Augustus Addison Gould

PEOPLE MENTIONED IN CAPE COD:

DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

“NARRATIVE HISTORY” AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

CAPE COD: We afterward saw some other kinds on the Bay side. Gould PEOPLE OF states that this Cape “has hitherto proved a barrier to the CAPE COD migrations of many species of Mollusca.” –“Of the one hundred and ninety-seven species [which he described in 1840 as belonging to Massachusetts], eighty-three do not pass to the South shore, and fifty are not found on the North shore of the Cape.”

AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Dr. Augustus A. Gould HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1805

April 23, Tuesday: Augustus Addison Gould was born at New Ipswich, New Hampshire, a son of the music teacher Nathaniel Duren Gould (who had in the previous year been instrumental in forming the 1st military band in that portion of New Hampshire and who would eventually be able to provide well for his family through sponsoring the fine art of penmanship.)

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 3 day 23 of 4 M 1805 / From several afflicting circumstances my mind is affected with thoughtfulness, & a question arises, whether from the present low state of society here away, there is living enough to bury the dead whether we possess sufficient power in our M Meeting even to disown a member that has deviated from the rules of discipline - for while we see some who are making profession & standing forward in society, & not living up to the spirit of our holy profession - what? shall we say of them? are not they more subjects of dealing than some of the young men who go out from society with little or no profession at all — Alass for the times how are some falling on one hand & some on the other - the bane of wealth the bone of contention how they have made their way among us — there is cause of HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

mourning among the sincere hearted, as between the poorest & the Altar. Oh may my soul keep out of the mixture of false spirits -may all that is in one bow down in deep humility, & acknowledge the Lord is good & worthy to be praised - may the standard be supported & made firm as its props are but weak now — ——————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Dr. Augustus A. Gould HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1821

August: Contractor William Britton, aided by 30 convicts from Auburn Prison, began construction of Rochesterville’s Erie Canal Aqueduct over the Genesee River.

At the age of 18, Waldo Emerson graduated from Harvard College.

Upon Waldo’s graduation, his brother William employed him as an assistant in his girls’ school on Federal Street in Boston (after the school closed, he would tutor and teach school in Chelmsford MA, until 1826).

Augustus Addison Gould matriculated at Harvard. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

This 1821 painting of Harvard is by Alvan Fisher and is in the university archives:

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Dr. Augustus A. Gould HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1825

Horatio Greenough graduated from Harvard College and went to Italy for two years. Augustus Addison Gould graduated and (after a period as a private tutor in Maryland) would study at that institution’s school of medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. NEW “HARVARD MEN”

Professor George Ticknor issued REMARKS ON CHANGES LATELY PROPOSED OR ADOPTED IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY (Boston: Hilliard). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

“A Review From Professor Ross’s Seminar”

George Ticknor campaigned to turn Harvard College from a socialization school for Boston’s elites to a quality European university. Although his own modern languages department established an elective curriculum, he was largely unsuccessful. His REMARKS ON CHANGES remains a readable thesis on why Harvard should adopt a more professional curriculum and makes for some interesting comparisons with Emerson’s ideas on education and Thoreau’s later experiences at the college. Essentially, Ticknor argues that since Harvard has rapidly become a leading US institution, it should now take responsibility for that role through the improvement of several key areas of Harvard life. The first and most central —and this relates directly to Emerson— is teaching. The most a typical Harvard instructor, Ticknor writes, undertakes “is to ascertain from day to day, whether the young men who are assembled in his presence, have probably studied the lesson prescribed to them” and there “his duty stops.” The idea, Ticknor continues, “of a thorough commentary on the lesson; the idea of making explanations and illustrations of the teacher, of as much consequence as the recitation of the book, or even of more, is substantially unknown in our school.” It is hard to imagine Emerson or Thoreau disagreeing with Ticknor’s vision of a college instructor, but they would and Emerson does explicitly disagree with Ticknor’s more controversial ideas about professional scholarship, specialization and research. [Shawn Gillen, February 1992]

LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? — NO, THAT’S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN’S STORIES. LIFE ISN’T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD.

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Dr. Augustus A. Gould HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1828

Charles Chauncy Emerson was President of Harvard College’s Class of 1828, and Henry Swasey McKean Vice-President. In April, college senior Charles submitted a requirement “Astronomical Problems” (21 ½ x 27 ½ inches) that is still on file there: http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~hua17004 McKean would eventually become a tutor there in Latin and tutor, among others, David Henry Thoreau. Immediately after graduating, however, he would be taking an assistant’s job in the private school in nearby Jamaica Plain of Charles Winston Greene, another Harvard graduate, only to need to leave due to illness after a few weeks, and then for a short while he would be holding a job teaching school in Cambridge — and then would take a stab at attending the Harvard Law School.

At this point Harvard graduate Augustus Addison Gould was hired as a house physician at the Massachusetts General Hospital, his old stomping grounds as a med student (he would afterward serve as a physician, starting in 1855, and as a consulting physician, starting in 1868).

THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Dr. Augustus A. Gould HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1830

Augustus Addison Gould received the degree of MD at the Harvard Medical School. He would eventually become a doctor and have a successful practice in Boston, but first he needed to make some money (for the grand sum of $50 he would, for instance, catalog some 50,000 pamphlets at the Boston Athenæum into four large folio volumes). Meanwhile he was making the most careful study of natural history, and for two years would teach botany and zoology at Harvard College. He would become a well known specialist in conchology.

Cornelius Conway Felton became a tutor of Greek at Harvard (he would in 1832 be promoted to Professor).

Dr. John Abercrombie’s INQUIRIES CONCERNING THE INTELLECTUAL POWERS OF MAN AND THE INVESTIGATION OF TRUTH (London). This treatise would eventually be found to have contained nothing of any novelty, and would have no lasting place in the literature of philosophy. It would, however, have a place in Henry Thoreau’s formal education at Harvard, and would guide him toward his negative inference “There are nowadays professors of philosophy, but not philosophers”: DR. JOHN ABERCROMBIE

WALDEN: There are nowadays professors of philosophy, but not PEOPLE OF philosophers. Yet it is admirable to profess because it was once WALDEN admirable to live. To be a philosopher is not merely to have subtle thoughts, nor even to found a school, but so to love wisdom as to live according to its dictates, a life of simplicity, independence, magnanimity, and trust. It is to solve some of the problems of life, not only theoretically, but practically. The success of great scholars and thinkers is commonly a courtier- like success, not kingly, not manly. They make shift to live merely by conformity, practically as their fathers did, and are in no sense the progenitors of a nobler race of men. But why do men degenerate ever? What makes families run out? What is the nature of the luxury which enervates and destroys nations? Are we sure that there is none of it in our own lives? The philosopher is in advance of his age even in the outward form of his life. He is not fed, sheltered clothed, warmed, like his contemporaries. How can a man be a philosopher and not maintain his vital heat by better methods than other men?

CORNELIUS CONWAY FELTON

HARVARD CATALOG

CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Dr. Augustus A. Gould HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1832

At this point Dr. Augustus Addison Gould was accepted as a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society (he would serve as its orator at the anniversary meeting of 1855, and as its president from 1864 to his death in 1866). He joined the Boston Society of Natural History and became one of its curators.

Completing his study under Dr. Josiah Bartlett in Northfield, Dr. Edward Jarvis became a physician in Concord, to practice there until 1837. While in Concord, he would become interested in vital statistics (under the influence of Dr. Bartlett) and in the treatment of the insane. According to his TRADITIONS AND REMINISCENCES OF CONCORD, MASSACHUSETTS 1779-1878: When I was in college in the years 1824-1826, and when I taught the town school in Concord, 1826-1827, and while I was a medical student with Dr. Josiah Bartlett, and also when I was a practicing physician in Concord in 1832-1836, I devoted some of my time to the study of the botany of the town. I went into all parts of the town –the fields, the meadows and the forests– and gathered such of the plants as I could find. I kept these with others gathered in other places into a herbarium which I preserved with great care until about the year 1846, when I gave it to the State at the request of the Board of Agriculture, who wished to have a complete collection of the plants of Massachusetts in the cabinet at the state house. This was the Boston State House to which Dr. Jarvis was referring, in this year:

Impressive, huh? HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD November: Dr. Augustus Addison Gould’s “Observations on Poisoning by Arsenic in Two Cases” appeared in the Medical Magazine.

THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Dr. Augustus A. Gould HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1833

Augustus A. Gould, M.D. translated from French into English Jean-Baptiste de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck’s work on conchology, as LAMARCK’S GENERA OF SHELLS, WITH A CATALOGUE OF SPECIES (Boston: Allen and Ticknor), and issued the very 1st edition of his often-republished textbook A SYSTEM OF NATURAL HISTORY; CONTAINING SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS ANIMALS; CHIEFLY COMPILED FROM THE VARIOUS WORKS OF CUVIER, GRIFFITH, RICHARDSON, GEOFFREY, LACEPEDE, BUFFON, GOLDSMITH, SHAW, MONTAGU, WILSON, LEWIS AND CLARKE, AUDUBON, AND OTHER WRITERS ON NATURAL HISTORY; ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF STARK. ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS (Boston: Carter, Hendee, & Co.; Brattleboro’: Published by Peck & Wood). LAMARCK’S SHELLS GOULD’S NATURAL HISTORY HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Dr. Augustus A. Gould HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1833

November 25, Monday: Dr. Augustus Addison Gould got married with Harriet Cushing Sheafe (the couple would produce ten children seven of whom would survive into adulthood).

There was a Richter 8.7 earthquake in Sumatra. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1834

January: It was the custom of Dr. Augustus Addison Gould to rise at 4AM and walk to the rooms of the Boston Society of Natural History to work on its insect collections before beginning his daily routine as a personal physician. Among his first publications was a monograph on Dymria amenorrhagia in this month’s issue of the Medical Magazine (also, during this year, he would achieve publication of a piece on the Cicindelidæ of Massachusetts in the Boston Journal of Natural History, i, Art. iv, pp. 41-55.

A Cicindela sexguttata wandering around loose in Worcester — with an agenda of its own From this month until perhaps July, Dr. Asa Gray was teaching science at the Utica Gymnasium. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1835

Henry Peter Brougham’s A DISCOURSE OF NATURAL THEOLOGY, SHOWING THE NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE AND THE ADVANTAGES OF THE STUDY attempted to produce factual evidence for the existence of design in the world by providing a description of the human mind and how it works. This functioning provides, he averred, evidence “of the most skilful contrivance ... the operations which it performs, all its faculties, are plainly means working to an end.” It is due to the fact that our minds provide us with this clear evidence of our having had an intelligent cause, and to the fact that we are conscious of our will’s ability to cause our movements, that we are able to formulate our notion of power and then to transfer this notion “to the relations between events wholly external to ourselves.” (This would also be published as part of the 6th volume of his WORKS.)

Adam Sedgwick named the Cambrian System, recognizing the initial rich assemblage of fossils in the rock record. Roderick Murchison named the Silurian System (he believed, not entirely accurately, that the Silurian predated the fossils of land plants, and consequently any economically valuable coal seams). Murchison and Sedgwick would later engage in a bitter priority dispute over their systems. PALEONTOLOGY

A 2d edition of the Reverend Professor Edward Hitchcock of Amherst College’s state-subsidized REPORTS ON THE GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, BOTANY, AND ZOÖLOGY OF MASSACHUSETTS, MADE AND PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THAT STATE. SECOND EDITION (Amherst). In this, Part iv, “A Catalogue of the Animals and Plants in Massachusetts, vi, Crustacea, pp. 548-550” was by Dr. Augustus Addison Gould. THE SCIENCE OF 1835

Professor Hitchcock became aware of the stone slabs in the valley of the Connecticut River that contained what appeared to be large footprints. (The slabs had been there all along, and had been known to uneducated white people since 1802.) Professor Hitchcock at first called his subject matter “ichnolithology,” and then shortened this to “ichnology.” He would publish a number of articles as he amassed a collection of footprint- bearing slabs for a museum at his college. This chromolithograph depicts the Moody Footmark Quarry in South Hadley: GEOLOGY HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

We now know that nearly all of the markings that Hitchcock collected had been made by Triassic dinosaurs. In the very year of the publication of Professor Hitchcock’s sumptuous review of the evidences that these were the tracks of humongous birds, entitled ICHNOLOGY OF NEW ENGLAND: A REPORT ON THE SANDSTONE OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY, ESPECIALLY ITS FOSSIL FOOTMARKS (Boston MA: William White, 1858), the first conclusive evidence of bipedal dinosaurs was being uncovered in New Jersey by Joseph Leidy.

From this year, here is Gideon Mantell’s suggestion as to what these giant lizards might have looked like when they were leaving behind them these tracks in the mud — they must have looked like humongous iguanas!

PALEONTOLOGY

December: Dr. Augustus Addison Gould’s “The Study of Botany in Connection with Medicine and the Knowledge of the Natural History of those Substances which Constitute Medical Agents,” a lecture he had delivered before the Boyleston Medical Society that was printed in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1836

The Beagle brought Charles Darwin back to London after a mind-bending circumnavigation of the globe (his journal of this voyage would become Henry Thoreau’s favorite travel reading). THE SCIENCE OF 1836

In Switzerland, Louis Agassiz began to study the movements and effects of glaciers. Several writers had already expressed themselves as of the opinion that these solid rivers must once had been much more extensive than at present, and must have been what produced the various boulders that could now be observed erratically scattered across the surface of the region. Some of these boulders were present even up toward the summit of the Jura Mountains, and how did they get there if they had not been carried there by the movements of glaciers? Agassiz constructed a hut out on the ice of the Aar Glacier, terming this the “Hôtel des Neuchâtelois,” and from this hut he and his associates began to trace the structure and movements of the ice.

In Massachusetts, Dr. Augustus Addison Gould became a corresponding member of the Connecticut Natural History Society. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1837

Charles T. Jackson, M.D.’s FIRST REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE STATE OF MAINE (Augusta: Smith & Robinson, Printers to the State). DR. JACKSON’S 1ST RPT.

During this year Dr. Augustus Addison Gould became a corresponding member of the Rhode Island Natural History Society and a corresponding member of the Natural History Society of Athens. On page 119 of this report by Jackson on Maine geology is a list of shells found there by Dr. A.A. Gould.

During this year Captain Frederick Marryat passed through Rhode Island and made some observations about railroads and cemeteries:

Stepped on board of the Narangansett steam-vessel for Providence. Here is a fair specimen of American travelling:— From New York to Providence, by the Long Island Sound, is two hundred miles; and this is accomplished, under usual circumstances, in thirteen hours: from Providence to Boston, forty miles by railroad, in two hours — which makes, from New York to Boston, an average speed of sixteen miles an hour, stoppages included. I was, I must confess, rather surprised, when in the railroad cars, to find that we were passing through a church- yard, with tomb-stones on both sides of us. In Rhode Island and Massachusetts, where the pilgrim-fathers first landed — the two States that take pride to themselves (and with justice) for superior morality and a strict exercise of religious observances — they look down upon the other States of the Union, especially New York, and cry out, “I thank thee, Lord, that I am not as that publican.” Yet here, in Rhode Island, are the sleepers of the railway laid over the sleepers in death; here do they grind down the bones of their ancestors for the sake of gain, and consecrated earth is desecrated by the iron wheels, loaded with Mammon-seeking mortals. And this in the puritanical state of Rhode Island! Would any engineer have ventured to propose such a line in England? I think not. After all, it is but human nature. I have run over the world a long while, and have always observed that people are very religious so long as religion does not interfere with their pockets; but, with gold in one hand and godliness in the other, the tangible is always preferred to the immaterial. In America everything is sacrificed to time — for time is money. The New Yorkers would have dashed right through the church itself; but then, they are publicans, and don’t pretend to be good. Boston is a fine city, and, as a commercial one, almost as well situated as New York. It has, however, lost a large portion of its commerce, which the latter has gradually wrested from it, and it must eventually lose much more. The population of Boston is about eighty thousand, and it has probably more people of leisure in it (that is, out of business and living on their own means) than even Philadelphia; taking into the estimate the difference between the populations. They are more learned and scientific here than at New York, though not more so than at Philadelphia; but they are more English than in any other city in America. The Massachusetts people are very fond of comparing their country with that of England. The scenery is not unlike; but it is not like England in its high state of cultivation. Stone walls are bad substitutes for green hedges. Still, there are some lovely spots in the environs of Boston. Mount Auburn, laid out as a Père la Chaise, is, in natural beauties, far superior to any other place of the kind. One would almost wish to be buried there; and the proprietors, anxious to have it peopled, offer, by their arrangements as to the price of places of interment, a handsome premium to those who will soonest die and be buried — which is certainly a consideration. Fresh Pond is also a very romantic spot. It is a lake of about two hundred acres, whose water is so pure that the ice is transparent as glass. Its proprietor clears many thousand dollars a year by the sale of it. It is cut out in blocks of three feet square, and supplies most parts of America down to New Orleans; and every winter latterly two or three ships have been loaded and sent to Calcutta, by which a very handsome profit has been realised. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

Since I have been here, I have made every enquiry relative to the sea-serpent which frequents this coast alone. There are many hundreds of most respectable people, who, on other points, would be considered as incapable of falsehood, who declare they have seen the animals, and vouch for their existence. It is rather singular that in America there is but one copy of Bishop Pontoppidon’s work on Norway, and in it the sea-serpent is described, and a rough wood-cut of its appearance given. In all the American newspapers a drawing was given of the animal as described by those who saw it, and it proved to be almost a fac-simile of the one described by the Bishop in his work.

READ MARRYAT TEXT HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1838

In the REPORTS OF THE COMMISSIONERS ON THE ZOÖLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE (Massachusetts House Documents, No. 72), pages 105-107 consisted of a report by Augustus Addison Gould on molluscous and the other lower animals. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1839

Augustus Addison Gould submitted “Descriptions of Shells” in the American Journal of Science and Arts, xxxvi, on pages 179-81, “On the Marine Product commonly called Neptune’s Goblet” on page 386, and “Remarks on Rostellaria occidentalis” on page 396. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1840

1840s, 1850s: In this timeframe several scientists were glimpsing chromosomes under the microscope, but not having the slightest clue what it was that they were looking at.

Laura Dassow Walls has pointed out in SEEING NEW WORLDS: THOREAU AND HUMBOLDTIAN SCIENCE that to enact the agenda of exploration and investigation being recommended by Alexander von Humboldt would require an army of workers — which on the continent of North America was indeed created, in the form of the tax-funded Corps of Topographical Engineers established by the federal government of the United States of America.

There were in the first half of the 19th Century a multitude of Congress-sponsored scientific expeditions and the control of our new federal government was extended in this manner over much of North America. Geological or natural history surveys funded by state governments had begun in North Carolina in 1823, and by the end of the 1830s such surveys had been initiated by 13 states. In addition the federal government had been funding or assisting with exploration since the expedition of Lewis and Clark, but throughout the 1840s and 1850s the great reconnaissance of the American West was being conducted by Army officers. Lieutenant John Charles Frémont led only three of these numerous expeditions across the western regions of the North

American continent. Between 1840 and 1860, the US government published 60 enormously expensive multi- volume double-folio or oversize treatises on the American West, in addition to 15 treatises on global naval expeditions and uncounted reports of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Very little of our incessant contemporary dialog about the “free enterprise system” dates back to that era, and the cost of all this seems to have amounted 1 1 to from /4th to /3d of the annual federal budget without having in any way set off alarm bells in the minds of the ideologues of the right of the political spectrum!1 Since Humboldt was very much in touch with these activities, a number of the explorers, scientists, and artists of the period may safely be characterized as

1. NASA, eat your heart out. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

“Humboldt’s Children”:2 personages such as Karl Bodmer, George Catlin, Frederic Edwin Church, John

Charles Frémont, and Professor Thomas Nuttall. However, Louis Agassiz would also need to be characterized as having been a protégé of Humboldt, and Charles Darwin, Professor Asa Gray, and Arnold Henri Guyot. Humboldt corresponded with and was visited by American scientists such as vice-president of the Boston Society of Natural History Charles T. Jackson, academic scholars such as Harvard professor George Ticknor, and popular writers such as Washington Irving (to whom in this year we were offering the position of Secretary of the Navy).

Dr. Augustus Addison Gould of Massachusetts General Hospital became a corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, of the National Institute in Washington DC, and of the American Statistical Association. He published a pioneering work in the United States on the geographical distribution of species, “Results of an Examination of the Shells of Massachusetts and their Geographical Distribution,” in the Boston Journal of Natural History (Volume 3, Art. xviii, pp. 483-494).

James Ellsworth De Kay became First Vice-President of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. His CATALOGUE OF THE ANIMALS BELONGING TO THE STATE OF N.Y. AS FAR AS THEY HAVE BEEN FIGURED AND DESCRIBED (made May 7, 1839) appeared on pages 7-14 of the FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE MADE JANUARY 24, 1840 (484 pages, New York Assembly Document #50) and was reviewed in the American Journal of Science (Volume 40:73-85). (His “Report of the zoological dept” appeared on pages 15-36 of that same document.)

2. Goetzmann, William H. NEW LANDS, NEW MEN, AMERICA AND THE SECOND GREAT AGE OF DISCOVERY. NY: Viking, 1986 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

The Reverend Professor Edward Hitchcock was awarded the degree of LL.D. by Harvard University. His DYSPEPSY FORESTALLED AND RESISTED, OR, LECTURES ON DIET, REGIMEN, AND EMPLOYMENT. Also, his textbook ELEMENTARY GEOLOGY (of which there would be 31 editions):

ELEMENTARY GEOLOGY (You may be forgiven, I suppose, as modern types, for initially presuming that the colorized paleontological chart on the previous screen, revealing as it does the branchings of genera and species over immense eras of time, had something or other to do with “evolution of species” — in fact, however, it did not have anything at all to do with anything of that sort! Looking backward to the 1840s through our eyes, it is easy for us to be guilty of “presentism” — of, that is to say, supposing that the sorts of scientific understanding we now take for granted were being somehow prefigured or anticipated in the minds of yesteryear when they most definitely were not.) PALEONTOLOGY HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1841

The United States Exploring Expedition (also known as the Wilkes Expedition, and informally as the “Ex Ex”), a national project that organized the scientists of the United States to describe the natural features and organisms of the south seas, collected along the west coast of North America. Charles Wilkes explored the northwestern coast of America and the Columbia and Sacramento rivers.

In this year Dr. Augustus Addison Gould’s, an early member of the Boston Society of Natural History who in this year was becoming also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, read before his colleagues a paper entitled “Results of an Examination of the Species of Shells of Massachusetts, and of their Geographical Distribution.” This placed him at a scientific forefront, for it was the 1st attempt ever made to study all the mollusks of a particular geographical region. By the careful use of the microscope it had been possible for him to determine that of the shells found within the borders of the state, 42 were of land or fresh- water habitat, versus 203 of marine origin. While some of the marine species were to be found on the transatlantic shores, he pointed out, of the air-breathing species a certain number were common to both continents and some of these had been imported. He pointed out the influence of shore outlines, and HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

demonstrated from a comparison of species that Cape Cod, since it stretches out into the sea in a curved direction some 40 or 50 miles, forms for some of these species an impassable barrier. Of the 203 marine species, 80 did not pass Cape Cod to the south, and 30 had not been found to pass to the north. He pointed up the important fact that certain species appear and disappear suddenly, leading to the conclusion that, in order to construct a correct catalogue of the shells of any region, it would be necessary to extend one’s observations through a series of years. During Spring 1830, for instance, Osteodesma had been strewed upon Chelsea Beach in great number, and of very large size, although it had never been observed there before and had seldom been seen since. Cyprina islandica, Solemya velum, Venus gemma, and Margarita arctica also presented instances of periodicity at long intervals. During Winter 1838/1839, Yoldia thraciæformis was frequently found in the stomachs of the sand-dab, although search for them had since then been almost fruitless.

NATURAL HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS: In the Report on the Invertebrate Animals, this singular fact is recorded, which teaches us to put a new value on time and space. “The distribution of the marine shells is well worthy of notice as a geological fact. Cape Cod, the right arm of the Commonwealth, reaches out into the ocean, some fifty or sixty miles. It is nowhere many miles wide; but this narrow point of land has hitherto proved a barrier to the migrations of many species of Mollusca. Several genera and numerous species, which are separated by the intervention of only a few miles of land, are effectually prevented from mingling by the Cape, and do not pass from one side to the other. Of the one hundred and ninety-seven marine species, eighty-three do not pass to the south shore, and fifty are not found on the north shore of the Cape.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

Dr. Gould’s REPORT ON THE INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS, COMPRISING THE MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ANNELIDA, AND RADIATA: PUBLISHED AGREEABLY TO AN ORDER OF THE LEGISLATURE, BY THE COMMISSIONERS ON THE ZOÖLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE (Cambridge: Folsom, Wells, e and Thurston; OTIA CONCHOLOGICA, pp. 181-182, 237, 1862; Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 2 Ser., T. xvi, p. 379; American Journal of Science and Arts, xli, p. 378; Revue Zoölogique, 1841, p. 282).

A copy of this volume would be in the personal library of Henry Thoreau, and he would extract from it for NATURAL HISTORY OF MASSACHUSETTS and for CAPE COD. MASS. INVERTEBRATA

Upon the return of this expedition, in 1846, the shells they had collected in various waters of the globe would be submitted to Dr. Gould of Boston for examination.

AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

August: Just as Nathaniel Hawthorne was preparing a saving-the-appearances exit strategy from the Brook Farm experiment in communal living in West Roxbury on the Newton line, Henry Thoreau was considering becoming a member. Also, in August, he was studying Hugh Murray’s HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF BRITISH INDIA, the 2nd volume of Simon Ockley’s THE CONQUEST OF SYRIA, PERSIA, AND ÆGYPT, BY THE SARACENS CONTAINING THE LIVES OF ABUBEKER, OMAR, AND OTHMAN, THE IMMEDIATE SUCCESSORS OF MAHOMET, GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR MOST REMARKABLE BATTLES, SIEGES, &C...., entitled THE HISTORY OF THE SARACENS...: COLLECTED FROM THE MOST AUTHENTICK ARABICK AUTHORS, Luís Vaz de Camões’s LUSIADS, the Sir William Jones translation from Sanskrit of INSTITUTES OF HINDU LAW; OR, THE ORDINANCES OF MENU, ACCORDING TO THE GLOSS OF CULUCCA, COMPRISING THE INDIAN SYSTEM OF DUTIES, RELIGIOUS AND CIVIL, Edward Gibbon’s AUTOBIOGRAPHY, and Professor Charles Lyell’s PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY. (Lyell was spending this year and part of the next, travelling in the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. During this visit he sought the assistance and fellowship of Dr. Augustus Addison Gould, conchologist at Boston. During this month he was in the vicinity of Rochester, New York).

That title –The Laws of Menu with the Gloss of Culluca– comes to me with such a volume of sound as if it had swept unobstructedly over the plains of Hindostan, and when my eye rests on yonder birches — or the sun in the water — or the shadows of the trees — it seems to signify the laws of them all. They are the laws of you and me — a fragrance wafted down from those old-times, and no more to be refuted than the wind. {One- fifth page blank} The impression which those sublime sentences made on me last night, has awakened me before any cock-crowing— Their influence lingers around me like a fragrance or as the fog hangs over the earth late into the day. When my imagination travels eastward and backward to those remote years of the gods, I seem to draw near to the habitation of the morning — and the dawn at length has a place. I remember the book as an hour before sunrise. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1842

The Reverend Alonzo Potter, D.D., Bishop of Pennsylvania, wrote the initial part and George Barrell Emerson the final part of THE SCHOOL AND THE SCHOOLMASTER, published in this year in New-York. There would soon, by donation, be a copy of this available in each and every public school in the state of New York, and in the state of Massachusetts. SCHOOL AND SCHOOLMASTER

Isaac Sprague illustrated Professor Asa Gray’s BOTANICAL TEXT-BOOK. BOTANICAL TEXT-BOOK

Augustus Addison Gould became a corresponding member of Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab of Copenhagen, Denmark, and of the Imperial Mineralogical Society of St. Petersburg, Russia. He became a regular contributor to the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. PROC. BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. PROCEEDINGS, FOR 1842 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

February: Augustus Addison Gould’s “Notice of the Origin, Progress, and Present Condition of the Boston Society of Natural History,” American Quarterly Register, xiv, pp. 236-241 (also published separately, pp. 1-8).

Henry Thoreau was too weak to get out of bed or to write in his journal. He found music more help than anything else, and it is believed that this was one of the number of occasions on which he borrowed Mrs. Hawthorne’s fine music box: “Soon after John’s death I listened to a music box.”3 Nathaniel Hawthorne commented on this at one point in his AMERICAN NOTEBOOKS, and here is how this comment has been rendered into poetry by Robert Peters:

A New Home: Concord I Mr Thoreau has twice listened to the music of the spheres which for our private convenience we have packed into a musical-box. Mr Emerson comes sometimes and feasts on our nectar and ambrosia. Mr Prescott has not yet grown earthly enough to be debarred from visits to Paradise and daily brings three pints of milk from some ambrosial cow. II And what is there to write about? Happiness has no succession of events, because it is a part of eternity. We seem to have been translated to the other state of being without having passed through death.

Robert Peters. HAWTHORNE: POEMS ADAPTED FROM THE AMERICAN NOTEBOOKS. Fairfax CA: Poet-Skin / Red Hill Press, 1977

3.It would be interesting to know what tune Mrs. Hawthorne's music box played. (Incidentally, it was at Helen's funeral, not John's, that Henry startled mourners by cranking up a music box while they were carrying out the coffin after the service, and that music box was probably the one Richard Fuller had given him, the one with placid Lucerne on its lid.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1843

April: Augustus Addison Gould’s “On Some Circumstances which Determine the Food of Man.” New England Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1844

Augustus Addison Gould became a member of the Natural History Society of Lynn, Massachusetts and a corresponding member of the Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Description of Hairy-tailed Mole Parascalops breweri on the island of Martha’s Vineyard by Thomas Mayo Brewer, an active member since 1837 of the Boston Society of Natural History. This mammal of New England has come to be known as Brewer’s Mole.

PROCEEDINGS, FOR 1844 Dr. Brewer was elected to the Boston School Board. He would become the senior member of this board and would be rechosen for another term of three years. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1845

Charles Wilkes’s NARRATIVE OF THE UNITED STATES EXPLORING EXPEDITION DURING THE YEARS 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, which in the previous year had been prepared and printed for the members of Congress, was reprinted in 6 quarto volumes and 5 octavo volumes in an “unofficial” edition offered for sale by Lea & Blanchard in Philadelphia.

VolumesAuthors Contents Printed Distributed Illustrations I-V Wilkes Narrative 1844 Apr.1845 5 maps VI Hale Ethnography & philol. 1846 May 1846 VII Dana Zoophytes 1846 May 1846 61 plates VIIIA Peale Mammalia & ornith. 1848 June 1849 VIIIB Cassin Mammalogy & ornith. 1858 Sept.1858 53 plates IX Pickering Races of man 1848 Aug.1849 X Dana Geology 1849 Sept.1849 21 plates XI Wilkes Meteorology 1851 early1854 XII Gould Mollusca & shells 1852 Dec.1852 52 plates XIII-XIV Dana Crustacea 1852/3 Feb1853/Feb’54 96 plates XV Gray Botany: Phaner. Pt.1 1854 mid-1854 100 plates XVI Brackenridge Botany: Crypt. Filices 1854 Fall 1854 46 plates XVII [various] Botany: Crypt. (various) 1874 ?Jan.1875 55 plates XVIII Gray Botany: Phaner. Pt.2 mss XIX Pickering Geogr.distr.animals&pls. 1854/76 XX Baird/Girard Herpetology 1858 Sept.1858 23 plates XXI-XXII Agassiz Ichthyology mss XXIII Wilkes Hydrography 1861 July 1873 106 chs. XXIV Wilkes Physics n/a HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1846

Spencer Fullerton Baird’s 12-page pamphlet on the field collection and preparation of biological specimens, HINTS FOR PRESERVING OBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY (Carlisle PA: Gitt and Hinkley).4

Augustus Addison Gould became a corresponding member of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Publication of his EXPEDITION SHELLS; DESCRIBED FOR THE WORK OF THE UNITED STATES EXPLORING EXPEDITION, COMMANDED BY CAPT. WILKES, U. S. N., DURING THE YEARS 1838-’42 (Boston). Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, ii, 141-145, 148-152,153-156, 159-162,165-167, 170-173, 175- 176,177-179, 180-181,182-184, 185-187,190-192, 196-198,200-203, 204-206, 208-209, 210-212, 214-215, 218-221, 222-225, 237-239. 251-252; iii, 73-75, 83-85, 89-92, 106-108, 118-121, 140-144, 151-150, 169-172, 214-218, 252-256, 275-278, 292-296, 309-312, 343-348. OTIA CONCHOLOGICA, pp. 1-100, 1862. THE SCIENCE OF 1846

4. Henry Thoreau would have in his possession a later version of this reduced to ten pages on blue paper, DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING COLLECTIONS IN NATURAL HISTORY, PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE PARTIES ENGAGED IN THE EXPLORATION OF A ROUTE FOR THE PACIFIC RAILROAD ALONG THE 49TH PARALLEL. Would he have been using it as a guide, in his preparation of specimens for Louis Agassiz? HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

October 16, Friday: This is the day that would come to be known as “Ether Day.” At approximately 10:15AM in the Bulfinch building at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Junior Surgeon Henry Jacob Bigelow had arranged for a demonstration of anesthesia with Senior Surgeon John Collins Warren. Joseph M. Wightman and Nathan B. Chamberlain had blown a glass reservoir with which to administer the sulfuric ether, using pass-over vaporization, and then changes had been made in the device by dentist William Thomas Green Morton and Dr. Augustus Addison Gould. The patient was 20-year-old charity case Edward Gilbert Abbott, a printer and editor with a congenital vascular malformation on his neck. The tissue removal was performed by visiting surgeon Jonathan Mason Warren, Senior Surgeon Warren’s 3d son.

What was underway here would reduce the deaths from operative and post-surgery shock from 29 patients in 100 to 24 patients in 100. The 1944 film “The Great Moment” is worth seeing.5

“Gentlemen, this is no humbug.”

5. Of course, surgeons could have saved far more lives if they had gotten those mummies out of the operating room, and washed their hands before operating as well as afterwards, and if, between amputations, they had cleaned their saws. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

WALDEN: The village appeared to me a great news room; and on one side, to support it, as once at Redding & Company’s on State Street, they kept nuts and raisins, or salt and meal and other groceries. Some have such a vast appetite for the former commodity, that is, the news, and such sound digestive organs that they can sit forever in public avenues without stirring, and let it simmer and whisper through them like the Etesian winds, or as if inhaling ether, it only producing numbness and insensibility to pain, –otherwise it would often be painful to hear,– without affecting the consciousness. I hardly ever failed, which I rambled through the village, to see a row of such worthies, either sitting on a ladder sunning themselves, with their bodies inclined forward and their eyes glancing along the line this way and that, from time to time, with a voluptuous expression, or else leaning against a barn with their hands in their pockets, like caryatides, as if to prop it up. They, being commonly out of doors, heard whatever was in the wind. These are the coarsest mills, in which all gossip is first rudely digested or cracked up before it is emptied into finer and more delicate hoppers within doors.

Nathaniel Peabody Rogers died at a mere 52 years of age shortly after his return home to New Hampshire from Lynn MA. As he lay dying, he asked that Judson Hutchinson of the Hutchinson Family Singers come to the home and sing for him. Judson rushed there but was, apparently, too late. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1847

Dr. Augustus Addison Gould became a member of the Essex County (Massachusetts) Natural History Society. He published a “Description of Shells collected by Dr. C. T. Jackson on the Shores of Lake Superior,” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, ii, pp. 262-264, 1847 (woodcuts). OTIA CONCHOLOGICA, pp. 201-202, 1862. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1848

PRINCIPLES OF ZOÖLOGY: TOUCHING THE STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT, DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE RACES OF ANIMALS, LIVING AND EXTINCT; WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. PT. I. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY. BY LOUIS AGASSIZ, AND AUGUSTUS A. GOULD (Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln. 59, Washington Street).6 PRINCIPLES OF ZOÖLOGY, I

Dr. Gould became a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society.

The Swiss federal constitution. Although Lucerne had played a major role in the old Swiss confederacy and had been proposed earlier in the 19th Century for the federal capital, Berne was chosen due to Lucerne’s opposition to this new constitution.

Theodore Sedgwick Fay would function as the United States’s Chargé d’Affaires during the sittings of the German Parliament at Frankfort. There would occur what was referred to as the “Neuchâtel Affair,” having to

6. Most of the illustrations for this had been prepared by Louis François de Pourtalès (1824-1880), who had followed Professor Agassiz from Switzerland and at this point was joining the US Coast Survey (eventually he would become custodian of Harvard University’s Museum of Comparative Zoology). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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do with the peculiar relationship in which the Canton of Neuchâtel had stood in regard to Prussia, since it had in 1707 fallen by inheritance under Prussian control. In this year Prussia gave tacit consent for the canton to ally itself with the Swiss Confederation.

When the Academy of Neuchâtel closed due to the political unrest of this year’s European politics, Louis Agassiz suggested to Arnold Henri Guyot that he emigrate to the United States. He gave a series of lectures at the Lowell Institute in Boston titled “The Earth and Man” which would in the following year become the basis for a text of the same name.

In front of Nassau Hall at Princeton University now stands the Guyot boulder, a glacial erratic that would be HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

sent by Guyot’s former students at the Academy of Neuchâtel.

THE SCIENCE OF 1848 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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1849

William Bullock died. (Some of his natural history exhibits, as you can see here, remain still in existence.)

Dr. Augustus Addison Gould’s “On the Nature of the Ohio Clay Formation containing Mastodon Bones” appeared in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (iii, pp. 117-118). He became a member of the American Medical Association and a member of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia.

THE NATURALIST’S LIBRARY; CONTAINING SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR DESCRIPTIONS OF MAN, QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS, FISHES, REPTILES, AND INSECTS; COMPILED FROM THE WORKS OF CUVIER, GRIFFITH, RICHARDSON, GEOFFROY, LACEPEDE, BUFFON, GOLDSMITH, SHAW, MONTAGUE, WILSON, LEWIS AND CLARKE, AUDUBON, AND OTHER WRITERS ON NATURAL HISTORY. ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF STARK / EDITED BY A.A. GOULD. M.A. WITH FOUR HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS (Boston: Phillips, Sampson, and Company; New York: J.C. Derby).7 THE NATURALIST’S LIBRARY

7. This textbook, basically a continuation of the effort that Dr. Gould had begun in 1833, would be issued under this new title in various editions over the years. The edition I am showing you above is the one available electronically, for 1854. The original edition of 1833 under its original title is here: GOULD’S NATURAL HISTORY HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1850

Dr. Samuel Kneeland, Jr. described the dissection of a Crocodilus lucius for the benefit of the members of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Augustus Addison Gould authored a MEMOIR OF AMOS BINNEY, a deceased colleague at the Boston Society of Natural History.

He also authored, in this timeframe, the following submissions: • An Account of Some Tame Fishes and Turtles at Hingham, Mass. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iii, p. 175. • Remarks on Specimens of Lymnæa from Lake Superior. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iii, p. 181. • On the Occurrence of Helix hortensis of Europe on an Island near Cape Ann. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iii, p. 181 • Descriptions of New Species of Shells from Africa presented by Dr. Perkins. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iii, pp. 193-197 (OTIA CONCHOLOGICA, pp. 206-210, 1862). • Lake Superior, its Physical Character, Vegetation, and Animals, compared with those of other and similar regions, by Louis Agassiz. Boston (Art. v, Catalogue of Shells, with Descriptions of New Species, by Augustus Addison Gould, pp. 243-245). • On the Occurrence of Ixodes in a Human Subject. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iii, pp. 335, 351. • Descriptions of Sixteen Species of Melania, regarded as new by Mr. J.G. Anthony. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iii, pp. 359-363. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1851

From this year into 1855, publication of the various volumes of Dr. Amos Binney (1803-1847)’s THE TERRESTRIAL AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS OF THE UNITED STATES AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES OF NORTH AMERICA, as edited and completed subsequent to his demise by friend and colleague Augustus A. Gould.

Dr. Gould also presented: • “On the Relation of Shells from the East and West Coast of America,” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iv, pp. 27,-28, 1851. • “On the Formation of Rounded Masses of Fish Scales in the Shale at Hillsborough, N.B.,” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iv, p. 66. • “Descriptions of California Shells collected by Maj. William Rich and Lieut. Thomas P. Green,” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iv, pp. 87-93 (OTIA CONCHOLOGICA, pp. 210- 215, 1862). • “On the Natural Productions of the Surface as illustrating the Character of Particular Geological Formations,” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, iv, pp. 100-101. HDT WHAT? INDEX

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Professor Sir William Jackson Hooker’s VICTORIA REGIA.

Gregor Mendel began a 2-year program of study at the University of Vienna. He would take a variety of courses and study with, or attend the lectures of, among others, Professor of Plant Physiology Franz Unger whose BOTANISCHE BRIEFE would in 1852 argue for the evolution of (i.e. non-fixity) of species, Andreas von Ettinghausen, whose course on experimental method and physical apparatus likely drew on his 1826 writings on combinatorial analysis and 1842 writings on the organization of experiments, and Christian Johann Doppler, a well-regarded lecturer on experimental physics.

Hofmeister described alternation of generations in higher plants.

Over the following four years Charles Darwin would be issuing 4 volumes of monographs on cirripedes (marine invertebrates including barnacles). His thorough research would be recognized with the Royal Medal.

Henry Thoreau read in Zoölogy and in Botany: • William Bartram and John Bartram JOHN BARTRAM’S BOOK WM. BARTRAM’S BOOK • Peter Kalm, a disciple of Carolus Linnaeus • the Baron Cuvier, teacher of Louis Agassiz ANIMAL KINGDOM, I ANIMAL KINGDOM, II ANIMAL KINGDOM, III ANIMAL KINGDOM, IV • Loudon, apostle of the Linnaean “artificial” system of botanical classification • Stoever, the biographer of Carolus Linnaeus • Pultenay, a Linnaean • Carolus Linnaeus (in February 1852) • Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle, apostle of the Linnaean “artificial” system of botanical classification (later) • Louis Agassiz and Augustus A. Gould’s revised edition of their 1848 PRINCIPLES OF ZOÖLOGY: TOUCHING THE STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT, DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE RACES OF ANIMALS, LIVING AND EXTINCT; WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. PT. I. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AGASSIZ & GOULD 1851 HDT WHAT? INDEX

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CAPE COD: The Greeks would not have called the ocean or PEOPLE OF unfruitful, though it does not produce wheat, if they had viewed CAPE COD it by the light of modern science, for naturalists now assert that “the sea, and not the land, is the principal seat of life,”– though not of vegetable life. Darwin affirms that “our most thickly inhabited forests appear almost as deserts when we come to compare them with the corresponding regions of the ocean.” Agassiz and Gould tell us that “the sea teems with animals of all classes, far beyond the extreme limit of flowering plants”; but they add, that “experiments of dredging in very deep water have also taught us that the abyss of the ocean is nearly a desert”; –“so that modern investigations,” to quote the words of Desor, “merely go to confirm the great idea which was vaguely anticipated by the ancient poets and philosophers, that the Ocean is the origin of all things.” Yet marine animals and plants hold a lower rank in the scale of being than land animals and plants. “There is no instance known,” says Desor, “of an animal becoming aquatic in its perfect state, after having lived in its lower stage on dry land,” but as in the case of the tadpole, “the progress invariably points towards the dry land.” In short, the dry land itself came through and out of the water on its way to the heavens, for, “in going back through the geological ages, we come to an epoch when, according to all appearances, the dry land did not exist, and when the surface of our globe was entirely covered with water.” We looked on the sea, then, once more, not as , or unfruitful, but as it has been more truly called, the “laboratory of continents.”

PIERRE JEAN ÉDOUARD DESOR AGASSIZ & GOULD CHARLES DARWIN

August 1, Friday: We learn from a couple of incidental mentions in the journal, that at this point Henry Thoreau was HDT WHAT? INDEX

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in the process of studying the 16 volumes of the Baron Cuvier’s THE ANIMAL KINGDOM,8 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 1 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 2 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 3 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 4 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 5 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 6 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 7 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 8 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 9 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 10 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 11 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 12 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 13 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 14 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 15 ANIMAL KINGDOM, 16 Louis Agassiz and Augustus A. Gould’s PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, and Peter Kalm’s TRAVELS INTO NORTH AMERICA. He stopped by the Boston Society of Natural History to return 2 books, one of them Volume I of the

8. In 1827 the initial five volumes were printed, the 1st four as THE CLASS MAMMALIA / ARRANGED BY THE BARON CUVIER, WITH SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS BY EDWARD GRIFFITH, CHARLES HAMILTON SMITH AND EDWARD PIDGEON and the 5th as SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF THE CLASS MAMMALIA, AS ARRANGED WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR ORGANIZATION BY CUVIER AND OTHER NATURALISTS: WITH SPECIFIC CHARACTERS, SYNONYMA, &C. &C. In 1829 volumes 6, 7, and 8 appeared as THE CLASS AVES / ARRANGED BY THE BARON CUVIER, WITH SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS BY EDWARD GRIFFITH AND EDWARD PIDGEON, THE ADDITIONAL SPECIES INSERTED IN THE TEXT OF CUVIER BY JOHN EDWARD GRAY. In 1830 the 11th volume appeared out of sequence, as THE FOSSIL REMAINS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM / BY EDWARD PIDGEON. In 1831 the 9th volume appeared as THE CLASS REPTILIA / ARRANGED BY THE BARON CUVIER, WITH SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS BY EDWARD GRIFFITH AND EDWARD PIDGEON. In 1832 the 14th and 15th volumes appeared out of sequence, as THE CLASS INSECTA / ARRANGED BY THE BARON CUVIER, WITH SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS TO EACH ORDER BY EDWARD GRIFFITH AND EDWARD PIDGEON, AND NOTICES OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES BY GEORGE GRAY. In 1833 the 13th volume appeared out of sequence, as THE CLASSES ANNELIDA, CRUSTACEA, AND ARACHNIDA / ARRANGED BY THE BARON CUVIER, WITH SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS TO EACH ORDER BY EDWARD GRIFFITH AND EDWARD PIDGEON. In 1834 the 10th volume appeared as THE CLASS PISCES / ARRANGED BY THE BARON CUVIER, WITH SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS BY EDWARD GRIFFITH AND CHARLES HAMILTON SMITH and the 12th volume appeared as THE MOLLUSCA AND RADIATA / ARRANGED BY THE BARON CUVIER, WITH SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS TO EACH ORDER BY EDWARD GRIFFITH AND EDWARD PIDGEON. The final, 16th, volume of the set, of which I am unable at present to provide electronic copy, was unnumbered and undated and bore the title A CLASSIFIED INDEX AND SYNOPSIS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS ORGANIZATION, BY THE BARON CUVIER ..., WITH SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS TO EACH ORDER, BY EDWARD GRIFFITH ... AND OTHERS (this final volume included “A tabular view of the classification of animals adopted by the Baron Cuvier; with specific examples”). HDT WHAT? INDEX

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MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, new series, and check out the MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, Volume IV, Part 1, and Friend William Bartram’s botanical TRAVELS THROUGH NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, EAST AND WEST FLORIDA, THE CHEROKEE COUNTRY, THE EXTENSIVE TERRITORIES OF THE MUSCOGULGES, OR CREEK CONFEDERACY, AND THE COUNTRY OF THE CHACTAWS.

PEOPLE OF WALDEN

WALDEN: The customs of some savage nations might, perchance be profitably imitated by us, for they at least go through the semblance of casting their slough annually; they have the idea of the thing, whether they have the reality or not. Would it not be well if we were to celebrate such a “busk,” or “feast of first fruits,” as Bartram describes to have been the custom of the Mucclasse Indians? “When a town celebrates the busk,” says he, “having previously provided themselves with new clothes, new pots, pans, and other household utensils and furniture, they collect all their worn out clothes and other despicable things, sweep and cleanse their houses, squares, and the whole town, of their filth, which with all the remaining grain and other old provisions they cast together into one common heap, and consume it with fire. After having taken medicine, and fasted for three days, all the fire in town is extinguished. During this fast they abstain from the gratification of every appetite and passion whatever. A general amnesty is proclaimed; all malefactors may return to their town.–” “On the fourth morning, the high priest, by rubbing dry wood together, produces new fire in the public square, from whence every habitation in the town is supplied with the new and pure flame.” They then feast on the new corn and fruits and dance and sing for three days, “and the four following days they receive visits and rejoice with their friends from neighboring towns who have in like manner purified and prepared themselves.” The Mexicans also practised a similar purification at the end of every fifty-two years, in the belief that it was time for the world to come to an end. I have scarcely heard of a truer sacrament, that is, as the dictionary defines it, “outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace,” than this, and I have no doubt that they were originally inspired directly from Heaven to do thus, though they have no biblical record of the revelation.

AUGUSTINE WILLIAM BARTRAM NOAH WEBSTER HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

WM. BARTRAM’S BOOK

left at 9 AM Aug. 1st After Kingston –came Plympton Halifax & Hanson all level with frequent cedar swamps especially the last – also in Weymouth. Desor & Cabot think the jelly-fish (oceania tubulosa are buds from a polyp of Genus Lyncoryne.) Desor accounting for suspended moisture or fogs over sand banks (or shoals) says the heat being abstracted by radiation the moisture is condensed in form of fog. Lieut Walsh lost his lead & wire when 34,200 or more than 6 statute miles had run out perpendicularly. I could make a list of things ill-managed– We Yankees do not deserve our fame. viz: I went to a menagerie the other day. The proprietors had taken wonderful pains to collect rare and interesting animals from all parts of the world. And then placed by them –a few stupid and ignorant fellows who knew little or nothing about the animals & were unwilling even to communicate the little they knew. You catch a rare creature interesting to all mankind & then place the first biped that comes along with but a grain more reason in him to exhibit & describe the former– At the expense of Millions this rare quadruped from the sun is obtained, and then Jack Halyard or Tom Coach Whip is hired to explain it. Why all this pains taken to catch in Africa –and no pains taken to exhibit in America? Not a cage was labelled– There was nobody to tell us how or where the animals were caught –or what they were– Probably the proprietors themselves do not know –or what their habits are– But hardly had we been ushered into the presence of this choice this admirable collection –than a ring was formed for Master Jack & the poney. Were they animals then who had caught and exhibited these –& who had come to see these? Would it not be worth the while to learn something? to have some information imparted? The absurdity of importing the behemoth & then instead of somebody appearing tell which it is –to have to HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

while away the time –though your curiosity is growing desperate –to learn one fact about the creature –to have Jack and the poney introduced!!! GEORGES CUVIER Why I expected to see some descendant of Cuviers there to improve this opportunity for a lecture on Nat. Hist. That is what they should do make this an –occasion for communicating some solid information –that would be fun alive that would be a sunny day –a sun day in one’s existence not a secular day of shetland ponies –not jack and his poney & a tintimmara of musical instruments –and a man with his head in the lions mouth. I go not there to see a man hug a lion –or fondle a tiger –but to learn how he is related to the wild beast– There’ll be All-fool days enough without our creating any intentionally. The presumption is that men wish to behave like reasonable creatures –that they do not need and are not seeking relaxation –that they are not dissipated. Let it be a travelling zoological garden –with a travelling professor to accompany it– At present foolishly the professor goes alone with his poor painted illustrations of animated– While the menagerie takes another road without its professor only its keepers. I see June & co or Van Amberg & Co –are engaged in a pecuniary speculation in which certain wild beasts are used as the counters Cuvier & co are engaged in giving a course of lectures on Nat. History. Now why could they not put head & means together for the benefit of mankind –and still get their living. The present institution is imperfect precisely because its object is to enrich Van amburg & co –& their low aim unfits them for rendering any more valuable service –but no doubt the most valuable course would also be the most valuable in a pecuniary sense– No doubt a low self interest is a better motive force to these enterprises than no interest at all but a high self interest –which consists with the greatest advantage of all would be a better still. Item 2nd Why have we not a decent pocket map of the State of Mass? There is the large map why is it not cut into half a dozen sheets & folded into a small cover for the pocket? Are there no travellers to use it? Well to tell the truth there are but few, & that’s the reason why. Men go by rail road –& state maps hanging in bar rooms are small enough– The state has been admirably surveyed at a great cost –and yet Dearborne’s Pocket map is the best one –we have! PIERRE JEAN ÉDOUARD DESOR

PIERRE JEAN ÉDOUARD DESOR AGASSIZ & GOULD CHARLES DARWIN HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1852

THE HISTORY OF NEW IPSWICH [NEW HAMPSHIRE], FROM ITS FIRST GRANT IN MDCCXXXVI, TO THE PRESENT TIME: WITH GENEALOGICAL NOTICES OF THE PRINCIPAL FAMILIES, AND ALSO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION, SEPTEMBER 11, 1850 (Boston: Gould and Lincoln, 59 Washington Street; Printed by Thomas Prince, Roxbury, Mass.)... by Frederic Kidder and Augustus A. Gould. NEW IPSWICH, NEW HAMPSHIRE

We learn from this local historical study and self-celebration that once upon a time there had been race slavery in New Hampshire. In this town the minister, the doctor, the magistrate, the deacon and the captain all had owned black human beings. Deacon Ephraim Adams had been the first to own a man, and soon after Colonel Reuben Kidder (honored ancestor of the author) owned two, one of whom was a girl who died young. One named Cæsar had been purchased in Chelmsford for £10 at seven years of age. One named Scipio had been owned by Captain Benjamin Hoar. One named Patience, called “Pashe,” had been owned by the Reverend Stephen Farrar and survived until 1844 (“Her intellect was of a low order; but she was simple-hearted and faithful, and her great powers of endurance, under the direction of others, rendered her a useful servant.”). One named Boston had been owned by Dr. Preston, Sr. One named Grace, who died young, had been owned by Paul Prichard. The monograph states that subsequent to 1776 these black residents all had been “in fact free,” although they did nevertheless all continue “attached to the families where they had spent their youth.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

Although this volume is copiously illustrated with engravings of dead white men and their grand residences, we notice that –unless this laborer depicted wielding a scythe in the field near the home of Colonel Kidder happens to be “Cæsar” the lad brought from Chelmsford– it offers no illustration for any of these black residents of the town: HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

(This edition includes an engraving, be it noted, of Dr. Gould’s father Nathaniel Duren Gould — combined with an example of the extraordinary penmanship by which he came to earn his living.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1855

July: Dr. Augustus Addison Gould delivered the annual address before the Massachusetts Medical Society, “Search out the Secrets of Nature.”

This would be published in the Journal of the Boston Society for Medical Improvement. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1856

Dr. Augustus Addison Gould was appointed visiting physician to the Massachusetts General Hospital. He became a member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1857

Dr. Augustus Addison Gould’s “Remarks on Geographical Distribution of Shells,” Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (vi, pp. 123-124).

The Reverend Professor Edward Hitchcock’s RELIGIOUS TRUTH, ILLUSTRATED FROM SCIENCE, IN ADDRESSES AND SERMONS ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS (Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Company). THE RELIGIOUS TRUTH

Philip Henry Gosse’s OMPHALOS: AN ATTEMPT TO UNTIE THE GEOLOGICAL KNOT argued that God created a young earth that merely looks really old because all life “moves in a circle,” and thus creating living organisms requires creating fossils inside mountains of rock (such an imaginative argument may or may not hold water, but the book, later titled CREATION in hopes of improving sales, would be a decided flop). THE GEOLOGICAL KNOT HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1858

Dr. Augustus Addison Gould was elected President of the Suffolk District Medical Society, in which capacity he would serve until 1860. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1859

Henry Thoreau derived quotations for CAPE COD from the Reverend Richard Hakluyt’s THE PRINCIPALL NAVIGATIONS, RICHARD HAKLUYT’S, I RICHARD HAKLUYT’S, II RICHARD HAKLUYT’S, III RICHARD HAKLUYT’S, IV RICHARD HAKLUYT’S, V

Ramusio’s NAVIGATIONI ET VIAGGI, Penhallow’s HISTORY OF THE WARS ... WITH THE EASTERN INDIANS, the Reverend Cotton Mather’s MAGNALIA CHRISTI AMERICANA, MATHER’S MAGNALIA, I MATHER’S MAGNALIA, II

and Pliny the Elder’s NATURAL HISTORY. NATURAL HISTORY, I NATURAL HISTORY, II NATURAL HISTORY, III NATURAL HISTORY, IV NATURAL HISTORY, V NATURAL HISTORY, VI

In response to an appeal for support, he contributed $5.00 to a Harvard Library fund. This sash, like the widow’s mite, exceeded his “income from all sources together for the last four months.”9

Thoreau became a member of the Harvard Visiting Committee in Natural History, a committee including six physicians including such notables as Dr. Samuel Cabot, Theodore Lyman III, James Elliot Cabot, and Dr. Augustus Addison Gould. This committee was charged to annually evaluate the science curriculum of the college.10 THE SCIENCE OF 1859

9. Kenneth Walter Cameron, THE TRANSCENDENTALISTS AND MINERVA, II:488. 10. REPORTS OF THE OVERSEERS, Volume I, 1859-1864, Academical Series I, in the Harvard Archives. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

CAPE COD: The Harbor of Provincetown —which, as well as the greater PEOPLE OF part of the Bay, and a wide expanse of ocean, we overlooked from CAPE COD our perch— is deservedly famous. It opens to the south, is free from rocks, and is never frozen over. It is said that the only ice seen in it drifts in sometimes from Barnstable or Plymouth. Dwight remarks that “The storms which prevail on the American coast generally come from the east; and there is no other harbor on a windward shore within two hundred miles.” J.D. Graham, who GRAHAM has made a very minute and thorough survey of this harbor and the adjacent waters, states that “its capacity, depth of water, excellent anchorage, and the complete shelter it affords from all winds, combine to render it one of the most valuable ship harbors on our coast.” It is the harbor of the Cape and of the fishermen of Massachusetts generally. It was known to navigators several years at least before the settlement of Plymouth. In Captain John Smith’s map of New England, dated 1614, it bears the name of JOHN SMITH Milford Haven, and Massachusetts Bay that of Stuard’s Bay. His Highness, Prince Charles, changed the name of Cape Cod to Cape James; but even princes have not always power to change a name for the worse, and as Cotton Mather said, Cape Cod is “a name which I suppose it will never lose till shoals of codfish be seen swimming on its highest hills.”

REVEREND COTTON MATHER CHARLES I HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1862

Dr. Augustus Addison Gould’s OTIA CONCHOLOGIA, consisting of descriptions of new species of shells with notes on changes in their nomenclature (Boston). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1863

Dr. Augustus Addison Gould became a charter member of the National Academy of Sciences.

September: Dr. Augustus Addison Gould’s “Climatology of Consumption,” in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1864

Dr. Augustus Addison Gould was made president of the Massachusetts Medical Society (he would remain in this office until his death).

September: Dr. Augustus Addison Gould’s “Diabetes successfully treated by Bran” appeared in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1865

April: Dr. Augustus Addison Gould’s “Climatology of Consumption” appeared in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1866

September 14, Friday afternoon: Dr. Augustus Addison Gould began to exhibit the recognizable symptoms of Asiatic cholera,11 and soon collapsed.

September 15, Saturday, just before dawn: Augustus Addison Gould died in Boston (the remains would be interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery).

On this day Edmund Quincy Sewall (Senior) died in Cohasset, Massachusetts at the age of 69.

11. The progress of Asiatic cholera is rapid. The urine stops and the person’s voice becomes feeble, somewhat hoarse, and without resonance. Averse to talking, the patient tells the doctor of a burning in the pit of the stomach, and asks for water. Vomiting, diarrhoea, and spasms begin. You can give the patient camphor dissolved in alcohol on a piece of sugar, or in a spoonful of water, but this is merely palliative of the symptoms. The victim transits into stadium lethale, sopor, and asphyxia (if a victim should linger and become convalescent there will ordinarily be chronic weakness of the nerves and digestive organs). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1870

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts had in 1865 authorized a 2d edition of Augustus Addison Gould’s 1841 REPORT ON THE INVERTEBRATA, and in this year, subsequent to his death, it was published. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1893

May 14, Sunday: The widow Harriet Cushing Sheafe Gould died at the age of 82. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

1903

April 22, Wednesday: Jeffries Wyman read a BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD 1805-1866 before the National Academy of Sciences. JEFFRIES WYMAN ON GOULD

Theodore Gill read a BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR OF JOHN EDWARDS HOLBROOK 1794-1871 before the National Academy of Sciences.

“MAGISTERIAL HISTORY” IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY

“Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project People of Cape Cod: Dr. Augustus A. Gould HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2014. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: October 29, 2014 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CAPE COD:DR. AUGUSTUS A. GOULD

Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh.