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Bixler Et Al 2010 PIGU Restoration Research EVOSTC Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report Pigeon Guillemot Restoration Research in Prince William Sound, Alaska Restoration Project 070853 Final Report Kirsten S. Bixler1 Daniel D. Roby1 David B. Irons2 Melissa A. Fleming3 Joseph A. Cook3 1 Oregon State University U.S. Geological Survey - Oregon Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 104 Nash Hall Corvallis, OR 97331 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Migratory Bird Management 1011 East Tudor Road Anchorage, AK 99503 3 Museum of Southwestern Biology Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131 November 2010 The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council administers all programs and activities free from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. The Council administers all programs and activities in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Action of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility, or if you desire further information, please write to: EVOS Trustee Council, 441 West 5th Avenue, Suite 500, Anchorage, Alaska 99501-2340; or O.E.O. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report Pigeon Guillemot Restoration Research in Prince William Sound, Alaska Restoration Project 070853 Final Report Kirsten S. Bixler1 Daniel D. Roby1 David B. Irons2 Melissa A. Fleming3 Joseph A. Cook3 1 Oregon State University U.S. Geological Survey - Oregon Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 104 Nash Hall Corvallis, OR 97331 2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Migratory Bird Management 1011 East Tudor Road Anchorage, AK 99503 3 Museum of Southwestern Biology Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131 November 2010 Pigeon Guillemot Restoration Research in Prince William Sound, Alaska Restoration Project 070853 Draft Final Report Study History: Restoration Project 070853 was initiated to address the lack of population recovery of Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) in Prince William Sound (PWS), a species injured by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS). The objectives of this project were to (1) ascertain the merit of mink (Neovison vison) control for the recovery of the Pigeon Guillemot population nesting on the Naked Island group (i.e., level of mink predation on guillemot nests, source of the mink population, uniqueness of the mink); (2) determine if availability of preferred prey species limits the recovery of the guillemot population on the Naked Island group; and (3) devise a feasible restoration plan for guillemots at the Naked Island group, the most important historical nesting location for the species in PWS. This study follows several years of research on the potential factors that prevent population recovery of Pigeon Guillemots within PWS. Previous studies demonstrated that direct exposure to residual oil from EVOS may have reduced survival of adult guillemots for at least a decade after the spill. In addition, a reduction in the availability of preferred prey species (i.e., schooling forage fishes) and an increase in the failure rate of guillemot nests due to predation lowered the reproductive success of Pigeon Guillemots during the 1990s compared to before EVOS. The lack of evidence of direct oil exposure in guillemots by 2004, however, suggested that the mechanisms limiting the recovery of the population in PWS had changed since the last intensive study on guillemots was conducted a decade ago. This project provides current information on the two remaining potential mechanisms constraining the recovery of the population of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group (i.e., availability of schooling forage fishes and nest predation; the first two objectives of this study). During 2007 and 2008, data were collected on guillemot population trends, the presence or absence of mink, the effect of predation on mortality of guillemot eggs and chicks, changes in nesting habitat use by guillemots, and availability of schooling forage fish at the Naked Island group and in surrounding areas to assess the relative importance of these potential limiting factors using a weight of evidence approach. Data on population size, population trajectory, and nesting distribution of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group were then compared to similar data collected across the remainder of PWS to test whether the trends were consistent with one of the two limiting factors currently thought to prevent population recovery. These research results are presented as an appendix to this report, and constitute the M.Sc. thesis of Kirsten S. Bixler, submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a M.Sc. degree in Wildlife Science. The source of the mink population at the Naked Island group and the degree of similarity with populations from other regions of PWS and with fur farm mink stock were investigated as part of this project using mitochondrial DNA sequencing and nuclear microsatellite genotyping (Objective 1). The results of the mink genetics study are presented as an appendix to this report, i which was prepared by Drs. Melissa A. Fleming and Joseph A. Cook of the Museum of Southwestern Biology at the University of New Mexico. A restoration plan for the recovery of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group in PWS (Objective 3) was then developed, which includes all feasible alternatives for restoration action. The selection of the preferred alternative was based upon the conclusions drawn from the investigations described in the two appendices, as they relate to the efficacy of mink control for guillemot population restoration (Objective 1) and the availability of high-lipid schooling forage fishes to nesting guillemots (Objective 2). This restoration plan comprises the core of this report, and was written by Kirsten S. Bixler, Dr. Daniel D. Roby (Co-PI), and Dr. David B. Irons (Co- PI). Abstract: A restoration plan for Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) in PWS was prepared to address the species’ lack of population recovery following injury by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Predation on nests and adults by mink is now the primary limiting factor for guillemot reproductive success and population recovery at the most important historical nesting site for guillemots in PWS (i.e., the Naked Island group). Mink on the Naked Island group are descended in part from fur farm stock and apparently arrived on the island group about 15-30 years ago. Eradication of mink at these islands was selected as the preferred restoration alternative because it is feasible and most likely to result in the recovery of guillemots in PWS. Other alternatives are either currently unavailable or unlikely to be effective. An eradication effort is likely to be successful due to both well-developed methods and the low likelihood of re-colonization. Potential negative effects of the preferred alternative are either negligible or largely avoidable. The Naked Island group guillemot population would likely double within the first 10 years following mink eradication, and the Sound-wide population of guillemots would likely increase within 15 years of mink eradication at the Naked Island group, once the Naked Island group had become a source population for other parts of PWS. Key Words: Alaska, Cepphus columba, forage fish, limiting factors, American mink, Neovison vison, Pigeon Guillemot, population recovery, predation, Prince William Sound, reproductive success, restoration Project Data: Description of data – mink tissue samples for genetic analyses were collected from lethally sampled animals trapped in Prince William Sound. Tissues were processed and archived at the Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico. Observational data on population size, nesting success, and diet of guillemots were archived at the Office of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Anchorage, Alaska. Format – Numerical data were archived as Excel spreadsheets. Custodian – contact David B. Irons, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503, [email protected] Citation: Bixler, K.S., D.D. Roby, and D.B. Irons, M.A. Fleming, and J.A. Cook. 2010. Pigeon Guillemot restoration research in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Draft Final Report (Restoration Project 070853), Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1: PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 5 HISTORICAL CONTEXT ......................................................................................................... 5 CURRENT ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT .................................................................................... 6 SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT ................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER 2:
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