’s mayoralty firmative action in jobs and contracts, Council of Chicago by the “Silent Six” from 1983-1987. minorities in key cabinet positions and Black aldermen. In this period, Afri- city leadership roles have continued. can Americans were best represented But this was a plateau from which by a White alderman, 5th Ward Alder- nately, they are also part of a White, Blacks have not advanced further, even man Leon Despres, who was described Black, and Latino rubber stamp City as other minorities have made signifi- by novelist Ronald Fair as the “only Council which goes along with Mayor cant gains in the Richard M. Daley era. ‘Negro’ in city government” and by Richard M. Daley far too often. They Mayor Richard M. Daley’s cabinet David Llorens in the Negro Digest in don’t have Dr. King’s courage or vi- contains seven African Americans 1966 as the “lone ‘Negro’ spokesman sion (with a few notable exceptions). (17%), 24 Whites (59%), 7 Hispanics in Chicago’s City Council.” Even so, they are a manifestation of (17%) and 3 Asians (7%). So Whites In 1967, demographer Pierre de Black power in practice—as are the continue to vastly outnumber every- Vise wrote The Widening Color Gap, Black state legislators, judges and (Please turn to page 14) in which he contrasted the 10 richest White areas of the metropolitan region and the 10 poorest Black communi- ties. Unfortunately, the “color gap” Chicago 1966 between rich Whites and poor Blacks “Fulfilling the Dream: The Chicago Freedom Movement, 40th An- continued to grow even after the Civil niversary, 1966-2006” is a collaborative effort commemorating the his- Rights Act and the War on Poverty tory of the Chicago Freedom Movement. Coordinated by the Center for were implemented by the national gov- Urban Research and Learning at Loyola University Chicago, this project ernment. William Julius Wilson, when will focus on the history of the Movement as well as its impact on current studying some of the same Black ghet- life in Chicago. Co-sponsoring organizations include the Chicago Histori- toes, declared that the ghettoes grew cal Museum, Community Renewal Society, DuSable Museum, Chicago only worse and were the breeding Urban League, Newberry Library, and the Jewish Community Council on ground of a “permanent underclass.” Urban Affairs. The keynote event, a citywide and national conference, is Sixty years ago, the law in the scheduled for July 23-25. For more information, contact Prof. Kale Wil- South and the practice in the North was liams at [email protected] or visit http://www.cfm40.org. segregation. In Chicago, progress has In coordination with this conference, PRRAC has produced an interac- been slow but steady. It may not seem tive chronology of that pivotal summer which launched the modern fair like much to have gone from a segre- housing movement, including contemporary newspaper accounts, maps, gation index of 94% to 86% (the per- photographs and first-person recollections of the events: www.prrac.org/ cent of people who would have to projects/chicago1966.php. move to have each community have

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 13 (SIMPSON: Continued from page 13) though Latinos are distinctly the jun- land since the marches began in Chi- ior partners in the arrangement. cago 40 years ago? No, we haven’t. one else, but Blacks and Latinos are To make any final assessment of the There have been many setbacks and represented in the highest positions. impact of the Civil Rights Movement many failings. With a conservative More telling are city jobs and con- in Chicago, it is critical to realize that President and Congress, progress is tracts. During Mayor Richard M. it has gone beyond the bounds of the slower than many of us would like. Daley’s reign, despite having roughly African-American community. But there are still clear signs of pro- 36% of the population and 40% City Women, Latinos, gays and Asians gress. Overt discrimination is against Council membership, and providing have all benefitted from the Civil the law, and Blacks, like other minori- an increasing level of electoral support Rights Movement of the 1960s and all ties, have been incorporated into the for the mayor, African Americans the years since. Immigrants are the mainstream of corporate Chicago and have averaged only 12% of the city newest members of the movement. As political Chicago. To make further contracts throughout his term, and in civil rights leader Reverend Jesse Jack- progress requires rebuilding a rainbow the last year, dropped to an all-time son wrote in his Sun-Times op-ed col- coalition of Blacks, Whites, Latinos low since 1987 of 9%. While Blacks umn on May 2, 2006, the day after and Asians; of women and men; of have increased their vote for Daley 700,000 immigrants and their support- straights and gays; and of new immi- from 10% in 1989 to 57% in 2003, grants and American-born. The stron- Black jobs have dropped slightly, from Civil rights is now the gest force for change is in fact new 33.25% to 32%. movements, rightful successors of the So in city jobs and contracts Blacks rallying cry not just of decades-old civil rights marches—the have stood still, while by contrast Blacks, but of all groups Anti-Iraq War Movement, the Women Latinos have made substantial gains. that are oppressed and Rights, the Gay Rights and the brand- Although with 28% of Chicago’ popu- mistreated in our new Immigrant Rights Movement. lation, Latinos are underrepresented in society. Only together can we make further the Chicago City Council with eight progress towards social justice. Latino aldermen (16%), they have Dick Simpson ([email protected]) is made remarkable gains in jobs and ers marched to demand their rights in Professor of Political Science at the contracts. Under Mayor Washington, Chicago, “immigrants and their hu- University of Illinois at Chicago. He they received for the first time 4% of man rights supporters took to the is a former Chicago Alderman (1971- city contracts and 5% of city jobs by streets, reigniting this era’s civil rights 79) and participated in the Civil Rights 1987. They have increased under struggle. . . . As I see it, their rally Movement demonstrations in Texas Mayor Richard M. Daley to 14% of cry— ‘Si se puede’—is Spanish for ‘We during the early 1960s. His best known contracts and 11% of jobs. Partially, shall overcome’.” Civil rights is now books on Chicago are Winning Elec- this is a reward for the more than 80% the rallying cry not just of Blacks, but tions and Rogues, Rebels and Rubber of their votes which they give Mayor of all groups that are oppressed and Stamps: The Political History of the Daley every election. A White/Latino mistreated in our society. Chicago City Council from 1863 to coalition now governs the city, al- Have we made it to the promised the Present. ❏

Overall, Things Are Not Good by Salim Muwakkil

Martin Luther King’s publicity- Southern campaign’s success prodding ity attracted much less national support. savvy Southern Christian Leadership the passage of the Civil Rights Act of What’s more, the violent uprisings in Conference arrived in Chicago with a 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of Harlem, New York in 1964 and Watts, campaign to attack racial biases and 1965, movement strategists thought a California in 1965 had triggered a improve the quality of life in the city’s Northern strategy could also prompt growing white backlash. notoriously squalid black ghettos. The legislative action. Chicago was an urban area with eas- SCLC-Coordinating Council of Com- The flagrantly racist resistance of ily identified ills: Housing and job dis- munity Organizations collaboration Southern whites to the SCLC’s South- crimination were among the most was particularly focused on housing ern campaigns garnered national sym- pressing problems for the city’s Afri- discrimination, but it targeted an ar- pathy. But the Chicago demonstrations can-American population. But the is- ray of race-based urban ills. After the for open housing and education equal- sue of education generated the most

14 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 street heat among blacks in the Windy with a rock during a march through of William Julius Wilson) suggests City. The failure to address school one of the city’s most racially hostile many black neighborhoods were hurt overcrowding and other issues of edu- neighborhoods, and that incident came by the exodus of middle-class African cational neglect in the city’s black com- to symbolize the Movement’s failure. Americans who had served as stabiliz- munities sparked many angry protests. King’s foray into the wilds of the ing factors. Ultimately, even those Al Raby, the man who led CCCO and Windy City is retrospectively judged fleeing middle-class blacks wound up importuned King and company to as an overreach that mistakenly applied in racially-segregated neighborhoods. come to Chicago, was himself a former Southern-born tactics to Northern re- teacher drawn into the movement alities. through the education issue. There is some truth to that assess- Changes in the City’s During the Summer of 1965, the ment, but there’s more. The Chicago Racial Landscape city experienced one of the most sus- Freedom Movement certainly failed to tained periods of protests in Chicago end slums; that was only a rhetorical However, the Chicago Freedom history. This protest infuriated the ad- goal. But it also failed to revitalize any Movement did provoke some serious ministration of Mayor Richard J. changes in the city’s racial landscape; Daley, which denied it could do much The 1965 protest it shot some adrenalin into the city’s to address educational issues, even as infuriated the Daley activist community. Al Raby and other it offered conciliatory rhetoric. His Movement leaders intentionally em- response presaged the administration’s administration. ployed some gang members as protec- reaction to the Chicago Freedom tion on marches through dangerous Movement’s later charges of housing single neighborhood. In fact, with its neighborhoods. Many youths were discrimination and slum-like condi- focus on open housing in other neigh- radicalized by that contact, and they tions. During 1966, the Movement borhoods, it may have helped devital- helped form the basis of a vital Black organized several large marches dedi- ize the very communities King hoped Panther chapter in the city. Chronic cated to housing issues. King was hit to save. Some research (especially that (Please turn to page 16)

Resources

Anderson, Alan and George Pickering. 1986. Confronting King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement. Cam- the Color Line: The Broken Promise of the Civil Rights bridge: Harvard University Press. Movement in Chicago. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. Squires, Gregory, Larry Bennett, Kathleen McCourt, and Philip Nyden. 1987. Chicago: Race, Class, and the Re- Branch, Taylor. 2006. At Canaan’s Edge: America in the sponse to Urban Decline. Philadelphia: Temple University King Years, 1965-68. New York: Simon & Schuster. Press.

Fairclough, Adam. 1987. To Redeem the Soul of America: Street, Paul. 2005. Still Separate and Unequal: Race, The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Mar- Place, Policy and the State of Black Chicago. Chicago: tin Luther King, Jr. Athens: The University of Georgia The Chicago Urban League. Press. Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Move- Garrow, David (ed.) 1989. Chicago 1966: Open Housing ments and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge Marches, Summit Negotiations, and Operation Breadbas- University Press. ket. Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing. Theoharis, Jeanne F and Komozi Woodard. 2003. Free- Moyer, Bill with JoAnn McAllister, Mary Lou Finley and dom North: Black Freedom Struggles Outside the South, Steven Soifer, 2001. Doing Democracy: the MAP Model 1940-1980. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. for Organizing Social Movements. Gabriola Is., BC: New Society Publishers. Websites for the following organizations: Metropolitan Tenants Organization Nyden, Philip, 1987. Chicago: Race, Class, and the Re- http://www.tenants-rights.org/chicago/index.php sponse to Urban Decline. Philadelphia: Temple Univer- sity Press. National Community Reinvestment Coalition http://www.ncrc.org Polikoff, Alexander. 2006. Waiting for Gautreaux: A Story National Fair Housing Alliance of Segregation, Housing, and the Black Ghetto. Evanston: http://www.nationalfairhousing.org Northwestern University Press. National Low Income Housing Coalition http://www.nlihc.org/ Ralph, James R., Jr. 1993. Northern Protest: Martin Luther

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 15 (MUWAKKIL: Continued from page 15) average white lives in a tract where And this is where inadequate edu- less than 1 of every 10 residents is cation and poverty connect: Of the police harassment of militant black black. Within Chicago, the average city’s 293 predominantly black organizations and the brazen assassi- black K-12 public school student at- schools, fully two-thirds (170) report nation of Black Panther leaders Fred tends a school that is 86% African- 90% or more of their students as “low- Hampton and Mark Clark help spark American. Black students are less ex- income,” and low-income has been an independent political movement that posed to other groups than any other closely correlated with poor academic led eventually to the 1983 election of ethnic/racial group in the city. This performance. Nearly six in ten Afri- Harold Washington as the city’s first state of virtual apartheid has not can-American ninth graders do not African-American mayor. changed in any significant way since graduate with a regular high school King’s movement left town, and the degree within four years. Black males other racial disparities remain largely are significantly absent in the Chicago Signs of Success Are Rare unchanged. region’s institutions of higher educa- These imbalances are in income, tion. They have very little presence But 40 years after that promising at- education, employment, poverty rates, at the area’s most competitive colleges tempt to connect the Southern Civil economic vitality, etc. In income, for and universities. In fact, black males Rights Movement to the Northern free- example, black households are dispro- are becoming less visible in many as- dom struggle, signs of success are rare. portionately low earners. The median pects of American life (but that’s an- The “slums” that King targeted evolved income of the average black neighbor- other problem, perhaps for another into “ghettos,” and now those “inner- hood was $36,298 in 2004 (the latest time). city” neighborhoods offer graphic tes- year for which there are figures— many One of the fallouts from this edu- timony that semantics make little dif- experts estimate that figure dropped a cational failure is the destructive in- ference to residents’ quality of life. carceration epidemic that found nearly The state of black Chicago in 2006 23,000 more black males in the Illi- displays little of what was promised 40 This state of virtual nois state prison system than enrolled years ago. apartheid has not in the state’s public universities in There have been some bright spots. significantly changed 2004. Sixty-six percent of the state’s The electoral realm, for example, has since King’s movement roughly 45,000 prisoners and 63% of seen an explosion of African-Ameri- left town. its 34,000 parolees in 2004 were Af- can representation, including the may- rican-American. In 2004, the state’s oral elections of Harold Washington in incarceration rate for African Ameri- 1983 and 1987; the 1992 election of bit in 2006), $61,952 in predominantly cans was more than ten times the rate Carol Moseley Braun as the first black white neighborhoods. for whites. female US Senator; the 2004 election Education has remained a potent is- Forty years since the Chicago Free- and growing prominence of US Sena- sue as study after study confirms the dom Movement, there are signs of tor Barack Obama, only the third black dismal state of schools in the city’s progress as well: Black poverty rates US Senator since Reconstruction. The black communities. Drop-out rates re- fell, black employment rose, black Rev. Jesse Jackson, who was one of main high. In fact, the Urban League median family income and college King’s lieutenants, is now leader of the study reveals that only 38% of black enrollment also rose. As in the rest of Rainbow/PUSH organization and the males have graduated high school since America, there is a “best of times, father of Cong. Jesse Jackson, Jr. (D- 1995. An analyses of jobless data worst of times” quality to black life in IL). And there are many other tales of found that in 2004, more than 50% of Chicago. Unfortunately, the worst black political triumph in the city. so-called “unattached youth” ages 16- times are getting even worse, and the But overall things are not good. 24 were dangerously disconnected best are declining. According to a recent Urban League from both the labor market and the Salim Muwakkil (Salim4X@aol. study, “Still Separate, Unequal: Race, educational system. Of the city’s 15 com) is a senior editor at In These Place, Policy and the State of Black poorest neighborhoods, 14 were dis- Times magazine and a contributing Chicago,” the city remains “deeply in proportionately black and 11 were more Op-Ed columnist for The Chicago Tri- the thrall of racial separation and ra- that 94% black. In 15 of the city’s 77 bune. He is a member of the editorial cial inequality.” Among the figures community areas in 2004, more than board of the Madison-based Progres- noted in the 2005 report is that the av- 28% of the children lived in “deep sive Media Project, an advisory board erage black Chicagoan lives in a cen- poverty,” and 14 of these neighbor- member of Free Press, and a 2000 sus tract where about four of every five hoods were in predominantly black Media Fellow of the Soros Open Soci- residents are African-American; the areas of Chicago’s south and west sides. ety Institute. ❏

16 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 Farewell to the Leadership Council

One of the concrete outcomes of the mortgage products, omission of infor- nities that have few employment op- Chicago Freedom Movement was the mation, linguistic profiling and other portunities, poor schools, crumbling founding of the Leadership Council for invisible means. infrastructures, shrinking tax bases due Metropolitan Open Communities in Yet there has been progress. Much in large measure to the disinvestments 1966. The organization was created of that progress directly ties to the pro- associated with the racial composition as part of the final agreement reached grams of the Leadership Council. The of the community, and limited trans- on August 26, 1966, between the 40-year legacy of the Council includes portation networks. Meanwhile, Movement and the City of Chicago. landmark lawsuits, advocacy for af- whites and middle- and upper-income Now, four decades later, the Leader- firmative public policies, an engage- persons enjoy plentiful job growth, ship Council is closing its doors for ment with the housing industry, and good schools, steady investment and good. the nationally recognized Gautreaux more abundant transportation choices. As one of the country’s first fair mobility program. Together, these Dr. King’s mission, left to us, has housing advocacy organizations, actions actively increased integration yet to be completed. We still need to LCMOC set a national example with and housing choice in the region. make this an open region because it’s its mix of training, testing, advocacy, Today’s segregation is a segrega- right, it’s practical and it’s sound eco- policy research and direct service. Its tion of opportunity. Minorities and nomics. We still need to ensure that successful administration of the low- to moderate-income persons, es- no one is humiliated or disadvantaged Gautreaux housing mobility program pecially those of color, are largely through limitations based upon race or helped over 7,000 families move to housed in neighborhoods and commu- income. ❏ higher-opportunity areas throughout the Chicago region, setting an example for mobility programs in many other cities. For those of us who continue Greensboro Truth & Reconciliation Commission to work to promote housing choice and A follow-up to our lead story in the Jan./Feb. P&R: The Commission, desegregation, the Leadership Coun- culminating nearly two years of work by seven volunteer Commissioners cil has been a source of inspiration. and the Commission’s paid staff, released its 300+-page final report on May Here is an excerpt from the group’s 25 at a ceremony held at Bennett College for Women in Greensboro (whose official closing statement: president is Johnnetta Cole). Speaking at the ceremony was Dr. Peter Storey, It is with sadness that we report that former president of the South African Council of Churches and former prison one of the oldest and largest fair hous- chaplain to Nelson Mandela. ing organizations in the country, the The report analyzed police performance; police/community relations; Leadership Council, will close opera- the history of Ku Klux Klan, the Communist Workers Party and federal law tions after 40 years, effective June 2, enforcement agencies; the history of the black power movement and 2006. At the May board meeting the multicultural organizing efforts in Greensboro; labor and labor organizing Board of Directors voted to cease op- history; and judicial system issues. Included as well are recommendations for erations. Connie Lindsey, Board future implementation in areas including community acknowledgement and Chairperson , said “all options were institutional reform. The May 26 NY Times story was headed, “Report Blames Police for thoroughly explored, it was a very dif- Deaths at a ’79 Rally in North Carolina,” and noted that “Despite having a ficult decision for the whole board. paid informer among the Klansmen, the police ‘showed a stunning lack of Also, the current funding environment curiosity in planning for the safety of the event’.” made it difficult to raise the necessary At the ceremony, the Commission ceased to exist, and the continuing funds to continue important fair hous- community reconciliation work will fall to the Report Receivers — a variety ing, mobility, advocacy and legal pro- of local and national religious, civic and other community groups — and to grams.” the Greensboro and Community Reconciliation Project. In keeping with the Today, more choices are available 2003 Declaration of Intent, the Project will engage in 6-12 months of follow- to minorities in Chicago and the re- up discussions in the community. gion (although income tends to be a Other communities in the South and elsewhere have followed the GTRC’s factor in that equation). However, dis- work. Success in Greensboro offers promise that the truth-seeking model crimination still exists. In 2006, dis- previously used in South Africa, Peru and elsewhere can be effective in US crimination is subtle and sophisticated. communities. Discrimination occurs through racial The full report & an exec. summary are available on line at www. greenborotrc.org; further information from 336/275-5953, joya@ steering to various communities and greensborotrc.org.

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 17 New PRRAC Research/Advocacy Grants We are pleased to announce the following PRRAC grants Are States using the LIHTC Program to Enable Fami- made possible by generous support from the Annie E. Casey lies with Children to Live in Low-Poverty and Racially Foundation. A descriptive listing of the 100+ such grants Integrated Neighborhoods?: Jill Khadduri, Larry Buron we’ve made in the past appears on our website, and Carissa Climaco, Abt Associates. (This research is www.prrac.org: also supported by the National Fair Housing Alliance.) Parenting and Schooling in Diverse Families: Prof. Amy In addition, thanks to a generous grant from the W.K. Lutz, Syracuse Univ. Dept. of Sociology and Prof. Pamela Kellogg Foundation to support PRRAC’s research and ad- Bennett, Johns Hopkins Univ. Dept. of Sociology. vocacy on health disparities, we are pleased to announce these additional research/advocacy projects: Racial Disparities in Massachusetts’ Mandatory Mini- mum School Zone Law: Peter Wagner, Prison Policy Reducing Occupational Injuries & Illnesses Among Initiative. Latino Poultry Workers in No. Carolina: Prof. Sara Quandt, Wake Forest Univ. School of Medicine Dept. of Racial Disparities & Disturbing Discipline Practices in Epidemiology & Prevention and Francisco Risso, Western Our Middle Schools: Dan Losen, Harvard Civil Rights No. Carolina Workers Center. Project and Prof. Russell Skiba, Ctr. For Evaluation & Educ. Policy, Indiana Univ. School of Education. Food, Justice and Community: Motivations & Obstacles to Food Security in West Oakland, CA: Alison Hope A Survey of the Acceptance of Voucher Holders in Sub- Alkon, Univ. Calif.-Davis and Dana Harvey, Environ- urban Cook County [IL]: Lawyers Comm. for Better mental Justice Inst. Housing. Reports on the research supported by our grants and the The Effects of School & Classroom Racial Composi- followup advocacy work aided by this research will appear tion on Educational Outcomes: Prof. Roslyn Mickelson, in later issues of Poverty & Race. Further details about UNC-Charlotte Dept. of Sociology. and contact inf. for these projects is available from us on request ([email protected]). Resources

Most Resources are available directly from the Race/Racism Please drop us a line letting us know how useful our Resources Section is to you, as both a lister issuing organization, • My Face Is Black Is and requester of items. We hear good things, but either on their website (if True: Callie House and only sporadically. Having a more complete sense given) or via other the Struggle for Ex-Slave of the effectiveness of this networking function will contact information listed. Reparations, by Mary help us greatly in foundation fundraising work Materials published by Frances Berry (314 pp., (and is awfully good for our morale). Drop us a PRRAC are available 2005, $26.95), has been short note, letting us know if it has been/is useful to through our website: published by Alfred you (how many requests you get when you list an www.prrac.org. Prices Knopf. [9760] include the shipping/ item, how many items you send away for, etc.) Thank you. handling (s/h) charge • Call for Papers on when this information is racial impact of Hurri- provided to PRRAC. “No cane Katrina on African- price listed” items often American life, culture & Ed. Kristen Clarke-Avery, Newsreel, 500 Third St., are free. political standing: Souls, [email protected] #505, SF, CA 94107, a quarterly interdiscipli- [9764] 877/811-7495, http:// When ordering items from nary journal edited by www.newsreel.org/ [9779] PRRAC: SASE = self- Manning Marable • July ‘64 (54 mins., addressed stamped (Columbia Univ.), is 2006) looks at the • African American envelope (39¢ unless soliciting papers for a underlying causes of the Perspectives is a 2006 otherwise indicated). special issue. Aug. 1 riots/urban insurrections catalog of Calif. Newsreel Orders may not be placed deadline. Ca. 300-word that swept through Black films. Free from 877/811- by telephone or fax. abstract/proposal to him, communities that summer 7495, http://www. Please indicate from 758 Schermerhorn Ext., and in the years since. newsreel.org/ [9780] which issue of P&R you Mail Code 5512, NYC, Focus is on Rochester. are ordering. NY 10027, or to Guest Available from Calif.

18 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 • “In the Eye of the • “The State of The Policy Press, 503/ La Raza), William Storm: How the Govern- Opportunity in America: 287-3093, [email protected] Spriggs (Howard U.) & ment and Private Executive Summary” (32 [9759] James Weill (Food Responses to Hurricane pp., n.d. [2006]), “A Research & Action Ctr. Katrina Failed Latinos” report on the nation’s • “Thriving Communi- and a former PRRAC Bd. (2006) is available from progress toward protect- ties: Working Together member), is available Natl. Council of La Raza, ing and expanding to Move from Poverty to from Rita McLennon at 1126 16th St. NW, opportunity for all,” is Prosperity for All,” a 40- the Shriver Ctr., 50 E. Wash., DC 20036, 202/ available (possibly free) page, 2006 “guide for Washington St., #500, 785-1670, jmurguia@ from The Opportunity public dialogue & Chicago, IL 60602, 312/ nclr.org, http:// Agenda, 568 Broadway, problem solving,” is 368-2001, ritamclennon@ www.nclr.org/ [9781] #302, NYC, NY 10012, available, likely free povertylaw.org [9782] 212/334-5977, www. (Spanish language edition • Up South: Civil opportunityagenda.org. as well), from Study • “Asset-Building as a Rights and Black Power Circles Resource Ctr., Response to Wealth in Philadelphia, by • The National Policy 697 Pomfret St., Box 203, Inequality: Drawing Matthew Countryman Alliance is a new entity, Pomfret, CT 06258-0203, Implications from the (2005), has been pub- convened by the Joint scrc.studycircles.org. Homestead Act,” by lished by Univ. of Penn. Center for Political and Downloadable at http:// Trina R. Williams (9 pp. Press — it won the 2006 Economic Studies, www.studycircles.org/ + tables, 2003), is a Liberty Legacy Fdn. designed to give voice to [9767] working paper available Award for the best book the 9,500 African- (possibly free) from the on any historical aspect American elected officials • “Stalling the Dream” Ctr. for Social Dev., of the struggle for civil and more than 3 million is a May 2006 report Washington Univ. School rights in the US. [9813] African-American govern- from United for a Fair of Social Work, One ment employees. Partici- Economy, on the low car Brookings Dr., Campus • Understanding pating organizations are ownership rate for people Box 1196, St. Louis, MO Diversity: An Introduc- Blacks in Government, — particularly, African 63130, 314/935-7433, tion to Class, Race, Congressional Black Americans & Latinos/ csd@[email protected], Gender & Sexual Orienta- Caucus, Judicial Council Hispanics— living in gwbwcb.wustl.edu/csd tion, by Fred Pincus (169 of the Natl. Bar Assn., hurricane zones. The [9787] pp., 2006, $19.95), has Natl. Assn. of Black focus is on 11 major been published by Lynne County Officials, Natl. cities hit by 5+ hurri- • “NCRC-Rainbow/ Rienner Publishers, 1800 Black Caucus of Local canes in the last 100 yrs.: PUSH Coalition White 30th St., #314, Boulder, Elected Officials, Natl. New Orleans, Houston, Paper on Discrimination CO 80301-1026, 303/ Black Caucus of State Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, and Concentrated 444-6684. [9814] Legislators, Natl. Caucus Orlando, Jacksonville, St. Poverty” (35 pp., Jan. of Black School Board Petersburg, Tampa, NYC, 2006) is available • Freedom’s Call, a Members, Natl. Conf. of Providence, Boston). UfE through the organiza- 2006 documentary Black Mayors, and World is at 29 Winter St., tions’ websites: www. directed by Prof. Richard Conf. of Mayors. Contact Boston, MA 02108, ncrc.org and www. Breyer of Syracuse Mike Wenger, mwenger@ 617/423-2148, x113, rainbowpush.org. University, “revisits the jointcenter.org. www. faireconomy.org/ civil rights struggle Stalling/index.html • “The EU We Want: through the eyes of two • The African Ameri- [9775] Views from those veteran journalists can Museum & Library fighting poverty and [Dorothy Gilliam of The in Oakland has just • The Welfare Law social exclusion on the Washington Post and opened. Its opening Center has changed its future development of photographer Ernest exhibit, “Paul Robeson: name to the National the EU” is a 112-page, Withers.] Inf. from 202/ The Tallest Tree in the Center for Law and 2006 publication of the 726-4515, www. Forest,” will be there Economic Justice, http:// European Anti-poverty whartongroupinc.com. until July 8. 510/637- www.nclej.org/ [9777] Network. Downloadable 0200. at http://eapn.horus.be/ • 2006 Statistical • “The Pillars of a module/module_page/ Portrait of the Nation’s Federal Antipoverty images/pdf/ Asian and Pacific Poverty/ Strategy,” a special pdf_publications/ Islander Populations is Clearinghouse Review EAPN%20Publications/ available from the UCLA Welfare issue discussion with book/Livre3-EN.pdf. Asian American Studies Deepak Bhargava (Ctr. Center (headed by • Poverty and Social for Comm. Change and a • “What Is the Federal PRRAC Board member Exclusion in Britain, eds. former PRRAC Bd. Government’s Role in Don Nakanishi). Contact Christina Pantazis, David member), John Bouman Redressing Poverty?,” a Prof. Nakanishi at 310/ Gordon & Ruth Levitas (Shriver Natl. Ctr. on telephone conference 825-2974, [email protected], (488 pp., 2006, $39.95), Poverty Law), Cecilia hosted by the Sargent www.sscnet.ucla.edu/aasc. has been published by Munoz (Natl. Council of Shriver National Center

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 19 on Poverty Law, will be highereducation.org/ Are White? Anti-Bias 2006, $29.95 — includ- held June 20, 2006, noon [9766] Multicultural Education ing a DVD), is available (Central time). The 90- with Young Children & from Teachers College min. session will feature • “State Policymaking Families, by Louise Press, 800/575-6566. panelists Gary Bass and for Improving College Derman-Sparks (208 pp., [9799] Adam Hughes of OMB Readiness & Success,” by 2006, $24.95), is avail- Watch, Mark Greenberg Patrick M. Callan, Joni E. able from Teachers • What Was It Like? of the Center for Ameri- Finney, Michael W. College Press, 800/575- Teaching History & can Progress and John Kirst, Michael Usdan & 6566. [9793] Culture Through Young Bouman of the Shriver Andrea Venezia (37 pp., Adult Literature, by Center. Inf. from Crystal 2006), is available (no • Education Research Linda J. Rice (216 pp., Ashley, 312/263-3830, price listed) from the in the Public Interest: 2006, $23.95), is avail- x230, crystalashley@ Natl. Ctr. for Public Social Justice, Action & able from Teachers povertylaw.org. Policy & Higher Educa- Policy, by Gloria Ladson- College Press, 800/575- tion, 152 N. 3rd St., Billings & William F. 6566. [9801] #705, San Jose, CA Tate (168 pp., 2005, Criminal 95112, 408/271-2699, $21.95), is available from • Inquiry in Action: [email protected], Teachers College Press, Teaching Columbus, by Justice www,highereducation.org 800/575-6566. [9794] Avram Barlowe (64 pp., [9770] 2006, $15.95), is avail- • “The Power of • Learning Power: able from Teachers Work: The Center for • “Improving Educa- Organizing for Education College Press, 800/575- Employment Opportuni- tional Outcomes” was a & Justice, by Jeannie 6566. 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[9797] the Lines: What the ACT • “Open to the Public: Reveals About College • “To Remain an Speaking Out on No Education Readiness in Reading” Indian”: Lessons in Child Left Behind” is the (2006), from ACT, is Democracy from a Public Education • “American Higher available at www.act.org/ Century of Native Network’s 2nd annual Education: How Does It path/policy/reports/ America Education, by report (2006) that gives Measure Up for the 21st reading.html [9789] K. Tsianina Lomawaima voice to community, Century?,” by James B. & Teresa L. McCarty parent & student concerns Hunt, Jr. & Thomas J. • We Can’t Teach (240 pp., 2006, $29.95), about the federal legisla- Tierney (13 pp., May What We Don’t Know: is available from Teachers tion. Hearings were held 2006, no price listed), is White Teachers, Multira- College Press, 800/575- in CA, FL, IL, MA, MI, available from the Natl. cial Schools, by Gary R. 6566. [9798] NY, OH, PA & TX. Ctr. for Public Policy & Howard (2nd ed., 192 Downloadable at http:// Higher Education, 152 N. pp., 2006, $19.95), is • Serving the Commu- www.publiceducation.org/ 3rd St., #705, San Jose, available from Teachers nity: Guidelines for [9810] CA 95112, 408/271- College Press, 800/575- Setting Up a Service- 2699, center@ 6566. [9792] Learning Program, by • “Ready for College highereducation.org, Phyllis Tasklik & Cathy and Ready for Work: http://www. • What If All the Kids Tomaszewski (48 pp., Same or Different?” is a

20 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 2006 policy brief from Employment/ colemanadvocates.org/ Feinglass (Jan. 2006), is ACT, available at http:// [9786] available (possibly free) www.act.org/path/policy/ Jobs Policy from The Commonwealth pdf/ReadinessBrief.pdf. • Forgotten Families: Fdn., 1 E. 75 St., NYC, • “A New Approach to Ending the Growing NY 10021, 212/606- • “Meeting Five Low-Wage Workers & Crisis Confronting 3800, [email protected] Critical Challenges of Employers,” by Children & Working [9790] High School Reform: Jacqueline Anderson, Parents in the Global Lessons from Research Linda Y. Kato & James A. Economy, by Jody • “Tackling Health on Three Reform Riccio (62 pp., 2006), is Heymann (328 pp., 2006, Care Disparities Models,” by Janet Quint available (no price listed) $27.50), has been Through ‘Systems of MDRC, is available at from MDRC, 16 E. 34 published by Oxford U. Reform,” by Sidney http://www.mdrc.org/ St., NYC, NY 10016- Press, http:// Watson (Aug. 2005), is publications/428/ 4326, 212/532-3200, www.oup.com/ [9817] available (possibly free) overview.html. http://www.mdrc.org/ from The Commonwealth [9769] Fdn., 1 E. 75 St., NYC, • Rethinking Schools Food/ NY 10021, 212/606- has published its 20th • “On the Corner: Day 3800, [email protected] anniversary issue. Among Labor in the United Nutrition/ [9791] the dozen-plus articles are States,” by Abel Hunger an interview with Howard Valenzuela, Jr., Nikolas • “Why Is AIDS Ten Zinn, Stan Karp on Theodore, Edwin • “Hunger in America Times Worse among “What’s Next for Melendez & Ana Luz 2006,” from America’s Black Americans?” is the NCLB?,” Bob Peterson’s Gonzalez (39 pp., Jan. Second Harvest, studied theme of Vol. 1, No. 1 study of the Milwaukee 2006), is available at over 52,000 clients (2005) of Black Direc- teachers’ union, Barbara www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/ served by food providers tions. Subs. to the Miner’s article on the csup/index.php [9776] in their network, and bimonthly are $36/ voucher wars. Full issue found that 35% had to indivs., $72/orgs, from can be downloaded for $5 • “A New Approach to choose between paying the Thora Inst., PO Box from www. Low-Wage Workers and for food and paying for 367, New Haven, CT rethinkingschools.org. Employers: Launching rent or mortgage. Avail- 06513, 203/772-4418, Subs. to the quarterly are the Work Advancement able at http:// [email protected] $17.95, 800/669-4192. and Support Center www.hungerinamerica.org/ [9811] Demonstration” is a 2006 [9806] • “Paying for Persis- report, available (no price • “Perspectives on tence: Early Results of a listed) from MDRC, 16 E. Health Care Disparities,” Louisiana Scholarship 34 St., NYC, NY 10016- Health by Vanessa Northington Program for Low- 4326, 212/532-3200, Gamble, Deborah Stone, Income Parents Attend- http://www.mdrc.org • Call for Papers: A Kala Ladenheim & Brian ing Community College” special issue of AIDS and K. Gibbs (April 2006), is a 2006 study, available Behavior will focus on comparing US and UK (no price listed) from Families/ the role of housing with measurement of health MDRC, 16 E. 34 St., Women/ regard to prevention, disparities and impact of NYC, NY 10016-4326, consequences, social various interventions in 212/532-3200, http:// Children impact & response to reducing disparities, is www.mdrc.org. HIV/AIDS. Aug. 1 available from The • “How Does Family deadline for original Commonwealth Fund, 1 • “Closing the Achieve- Well-Being Vary Across manuscripts, to Special E. 75 St., NYC, NY ment Gap: Linking Different Types of Editor Angele Aidala, 10021, 212/606-3800, Families, Schools, and Neighborhoods?” (2006) Columbia Univ. Mailman [email protected]. Communities,” spon- is available from The School of Public Health sored by the Harvard Urban Inst., 2100 M St. (issue co-editor with • New Orleans Meeting Family Research Project, NW, Wash., DC 20037, David Holtgrave-Johns on Health Disparities and will be held Nov. 9-11, 202/261-5709. [9763] Hopkins Bloomberg the Rebuilding Process: 2006 in Cambridge. Inf. School of Public Health A coaliton of New from 800/545-1849, • “Families Struggle to & Martha Burt-Urban Orleans-based local and www.gse.harvard.edu/ Stay: Why Families are Inst.), 212/305-7023, national racial, environ- ppe. Leaving San Francisco [email protected] mental justice, legal and & What Can Be Done” [9783] health research and (18 pp., March 2006) is advocacy organizations is available (no price listed) • “Is There a Right covening an invitational from Coleman Advocates Way to Collect Racial & meeting on June 12 to for Children, 459 Vienna Ethnic Data?,” by David discuss the post-Katrina St., SF, CA, 415/239- W. Baker, Kenzie A. rebuilding process and 0161, http://www. Cameron & Joseph the city’s progress toward

May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 21 safer and healthier reports/stateeffects.cfm Immigration • “CDBG Works for neighborhoods. The effort [9807] Rural Communities” is is supported by the • Children of Immi- the theme of the 21-page Health Policy Institute of • “Affordable Housing grants: The Urban Inst. Spring 2006 issue of the Joint Center for Trust Funds” is a (2006?) has a new (2006) fact Rural Voices, the maga- Political and Economic Fannie Mae Fdn. Issue sheet about the children zine of the Housing Studies and the W.K. Brief, available at of immigrants, especially Assistance Council. Subs. Kellogg Foundation. For www.knowledgeplex.org/ those with unauthorized are free: HAC, 1025 more information, contact kp/new_content/ parents, www.urban.org/ Vermont Ave. NW, #606, Philip Tegeler, ptegeler@ policy_brief/relfiles. url.cfm?ID=900955 Wash., DC 20005, 202/ prrac.org. ahtf_brief.pdf [9812] [9774] 842-8600, hac@ ruralhome.org [9808] • “America’s Rental • The Line Between Us: Housing Housing: Homes for a Teaching about the • Cesar Chavez and La Diverse Nation” (2006) is Border & Mexican Causa, by Dan La Botz • “Racial Integration available (free) from the Immigration, by Bill (224 pp., 2006?, $20), & Community Revital- Harvard Jt. Ctr. for Bigelow (160 pp., 2006), has been published by ization: Applying the Housing Studies, 617/ is available ($16.95+s/h) Pearson Longman, 800/ Fair Housing Act to the 495-7908, mbarnes@ from Rethinking Schools, 947-7700, http:// Low Income Housing gsd.harvard.edu, 800/669-4192, http:// www.ablongman.com/ Tax Credit,” by Myron www.jchs,harvard.edu/ www.rethinkingschools.org/ [9816] Orfield, appeared in the publications/rental/ [9809] Nov. 2005 Vanderbilt rh06_americas_rental_ Law Review. [9761] housing.pdf [9815] • “No Consensus on Miscellaneous Immigration Problem or • Knocking on the • “The Katrina Proposed Fixes” (84 pp., • “In the Wake of the Door: The Federal Housing Series: How 2006?), from the Pew Storm,” a 2006 Russell Government’s Attempt to Congress Can Raise the Research Center for the Sage Foundation report, Desegregate the Suburbs, Roof for Katrina People & the Press and is available at by Chris Bonastia (2006), Survivors” is a series of the Pew Hispanic Center, www.russellsage.org/ has been published by June 2006 Congressional is available at http:// news/katrinabulletin2/ Princeton Univ. Press Black Caucus Braintrust pewhispanic.org/reports/ newsitem_view [9762] [9765] Briefings. Tuesdays, 3-5 report.php?ReportID=63. at the Capitol Bldg., Rm. • “Presidential Elec- • “The Rental Housing HC-9. Details from Aysha • “More Than a tion Inequality: The Affordability Gap: House-Moshi in office of ‘Temporary’ Fix: The Electoral College in the Comparison of 2001 & Cong. Barbara Lee, 202/ Role of Permanent 21st Century” (60 pp., 2003 American Housing 225-2661, http:// Immigration in Compre- 2006) is available (no Surveys,” by Danilo www.npach.org/katrina_ hensive Reform,” by price listed) from Fair Pelletiere (19 pp., March housing_series.pdf. Walter A. Ewing (8 pp., Vote, 6930 Carroll Ave., 2006), is available ($10) 2006), published by the #610, Takoma Park, MD from the Natl. Low • “Opening the Door: American Immigration 20912, 301/270-4616, Income Housing Coal., 40 Years of Open Law Foundation’s http://www.fairvote.org/ 727 15th St. NW, 6th flr., Housing” (8 pp., 2006?) Immigration Policy [9772] Wash., DC 20005, 202/ is available (possibly free) Center, is available at 662-1530, info@ from the Metropolitan http://www.ailf.org/ipc/ • “Population Dis- nlihc.org, http:// Housing Coalition, PO infocus/2006_morethan placement and Post- www.nlihc.org/ [9785] Box 4533, Louisville, KY temporary.shtml. Katrina Politics: The 40204-4533, 502/584- New Orleans Primary,” • “Report on Housing 6858, www.metropolitan by John R. Logan, a Discrimination Against housing.org. report on the results of Hurricane Katrina Rural the April 22, 2006 New Survivors,” a 2006 Natl. • Making a Better Orleans Primary elec- Fair Housing Alliance World: Public Housing, • “Building Rural tions, is available from study, is available at the Red Scare, and the Communities” is the Prof. Logan, 401/863- http://www. national Direction of Modern Los 2005 Annual Report of 2267, fairhousing.org/ [9805] Angeles, by Don Parson the Housing Assistance [email protected]. (289 pp., 2005, $22.95), Council. Available (likely • “The Best Value in has been published by free) from HAC, 1025 • Wellstone Action! the Subprime Market: Univ. of Minnesota Press, Vermont Ave. NW, #606, (built on the work and State Predatory Lending 111 Third Ave. S., #290, Wash., DC 20005, 202/ legacy of the late Sen. Reforms,” a 2006 Center Minneapolis, MN 55401- 842-8600, hac@ Paul Wellstone and his for Responsible Lending 2520, http://www.upress. ruralhome.org, http:// wife, Sheila), runs report, is available at umn.edu. www.ruralhome.org/ trainings (and Camp www.responsiblelending.org/ [9771] Wellstone) on voter

22 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 15, No. 3 • May/June 2006 engagement, labor issues, • The Northwest violence against women, Justice Project, which PRRAC'S SOCIAL SCIENCE campaign strategies and provides civil legal ADVISORY BOARD techniques. info@ services to low-income wellstone.org. people throughout Frank Bonilla Washington State, is CUNY Department of Sociology seeking an Executive Xavier de Souza Briggs Job Director. Ltr./resume/ MIT Department of Urban Studies & Planning names & contact inf. for 3 Camille Zubrinsky Charles Opportunities/ refs. (preferably by June Department of Sociology, Univ. of Pennsylvania Fellowships/ 9) to cmetzler@ themetzlergroup.com, John Goering Baruch College, City Univ. of New York Grants 610/434-7550. Heidi Hartmann • United for a Fair • The National Low Inst. for Women’s Policy Research (Wash., DC) Economy is seeking a Income Housing Coali- William Kornblum Communications Direc- tion (headed by PRRAC CUNY Center for Social Research tor. $50s. Ltr./resume/ Board member Sheila writing sample of a Harriette McAdoo Crowley) is hiring Michigan State School of Human Ecology communications product multiple Outreach Staff to Hiring Mgr., UFE, 29 & a Media Coordinator. Fernando Mendoza Winter St., Boston, MA Ltr./resume to Deputy Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Univ. 02108, [9778] Dir., NLIHC, 727 15th Paul Ong St. NW, 6th flr., Wash., UCLA School of Public Policy • The Legal Assistance DC 20005, 202/662- & Social Research Corp. of Central Mass. 1530. Gary Orfield is seeking a Litigation Harvard Univ. Grad. School of Education Director. Resume to • Nemours Vision Jonathan Mannina, ED, Gary Sandefur Awards for Excellence in Univ. Wisconsin Inst. for Poverty Research LACCM, 405 Main St., Child Health Promotion Worcester, MA and Disease Prevention Gregory D. Squires 01608-1735, 508/752- have a June 23, 2006 Department of Sociology, George Washington Univ. 3718. deadline. Inf. from Margery Austin Turner [email protected]. The Urban Institute Margaret Weir Department of Political Science, Univ. of California, Berkeley

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May/June 2006 • Poverty & Race • Vol.15, No. 3 • 23 POVERTY & RACE RESEARCH ACTION COUNCIL Board of Directors CHAIR Darrell Armstrong Elizabeth Julian William L. Taylor John Charles Boger Shiloh Baptist Church Inclusive Communities Citizens’ Commission University of North Carolina Trenton, NJ Project on Civil Rights School of Law Maria Blanco Dallas, TX Washington, DC Chapel Hill, NC Lawyers’ Committee for S.M. Miller [Organizations listed for Civil Rights The Commonwealth identification purposes only] VICE-CHAIR San Francisco, CA Institute Craig Flournoy Cambridge, MA José Padilla Philip D. Tegeler Southern Methodist Don Nakanishi California Rural Legal President/Executive Director Assistance University University of California San Francisco, CA Dallas, TX Los Angeles, CA Chester Hartman Thomas Henderson Florence Wagman Director of Research SECRETARY Sprenger & Lang Roisman john powell Washington, DC Indiana University Alanna Buchanan Camille Holmes School of Law Kirwan Institute for the Study Law Student Intern of Race & Ethnicity National Legal Aid & Indianapolis, IN Defender Assn. Anthony Sarmiento Ohio State University Tamica Daniel Washington, DC Senior Service America Columbus,OH Law Student Intern Olati Johnson Silver Spring, MD TREASURER Columbia University Catherine Tactaquin Sheila Crowley Law School National Network for National Low Income New York, NY Immigrant & Refugee Housing Coalition Rights Washington, DC Oakland, CA

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