GAZETTEER OF

KARNATAKA STATE DISTRICT Revised Edition (INCLUDING GADAG AND DISTRICTS) GAZETTEER OF INDIA

KARNATAKA STATE GAZETTEER

DHARWAD DISTRICT (INCLUDING GADAG AND HAVERI DISTRICTS)

(Revised Edition)

Chief Editor T.A. Parthasarathy, K A S Dharwad District Gazetteer - English version of Volume (1995)

A Government Of Karnataka Publication

© Government of Karnataka Office of the Chief Editor Karnataka Gazetteer 8th Floor, Cauvery Bhavan, BWSSB Building D.C. Office Road, - 560 009

2002

Price:

Copies can be had from :

Director, Government Central Book Depot, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Road Bangalore 560 001

Asst. Director, Government Branch Press, Dharwad Asst. Director, Government Branch Press, Gulbarga Asst. Director, Government Branch Press,

Chief Editor, Karnataka Gazetteer, Cauvery Bhavan, BWSSB Building, Bangalore 560 009 Ph. 2213474, Fax 2243293

Printed at :

Parishree Printers, 100/3, Nagappa Street Palace Guttahalli Bangalore 560 003 Ph : 3368286 pÖ¹ É⻩µÒ {â³pâÀÖ¹ : dâlê©î : 2253651 dâ}âQvâ Àâ°yâ°K ÉâªÉâø ½» pÖmX ÉâäÀâpâ° ¾ÀÖÉâ : 5258772 Æ|Ö}âÉñ|â, ÏêªgâÔâ³pâ° ¥ 560 001

FOREWORD

It is heartening to learn that the State Gazetteer Department has brought out the translated edition of the Dharwad District Gazetteer in English with a view to reach people outside the state.

The Gazetteers have a unique tradition of providing to the world, an insight into the different aspects of the State of Karnataka through the district Gazetteers that speak volumes about the rich heritage of its geography, people, history, culture and growth in all fields of activity.

This imposing work has been a result of the untiring devotion and initiative of the Chief Editor and his team in the department. I wish that the knowledge hungry masses will make the best use of this publication.

Bangalore (Rani Satish) Minister of State for Kannada and Culture Æ|Ö}âÉñ|â, ÏêªgâÔâ³pâ° ¥ 560 001 VIDHANA SOUDHA, BANGALORE 560 001 Àâ°°ÙX dÖÌâ°Ë{âúË CHIEF SECRETARY GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA

A NOTE BY THE CHAIRMAN

Gazetteers are a rich source of authenticated information. Karnataka has brought out the gazetteers of different districts in the state covering various aspects of history and development. They are also updated from time to time.

The translation of the Dharwad District Gazetteer that was published by the department in Kannada in 1995, was conceived by the Government to enable the people not conversant with the language of Kannada, reap the benefits of its contents. It is presented in a lucid language and simple style with several illustrations that give the reader an experience of a voyage through the district of Dharwad.

I am confident that the publication will be well received.

Dr. A. Ravindra, IAS Chief Secretary to the Government of Karnataka and Chairman, Gazetteer Advisory Committee û.UÉÒ. dê©{ÖpÒ ÅÖ.%.Éê©. {â³pâÀÖ¹ : dâlê©î : 2255482 ÉâdÖËpâ{â dÖÌâ°Ë{âúËgâÔâ° ¾ÀÖÉâ : 6681972 dâ}âQvâ Àâ°yâ°K ÉâªÉâø ½» dâ}ÖËrdâ ÉâdÖËpâ{â ÉâäÀÖ·Ìâ° ÀÖyÖË, ~âZÀÖÉ곩{âXÀâ° EÈÖfê ±Ýâ°Àâ°ÝâÚ dârDvâ ÏêªgâÔâ³pâ° 560 001

KARNATAKA GOVT. SECRETARIAT MULTISTOREYED BUILDING BANGALORE 560 001

FROM THE SECRETARY’S DESK

The Gazetteer Department functioning for the last four decades in the state has carved for itself a place to reckon with, in the field of publication. It has till date, brought out the district gazetteers on all the twenty districts of Karnataka and the work of updating all volumes chronologically is in progress.

As per the new scheme of the Government, the project of bringing out the revised editions of the district gazetteers in Kannada and later getting them translated into English has been introduced and hence this volume of the Dharwad Gazetteer in English. The members of the staff under the able guidance of the Chief Editor have left no stone unturned, in accomplishing their mission of making this publication scholarly and invaluable. I take great pleasure in appreciating their efforts.

C.S. Kedar, IAS., Secretary to Government Department of Kannada and Culture Information and Tourism PREFACE

The very first publication of the Dharwad District Gazetteer was brought out by James M. Campbell in 1884 in English. Later in 1959, a revised edition of the same was compiled in English by M.R. Palande, Executive Editor and Secretary, at the behest of the Government. The third Revised edition was published by this department in 1995 in Kannada.

Earnest efforts are made here to keep the reader abreast of the latest developments in the district of Dharwad that has, of late, progressed leaps and bounds, encompassing several fields of activity like agriculture, education, industry, art, architecture, literature, culture, trade and commerce, transport and communication, sports and the like. Details of a number of places of interest also find prominence in this volume, in addition to its history and people.

However, readers would note that this English edition is just a translated version of the contents of the Gazetteer published in Kannada in 1995. Since this English version is being published in 2002, we have made humble efforts to provide an addenda at the end of the volume to augment basic statistics in respect of certain chapters only, up to the year 2002.

To bring about efficiency in administration and to provide the common man an easy access to it, the Government bifurcated the Dharwad district into three, upgrading the taluks of Gadag and Haveri and providing them the district status. Thus presently, the Dharwad district containing the Dharwad sub-division consists of the taluks of Dharwad, , Kalghatgi, and ; the containing the Gadag sub-division consists of the taluks of Gadag, Mundargi, Nargund, Ron and Shirhatti; and the contains two sub-divisions viz., Haveri and Savanur. While the Haveri sub-division has under its jurisdiction the taluks of Haveri, Byadgi, Hirekerur and Ranibennur, the Savanur sub-division contains the taluks of Savanur, Hangal and . Though the publication of separate Gazetteers of the newly created districts is envisaged by this department, this volume contains details of all the 17 taluks of the erstwhile Dharwad district.

Much sought after by the scholar and the schoolboy alike, this volume we earnestly believe, provides authenticated facts, updated figures and valuable source materials about the district as a whole.

XI I am beholden to the Honourable Minister of State for Kannada and Culture Smt. Rani Satish, for enriching the volume with a commendable foreword.

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Chief Secretary, Government of Karnataka, Dr.A.Ravindra, I.A.S., who is also the Chairman of the Gazetteer Advisory Committee for his encouraging note on the publication. I am grateful to Sri.C.S.Kedar, I.A.S., Secretary to the Government of Karnataka, Kannada and Culture, Information and Tourism Departments, who has been a source of inspiration in all our endeavours.

The members of the Advisory Committee of the Gazetteer Department have been a beacon of light through their timely guidance. Separate lists of the Advisory Committee as in 1995 and 2000 respectively are annexed. The Department is greatly indebted to them for their valuable guidance.

The original Kannada version was edited and published by the then Chief Editor Dr.Suryanath Kamath in 1995. His untiring efforts and priceless services rendered to this institution deserve to be gratefully recorded.

The initiative for the translation work was taken by my predecessor Dr.S.R.Honnalingaiah, under the directions of the then Secretary of the Kannada and Culture department, the late Sri.A.R. Chandrahasa Gupta, I.A.S., Their services are thankfully acknowledged.

I take this opportunity to thank the Director of Survey and Settlement, who has provided the necessary maps and charts and also the Director of Archaeology and Museums, as well as the Superintending Archaeologist, Archaeological Survey of India, Dharwad Circle, Dharwad, who have provided beautiful photographs which have enriched this volume.

I wish to place on record, the relentless efforts of my colleagues in the editorial section and the other members of the staff as well, who have put in their heart and soul into the preparation of this volume. I also thank all scholars who have given a neat English translation of the Kannada version.

M/s. Parishree Printers have spared no efforts in making this volume presentable. I profusely thank them for the neat execution of the job.

T.A. PARTHASARATHY Chief Editor

XII Contents

FOREWORD - HON’BLE MINISTER, KANNADA AND CULTURE V

A NOTE BY THE CHAIRMAN VII

FROM THE SECRETARY’S DESK IX

PREFACE XI

GLOSSARY XXVIII

CHAPTER 1 : GENERAL 1 to 37

Location and Boundaries (1-2) Area and Population (2) The Origin of Name (4) Territorial Changes (4-8) Topography (8) Geology (9- 11) Water Resources (11-14) Fauna (14-19) Flora (19-24) Ecology and Environment (24-27) Forest (27-29) Climate (29-37)

Chapter Editor Translated by (Kannada and English) Dr. S. Sundar Rajan S.N. Raju

CHAPTER 2 : HISTORY 38 to 142

Myths and Legends (39) Pre-Historic Period (40-41) The Shatavahanas (41-42) The Kadambas of (42-44) The Chalukyas of (44-48) The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed (48-53) The Chalukyas of Kalyana (53-58) The Kalachuris (58- 60) The Kadambas of Hangal (60-61) The Guttas of Guttal (62) The Kadambas of Noorumbada (63) The Kadambas of (63- 65) The Kadambas of Bankapur (65) The Sindhas of Belagutti (65-66) The Sindhas of Yalburgi (66-67) The Seunas of Devagiri (67-70) The Seunas of Masawadi (70) The Hoysalas (71-72) The Vijayanagar Empire (72-76) The Saluvas and the Tuluvas (76- 79) The Bahmanis (79) The Adilshahis of Bijapur (79-82) Mughal Administration (82-83) The Savanur Nawab (83-84) Haider Ali and (84-86) Dhondiya Wagh (87-88) The Marathas and the (88-90) The Patwardhans (90-91) Fall of the Peshwas (91-92) Administration(92-94) Under the British (94-97) Nargund Uprising (97-98) Mundargi Bhima Rao (98-100) Cotton Boom (100) National Awakening (101-103) Rise of National Movement (103-108) Home Rule League (108-109) Non Co-operation Movement (109-110) Khilaphat and Non Co- operation (110-112) Dharwad Firing (112-114) Founding of Sevadal

XIII (114-115) Non-Brahmin Movement (115-118) Congress Spreads its Wings (118-120) Civil Disobedience Movement (120-123) Civil Disobedience Again (123-126) Quit India Movement (126-130) The Martyrs (130-132) Movement for Unification (132-134) Elections (134) Loksabha Elections 1957 (134) Assembly Elections 1957 (134) Kalghatgi Bye-Election (135) Lok Sabha Elections 1962 (135) Assembly Elections 1962 (135) Dharwad Bye Election (136) General Elections 1967 (136) Lok Sabha (136) Assembly (136) Hangal Bye-Election (137) Lok Sabha Elections 1971 (137) Assembly Elections 1972 (137) Lok Sabha Elections 1977 (137) Assembly Elections 1978 (138) Lok Sabha Elections 1980 (138) Assembly Elections 1983 (139) Lok Sabha Elections 1984 (139) Assembly Elections 1985 (139) Lok Sabha Elections 1989 (140) Assembly Elections 1989 (140) Bye-Elections (141) Lok Sabha Elections 1991 (141) Assembly Elections 1994 (141)

Chapter Editor (Kannada) Chapter Editor (English) Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath S.A. Jagannath Elections Elections S. Lakshminarayana Shetty S. Rajendrappa Translated by Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath

CHAPTER 3 : PEOPLE 143 to 228

Population growth (143-146) Density of Population (146) Houses and Households (147-148) Institutional Households (148-150) Houseless population (150-152) Migration (152) Sex Ratio (153- 154) Age group and marital status (155-156) Rural Population (157-158)Urban Population and its growth (159-160) Scheduled Castes (160-163) Scheduled Tribes (163-165) The Disabled (165) Languages (165-166) Literacy (166-167) Religions (168) The (169-170) Mylara Pantha (170) Datta Pantha (170-171) Vithoba Pantha (171) Natha Sect (171) Jainism (171-173) Buddhism (173) Sikhs (173) Modern Religious Movements (173) Tatwanveshana Mandira (173), Divine Life Society, Dharwad (173) Prajapitha Brahmakumari Ishwariya Viswavidyalaya (173-174) Chinmaya Mission (174)Islam (174-175) Christianity (175-176) Mutts (176) Hiremutt, Dharwad (176) Murugha Mutt, Dharwad (176) Navakalyan Mutt, Dharwad (176) Jagadguru Sacchidananda Mahaswamy Mutt, Gadag (176) Neelakantha Mutt, Betgeri (177) Jade Siddheshwara Mutt, Hubli (177) Panchagriha Hiremutt, Sulla (177) Shithikantheshwara XIV Panchagriha Hiremutt, Kundgol (177) Shivananda Mutt, Kundgol (177) Mukthi Mandira, Harlapur (177) Jagadguru Annadaneshwara Samsthana Mutt, Mundargi (178) Jagadguru Nagalinga Mahaswamy Mutt, Navalgund (178) Kumareshwara Mahamutt, Joisara Haralahalli (178) Annadaneeshwara Samsthana Mutt, Halkere (178) Guru Charamurtheeshwara Mutt, (179) Veereshwara Mahashiva Sharanara Mahamutt, Narasapur (179) Thontadarya Mahasamsthana Mutt, Gadag (179) Hadagali Mutt, Gadag (179) Shivanand Mutt, Gadag (179) Viraktamutt, Hangal (179) Balaleela Mahanta Shivayogi Gavi Mutt, Mulgund (180) Hukkeri Mutt, Haveri (180) Jangama Kshetra, Prabhuswami Mutt, Agadi (180) Jagadguru Moorusavira Mutt, Hubli (180) Hosamutt, Hubli (181) Siddharoodha Swami Mutt, Hubli (181) Rudrakshi Mutt, Hubli (181) Phakeereshwara Mutt, Shirhatti (181) Kanaka Gurupeetha, Kaginele (182) Dwaitha Tradition, Vrindavana and Mutts (182) Sathyabodha Mutt, Savanur (182) Mutts of Adwaitha tradition (183-185) Other Religious Institutions (185) Seshachala Sadguru Samstha, Agadi (185) Veereshwara Punyashram, Gadag (186) Guru Kabiranand Swami Siddhashram, Ranibennur (186) Sri Mouneshwara Trust Committee, Ranibennur (186) Akkamahadevi Ashram (186) Vidyaniketana (187) Sishunal Shariefs Mound, Shishunal (187) Hurikadli Ajjanavra Samadhi, Navalgund (187) Castes and Tribes (187-201) Social Life (201-202) Joint-family System (201) Conception and Child Birth (201-202) Marriage (202) Community Marriages (203) Inter-caste Marriage (203-204) Funerary Practices (205-206) Domestic Life (207) Houses (207-210) Food Habits (210-211) Dress (212) Home appliances (212) Ornaments (213) Festivals (213-218) Jain Festivals (218) Muslim festivals (218) Christian festivals (218-219) Jatras (219-227) Bravery Tradition (227)

Chapter Editors (Kannada) Chapter Editor (English) S.R. Mylaraiah Dr. T. Govinda Raju S. Rajendrappa Translated by Prof. N. Dayananda

CHAPTER 4 : AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION 229 to 292

Agricultural Population (229-231) Agricultural Land Holdings (231-234) Land Utilization (234-237) Soils (237-242) Cropping Pattern (242-250) Oil Seeds (250-252) Input Supply and Quality

XV Control Programmes (252-256) Agricultural University, Dharwad (259-260) Rural Development Training Centre, Dharwad (260- 261) Agricultural Development Centres (261-262) Agricultural Research Stations (262-264) Water Management Research Station, (264) Agricultural School, Devihosur (264) Agricultural Management Studies (264) Agricultural Implements (265-266) Irrigation (266-270) Problem of Water Logging (270- 274) Horticulture (274) Main Horticultural Crops (275-282) Horticultural Farms and Nurseries (282) Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services (284) Livestock Census (285-289) Dairy Development (289-291) Fisheries (291-292)

Chapter Editor (Kannada and English) Translated by S.N. Raju B.S. Satyanarayana

CHAPTER 5 : INDUSTRIES 293 to 324

Old Industries (296) Present Status (299) Electricity (299) Categories of Industries (302) Large and Medium Scale Industries (302-306) Small Scale Industries (306-308) Khadi and Village Industries (308-311) Handlooms and Powerlooms (311-312) Cottage Industries and Handicrafts (312-313) Sericulture (313- 314) Viswa Programme (315-317) Infrastructure (317-322) Training Institute (322-323) Gobar Gas and Astra Ovens (323) Hotels (323-324) Prospects of Industrial Growth (324)

Chapter Editor (Kannada) Translated by H.M. Rangegowda B.M. Chandrashekaraiah

Chapter Editor (English) S.Y. Bettegowda

CHAPTER 6 : BANKING, FINANCE, TRADE AND COMMERCE 325 to 409

Banking and Finance (325-353) Rate of Interest (326) Investment of Money (326) Economic Survey (327-329) Purposes of Loans (328-329) Regulation of Money Lending (329-330) Various Classes of Money Lenders (330) Private Money Lenders (330-331) Hubli- Dharwad Money Lending Business (330) Finance Corporations (331) Sri Mruthyunjaya Finance Corporation, Dharwad (332) Economic Assistance to Weaker Sections (332) Takavi Loans (332-333) Bonded Labour (333-334) Abolition of Bonded Labour (333-334) Karnataka Debt Relief Act, 1976 (334) Commercial Banks (334-344) Joint Stock Companies of Early XVI Period (336) Local Commercial Banks (336-337) Banks from Other Areas (337-338) After Nationalisation (338-340) Lead Bank and Credit Plan (340-343) District Credit Plan (343-344) Grameena Banks (344-345) Ashakirana (345) Group Insurance for Beedi Workers (346) Hut Insurance (346) Accident Insurance Scheme (346) Solatium Fund (346) Insurance Business (347-348) Karnataka Government Insurance Scheme (347) Postal Insurance (347) Life Insurance Corporation (348) National Savings Scheme (348-349) State Lottery (350) Coinage and Currency (350-352) British Coins and Currencies (352) Origin of Rupee (352-353) Co- operative Movement (353-374) Taluk Development Association (356) Co-operative Unions (357) Interest Rates of Co-operatives (357-358) Consumer Co-operatives (358) Housing Co-operatives (358-361) Co-operative Loans (361) Recovery of Loans (361) Karnataka Rural Debt Relief Scheme 1990 (361-362) Liquidated Co-operatives (362) Misappropriation (362) Karnataka Central Co- operative Bank, Dharwad (362-363) Large Sized Primary Agricultural Credit Society, Kanaginahal (363-365) Agricultural and Rural Development Bank, Kundgol (365-366) Co-operative Textile Mills (366) Co-operative Textile Mill, Hulkoti (366-367) Malaprahba Co-operative Mill, Nargund (367-368) Farmers Co-operative Oil Mill, Binkadakatti (368) Karnataka Co-operative Sugar Factory (368-369) Non-Agricultural Credit Societies (369-370) Sri Guru Siddeshwara Co-operative Bank, Hubli (370-371) Co-operative Industrial Estate, Gadag (371) Dharwad District Co-operative Marketing Federation, Hubli (372) Government Employees House Building Co-operative Society, Hubli (373) District Co-operative Board (373) District Co-operative Union (373-374) Co-operative Training Centre, Dharwad (374) Trade and Commerce (375-409) Ancient Period (375) Important Trade Centres (376-377) Merchant Guilds (377) Ayyavole-500 (377-378) Medieval Period (378-379) Modern Period (379-381) Present Day Imports and Exports (381- 383) Exports (381-383) Important Commodity Market (382-383) Employment in Commerce (383-386) Registered Traders (386) Retail Traders (386-387) Regulated Markets (387-400) Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act 1966 (388) Regulated Commodities (388-393) Grading (393) Agricultural Produce Market Committee, Hubli (393-394) Agricultural Marketing Training College, Hubli (395) Shandies (395-399) Cattle Markets (399-400) Trade Associations (400-401) Karnataka Chamber of Commerce and Industries, Hubli (401-402) Hubli Stock Exchange (402) Chamber of Commerce, Gadag (402) Javali and Cloth Merchant’s Association, Hubli (403) Merchants Association, Haveri (403) Weights and Measures (403-406) Length Measure (404-405) XVII Metric System (405-406) Food and Civil Supplies (406-407) Public Distribution (406) Green Cards (407) Procurement (Levy) (407) Warehousing (407-408) Central Warehousing Corporation (New ) (407-408) Karnatak State Warehousing Corporation (1957) (408) Consumer Protection Forum (408) Citizens Forum (408) Nagarika Vedike, Hubli (409)

Chapter Editors (Kannada) Chapter Editor (English) M.B. Patil G. Bhanudas G. Bhanudas Translated by M.B. Patil

CHAPTER 7 : TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION 410 to 436

Roads (411-415) Rural Communication (415-419) Bridges (419) Zilla Parishad Roads (419-420) Traffic Census and Transport Survey (421) Ferry (421-422) Public Transport (422-424) Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (424-427) Railways (427-429) Railway Workshop, Hubli (429) Air Transport (429) Postal services (429-432) Telecommunication (432) Telegraph Services (432-433) Television (433-435) All India Radio (435) Tourism (435-436)

Chapter Editor (Kannada) Translated by S. Lakshminarayana Shetty Dr. J.V. Gayatri

Chapter Editor (English) S. Rajendrappa

CHAPTER 8 : ECONOMIC TRENDS 437 to 493

District Income and Plan grants(436-443) Prices (443-446) Standard of living (446-447) Wholesale Prices (447) Retail prices (447-449) Land value (449-450) Land Utilisation (450-451) Urbanisation (451-458) Agriculture Sector (458-460) Irrigation and Land Development (460) Sericulture (460-461) Horticulture (461-462) Animal Husbandry (462) Milk production (463) Industry (463-464) Industrial Progress (464-466) Agro-based Industries (466) Details of Bio-gas units (467) Registered Factories (467- 468) Development of forests (468-472) Famine and Flood (472- 475) Workers (475-481) Employment and Placement (481) Workers and Wages (481-486) Different development schemes

XVIII (486-487) Potentialities of development (487-489) Some important statistics (490-493)

Chapter Editor (Kannada) Translated by R. Madhwaraj Dr. B. Seshadri

Chapter Editor (English) S.Y. Bettegowda

CHAPTER 9 : ADMINISTRATION AND REVENUE 494 to 533

Deputy Commissioner (497-500) Assistant Commissioner (500) Tahsildar (500-501) Block Development Officer (501) Revenue Inspector (501) Nad Kacheris (501-502) Village Accountant (502) Village Assistants (502) District Training Institute (502-503) Land Revenue (503-506) Land Survey and Settlements (506-509) Water Rate (509-516) Abolition of Inams (516-517) Jamabandi (517- 518) Remission of Land Revenue (518) The Prevention of Fragmentation and Consolidation of Holdings (519) Land Grant (519) Land Acquisition (519-520) Land Reforms (520-521) Other Sources of Revenue (522-526) Motor Vehicle Tax (526) Central Taxes (526) Central Excise (526-527) Income Tax (527-533)

Chapter Editors (Kannada) Chapter Editor (English) Stephen Paul Stephen Paul Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath Translated by Prof. K. Vinoda Rao

CHAPTER 10 : LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE 534 to 552

Administration of Justice in the Savanur Province (537-541) District Legal Aid Committee, Dharwad (542) Taluk Legal Aid Committee Hubli (542) Police Administration (542-543) Police Administration in Savanur Province (543-550) Police Welfare Fund (550) Village Defence Party (550) Jails And Lockups (551) Borstal School, Dharwad (551) Home Guards (552) Juvenile Jail (552)

Chapter Editor (Kannada) Translated by R. Madhwaraj Prof. Jayashree

Chapter Editor (English) T.G. Narasimha Moorthy

XIX CHAPTER 11 : OTHER DEPARTMENTS 553 to 570

Forest (553) Economics and Statistics (554) Food and Civil Supplies (554) Consumer forum (554) Employment and Training (555) Agriculture (555) Agricultural Marketing (555) Kannada and Culture (556) Legal Metrology (556) Karnataka Government Insurance (556-557) Labour (557) Prisons (557) Industries and Commerce (557-558) District Treasury (558) District Training Institute (558) Horticulture (558-559) Survey, Settlement and Land Records (559) Town Planning (559) Irrigation (559-560) Animal Husbandry (560) Regional Transport (560) Juvenile Delinquent School (561) Women and Child Development (561) Fisheries (561-562) Printing, Stationery and Publication (562) Youth Services and Sports (562) State Accounts (562) Sericulture (562-563) Mass Education (563) Public Works (563) Information and Publicity (563-564) Commercial Taxes (564) Remand Home (564) Small Savings (564-565) Public Libraries (565) Public Instruction (565) District Tuberculosis Centre (565-566) Home Guards Unit (566) State Government Boards and Corporations (566) Karnataka Electricity Board (566) State Khadi and Village Industries Board (566) Karnataka Seed Certification Agency (566- 567) Karnataka State Warehousing Corporation (567-568) Karnataka Housing Board (567) Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (567) Karnataka Forest Industries Corporation Limited (568) Agricultural Produces Marketing Committee (568) Central Government Departments, Boards and Corporations (568) Workers Education Centre (568) Central Excise (569) Indian Audit and Accounts (569) Akashavani (569) Nehru Yuva Kendra (569) Directorate of Field Publicity, Government of India (570) Sainik Welfare and Rehabilitation (570) Income Tax (570)

Chapter Editor (Kannada and English) Translated by R.G. Kulkarni R. Madhwaraj

CHAPTER 12 : LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT 571 to 601

Local Self governing institutions in Ancient Karnataka (572) Nadu and Mahanadu (572-573) Mahanadu (573) Agraharas (573- 574) City Administration (574-576) Local Self Governing Institutions of a town (576-577) Borough Municipalities (577- 578) Reservation (578-581) Karnataka Municipalities Act of 1964 (582) Award to the best Municipalities (582-584) Comprehensive Town Development Plan (584) Per capita Expenditure (584) Entry

XX Tax (584) Hubli-Dharwad Mahanagara Palike (Corporation) (584- 587) Gadag-Betgeri Municipality (588-589) Hubli Dharwad Urban Development Authority (589-590) Town Planning (590) Slum Clearance Board (591) Local Development Committees / Boards (591-592) Dharwad District Local Board (592) Panchayat Raj (593) Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act of 1993 (593) Grama Panchayat (593-594) Grama Sabha (594) Taluk Panchayat (594- 595) Zilla Panchayat (595-597) Dharwad Zilla Parishat (597- 599) Grama Panchayats (599-600) Nyaya Panchayats (599) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (600-660) Housing Scheme (601) Karnataka Housing Board, 1956 (601) Janata Housing Scheme (601)

Chapter Editors (Kannada) Chapter Editor (English) M.B. Patil R.G. Kulkarni G. Bhanudas Translated by Prof. Dhruvanarayan

CHAPTER 13 : EDUCATION AND SPORTS 602 to 636

Pre-primary Education (604-605) Primary Education (605-608) Training College, Dharwad (608-609) Training Institute for Women, Dharwad (609) Primary Teachers’ Training (609-610) Progress of Primary Education (610) Middle School Education (611)Contribution of Missionaries to the field of Education (611- 618) Higher Education (618-619) Navodaya Schools (619) Female Education (619) Private Educational Institutions (621-622) Dakshina Bharatha Hindi Maha Sabha (622) District Sakshara Deepa Samithi (622-623) Pre-University Education (623) Vocational Education (624) The National Cadet Corps (624-625) Bharath Scouts and Guides (625-626) Collegiate Education (625) Teachers’ Training Colleges (626-627) Karnatak University (626) Karnataka Medical College (628) Legal Education (628) Technical Education (628) Industrial Training Institutes (628) The Government Polytechnic (629) Junior Technical School (629) Nettur Technical Training Foundation (629) Technical Education Colleges (629) University of Agricultural Sciences (630) Sanskrit College (630) Academic Organisations (631) Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha (631) Karnataka Historical Research Institute (631) The United Nations Publication Centre (631)

XXI Hostels (631-632) Libraries (632) Sports (632) Karnatak University Athletics (635-636) Stadia (636) Folk Games and Entertainment (636)

Chapter Editor (Kannada and English) Translated by T.G. Narasimha Moorthy Dr. P.V. Narayana

CHAPTER 14 : LITERATURE AND CULTURE 637 to 692

Literature (637-639) Arunodaya period (639-642) Foreign Writers (642) Navodaya period (643) Modern literature (Navya Sahitya) (644-648) Women Writers (648) Printing and Publications (649) Sanskrit Literature (650) Marathi Literature (651) Drama and Theatre (652) Professional Theatre (652) Amateur Theatre (653) Playwrights (654) Theatre Personalities (655) Actors – Actresses (655) Theatre Halls (656), District Drama Troups (656) Journalism (657-659) List of Newspapers published in Dharwad district (660- 668) Music (668-674) Classical Dance (675) Gamaka, Harikathe and Kirthane (675-676) Sugama Sangeetha (Light Music) (677) Discs and Cassettes (677) Painting (678-680) Art Schools (681) Art Organisations (682) Lalitha Kala Academy (682) Art Books (683) Art Galleries and Exhibitions (683) Sculpture (684) Cinema (685-688) Folklore (688-691) Janapada Artistes (691)

Chapter Editors (Kannada) Chapter Editor (English) Dr. Devarakonda Reddy Dr. A. Lakshminarasimhan Dr. A. Lakshminarasimhan Translated by Prof. Lakshmi Chandrashekar

CHAPTER 15 : MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES 693 to 736

SMP Centres (695) Vital statistics (696) Sample Registration System (696-699) The Indian System of Medicine (700) Epidemics (700-704) Ayurveda (704) Ayurveda Education (705) Health Institutions (705) District Hospital, Dharwad (705) Karnataka Medical College Hospital (707) Karnataka Mental Health Institute (708) Cancer Hosptial (708) Co-operative Hospital, Hubli (709) Chitaguppi Hospital (709) Corporation Allopathic Hospital (710) Lourd Charity Hospital (711) Railway Hospital (711) Vivekananda General Hospital (712) MGM Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Hospital, Gadag (712) General Hospital, Gadag (713) General Hosptial, Haveri (713) General Hospital, Navalgund (714) General

XXII Hospital, Ranibennur (714) General Hospital, Savanur (715) General Hospital, Ron (715) Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatha Dental College Hospital (716) Nisarga Jeevana Sadhanalaya (716) Health Institutions run by the Corporation (717) E.S.I. Dispensaries (718) Noteworthy Private Medical Services (718) Rural Health Programme (719) Community Health Centres (719) Community Health Centre, Byadgi (719) Community Health Centre, Shiggaon (720) Community Health Centre, Hirekerur (721) Community Health Centre, Nargund (721) Primary Health Centres (722-727) Primary Health Units (728) Family Planning (728-732) Family Welfare Committees (732) School Health Programme (732) Integrated Child Development Project (733) Mother and Child Health Programme (733) Oral Rehydration Solution Programme (734) Drugs Control (734) Indian Medical Association (734-736 )

Chapter Editor (Kannada and English) Translated by R.G. Kulkarni Vijayalakshmi

CHAPTER 16 : OTHER SOCIAL SERVICES 737 to 781

Labour Welfare (737-739) Labour Welfare Board (739) Employees State Insurance Scheme (740) Trade Union Movement (740- 742) Welfare of Scheduled castes (742) Educational Facilities (743-746) Schemes for Economic Upliftment (746) Special Component Plan (747) Welfare of Scheduled Tribes (748-750) District Legal Aid Committee (750) Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Development Corporation (750) Land Ownership Scheme (751) Borewell Scheme (751) Self Employment Scheme (751) I S B Scheme (751) Devadasi Rehabilitation Programme (752) Rehabilitation of Scavengers (752) Assistance for petty Business (752) Training Scheme (752) Welfare of Backward Classes (753) Welfare programmes (754) Backward Classes Development Corporation (756) Minority Development Corporation (756) District Sarvodaya Scheme (757-758) Pre- Examination Training Centre (758) Women and Child Welfare (758) Observation Home (Remand Home) (759) Observation Home, Ranibennur (760) Special Nutrition Programme (760) Integrated Child Development Scheme (761) Protection for destitute and orphan children (762) Grihakalyana Scheme (762) Childcare Centres for Employed Women (763) Maternity Assistance to Landless Agricultural Female Labourers and Women Handloom Weavers (763) Child Care Centres (763) Assistance to the children in Financial Distress (764) Attendance XXIII Scholarship for girl students from rural areas (764) Destitute widow pension scheme (764) Scheme for rag pickers and street children (764) Balamandiras (765) Fit Person Institutions (765) Anganawadi Training Centre (766) Vocational Training (766) Rehabilitation Programme for Devadasis (766) Special Component Plan (767) TRYSEM Programme (767) Voluntary Organizations (767) Women Organizations (767) Gandhi Shanthi Prathisthana Centre (768-770) Welfare of Handicapped (770) Educational Programmes (770-773) Rajeev Poornanga Yojane (773) Self Employment Scheme (773) Insurance Scheme for the Parents of the Mentally Retarded (774) Deaf and Dumb Primary School, Naregal (774) Government Blind School for Boys, Hubli (774) Rotary School For Deaf Children, Hubli (774) Vishwa Dharma Mahila Matthu Makkala Shikshana Sevashrama Samithi, Hubli (774) School of Deaf Children under Honnamma Educational Institute, Dharwad (775) Shree Marula Shankara Residential School for Physically Handicapped, Byadgi (775) Shree Channabasaveshwara Grameena Vidya Samsthe, Shiggaon (775) Navajyothi Angavikalara Kshemabhivridhi Samsthe (775) Wakf Institutions (776) Tricolour Ration Card facilities (777) Old Age Pension (778) Distribution of Cloth at Reduced Rates (779) Pension to Freedom Fighters (780) Religious and Charitable Institutions (780) Samaja Parivathana Samudaya (781)

Chapter Editors (Kannada) Chapter Editor (English) G.M. Mustafa Dr. A. Lakshminarasimhan S.R. Mylaraiah Translated by S.R. Mylaraiah

CHAPTER 17 : PLACES OF INTEREST 782 to 939

Chapter Editors (Kannada & English) Translated by S.A. Jagannath Dr. H.P. Shashidhara Murthy S. Rajendrappa

Addenda 941

Revenue Villages of (undivided) Dharwad District 1052 Select Bibliography 1075 Index 1089

XXIV STAFF LIST

Name Designation

T.A. Parthasarathy, KAS Chief Editor (From 30.10.2001) Dr. S.R. Honnalingaiah Chief Editor (Upto 26.8.2001) K.C. Ramamurthy, IPS Chief Editor (Additional Charge) (upto 30.10.2001) S.A. Jagannath Sr. Editor (Additional Charge) T.G. Narasimha Moorthy Sr. Editor (Additional Charge) R.G. Kulkarni Editor S.N. Raju Editor S. Rajendrappa Editor S.Y. Bette Gowda Editor Dr. T. Govinda Raju Editor (from 1.1.2002) Stephen Paul Investigator G. Bhanudas Investigator Dr. A. Lakshminarasimhan Investigator K.M. Vijaylakshmi Investigator (upto 15.2.2002) B.C. Revanna Superintendent (upto March 2002) S. Raghavendra Rao Superintendent I/c (from September 2001) C.R. Leelavathi First Division Assistant K.S. Subbulakshmi Second Division Assistant P. Suneetha Stenographer G.S. Patil Librarian (upto April 2002) C.. Nagalakshmi Typist M.H. Shivanandini Typist (From February 2002) M. Babu Driver T.B. Kushalappa Driver H. Chandra ‘D’ group B.C. Suresh Kumar Dafedar H.N. Raghavendra ‘D’ group

XXV List of the existing Advisory Committee Members

Name and Address Designation Name and Address Designation

1. Smt. Teresa Bhattacharya, 8. Dr. Abdul Azeez, Member I.A.S. (Retd) Chairman Professor (Retd), Chief Secretary Institute of Socio Economic Change, Government of Karnataka, Nagarabhavi, 3rd floor, Vidhana Soudha, Bangalore-560072. Bangalore-560001. (upto 31.12.2001)

2. Dr.A.Ravindra, I.A.S., Chairman 9. Sri M.B.Patil Member Chief Secretary Editor (Retd), Government of Karnataka No.356, ‘Sri Renuka‘, Chennammanakere, 3rd Floor, Vidhana Soudha, 6th cross, Banashankari IInd Stage, Bangalore-560001. Bangalore-560070.

3. Sri C.S.Kedar, I.A.S., Member 10. Sri Thyluru Venkatakrishna, Member Secretary to Government, Writer, Dept. of Kannada and Culture No.2958, ‘Venkatesha Nilaya’, Information and Tourism , Mandya. 5th floor, M.S. Building, Bangalore-560001.

4. Sri T.A.Parthasarathy Member Secretary 11. Dr.Lakshmi Tatacharya Special Member Chief Editor, Director, Samskrutha Academy, Karnataka Gazetteer Department, Melukote, Pandavapur Taluk, 8th floor, Cauvery Bhavan, Mandya-571431. Bangalore-560009.

5. Prof.C.J.Saldanha Member 12. Sri S.M.Shankar Special Member Professor in Botany (Retd), Social worker, 4th floor, Manish Complex, Somanahalli, Convent Road, Maddur Taluk, Mandya Dt. Bangalore-560025.

6. Smt. Kamala Hampa Nagarajaiah, Member 13. Prof. T. Shivanna Member Professor in Kannada (Retd), Professor in Economics (Retd), No.1079, ‘Swanima’ 18th A Road, ‘Tarini’, 1646 15th Main, 5th Block, Rajajinagar, 31st cross, Banashankari 2nd Stage, Bangalore-560010. Bangalore-560070.

7. Prof. Lakshman Telagavi Member 14. Prof. S. Sathyanarayana Rao, Member Professor, Professor in History (Retd), Kannada University, No.1019, 3rd Main road, Vijayanagar, , Hospet, Bangalore. .

XXVI List of Advisory Committee Members for Dharwad district Gazetteer (As on 1995)

Sl.No. Name and Address Designation Sl.No. Name and Address Designation

1. Sri S.K.Goshal I.A.S., Chairman 8. Dr. C.J.Saldanha Member Additional Chief Secretary, Director, Government of Karnataka, Centre for Taxonomic Studies, (till 13.1.1995) St. Joseph’s College, Bangalore-560025. 2. Sri Cecil Noronah, I.A.S., Chairman 9. Dr. Kalegowda Nagavara, Member Additional Chief Secretary, Professor, Government of Karnataka Kannada Adhyana Samsthe, (from 14.1.1995) Manasa Gangotri, Mysore-560006. 3. Sri N.Vishwanathan, I.A.S., Member 10. Prof. Devendrakumar Hakari Member Principal Secretary Professor in Kannada (Retd), Information, Tourism and Karnataka University, Youth Services Dept. Srinagar, Dharwad-580003. M.S.Building, Bangalore-560 001. 4. Dr.Suryanath U. Kamath, Member Secretary 11. Dr.K. Puttaswamaiah, Member Chief Editor, Joint-Director Planning (Retd.) Karnataka Gazetteer Department 3rd road, IInd Block, 3rd stage, Bangalore-560 009. West of Chord Road, Bangalore-560079. 5. Sri K.Balasubramanyam, Member 12. Prof.S.S. Odeyar Special Member I.A.S., (Retd.) Vice-Chancellor (Retd.) 341, Ist Block, Jayanagar, Karnataka University, Bangalore-560011. Bharatinagar, Haliyal Road, Dharwad-580001. 6. Prof.B. Sheik Ali, Member 13. Sri Surendra Dani Special Member Vice-Chancellor (Retd.) Editor (Retd.) Samyukta 59, 3rd cross, 7th road, Karnataka, Raghvendra Printers, Saraswatipuram, (Govan Towers) Mysore-570009. Lamington Road, Hubli.

7. Sri Jayakumar Angol, Member I.A.S., (Retd.) 109, 6th cross, Vijayanagar, Bangalore-560070.

XXVII GLOSSARY antarala / ardhamantapa : Vestibule ashthadikpala : Regents of the eight cardinal points or directions bhuvaneshwari : Central decorated hallow ceiling of the pillared hall chandrashila : Attractive Floral design slab dasavatara : representing the ten incarnations of Vishnu devakoshta : Niches housing the semi-gods dravida shikhara : South Indian style tower dwadasaditya : Twelve Adityas carved on the prabhavali of a sun sculpture dwarapala : Door-keepers eka/dwi/tri/chatur/kuta : Single/double/tirple/quadruple temple/shrine garbhagriha : Sanctum Sanctorum Gopura : Tower surmounting the enclosure doorway gosasa : Commemorative stone representing the gift of 1000 cows (Gosahasra) Jalandhra : Perforated window jamabhandi : Mode of collecting Land Revenue kadamba nagara shikhara : Multi Stepped tower surmounting the sanctum sactorum Kakshasana : Seating arrangements provided in the pillared hall or porch Kirana stambha : Small Sun pillar shadows of which indicates time. kirtimukha : Lion faced decorative motif projecting from the front portion of the tower lalata : Head piece of the door jamb makaratorana : Crocodiles holding decorative arch mukha mantapa : Porch nagara shikhara : North Indian style of tower nandi mantapa : Mantapa housing Lord Nandi navaranga : Pillared Hall nishidi : Commemorative stones of Jaina ascetic and deciples pancha shikhara : Five miniature tower motifs decorative Panel poornakumbha : A sacred pot shaped flower vase decorative motif adoring the door jamb prabhavali : A decorative radiance arch behind the head of the image or deity Pradakshina patha : Circum Ambulatory Passage Prakara : Enclosure wall surrounding the temple structure sabha mantapa : Multi Pillared Spacious Hall sallekhana : Observing the ritual of fasting unto death by jains shakhalankara : Single/double/triple/quadruple decoration motif over the door jamb shikhara : tower over the main sanctum sanctorum vesara : Admixture of both southern and northern styles

XXVIII Dharwad District

Dharwad Sub Division Taluks : Dharwad, Hubli, Kalghatgi, Kundgol and Navalgund

XXIX Gadag District

Gadag Sub Division Taluks : Gadag, Mundargi, Nargund, Ron and Shirhatti

XXX Haveri District

Haveri Sub Division Taluks : Haveri, Byadgi, Hirekerur and Ranibennur Savanur Sub-Division Taluks : Savanur, Hangal and Shiggaon

XXXI Illustration

Photo Credits :

Prof. Uttangi, Dharwad Sri P.S. Chandrashekar Sri B. Kesarsingh Dr. A. Lakshminarasimhan Dr. Devarakondareddy Dr. H. Chandrashekar Archaeological Survey of India, Dharwad Circle, Dharwad State Archaeology and Museums, Bangalore and other Departments