Spring 2014 TECHNOLOGY today®

Southwest Research Institute® San Antonio, Texas Spring 2014 • Volume 35, No.2 TECHNOLOGY today COVER

Director of Communications Dr. Tim Martin

Editor Joe Fohn TECHNOLOGY Assistant Editor today Deborah Deffenbaugh

Contributors Deb Schmid Tracey S. Whelan

Design Scott Funk

Photography Larry Walther

Circulation Darlene Herring D019274_4431

Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas

About the cover A portable solar cell atop a rotating fixture has a Technology Today (ISSN 1528-431X) is published three times "moth-eye" light-absorbing coating applied inside each year and distributed free of charge. The publication a vacuum deposition chamber. discusses some of the more than 1,000 research and develop- ment projects under way at Southwest Research Institute. The materials in Technology Today may be used for educational and informational purposes by the public and the media. Credit to Southwest Research Institute should be given. This authorization does not extend to property rights such as patents. Commercial and promotional use of the contents in Technology Today without the express written consent of Southwest Research Institute is prohibited. The information published in Technology Today does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of Southwest Research Institute or its clients, and no endorsements should be made or inferred. Address correspondence to the editor, Communications Department, Southwest Research Institute, P.O. Drawer 28510, San Antonio, Texas 78228-0510, or e-mail [email protected]. To be placed on the mailing list or to make address changes, call (210) 522-2257 or fax (210) 522-3547, or visit update.swri.org.

© 2014 Southwest Research Institute. All rights reserved. Technology Today, Southwest Research Institute and SwRI are registered marks in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

About the Institute Since its founding in 1947, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has contributed to the advancement of science and technology by working with clients in industry and government. Per forming research for the benefit of humankind is a long-held tradition. The Institute comprises 11 divisions engaged in contract research spanning a wide range of technologies.

Southwest Research Institute on the Internet: swri.org CONTENTS ARTICLES

2 Portable Power from the Sun An SwRI-developed solar module for warfighters could reduce weight and expense.

6 High Performance, Low Profile Novel antenna arrays, combined with miniaturized processing equipment, bring direction-finding capability to the tactical level.

10 Balloon in a Box An SwRI-developed concept allows easy transport and autonomous launch of lighter-than-air vehicles.

14 Rosetta: Long Journey to a Small Place After 10-year voyage, the spacecraft will rendezvous with a comet in 2014.

Departments Technics….16 Technical Staff Activities….18 Recent Features….25 Portable Power from the Sun An SwRI-developed solar module for warfighters could reduce weight and expense

By Jeffrey L. Boehme dvances in telecommunica- Both weight and money could be through the use of concentration optics tions and electronics have given saved by using secondary batteries that or solar-tracking mechanisms. warfighters better effectiveness can be recharged through energy har- A team of engineers from South- and situational awareness in the vesting techniques. Solar energy panels west Research Institute (SwRI) has Afield, but those improvements tend to known as thin-film photovoltaics are por- begun to develop a portable yet rugged come with added weight and expense. table and easily deployable, and can be solar module system based on state- Batteries make up 20 percent of the rolled up or folded for storage; thus they of-the-art photovoltaics (PV) research. weight a warfighter must carry in-theater are often the preferred system for energy Its approach focuses on treating the and rank second behind munitions in harvesting. However, their energy per solar module as a system of discrete annual infantry battalion expenditures, unit of volume or weight is limited unless components combined in a way that according to a 2011 U.S. Army study. their exposure to sunlight is optimized maximizes conversion efficiency and

Photo By: Sgt. Keonaona C. Paulo

2 Technology Today • Spring 2014 minimizes weight, volume and operat- D019274_4263 ing cost. SwRI’s solar module system contains a dispersion/concentration PV system, a solar tracking module, a secondary harvesting system and some biologically inspired, anti-reflective coatings.

Dispersion/concentration photovoltaic system

The SwRI-designed system’s pri- mary energy-harvesting unit is a con- centrator photovoltaic system (CPVS), which addresses two major factors affecting PV efficiency. The first major factor is the number of photons striking the PV surface. Increasing the number of photons that strike a PV surface is relatively straightforward using light- concentrating optics, such as Fresnel lenses or parabolic mirrors. The second factor, the band-gap, or zone of sensitivity of the semicon- ductor material in the device, is more complex. Photons with energy less than the band-gap of the PV material are not absorbed by the cell, and those whose energy exceeds the band-gap are Dr. Jeffrey L. Boehme is a staff scientist in the Applied Physics Division, with a background in tailor- ing the color of electrochromic polymers and devices. His work at SwRI has included developing re-emitted as heat or light. When only one low-cost techniques for fabricating organic light-emitting devices and photo detectors without the semiconductor material is used, a sig- use of vacuum. He was principal investigator on an internally funded research product to develop nificant portion of the solar spectrum’s active thermal control devices using electrochromic materials, and is currently program manager of a energy does not get converted into elec- program to investigate the survivability of nanoparticles in harsh environments. tricity. Therefore, it is desirable to include multiple semiconductor materials in a PV materials, plus the complex deposition system, either through vertical stacking or with narrow-band illumination by using procedures required to match inter- lateral splitting. In vertical stacking, layers optical components to split the solar layer lattice constants and currents. Their of semiconductor materials are grown atop spectrum into multiple narrow-band higher cost per kilowatt-hour often pre- one another such that photons with differ- beams that impinge upon single-junction cludes their widespread use for civilian ent wavelengths are selectively absorbed PV cells manufactured from different as well as military applications. or transmitted by the materials in the semiconductor materials. Because single- Lateral splitting, on the other hand, vertical stack. junction PV cells are easier to manufac- exploits the efficiency gains associated The selective absorp- ture, a variety of low-cost, off-the-shelf tion of photons within a PV cells is available for use specific wavelength region in lateral solar cell archi- allows each photon-sensing tecture. The difficulty, and junction within the multi- therefore the expense, of junction PV cell to convert those systems often lies in energy very efficiently. For their spectrum dispersion example, according to the optics. National Renewable Energy Researchers have Laboratory (NREL), the used curved microprism efficiency of four-junction arrays, holographic PV cells has reached 37.8 optical elements and percent, compared to 28.8 percent for the best single- junction PV cell. Although Three layers of semiconduc- vertically stacked, multi- tor materials that selectively junction PV cells are highly gather photons of different efficient, they are typically wavelengths, below a light- more expensive than single- concentrating Fresnel lens (at right), are superimposed atop junction cells because of a scavenger photovoltaic cell the multi-step processes module (interior). required to deposit multiple D019274_4363

Technology Today • Spring 2014 3 D019274_4401

Solar tracking mechanism

The SwRI team also added a solar track- ing mechanism to improve sun-catching efficiency. While high-precision, multi-axis mechanisms are the norm for conventional concentrator photovoltaic systems, they are far from ideal. They are often placed on a pedestal and rotated about one or two axes throughout the day. They are typically large, heavy and expensive, primarily because the mechanism must support the weight of the concentrator photovol- An engineer inspects the photovoltaic cell atop a portable taic system as well as wind-induced solar module onto which a loads, which can be substantial. "moth-eye" light-absorbing Again, weight and volume are critical coating has been applied using for mobile Department of Defense a rotating fixture (top inset) and (DoD) applications where the human a vacuum-deposition chamber and physical costs of transport are (bottom inset). significant. With that in mind, the SwRI team implemented a modified, compact solar tracking mechanism that fits within the enclosed solar dichroic surfaces to split the solar module unit. spectrum into two or more narrow- band beam components, with vary- Secondary energy harvesting system ing degrees of success. Because many of these optical elements can Solar tracking errors, actuator be difficult and expensive to mass- limitations and optical effects such produce, the SwRI team selected as reflection or scattering reduce a spectrum dispersion system that the amount of light striking the pri- lends itself to easier manufacturing. mary PV cells and result in efficiency

This system is based on flat sheets D019274_4456 losses. The SwRI-designed system of molded linear microprism arrays. contains a number of secondary, Although it is more desirable to increase module-level efficiency. Para- broadband PV cells that can harvest stray divide the solar spectrum into three or bolic mirrors often have larger accep- photons that do not strike the primary PV more wavelength bands, the team chose tance angles than Fresnel lenses, but cells. The secondary PV cells are located on to disperse the solar spectrum onto they are larger, heavier, and often the periphery of the spectrally tuned pri- two PV cells in the prototype design to require an inverted PV mounting mary PV cells to scavenge weakly concen- reduce complexity. system. Minimizing weight and vol- trated light from the Fresnel lens concentra- In addition to the spectrum disper- ume while maximizing ruggedness tor as well as highly concentrated, spectrally sion optics, the team added a Fresnel was considered more important for separated light that does not strike the lens as an optical concentrator to further defense applications. primary PV cells.

4 Technology Today • Spring 2014 Module Unit Cell

Sunlight

PV cells operate bet- When sunlight strikes the solar module, three unit-cells collec- ter at shorter wavelengths, tively absorb short, medium and and in most multi-junc- longer wavelength photons and tion PV systems (includ- a Fresnel lens focuses remaining ing SwRI’s two-cell primary light on a broadband scavenger energy harvesting system) photovoltaic cell with “moth-eye” the lowest-energy photons light absorption coating applied. in the spectrum are not col- lected. As much as 7 per- cent of the solar energy resides in the short- to Chromatic mid-wavelength infra- concentrator red (IR) region (1,400 nm – 8,000 nm). Because the solar spectrum is later- Conclusion ally split in the SwRI solar module, some of the IR Broadband SwRI researchers examined energy can be harvested by the effectiveness of various solar incorporating a thermoelec- scavenger module components to develop tric generator (TEG) into the PV cell an optimized lateral solar sys- solar module design. By plac- tem module. The theoretical and ing a heat sink on the back of experimental results indi- the unit, a thermal gradient cate that optical losses in across the TEG will be estab- the spectrum dispersion lished (generating electricity) Moth-eye system must be carefully and heat will be dissipated from weighed against the gains the primary and secondary PV absorption associated with narrowband PV cells (enhancing the efficiency of coating illumination. For the prism angles the energy conversion process). Via and materials tested, a 24-degree these two routes, the solar module microprism array is an adequate compro- system can generate additional energy. mise between Fresnel reflection losses and spectrum dispersion ability. Prism “Moth-eye” anti-reflective coatings orientation and direction play a signifi- such that the cost-effectiveness of AR cant role in optical losses and spectrum To maximize the efficiency of the coating may be brought into question. dispersion. As a result, additional analysis energy harvesting system, it is neces- To address the cost issue, SwRI is currently underway. Based on an inter- sary to maximize the amount of light researchers have begun to develop bio- nal review of module fabrication and absorbed by the PV cell. Because of the logically inspired AR surfaces based on assembly processes, surface roughness, high refractive index of most PV cells, the eye structure of nocturnal moths. prism rounding and machining debris reflectance at the surface is estimated at Nocturnal moths have excellent night are believed to significantly reduce the upwards of 30 percent. To minimize Fres- vision due to regular, high-aspect-ratio, light transmitted to the primary PV cells. nel reflections and improve light cap- sub-wavelength photonic structures on While optical losses are not atypical for ture, the surfaces of PV cells are often their corneal surface that trap broad- lateral solar cell architectures, the SwRI textured, creating three-dimensional band light over a large range of incident team is currently working to minimize structures that increase the likelihood angles. The SwRI team tried to fabricate these losses through improving fabrica- that a reflected photon will be cap- biologically inspired AR coatings based tion techniques and incorporating sec- tured by a neighboring PV cell surface. on the glancing angle deposition tech- ondary energy harvesting units into the Anti-reflective (AR) coatings also can nique. In this process, a substrate mate- system. More research is needed before be deposited onto PV surfaces using rial is rotated around an axis perpendicu- the system can harvest solar energy at various methods. A key issue with AR lar to its surface and deposition flux is the desired efficiency, but initial results coatings, however, is their responsiv- applied at an oblique angle. High-aspect- are promising toward development of ity over the entire solar spectrum and ratio structures are formed by the effect an optimized solar module system for their effectiveness at a variety of incident of shadowing during film deposition, defense applications. angles. While several layers with varying and the shape of the formed structures refractive indices and thicknesses can be is regulated by controlling the substrate Questions about this article? Contact Boehme deposited, each layer increases the cost, rotation parameters. at (210) 522-5979 or [email protected].

Technology Today • Spring 2014 5 High Performance, Low Profile Novel antenna arrays, combined with miniaturized processing equipment, bring direction finding capability to the tactical level

Patrick J. Siemsen is a principal engineer in SwRI's Signal Exploitation and Geolocation Division. He has been involved in the design of shipboard and land-based direction find- ing systems with both military requirements and rugged commercial requirements. He has led the development of low radar cross section shipboard direction finding antennas, a body-worn DF antenna vest and vehicle-mounted and human-transportable DF antennas for tactical field applications. D019527_1829

6 Technology Today • Spring 2014 D017334_8255

By Patrick Siemsen Optimal locations for arfighters on the frontlines of antenna array mounting direction finding antennas on the battlefield typically have made of conduc- tactical vehicles like to rely on communication tive fabric that the Humvee (above) are with distant and remote ra- collapses and complicated by signal Wdio direction finding (DF) assets to obtain stows into a sol- interference from combat tactical information about the location dier’s backpack for equipment mounted atop and strength of the enemy. The sheer bulk easy transportation. the vehicle, and also by and weight of traditional direction-finding Along with new and the need to miniaturize its antenna arrays and their processing equip- innovative antenna onboard electronic signal pro- cessing system (detail inset). ment, let alone large mast-mounted anten- arrays, SwRI engineers also nas that give away their location, have develop advanced DF processing limited their suitability for battlefield de- architectures and software that run on to distribute groups of linear DF antenna ployment, relegating them instead to rear field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) sub-arrays around the vehicle’s body, areas or airborne or shipborne stations, in low size, weight, and power (SWaP) each consisting of miniature low-profile or in some cases, behind the frontlines as configurations. Together, these advanced directional antenna elements. The arrays strategic assets. technologies are helping bring direction face outward, away from vehicle clutter. A team of engineers from the Tacti- finding systems to the frontlines. Any remaining effects from the vehicle cal Products Department of the Signal can be remedied through calibration. A Exploitation and Geolocation Division at Vehicle-mounted, low-profile antenna new version of SwRI’s beam-steer vector Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), using sub-arrays match (BSVM) DF algorithm was devel- internal research funding, is designing oped specifically for distributed arrays, and developing novel direction finding Adding traditional direction finding removing the effects of inter-array spac- antenna arrays to help alleviate this prob- equipment onto military vehicles, such as ing from the DF solution. lem. Significant electromagnetic numerical the high-mobility multipurpose wheeled The AVM-375 DF antenna set com- modeling is employed in this effort using vehicle (HMMWV, or Humvee®), requires prises four sub-arrays, each containing CAD software. Two such products recently an antenna array on a mast that extends three antenna elements per band, linear- developed are the AVM-375 DF Antenna significantly above the vehicle to get it ly aligned behind a conductive backplate. Set and the AP-460 DF “Tent” antenna. The away from external clutter located on the The backplate, in addition to serving as AVM-375 consists of up to four low-profile vehicle’s roof. For the Humvee, one such the mounting mechanism, provides an DF sub-arrays that are distributed around clutter agent is a rotating turret which, electromagnetically reflective surface to the body of military vehicles, providing because of its rotating nature, cannot be shield the array from scattering effects “on-the-move” DF capability with low removed through calibration. Elevating the coming behind the array and also to give visible signature. The AP-460 is a patented antenna severely limits vehicle mobility and the individual antenna elements more human-transportable direction-finding also reveals its mission. SwRI’s solution was directivity facing out from the backplate.

Technology Today • Spring 2014 7 Portions of an SwRI-designed AVM- 375 antenna system’s sub-arrays are shown with their protective radomes removed, and as mounted on a vehi- cle, beneath light tan-colored radomes that are visible here ahead of the front door and at the right-rear corner.

is needed for installation of a given platform type, as long as the sub-arrays are installed the same way. Vehicle heading information was provided during the demonstration by a dual GPS antenna array mounted on the hood. The demonstration involved driv- ing around the SwRI antenna field site while collecting DF data on a number of fixed and hand-held transmitters at the site. DF lines of bearing were collected in both a DF mapping mode and a data logging mode. For the DF mapping mode, The sub-arrays—with one facing front, antennas. The reference discone antenna lines of bearing were continuously dis- rear and two broadside—work together and the wireless modem antenna were played on a satellite map of the SwRI field to provide 360-degree coverage. Two mounted on posts on the rear of the site, emanating from the location of the different antenna element types are Humvee. The dual GPS antennas were vehicle as it was driven. For the data log- used: balanced-shielded loop antenna mounted to the hood. ging mode, continuous calculated lines elements to cover VHF frequencies and A miniaturized processor using SwRI- of bearing and actual direction of arrival tapered-slot antenna (TSA) elements developed DF architecture and software (calculated from knowing the latitude for UHF. Each sub-array design was was installed in the vehicle’s cab and a and longitude of both the transmitter and 30 inches long by 7.5 inches tall by 3.5 laptop computer provided visual display the Humvee) were logged to a data file inches deep for this platform. of reported lines of bearing. The DF for post-processing, from which DF error The novel approach was proven processor operated from battery power, was obtained. Additional DF tests were through a government-sponsored dem- but could also be powered through the performed on over-the-air signals and onstration on a Humvee. Because of vehicle's own power distribution. The RF while rotating the vehicle’s turret. Finally, specific mission constraints, the front- cables from the antenna arrays connect- “fox hunts” were performed, where the and rear- facing arrays had to be moved ed directly to the processor. vehicle crew would search for a hand- to the sides of the vehicle for this Engineers calibrated the system by held transmitter at an unknown location. installation. Two of the sub-arrays were turning the vehicle around in circles Stationary DF testing prior to the custom-designed to fit behind the front while collecting calibration data at specif- demonstration, with the vehicle sitting fenders. The remaining two sub-arrays ic frequencies. Only a single calibration on a rotator, yielded an overall RMS DF were moved closer to the rear of the vehicle but faced broadside. Although not ideal, 360-degree coverage was still provided. The sub-arrays were mounted using existing bolt holes wherever possible to facilitate ease of installa- tion. Cables were routed underneath the fender skirts and into the vehicle’s interior through existing holes in the body. Other installations on the vehicle included a reference discone antenna (so named because it comprises disc- shaped and cone-shaped elements), a wireless modem antenna and dual GPS

This visual display from the graphical user interface of the field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based DF processor on the Humvee shows the DF spectrogram after rotating the vehicle's turret 360 degrees in azimuth.

8 Technology Today • Spring 2014 An SwRI-designed AP-460 “tent” antenna is shown alongside the numerical model used for analyzing its performance. Antenna elements embedded in the “tent” lining are evident.

Advances in FPGA processing technology

Through SwRI‘s internally funded research program, a joint software/firmware “system on a chip” (SOC) processing architecture has been developed that uses field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) in a low size, weight and power (SWaP) configuration. FPGAs are integrated circuits that can be configured flat-spring steel outer frame around each after manufacture. The low SWaP is a key face. The top and bottom are open. requirement for deploying the technology The AP-460 DF antenna provides full on small, tactical platforms. Unlike previ- coverage across the VHF/UHF frequency ous designs which suffer from low-speed ranges in three separate but concen- data transfer between the FPGA and the error across frequency of 3.8 degrees. tric antenna arrays fabricated into the processor, SoC technology eliminates For mobile testing, the 68th percentile single pop-up structure. Each antenna this bottleneck and simplifies resource (one standard deviation) of the DF error array covers a different portion of the allocation. Faster FPGA-based digital averaged between 5 and 10 degrees. DF operating frequency range. The lower signal processing capabilities, combined results collected during the demonstra- frequency array covers from 20 MHz to with an expanding array of intellectual tion matched closely with those results. 160 MHz and is made up of four shielded property cores and development tools for loop antennas, one on each face of the FPGAs, enable new system architectures Human-transportable “tent” antenna structure. The loop antennas are made and thus new capabilities on small tactical from flexible RF cable routed through platforms. In addition, portable software The logistics and transportation of DF channels sewn around the outer edge of libraries running on FPGAs have been equipment to the front lines of the battle- each face. Small circuit boards serve as achieved for prosecution of wideband field are rather difficult given its traditional the feed points and electrical gap for the communications signals. large size and extreme weight. In addi- shielded loops. The middle frequency tion, the setup process is painstaking. The array covers from 160 MHz to 650 MHz Direction finding missions SwRI-designed AP-460 DF “tent” antenna and consists of eight bow-tie type anten- is a lightweight, collapsible, human-trans- nas, with two on each face. The bow- These products have applications portable DF antenna specifically designed tie antenna elements are made using not only for the military, but also in law for tactical field applications, where conductive cloth material sewed directly enforcement, border patrol and other the operator requires quick setup and onto each face. The higher-frequency functions. A number of government teardown time (less than 5 minutes). The array covers from 650 MHz to 3 GHz and agencies have expressed interest in these antenna elements and associated cabling consists of eight tapered slot antennas, products. External funding has recently are fully integrated into a cube-shaped with two on each face. The tapered slot been secured for application of the AVM- fabric structure (the “tent”) that collapses antenna elements are made out of circuit 375 onto a helicopter platform. As with the and stows into a soldier’s backpack. An- board material that fits into pockets sewn Humvee, the DF sub-arrays are custom- tenna elements are made from conductive onto the faces. All circuit boards are fitted to the vehicle’s unique mounting fabric and small printed circuit boards. small enough so that the structure can requirements. The total weight is less than 5 pounds. The still collapse. The complete SIGINT/DF sensor for antenna is mounted on a tripod with mast The same processing equipment used mobile platforms, including ground ve- that extends 20 feet above the ground. with the Humvee-mounted antenna can hicles, aircraft, UAVs, and others, is made The tent portion is supported to the mast be used with the tent antenna. Power can possible by these enabling technologies using shock-corded fiberglass poles much be provided through solar-rechargeable from SwRI: novel antenna designs and like those that campers use to support military radio pack batteries. With the advanced signal-processor architecture. their tents. DF processor, the tent antenna produces The tent structure is cube-shaped, exceptional DF line-of-bearing (LOB) ac- Questions about this article? Contact with four outward faces made of polyes- curacy of better than 5 degrees RMS across Patrick Siemsen at (210) 522-2995 or ter mesh material supported by a flexible, the operating frequency range. [email protected].

Technology Today • Spring 2014 9 Balloon in a Box An SwRI-developed concept allows easy transport and autonomous launch of lighter-than-air vehicles

By William D. Perry

ver since the days of observation in the Tactical Aerobotic Launch System on a naval vessel or a mobile ground balloons, rigid airships and Navy (TALS) concept by which LTA systems can vehicle. The self-contained TALS can be blimps, inflating and launching be launched from a self-contained, easily shipped using available military vehicles most lighter-than-air (LTA) systems portable package that provides inflation, and stored, completely integrated and Ehave required a large open space, spe- stabilization, protection and release. TALS ready to go for rapid deployment. cialized equipment and a well-trained can be operated by a small team, or by Deployed LTA systems provide a plat- launch crew. Even for non-rigid airships remote control or autonomous launch on form for a variety of electronic systems and balloons, unpacking and laying out command. The concept is adaptable to used for communication relay, real-time the hull for inflation typically must be balloons, airships and tethered aerostats. surveillance, communications intercept done inside a very large hangar, or out- and other functions. doors under very low wind conditions, TALS applications because the hulls can be several hundred Aerobotic launch concept feet in length and are made from very Tactical military applications for LTA lightweight material. vehicles require deployment under widely The TALS concept uses a single ship- Throughout the lengthy inflation varied conditions, from sites that may be ping container in which the LTA system is and launch process, the hull is at risk of unimproved, and with limited space. Possi- packed along with a supply of lifting gas damage from wind gusts or contact with ble launch sites can include a jungle clear- (helium or hydrogen). The inflation sub- obstacles. Usually, large handling equipequip-- ing, lake or sea surface, beach, a helipad system includes batteries for ment and an experienced power and digital electronics launch team are also needneed-- that control the inflation ed to get the LTA system and launch processes. aloft without damage. The container can be Given a choice, transported by truck most military op- or helicopter to the erators would launch site, where a prefer to de- small team secures ploy their LTA the container to the systems quickly ground, vehicle or from remote, other heavy unimproved sites, using minimum personnel with limited training. The TALS shipping For this reason, a container is packed team of engineers with lifting gas, batteries and launch-control from Southwest ReRe-- electronics as well as the search Institute (SwRI) vehicle itself. undertook an interinter-- nally funded research project that resulted

10 Technology Today • Spring 2014 The Tactical Aerobotic Launch System (TALS) enables a lighter-than-air vehicle to be launched autonomously from a portable, self-contained package, in remote Balloon in a Box and unimproved environments.

structure. Once the container is secured, tive tent that covers the folded LTA sys- Expanding the envelope the LTA system can be launched immedi- tem. Guy lines with automated extension ately or left for autonomous launch at a and tensioning, which are attached to the SwRI has a long history of designing later time using a timer or telecommand. tent, provide stability during the inflation and operating autonomous LTA After launch, the container can be recov- process. The inflation rate and total gas vehicles, such as HiSentinel, a non-rigid, ered and refurbished for reuse. quantity are automatically controlled. electric-powered, autonomous airship At the planned launch time, the The hull rises from the container as it is that was partially inflated with helium on integrated control system determines inflated inside the protective tent, and the ground and launched like a balloon. whether the wind velocity and direction when a predetermined amount of lifting It assumed its aerodynamic shape as the are acceptable. If so, the inflation and gas has been injected, gas flow ceases helium expanded with increasing altitude launch process begins with the top of the and the top of the tent opens, allowing and decreasing atmospheric pressure. By container opening to expose the protec- the LTA vehicle to escape and ascend. the time HiSentinel reached its operating altitude around 65,000 feet, the expanded helium had pressurized the gas envelope enough to provide rigid- ity and structural strength. TALS builds on that experience by addressing additional, non-flight issues such as storage, transport, inflation and launch logistics. TALS, an SwRI disruptive tech- nology internal research project, was conducted in two phases. After first successfully com- pleting the feasibility study and a full-scale TALS preliminary design, funding was provided for the

William Perry is an Institute Engineer in the Space Systems Directorate of the Space Science and Engineering Division. He manages the Institute’s lighter-than-air section, which designs and tests advanced lighter-than-air vehicles for military and science applications.

DM019527_2325

Technology Today • Spring 2014 11 In this artist’s rendition, a truck-transported container serves as the inflation and launch platform for a TALS application in an In Phase II, the TALS feasibility dem- changes and refinements that were austere environment. onstrator was fabricated and integrated. needed before the system would be It is fully automated, with all of the basic ready for demonstration. design, construction and testing of a functions of a full-size model, except The TALS team spent another year functional, one-third scale TALS to dem- an external supply of helium is used to modifying, refining and testing the TALS onstrate rapid automated launch of large minimize cost. The TALS demonstrator hardware and software in preparation LTA systems from remote, unimproved launches a one-third scale model of a for an on-site demonstration. Laboratory sites using only a small team, in windier HiSentinel-80 airship. The scale airship’s tests under ideal conditions, along with conditions than conventional launch volume and mass are approximately 4.3 field tests over a range of wind condi- methods allow. percent of those of the full-scale airship. tions, resulted in many changes that In Phase I, SwRI engineers estab- The team fabricated and assembled the mproved reliability and performance. The lished the performance requirements TALS demonstrator that included the con- laboratory tests included more than 20 for a tactical launch system, sized for a tainer, stabilization system, inflation sys- inflation and release cycles using air for HiSentinel 80 airship, which is 200 feet tem and launch release. Raven Aerostar safety. These tests verified the inflation long and weighs about 1,100 pounds. The fabricated the tent and one-third scale and release sequence but could not test SwRI team determined the optimal size, airship test hulls to the SwRI designs. A the loads produced by the lift of the shape and mass of the launch container custom trailer for transporting the TALS helium gas and effects of wind and mois- and completed a preliminary design that demonstrator and its helium supply to ture. Only field testing using helium for included packing, power, control, com- the field for testing was also assembled. lift and under real weather conditions munications, tent and lifting gas systems could verify the TALS performance. for launching a full-scale airship. Total Testing the TALS demonstrator The team completed eight fully weight of the full-scale TALS container automated field launches under a range and its contents was less than 6,000 In preparation for field testing, the of wind and moisture conditions. Pre- pounds. At 9 feet tall, 8 feet wide and 14.6 SwRI team evaluated each subsystem launch setup times averaged five minutes feet long, the container would be eas- independently before integration. They once the launch container was placed in ily transportable by aircraft, helicopter, next performed extensive functional test- position. Inflating and launching the test truck or ship. Based on the results of the ing of the completed demonstrator in the airship took fewer than 10 minutes. Based feasibility study, the team next designed laboratory under controlled conditions. on these results, a full-scale airship would a maller, one-third scale TALS to serve as The team performed two field tests under take about 20 minutes to set up, inflate a feasibility demonstrator. light wind conditions, resulting in a list of and launch, making the entire process

12 Technology Today • Spring 2014 The TALS package comprises the airship, protected within a launch tent, along with all equipment required to launch it.

a 20-knot (23 mph) design Conclusion limit, which the team hopes to verify during future field tests. The SwRI LTA team’s design and Meanwhile, testing revealed successful demonstration of its TALS that the launch process and system proved the feasibility of a fully all of the TALS elements were automated launch system concept that working well. is applicable to balloons, airships and aerostats. The self-contained TALS can Balloon in a box launch LTA vehicles, directly from the container, under local or remote con- As a final step, the SwRI trol, in less than 30 minutes, in winds as team would need to demon- high as 12 knots, without problems. strate the concept for repre- sentatives of the military. The Questions about this article? team made plans for a live, on- Contact Perry at (210) 522-2747 or site demonstration of the 1/3 [email protected]. scale TALS for representatives from the Department of De- fense (DoD) encompassing the Acknowledgments U.S. Army Space and Missile The author thanks U.S. Army Space and Defense Command, Defense Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Advanced Research Projects Strategic Command and the SwRI internal research program for continued funding Agency and the Office of the and technical support for the HiSentinel Secretary of Defense. When platform. Additional thanks go to Raven a budget-related government Aerostar for providing the tent and test air- well within the target of less than shutdown prevented travel to the planned dem- ship hulls for the TALS system. The author one-half hour. onstration, the SwRI team conducted the TALS acknowledges the significant contributions The TALS stabilization line demonstration and sent a video of the successful of Senior Program Manager Steve Smith, system demonstrated that it could automated launch demonstration to the DoD Senior Research Engineer David Lopez, control the tent and keep it verti- representatives. Based on the promising results Senior Engineering Technologist Thomas Wilson, Senior Research Engineer James cal during the inflation process. of the scale-model proof-of-concept demonstra- Noll and Principal Engineer Michael L. No sailing or flagging of the tent tion, they have requested a full-scale TALS be Fortenberry, of SwRI’s Space Science and occurred, even with winds up to included as an integral part of the next genera- Engineering Division, to this research. 12 knots (14 mph). The system has tion HiSentinel Airship program.

The airship is stabilized during the critical initial inflation phase using tether lines that are adjusted using battery-powered tensioning winches (inset).

Technology Today • Spring 2014 13 Rosetta: Long Journey to a Small Place After 10-year voyage, the spacecraft will rendezvous with a comet in 2014

By Ray Goldstein, Ph.D.

n terms of time and distance, it’s been among the longest space voyages. After 10 years and no fewer than four gravity-assist swings past Earth (3) and Mars (1), the European Space Agency’s IRosetta spacecraft will pull into a gentle rendezvous orbit around Comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko (C-G for short) sometime in August 2014. At the end of January 2014, the comet-chasing spacecraft was awakened from a two-and-a-half-year hibernation and set on its final approach toward rendezvous, even as C-G itself begins its closest approach toward the Sun, reaching perihelion on August 13, 2015 at 1.24 AU from the Sun (1 AU = the distance between Earth and the Sun). Comet CG is one of the smallest destinations ever for a spacecraft mission. At just 3 kilometers wide and 5 kilometers long, its gravity is so weak that when Rosetta dispatches a lander named Philae to the comet’s surface in November 2014, the lander will fire a harpoon into the comet to act as an anchor so its spring-cushioned legs won’t rebound it into space. During Rosetta’s rendezvous mission, its instru- ment payload will gather data to investigate scientific questions such as how and when the comet’s nucleus will become active, what properties the nucleus pos- sesses, what makes up the neutral gas and plasma

that form its coma or “tail,” how the comet interacts Courtesy ESA- C. Carreau/ATG medialab

14 Technology Today • Spring 2014 with the solar wind, and what comprises Rosetta’s instruments and what its cometary dust. they do

The why and what of studying comets Rosetta and the Philae lander will approach Comet C-G Scientists believe that comets were with an onboard suite of instru- born in the outer reaches of the Solar ments specializing in unlocking System, more than 4 billion years ago the interactions of the comet when the planets were forming. Far away and the plasma environment as Rosetta: from the Sun, they formed out of icy it reaches its nearest approach to material as well as rocky matter, which the Sun. The spacecraft is pow- turned them into the “dirty snowballs” ered by two solar panels with (or perhaps “icy dirtballs”) of space. As a combined area of 64 square the most primitive objects in the Solar meters, stretching out 32 meters System, comets are believed by many sci- tip-to-tip. entists to have kept a record of the physi- Among Rosetta’s 11 science cal and chemical processes that occurred instruments are two contributed during the early stages of the evolution by Southwest Research Institute. D019527_1835 of the Sun and Solar System. Cometary SwRI space scientists are princi- material, therefore, represents the closest pal investigators for the Ion and we can get to the conditions that Electron Spectrometer (IES) as occurred when the Solar System was well as ALICE, its ultraviolet imaging spec- Dr. Raymond Goldstein, a staff scientist in the Space Science and Engineering Division, has born. Like the original Rosetta Stone, trograph. Other instruments include the an extensive background in the design, test- which allowed 19th-century archeologists Comet Nucleus Sounding, secondary ion ing and data analysis of laboratory as well as to translate ancient Egyptian hieroglyph- mass analyzer, grain impact analyzer and space instrumentation. He led the preliminary ics for the first time, the Rosetta space- dust accumulator, a micro-imaging analysis design of an ion mass spectrometer that craft’s instrument suite will help 21st- system, microwave instrument, imaging flew by comet Halley on the European Giotto century scientists better understand the system, and visible and infrared mapping spacecraft and has been co-investigator for composition and processes that existed spectrometer. instruments aboard NASA and European Space Agency missions, including DS-1, at the Solar System’s formation. The Philae lander carries 10 addi- Rosetta and Bepi Columbo. While planets orbit the Sun in rough- tional instruments, which include an ly circular fashion, comets’ orbits are alpha proton X-ray spectrometer, an notably eccentric, taking an elliptical path evolved gas analyzer, a magnetometer with predictions from theoretical models. that can alternate between the dark and and a plasma monitor, a sample and dis- Disagreement means corrections to the cold of the Solar System’s edge and the tribution device, a surface electric sound- models will be in order. Sun’s burning heat. For example, Comet ing and acoustic monitoring experiment, The ALICE instrument from SwRI, C-G’s 6.45-Earth-year orbit varies from and a cometary sampling and composi- whose principal investigator is SwRI 1.24 AU to 5.68 AU. tion experiment. Associate Vice President Dr. Alan Stern, is When a comet approaches the Sun, SwRI’s Ion and Electron Sensor (IES), an ultra-violet (UV) imaging spectrometer, the fuzzy, tailed star-like body that we see a member of the Rosetta Plasma Consor- measuring the intensity of UV light emit- in the night sky is the product of a com- tium (RPC) consisting of five particles and ted by or reflected from the nucleus or bination of physical and electromagnetic fields instruments, measures the flux of coma as a function of wavelength. These phenomena. The nucleus of a comet – electrons and ions as functions of energy measurements will help determine the the dirty snowball part – consists of not and direction. Its principal investigator properties of the nucleus surface and dust only ice and rock, but an exterior dust is Dr. Jim Burch, vice president of SwRI's grains, plus the composition and details coating, or mantle. As it speeds toward Space Science and Engineering Division. of the chemical reactions in the emitted the Sun, the comet plows directly into Along with other members of the RPC, it gases. As in the case of IES, ALICE will also the solar wind, a stream of electrically will investigate the solar wind’s interac- follow the evolution of these characteris- charged particles, or plasma dragging tion with the comet nucleus and atmo- tics of the comet as it moves along its orbit along a magnetic field, flowing outward sphere (i.e. coma), and the processes around the sun. Some of the processes from the Sun at a million miles an hour. that govern the composition, structure, that occur at a comet that both IES and A thick plasma bow-shock wave forms in and dynamics of the atmosphere. An ALICE will be studying also are known to front of the comet’s nucleus. Meanwhile, important aspect of the measurements occur throughout the universe. ultraviolet solar radiation begins heating is observing the evolution of the density Rosetta is a project of the European the ice in the nucleus as the comet nears and structures in the coma as C-G moves Space Agency (ESA) with contributions the Sun, causing outgassing and ionizing closer to the Sun. This has never been from several individual European coun- water vapor, forming the “coma” and tail done before. Ground-based observations tries as well as NASA. structure that we see and think of as a of comets give only the overall appear- comet. Dust particles become electrically ance and composition and large-scale Questions about this article? Contact charged and levitate off the comet’s sur- structure of the coma. Results of the Goldstein at (210) 522-6223 or face, contributing to the “tail.” measurements can then be compared [email protected].

Technology Today • Spring 2014 15 TECHNICS New research finds “geologic clock” that Brief notes about the entists previously demonstrated that the helps determine Moon’s age world of science and abundance in the Earth’s mantle of highly technology at Southwest siderophile elements, which are atomic An international team of planetary elements that prefer to be chemically scientists including researchers from Research Institute associated with iron, is directly propor- Southwest Research Institute deter- tional to the mass accreted by the Earth mined that the Moon formed nearly 100 after the Moon-forming impact. million years after the start of the solar system, according to a From these geochemical measurements, the newly es- paper published April 3 in Nature. This conclusion is based on tablished clock dates the Moon to 95 ±32 million years after measurements from the interior of the Earth combined with the beginning of the solar system. This estimate for the Moon computer simulations of the protoplanetary disk from which formation agrees with some interpretations of radioactive the Earth and other terrestrial planets formed. dating measurements, but not others. Because the new dat- The team of researchers ing method is an independent and direct from France, Germany and measurement of the age of the Moon, it the United States simulated helps to guide which radioactive dating the growth of the terres- measurements are the most useful for trial planets (Mercury, Venus, this longstanding problem. Earth and Mars) from a disk “This result is exciting because in of thousands of planetary the same simulations that can success- building blocks orbiting the fully form Mars in only 2 to 5 million Sun. The scientists discovered years, we can also form the Moon at 100 a relationship between the million years. These vastly different time the Earth was impacted timescales have been very hard to cap- by a Mars-sized object to cre- ture in simulations,” said author Dr. Kev- ate the Moon and the amount in Walsh, a research scientist in SwRI’s of material added to the Earth Space Science and Engineering Division. after that impact. This research was funded by the Augmenting the com- European Research Council, as well as puter simulation with details NASA’s Astrobiology Virtual Planetary on the mass of material added Laboratory, Planetary Geology and Geo- to the Earth by accretion after physics, Lunar Science Institute and the formation of the Moon Solar System Exploration Research Vir- revealed a relationship that tual Institute programs. works much like a clock to The paper, “Highly Siderophile ele- date the Moon-forming event. This is the first “geologic clock” ments in Earth’s Mantle as a Clock for the Moon-forming in early solar system history that does not rely on measure- Impact,” by Seth Jacobson, Alessandro Morbidelli, Sean Ray- ments and interpretations of the radioactive decay of atomic mond, David O’Brien, Kevin Walsh and David Rubie, was pub- nuclei to determine age. lished in the April 3, 2014, issue of Nature. Published literature provided the estimate for the mass accreted by Earth after the Moon-forming impact. Other sci- Contact Walsh at (303) 546-9670 or [email protected].

New combustion catalyst and aftertreatment developed to treat emissions, and identify al- consortium ternative uses for catalysts that can reduce fuel consumption and harmful emissions,” said Cary Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) is form- Henry, principal engineer in SwRI’s Engine, ing the Advanced Combustion Catalyst and After- Emissions and Vehicle Research Division. treatment Technologies (AC2AT) consortium. The Institute will pursue patents for tech- The four-year joint-industry consortium, nology developed by the AC2AT program, and scheduled to kick off in June 2014, is open to participants will receive a royalty-free license to original equipment manufacturers and affiliated use AC2AT-developed technology. Consortium businesses in the automotive industry and pro- members benefit from the combined funding, vides a collaborative approach to evaluating en- providing substantially more pre-competitive gine emissions and novel catalyst technologies. research than would be possible with funding from a single client. Annual membership is $95,000. As an independent applied R&D laboratory, SwRI has extensive experi- “As future emission regulations are pro- ence managing consortia. The AC2AT consortium will be the eighth automotive posed, it is important for engine and equipment industry-related consortium currently managed by the Institute. For more manufacturers to understand the detailed com- information see ac2at.swri.org. position of emissions from these advanced com- bustion concepts, evaluate what strategies can be Contact Henry at (210) 522-2424 or [email protected].

16 Technology Today • Spring 2014 SwRI launches new automotive consortium focusing on fuels and lubricants “Our research will focus on ways to accel- Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has announced it is erate improvements launching the Advanced Engine Fluids (AEF) consortium to bet- for fuels and lubri- ter understand fuel and lubricant chemistry and its effects on cants to keep up with engine combustion. The AEF will hold its first meeting on July 7, emerging fuel econo- 2014, at Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. my standards,” Briggs Sharing costs through a consortium gives companies said. “SwRI’s decades- access to more research than would be feasible if funded long experience in individually, according to Dr. Thomas Briggs, a manager in the fuel and lubricant Engine Systems Research and Development Section in the testing combined with Engine, Emissions and Vehicle Research Division. Also, mem- our industry-leading bers will receive free licensing for any patents that are pro- research on advanced duced from the consortium’s work. engines gives us Membership in the AEF consortium is $100,000 per year and unique insight into the may be renewed annually. Members receive monthly updates challenges facing modern fuel and lubricant companies.” and meet quarterly. SwRI has managed a number of automotive consortia, “Engine technology is changing so rapidly that it has including two long-running programs: the High-Efficiency, become difficult for fuel and lubricant technologies to keep Dilute Gasoline Engine (HEDGE®) consortium, now in its third up,” said Briggs. “The new technologies being applied to phase, which seeks to improve gasoline engine technology for engines are dramatically changing the demands placed on the heavy-duty applications, and the Clean High-Efficiency Diesel fluids. We are also seeing more and more evidence that the Engine VI consortium, the industry’s longest-running diesel chemical and physical details of the fluids significantly impacts research consortium, which develops efficiency and emissions engine performance.” solutions for future diesel engines. The AEF consortium will research the impact of fuels and lubricants on engine combustion and the requirements needed Contact Briggs at (210) 522-5153, or e-mail at for optimizing future engine technologies. [email protected].

McComas to receive 2014 COSPAR Society and the American Association for Space Science Award the Advancement of Science. He is also a member of the NASA Advisory Council The Committee on Space Research (NAC), for which he chairs the NAC Sci- (COSPAR) has selected Dr. David J. ence Committee. McComas, assistant vice president of McComas holds six patents and has the Space Science and Engineering authored more than 500 refereed scien- Division at Southwest Research Institute tific papers that have been cited approxi- (SwRI), to receive a 2014 COSPAR Space mately 18,000 times, spanning a range of Science Award during the inaugural research topics including coronal, solar ceremony of the 40th COSPAR Scientific wind, heliospheric, magnetospheric, Assembly, August 4, in Moscow. The cometary, planetary and interstellar sci- award recognizes outstanding contribu- ence, as well as numerous space flight tions to space science. instruments and techniques. “I am incredibly honored and COSPAR was established in 1958, humbled to be receiving COSPAR’s just at the start of the space age, by Space Science Award,” McComas said. what is now the International Council “It’s really a tribute not to me, but to for Science. Worldwide membership in all of the great people that I have been of NASA’s Interstellar Boundary Explorer COSPAR has grown to include 43 mem- privileged to work with here at SwRI (IBEX) and Two Wide-angle Imaging ber nations involved in space research. and, before that, at Los Alamos Neutral-atom Spectrometers (TWINS) Over the past three decades there have National Laboratory, and all of my many missions. He also is principal investigator been 25 prior recipients of COSPAR’s other excellent colleagues and collabo- for space science instruments on numer- Space Science Award worldwide, start- rators from around the world.” ous other NASA missions, including two ing with its first recipient — James A. Since joining SwRI in 2000, instruments for the Solar Probe Plus mis- Van Allen in 1984. McComas has helped lead SwRI’s sion, scheduled to launch in 2018. overall space science and engineering McComas is a Fellow of the American Contact McComas at (210) 522-5983 or program. He is principal investigator Geophysical Union, the American Physical [email protected]

Technology Today • Spring 2014 17 TECHNICAL STAFF ACTIVITIES

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Techni- Ehresmann, B., C. Zeitlin, D.M. Hassler, cal Paper, (2013): 01–2517. R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, E. Boehm, S. Publications Boettcher, D.E. Brinza, S. Burmeister, J. Guo, J. Cheng, X.G., V. Poenitzsch, L. Cornell, C. Tsao Koehler, C. Martin, A. Posner, S. Rafkin and G. and T. Potter. “Electrochemical Bioencapsula- Reitz. “Charged Particle Spectra Obtained With Bagenal, F., A. Adriani, F. Allegrini, S.J. Bolton, tion of Nanomaterials into Collagen for Bio- the Mars Science Laboratory Radiation Assess- B. Bonfond, E.J. Bunce, J.E.P. Connerney, S.W.H. medical Applications.” Journal of Encapsulation ment Detector (MSL/RAD) on the Surface of Cowley, R.W. Ebert, G.R. Gladstone, C.J. and Adsorption Science, Vol. 3, (2013): 16–23. Mars.” Journal of Geophysical Research Plan- Hansen, W.S. Kurth, S.M. Levin, B.H. Mauk, D.J. ets, 119 (2014): 468, doi:10.1002/2013JE004547. McComas, C.P. Paranicas, D. Santos-Costas, Cheng, X.G., C. Tsao, J.M. Saul, V. Sylvia, D. R.M. Thorne, P. Valek, J.H. Waite and P. Zarka. Cornet and R.J. Christy. “Comparison of Two Fichtner, H., K. Scherer, F. Effenberger, J. “Magnetospheric Science Objectives of the Nanoparticle Formulations for Localized Deliv- Zönnchen, N. Schwadron and D.J. McComas. Juno Mission.” Space Science Reviews, (2014): ery of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) “The IBEX Ribbon as a Signature of the Inho- doi:10.1007/s11214-014-0036-8. from Aligned Collagen Fibers.” Pharmaceutical mogeneity of the Local Interstellar Medium.” Nanotechnology, Vol. 1, No. 1, (2013): 1–10. Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 561:A74, Blais, M.B. and K. Carpenter. “Flexible Polyure- (2014): doi:10.1051/0004–6361/201322064. thane Foams: A Comparative Measurement Cheng, X.G., C. Tsao, V. Sylvia, D. Cornet, D.P. of Toxic Vapors and Other Toxic Emissions Nicolella, T.L. Bredbenner and R.J. Christy. Fuselier, S.A., F. Allegrini, M. Bzowski, M.A. in Controlled Combustion Environments of “Platelet Derived Growth-factor-releasing Dayeh, M. Desai, H.O. Funsten, A. Galli, D. Foams With and Without Fire Retardants.” Fire Aligned Collagen-nanoparticle Fibers Promote Heirtzler, P. Janzen, M.A. Kubiak, H. Kucharek, Technology, (August 2013): doi:10.1007/s10694- the Proliferation and Tenogenic Differentiation W.S. Lewis, G. Livadiotis, D.J. McComas, E. 013-0354-5. of Adipose-derived Stem Cells.” Acta Biomate- Moebius, S.M. Petrinec, M. Quinn, N. rialia, Vol. 10, No. 3, (2014): 1360–1369. Schwadron, J.M. Sokół, K.J. Trattner, B.E. Wood Boyan, B., D. Hart, R. Enoka, D.P. Nicolella, and P. Wurz. “Low Energy Neutral Atoms from E. Resnick, K. Berkley, K. Sluka, C. Kwoh, L. Clark, A. P-Z., L.A. Cabell and J.A. McDonough. the Heliosheath.” Astrophysical Journal, Vol. Tosi, M. O’Connor, R. Counts and W. Kohrt. 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Resnick. “Address- (2013): 5S–17S. ton, D.C., (April 15–17, 2014). ing the Gaps: Sex Differences in Osteoarthritis of the Knee.” Biology of Sex Differences, Vol. 4, Cox, L., A. Comuzzie, L. Havill, G. Karere, K. Havill, L., M. Allen, J. Harris, S. Levine, H. Coan, No. 1, (2013): Art. No. 4. Spradling, M. Mahaney, P. Nathanielsz, D.P. M. Mahaney and D.P. Nicolella. “Intracorti- Nicolella, R. Shade, S. Voruganti and J. cal Bone Remodeling Variation Shows Strong Bredbenner, T.L., R. Mason, L. Havill, E. Orwoll VandeBerg. “Baboons as a Model to Study Genetic Effects.” Calcified Tissue International, and D.P. Nicolella. “Fracture Risk Predictions Genetics and Epigenetics of Human Disease.” Vol. 93, No. 5, (2013): 472–480. Based on Statistical Shape and Density Model- ILAR Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2, (2013): Art. No. ing of the Proximal Femur.” Journal of Bone ilt038 106–121. He, X., J. McFarland, S. Green and G. Adams. and Mineral Research, (2014): doi:10.1002/ “Enhancement of Internal Corrosion Threat jbmr.2241. Das, K., A. Ghosh, D. Basu and L. Miller. “Soil Guidelines for Nominally Dry Natural Gas Structure and Fluid Interaction Assessment of Pipeline.” Proceedings of the CORROSION Broerman, E.L., R.G. Durke and R. Baldwin. New Modular Reactor: Part 1–Numerical Sim- 2014 Conference, Paper No. 3887, Houston, “Case Study: Intake/Exhaust Silencer Redesign ulation of Fluid Motion Due to Seismic Waves.” NACE International, February 2014. Mitigates Noise.” COMPRESSORtech2, (March SMR2014–3319. Proceedings of the ASME 2014 2014): 77–80. Small Modular Reactors Symposium, Washing- He, X. and J. Mei. “Internal Corrosion Direct ton, D.C., (April 15–17, 2014). Assessment of a Dry Gas Pipeline Segment Broerman, E.L., S.B. Simons and V. Richard. Between Changle and Pengxi in Sichuan, “Effective Noise, Vibration Solution for a PD Desai, M.I., F.A. Allegrini, M. Bzowski, China.” Proceedings of the CORROSION 2014 Pump System.” COMPRESSORtech2, (April M.A. Dayeh, H. Funsten, S.A. Fuselier, J. Conference, Paper No. 3888, Houston, NACE 2014): 34–37. Heerikhuisen, M.A. Kubiak, D.J. McComas, International, February 2014. N.V. Pogorelov, N.A. Schwadron, J.M. Sokol, Carbillido–Gamio, J. and D.P. Nicolella. “Com- G.P. Zank and E.J. Zirnstein. “Energetic Neutral He, X., T. Mintz, R. Pabalan, L. Miller and G. putational Anatomy in the Study of Bone Atoms Measured by the Interstellar Bound- Oberson. “Assessment of Stress Corrosion Structure.” Current Osteoporosis Reports, Vol. ary Explorer (IBEX): Evidence for Multiple Cracking Susceptibility for Austenitic Stainless 11, No. 3, (2013): 237–245. Heliosheath Populations.” The Astrophysical Steels Exposed to Chloride and Non-chloride Journal, Vol. 780:98, (2013): doi:10.1088/0004– Atmospheric Salts.” Nuclear Regulatory Com- Carroll, J.N., C. Caffrey and A.J. 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18 Technology Today • Spring 2014 TECHNICAL STAFF ACTIVITIES

CORROSION 2014 Conference, Paper No. 3885, Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics, (CNTs) and Collagen Macromolecules into Houston, NACE International, February 2014. Vol. 119, (2014): doi:10.1002/2013JA019660. Macroscopic Hybrid Fibers.” Open Journal of Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, He, X., P. Shukla, Y. Pan, L. Caseres, G. Willden, McComas, D.J., W.S. Lewis and N.A. (2013): 7–12. D. Dunn and G. Oberson. “Review and Assess- Schwadron. “IBEX’s Enigmatic Ribbon in ment of Techniques for Monitoring Envi- the Sky and Its Many Possible Sources.” Regnier, S., C.E. Alexander, R.W. Walsh, A.R. ronmental Conditions and Stress Corrosion Reviews of Geophysics, 52, (2014): Winebarger, J. Cirtain, L. Golub, K.E. Korreck, Cracking of Stainless Steel Canisters.” Proceed- doi:10.1002/2013RG000438. N. Mitchell, S. Platt, M. Weber, B. De Pontieu, ings of the CORROSION 2014 Conference, A. Title, K. Kobayashi, S. Kuzin and C.E. Paper No. 3886, Houston, NACE International, McFarland, J.M., B.J. Bichon and D.S. Riha. “A DeForest. “Sparkling Extreme-ultraviolet Bright February 2014. Probabilistic Treatment of Multiple Uncertainty Dots Observed with Hi-C.” The Astrophysical Types: NASA UQ Challenge.” Proceedings of Journal, 784, (2014): 134. Hoag, K.L. and R.B. Dennert. “The Valve Train the 55th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, in Four Stroke Piston Engines.” Encyclopedia of Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Robbins, S.J., I. Antonenko, M.R. Kirchoff, C.R. Automotive Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, National Harbor, Md., January 2014. Chapman, C.I. Fassett, R.R. Herrick, K. Singer, Ltd., Chichester, U.K., (2014). M. Zanetti, C. Lehan, D. Huang and P.L. Gay. McHardy, S., J.A. Bohmann, M.R. Corbett, B. “The Variability of Crater Identification Among Hoag, K.L. and R. Reitz. “Reciprocating Engines: Campos, M.W. Tidwell, P.M. Thompson, C.J. Expert and Community Crater Analysts.” Diesel and Gas.” Encyclopedia of Energy Engi- Bemben, T.A. Menchaca, T.E. Reeves, W.R. Icarus, 234, (2014): 109. neering and Technology, 2nd Edition, Taylor Cantrell, W.E. Bauta, A. Lopez, D.M. Maxwell, and Francis Group, London, (2014). K.M. Brecht, R.E. Sweeney and J. McDonough. Rodriguez Moreno, D.F., P. Wurz, L. Saul, M. “Design, Synthesis, and Characterization Bzowski, M. Kubiak, J. Sokól, P. Frisch, S. Hooper, D.M. and C.L. Dinwiddie. “Debris of Novel, Nonquaternary Reactivators of Fuselier, D.J. McComas, E. Moebius and N. Flows on the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, Alaska: GF-Inhibited Human Acetylcholinesterase.” Schwadron. “Signal Processing for the Mea- Implications for Analogous Processes on Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, surement of the Deuterium/Hydrogen Ratio in Mars.” Icarus, Vol. 230, (2014): 15–28, Online: Vol. 24, No. 7, (2014): 1711–4, doi:10.1016/j. the Local Interstellar Medium.” Entropy, Vol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.07.006. bmcl.2014.02.049. 16, (2014): doi:10.3390/e16021134.

Huebner, W.F. and W.D. Barfield. “Opacity.” Merline, W.J., J.D. Drummond, B. Carry, A. Schwadron, N.A., F.C. Adams, E.R. Christian, P. Springer New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, Conrad, P.M. Tamblyn, C. Dumas, M. Desiati, P. Frisch, H.O. Funsten, J.R. Jokipii, D.J. London, Astrophysics and Space Science Kaasalainen, A. Erikson, S. Mottola, J. Durech, McComas, E. Moebius and G.P. Zank. “Global Library 402. (2014): doi:10.1007/978–1–4614– G. Rousseau, R. Behrend, G.B. Casalnuovo, B. Anisotropies in TeV Cosmic Rays Related to 8797–5. Chinaglia, J.C. Christou, C.R. Chapman and C. the Sun’s Local Galactic Environment from Neyman. “The Resolved Asteroid Program – IBEX.” Science, Vol. 343, (2014): doi:10.1126/sci- Lu, B.T. “Crack Growth Model for Pipeline Size, Shape, and Pole of (52) Europa.” Icarus, ence.1245026. Steels Exposed to Near-neutral pH Ground- 225, (2013): 794. water.” Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Schwadron, N.A., M.L. Goelzer, C.W. Smith, Materials and Structures, Vol. 36, No. 7, (2013): Merline, W.J., P.M. Tamblyn, B.D. Warner, P. J.C. Kasper, K. Korreck, R.J. Leamon, S.T. 660–669. Pravec, J.P. Tamblyn, C. Neyman, A.R. Conrad, Lepri, B.A. Maruca, D.J. McComas and M.L. W.M. Owen, B. Carry, J.D. Drummond, C.R. Stevens. “Coronal Electron Temperature in Lu, B.T. “Erosion Corrosion in Oil and Gas Pro- Chapman, B.L. Enke, W.M. Grundy, C. Veillet, the Protracted Solar Minimum, the Cycle 24 duction (Part 1).” Chemical Engineering of Oil S.B. Porter, C. Arcidiacono, J.C. Christou, D.D. Mini Maximum, and Over Centuries.” Jour- and Gas Production, Vol. 42, No. 1, (2013): 1–10. Durda, A.W. Harris, H.A. Weaver, C. Dumas, D. nal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 119, (2013): Terrell and P. Maley. “Discovery of S/2012 (2577) doi:10.1002/2013JA019397. Lu, B.T. “Erosion Corrosion in Oil and Gas Pro- 1.” IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Tele- duction (Part 2).” Chemical Engineering of Oil gram, 9267, (2013): 1. Simon, J.B. and P.J. Armitage. “Efficiency of and Gas Production, Vol. 43, No. 1, (2013): 1–11. Particle Trapping in the Outer Regions of Pro- Nelson, R.H., D. Terrell and E.F. Milone. “A toplanetary Disks.” The Astrophysical Journal, Lu, B.T. and J.L. Luo. “Effects of Plastic Defor- Critical Review of Period Analyses and Implica- Vol. 784, (2014): 15. mation and Carbon Dioxide on Corrosion of tions for Mass Exchange in W UMa Eclipsing Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Groundwa- Binaries: Paper 1.” New Astronomy Reviews, 59, Sobotka, J.C. and R.H. Dodds. “Extension of ter.” Journal of Materials Engineering and (2014): 1. Generalized Plasticity Model for Thermocyclic Performance, Vol. 22, (2013): 1430–1435. Loading.” Journal of Engineering Materials and Olkin, C.B., L.A. Young, D. Borncamp, A. Technology, Vol. 136, No. 1, (2014): 0110003–1– Lu, B.T., J.L. Luo and Y.C. Lu. “Effects of pH on Pickles, B. Sicardy, M. Assafin, F.B. Bianco, 011003–8, doi:10.1115/1.4025758. Lead-induced Passivity Degradation of Nuclear M.W. Buie, A. Dias de Oliveira, M. Gillon, Steam Generator Tubing Alloy in High Tem- R.G. French, A. Ramos Gomes Jr., E. Jehinf, Stern, A. and D.P. Nicolella. “Measurement and perature Crevice Chemistries.” Electrochimica N. Morales, C. Opitom, J.L. Ortiz, A. Maury, Estimation of Osteocyte Mechanical Strain.” Acta, Vol. 87, (2013): 824–838. M. Norbury, F. Braga–Ribas, R. Smith, Bone, Vol. 54, No. 2, (2013): 191–195. L.H. Wasserman, E.F. Young, M. Zacharias and Macrini, T., H. Coan, S. Levine, T. Lerma, C. N. Zacharias. “Evidence that Pluto’s Terrell, D. “APASS Colors for 112 Short-Period Saks, D. Araujo, T.L. Bredbenner, R. Coutts, Atmosphere Does Not Collapse from W UMa Binary Candidates.” Information Bul- D.P. Nicolella and L. Havill. “Reproductive Sta- Occultations Including the 2013 May 04 Event.” letin on Variable Stars, 6101, 1, (2014). tus and Sex Show Strong Effects on Knee OA Icarus, in press (2014): Online: http://dx.doi. in a Baboon Model.” Osteoarthritis and Carti- org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.026. Terrell, D. and R.H. Nelson. “The Double lage, Vol. 21, No. 6, (2013): 839–848. Contact Nature of TT Herculis.” The Astro- Poenitzsch, V., T.L. Bredbenner, P.J. Hornsby, physical Journal, 783, (2014): doi:10.1088/0004- McComas, D.J., F. Bagenal and R.W. Ebert. L. Cornell and X.G. Cheng. “Electrochemically 637X/783/1/35. “Bimodal Size of Jupiter’s Magnetosphere.” Directed Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes

Technology Today • Spring 2014 19 TECHNICAL STAFF ACTIVITIES

Valek, P.W., J. Goldstein, D.J. McComas, Francisco, December 2013, and at the Lunar Carroll, J.N., A.J. Peterson and C. Caffrey. “Fuel M.-C. Fok and D.G. Mitchell. “Large Mag- Planetary Science XLV Meeting, The Wood- Effects Study with Small (< 19kW) Spark-ignited netic Storms as Viewed by TWINS: A Study lands, Texas, March 2014. Off-road Equipment Engines.” Paper presented of the Differences in the Medium Energy at the SAE/KSAE 2013 Powertrain, Fuels and ENA Composition.” Journal of Geophysi- Brun, K., W. Foiles, T. Grimley and R. Kurz. Lubricants Meeting, Seoul, Korea, October 2013. cal Research Space Physics, Vol. 119, (2014): “Experimental Evaluation of the Effective- doi:10.1002/2014JA019782. ness of Online Water Washing in Gas Turbine Cheng, X.G. “Novel Magnetic Calcium Phos- Compressors.” Paper presented at the 42nd phate (MCaP) Nanoparticles (NPs) for Biomedi- Wilkes, J.C., J.J. Moore, D.L. Ransom and Turbomachinery Symposium, Houston, Sep- cal Applications.” Invited seminar presented G. Vannini. “An Improved Catcher Bearing tember 2013. at San Antonio Nanotechnology Forum, San Model and an Explanation of the Forward Antonio, December 2013. Whirl/Whip Phenomenon Observed in Brun, K., R. Kurz and J. Thorp. “Inlet Fogging Active Magnetic Bearing Transient Drop and Overspray Impact on Industrial Gas Tur- Cheng, X.G. and R. J. Christy. “The Key Role Experiments.” ASME Journal of Engineer- bine Life and Performance.” Paper presented of the Topography of a Biomaterial and the ing for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 136, at the 20th Symposium of the Industrial Appli- Release of a Growth Factor on Differentiation No. 1, (April 2014): 42504–1–42504–11, cation of Gas Turbines Committee, Banff, of Adipose-derived Stem Cells.” Paper pre- doi:10.1115/1.4025890. Canada, October 2013. sented at San Antonio Conference on Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, San Zhu, R.K., B.T. Lu, J.L. Luo and Y.C. Lu. “Effect Brun, K., M. Nored and R. Kurz. “Impact of Pip- Antonio, February 2014. of Cold Work on Surface Reactivity and ing Impedance and Acoustic Characteristics on Nano-hardness of Alloy 800 in Corroding Centrifugal Compressor Surge and Operating Cheng, X.G., D.P. Nicolella, T.L. Bredbenner Environments.” Applied Surface Science, Vol. Range.” Paper presented at the 2013 Turboma- and Q. Ni. “A New Generation of Bone Cement 270, (2013): 755–762. chinery and Pump Symposia, Houston, Sep- Prepared by a Magnetic Field-triggered Polym- tember 2013. erization Process.” Poster presented at 2014 Zirnstein, E.J., J. Heerikhuisen, G.P. Zank, Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS) Confer- N.V. Pogorelov, D.J. McComas and M.I. Brun, K., K. Wygant and J.C. Wilkes. “Tutorial: ence, New Orleans, March 2014. Desai. “Charge-exchange Coupling Between Centrifugal Compressor.” Paper presented at Pickup Ions Across the Heliopause and its the 2014 Gas Electric Partnership Conference, Cheng, X.G., G.M. Zhong, J. McDonough and Effect on Energetic Neutral Hydrogen Flux.” Houston, February 2014. M. MacNaughton. “Synthesis of Novel Par- Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 783:129, (2014): ticulate Adjuvants for Vaccine and Preliminary doi:10.1088/0004–637X/783/2/129. Buzulukova, N., M.-C. Fok, A. Glocer, D.G. Evaluation.” Invited talk at the 2013 San Antonio Sibeck, D.J. McComas and P.W. Valek. “Extract- Vaccine Development Symposium, ing Global Precipitation Pattern from Global San Antonio, November 2013. Modeling with Two-way Coupled BATSRUS- Presentations CRCM-RBE.” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Chirathadam, T.A. “Design Guidelines for the Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. Reliability of Buried Gas Transmission Pipe- lines.” Paper presented at the 2014 Gas Proces- Allegrini, F., R. DeMajistre, H.O. Funsten, Bzowski, M., M.A. Kubiak, J.M. Sokol, E. sors Association Convention, Dallas, April 2014. P.H. Janzen, D.J. McComas, D.B. Reisenfeld Moebius, T. Leonard, H. Kucharek, D.J. and N. Schwadron. “Interstellar Boundary McComas and G. Livadiotis. “New Population Christian, E.R., H.O. Funsten, D.J. McComas Explorer (IBEX)–Hi Observations of Heavier of Neutral Helium in the Heliosphere Discov- and N. Schwadron. “Motions in the Ribbon of Than Hydrogen Energetic Neutral Atoms.” ered by IBEX.” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 ENAs Observed by the Interstellar Boundary Paper presented at the American Geophysical Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. Explorer (IBEX).” Paper presented at the AGU Union (AGU) 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December December 2013. Bzowski, M., E. Moebius, S. Fuselier, D. Heirtzler, 2013. M.A. Kubiak, H. Kucharek, M.A. Lee, D.J. Amann, M. “Engine Parameter Optimization McComas, J. Park, N. Schwadron, J.M. Sokol and Conrad, A.R., W.J. Merline, A. La Camera, P. for Improved Engine and Drive Cycle Effi- P. Wurz. “Interstellar Neutral Gas Flow Measure- Boccacci, M. Bertero, B. Carry, J. Drummond ciency for Boosted, GDI Engines with ments with the Interstellar Boundary Explorer and J.C. Christou. “Detecting Asteroid Satel- Different Boosting System Architecture.” (IBEX) – Implications on Heliospheric Boundary lites with Fizeau Interferometry.” Paper pre- Paper presented at the 2014 Society of Auto- Diagnostic.” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 sented at the 3rd Workshop on Binaries in the motive Engineers (SAE) World Congress, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. Solar System, the Big Island, Hawaii, June 2013. Detroit, April 2014. Cardinal, J.W., R.C. McClung, Y.D. Lee, Y. Guo Czechowski, A., J. Grygorczuk. R.E. Ratkiewicz Bessee, G. “Energy Institute (EI) Multi-product and J. Beek. “Recent Developments and Chal- and D.J. McComas. “Strong Interstellar Field: Pipeline Protocol and Water Mapping Exam- lenges Implementing New and Improved Structure of the Heliosphere and Production ple.” Presented at the Aviation Fuels Confer- Stress Intensity for Factor (K) Solutions in of the Energetic Neutral Atoms.” Paper pre- ence, London, March 2014. NASGRO for Damage Tolerance Analyses.” sented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Fran- Paper presented at the Aircraft Airworthiness cisco, December 2013. Bichon, B.J. “Bayesian Process Control for and Sustainment Conference, Baltimore, Composite Bonding in DARPA TRUST.” Paper April 2014. Dannemann, K.A., F.S. Campbell, A.J. Carpen- presented at the Defense Manufacturing Con- ter, T.T. Kirchdoerfer, R.P. Bigger, I.S. Chocron, ference, Orlando, Fla., December 2013. Carroll, J.N., C. Caffrey and A. J. Peterson. J.D. Walker, U. Heisserer and H. van der Werff. “Fuel Effects Study with In-use Two-stroke “In-situ Testing for Monitoring Damage Devel- Bramson, A.M., S. Byrne, N.E. Putzig, J.J. Plaut, Motorcycles and All-terrain Vehicles.” Paper opment in a Single-ply Composite Material.” S. Mattson and J.W. Holt. “Thick Subsurface presented at the SAE/KSAE 2013 Powertrain, Paper presented at the Minerals, Metals and Water Ice in Arcadia Planitia, Mars.” Paper Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Seoul, Korea, Materials Society 2014 143rd Annual Meeting presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San October 2013. and Exhibition, San Diego, Calif., February 2014.

20 Technology Today • Spring 2014 TECHNICAL STAFF ACTIVITIES

Dante, J.F. and E.N. Macha. “Effectiveness of down Test.” Paper presented at the 166th Meet- Funsten, H.O., R. DeMajistre, P.C. Frisch, J. Inhibitors on Aluminum and Aluminum/Steel ing of the Acoustical Society of America, San Heerikhuisen, D.M. Higdon, P.H. Janzen, B. Couples as a Function of Relative Humidity.” Francisco, December 2013. Larsen, G. Livadiotis, D.J. McComas, E. Moebius, Paper presented at the Corrosion Conference S. Reese, D.B. Reisenfeld, N. Schwadron and E.J. 2014, San Antonio, March 2014. Feng, M., S. Cooks and Z. Feng. “Treatment of Zirnstein. “Mirror Symmetry of the IBEX Ribbon Flowback Water from Hydraulic Fracturing with of Enhanced Neutral Atom (ENA) Flux.” Paper Das, K., A. Ghosh, D. Basu and L. Miller. “Soil Biochar.” Paper presented at the 2014 AIChE presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Structure and Fluid Interaction Assessment of Spring Meeting, New Orleans, April 2014. Francisco, December 2013. New Modular Reactor: Part 1–Numerical Sim- ulation of Fluid Motion Due to Seismic Waves.” Feng, M., C. K. Tan and D. Daruwalla. “Lignin George, D.L. “CNG Sampling.” Paper presented Paper presented at the ASME 2014 Small Mod- Depolymerization in Ionic Liquids with the at the 2014 Natural Gas Sampling Technology ular Reactors Symposium, Washington, D.C., Presence of Hydrogen Transfer Agents.” Paper Conference, New Orleans, January 2014. April 2014. presented at the 2014 AIChE Spring Meeting, New Orleans, April 2014. Ghosh, A., K. Das, D. Basu and L. Miller. “Soil Dayeh, M.A., R. DeMajistre, S. Fuselier, P.H. Structure and Fluid Interaction Assessment of a Janzen, D.J. McComas, D.G. Mitchell, K. Feng, M. and R. Zhan. “Oxygenated Compounds Small Modular Reactor Numerical Study of Soil Ogasawara, S.M. Petrinec, N. Schwadron and as Reducing Agent for NOx Removal in a Selec- Reactor Structure Interaction.” Paper presented K.J. Trattner. “Structure and Location of the tive Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) System.” at the ASME 2014 Small Modular Reactors Sym- Terrestrial Plasma Sheet as Observed by the Paper presented at the 2014 AIChE Spring Meet- posium, Washington, D.C., April 2014. Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX).” Paper ing, New Orleans, March 31–April 3, 2014. presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Goldstein, J., P.W. Valek, D.J. McComas and J.A. Francisco, December 2013. Fichtner, H., K. Scherer, F. Effenberger, J. Redfern. “TWINS Observations of Local Time Zoennchen, N. Schwadron and D.J. McComas. Dependence of Precipitating Ions.” Paper pre- DeForest, C.E., T.A. Howard and W.H. Mat- “The IBEX Ribbon as a Signature of the Inho- sented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Fran- thaeus. “Imaging the Variable Solar Wind.” mogeneity of the Local Interstellar Medium.” cisco, December 2013. Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. San Francisco, December 2013. Hamilton, V.E., A.R. Vasavada and P.R. Christensen. “Coordinated MSL and Mars DeForest, C.E., T.A. Howard and D.J. McComas. Flores, E. and M. Hartmann. “Modeling Labora- Odyssey Observations of Ground Temperature “Imaging Solar Wind Sources at the Inner tory Circulating Fluid Bed Fast Pyrolysis Using in Gale Crater.” Paper presented at the Lunar Edge of the Heliosphere.” Paper presented Representative Compounds for Improved Planetary Science XLV Meeting, The Woodlands, at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Product Quality and Hydrogen Retention.” Texas, March 2014. December 2013. Paper presented at 2014 AICHE Spring Meeting and 10th Global Congress on Process Safety, Hamilton, V.E., A.R. Vasavada, P.R. Christensen, Desai, M.I., F. Allegrini, M. Bzowski, M.A. New Orleans, April 2014. M.A. Mischna and the MSL Science Team. Dayeh, H.O. Funsten, S. Fuselier, M.A.Kubiak, “Coordinated In Situ and Orbital Observations D.J. McComas, N.V. Pogorelov, N. Fox, N.J., S.D. Bale, R.B. Decker, R. Howard, J.C. of Ground Temperature by the Mars Science Schwadron, J.M. Sokol, G.P. Zank and E.J. Kasper, D.J. McComas, A. Szabo and M.M. Velli. Laboratory Ground Temperature Sensor and Zirnstein. “Energetic Neutral Atoms Measured “Solar Probe Plus: A NASA Mission to Touch Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System: by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX): the Sun.” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Implications for Thermal Modeling of the Mar- Evidence for Multiple Heliosheath Ion Popula- Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. tian Surface.” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 tions.” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. Frahm, R.A., H.A. Elliott, J.D. Winningham, J.R. Sharber, C.E. DeForest, T.A. Howard, E.J. Kallio, Hanley, J., J.B. Dalton, V. Chevrier and C. Drummond, J.D., B. Carry, W.J. Merline, C. S. McKenna-Lawlor, F. Duru, D.D. Morgan, A.J. Jamieson. “Spectra of Low-Temperature Chlo- Dumas, H. Hammel, S. Erard, A. Conrad, P. Coates, D. Odstrčil, R.N. Lundin, Y. Futaana rine Salt Hydrates and Implications for Europa.” Tamblyn and C. Chapman. “The Size and Pole and S.V. Barabash. “Asymmetry of the Mars Paper presented at the Workshop on the Habit- of Ceres from Nine Years of Adaptive Optics Ionosphere Boundary Altitude during a Solar ability of Icy Worlds, Pasadena, Calif., February Observations at Keck and the VLT.” Paper pre- Energetic Particle Event.” Paper presented at 2014. sented at the American Astronomical Society, the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, DPS meeting No. 45, Denver, October 2013. December 2013. Hanley, J., M. Mellon and R. Arvidson. “Mechani- cal Strength of Martian Analog Soils.” Paper pre- Elliott, H.A., D.J. McComas, J. Mukherjee, P.W. Frisch, P.C., M. Bzowski, H.O. Funsten, G. sented at the Lunar Planetary Science XLV Meet- Valek, G. Livadiotis, P.A. Delamere, F. Bagenal Livadiotis, D.J. McComas, E. Moebius, H.-R. ing, The Woodlands, Texas, March 2014. and G. Nicolaou. “New Horizons Solar Wind Mueller, N. Schwadron and J.M. Sokol. “Spatial Around Pluto (SWAP) Solar Wind Measure- and Temporal Interstellar Structure: What Will Hanna, R.D. and V.E. Hamilton. “Correlating ments.” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Fall IBEX Find?” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Thermal Inertia and Olivine Abundance on Mars Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. with THEMIS.” Paper presented at the Lunar Planetary Science XLV Meeting, The Woodlands, Enke, B.L., W.F. Bottke, D.D. Durda, W.J. Fritz, S. “Locomotive Biodiesel Updates.” Paper Texas, March 2014. Merline, K. Walsh, D.C. Richardson and E.I. presented at the 2014 National Biodiesel Con- Asphaug. “Evolution of Tools for the Simula- ference, San Diego, April 2014. Hartmann, M., M. Feng and E. Flores. “Chlorine tion of Binary-forming Asteroid Impacts.” Control for Fuel and Chemicals Production from Paper presented at the 3rd Workshop on Bina- Fritz, S. “Locomotive Exhaust Emissions Mea- Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics.” Paper presented ries in the Solar System, the Big Island, Hawaii, surements for Various Blends of Biodiesel at 2014 AICHE Spring Meeting and 10th Global June 2013. Fuel.” Paper Presented at the 2014 ASME– Congress on Process Safety, New Orleans, ASCE–IEEE Joint Rail Conference and Exposi- March 2014. Evans, N.D. “Measurement of High Amplitude tion, Colorado Springs, Colo., January 2014. Relief Valve Noise During a Full-scale Blow-

Technology Today • Spring 2014 21 TECHNICAL STAFF ACTIVITIES

Howard, T.A., C. DeForest, S.J. Tappin and D. Deposits.” Paper presented at the Lunar Neely, G. “Diesel Cold-start Emission Con- Odstrčil. “Exploring Polarized Heliospheric Planetary Science XLV Meeting, The Wood- trol Strategy for LEV III.” Paper presented at Imaging.” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Fall lands, Texas, March 2014. the 2013 SAE Fuels, Lubricants, and After- Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. treatment Symposium, Long Beach, Calif., McClung, R.C., M.P. Enright, J.M. McFarland, K.S. November 2013. Khalek, I.A. “The Role of High Efficiency Particle Chan, W-T Wu and R. Shankar. “Linking ICME to Filters in Emissions Reduction: Current State Component Life Management During Design.” Neely, G., D. Mehta and J. Sarlashkar. “Diesel and a Look into the Future.” Presented at the Paper presented at the Minerals, Metals and Cold Start Emission Control Research for 2014 SAE World Congress, Detroit, April 2014. Materials Society 2014 143rd Annual Meeting 2015–2025 LEV III Emissions – Part 2.” Paper and Exhibition, San Diego, February 2014. presented at the 2014 SAE World Congress, Khalek, I.A., R. Mechler, V. Premnath, R. Detroit, (April 2014) Paper No. 2014-01-1552. Giannelli and M. Spears. “Denuder for Particu- McClung, R.C., M.P. Enright, J.P. Moody, Y.D. late Matter Artifacts Removal: Development Lee and J.M. McFarland. “Integrating Fatigue Nicolaou, G., D.J. McComas, F. Bagenal and and Applications.” Presented at the SAE World Crack Growth into Reliability Analysis and H.A. Elliott. “Fluid Properties of the Dis- Congress, Detroit, April 2014. Computational Materials Design.” Paper pre- tant Jovian Magnetotail Plasma Using New sented at the 11th International Fatigue Con- Horizons Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) Kirchoff, M.R. and P. Schenk. “The Resurfacing gress (FATIGUE 2014), Melbourne, Australia, Instrument’s Observations.” Paper presented and Bombardment History of Saturn’s Moon March 2014. at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dione from its Global Crater Database.” Paper December 2013. presented at the Lunar Planetary Science XLV McComas, D.J. “IBEX: Five Years of Observing Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, March 2014. the Outer Heliosphere.” Paper presented at Ogasawara, K., M.A. Dayeh, P.C. Frisch, G. the 13th Annual International Astrophysics Livadiotis, D.J. McComas and J.D. Slavin. Lester, M., H.J. Opgenoorth, D.J. Andrews, E. Conference, Myrtle Beach, S.C., March 2014. “Effect of the Heliosheath Hot Plasmas on the Dubinin, N.J. Edberg, M. Fraenz, T.A. Howard, Interstellar Grain Heating.” Paper presented W.W. Kofman, L. Lei, R.J. Lillis, M. Matta, D.D. McComas, D.J. “The Interstellar Boundary at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Morgan, H. Nilsson, A. Opitz, K. Peter, J.A. Explorer–IBEX.” Paper presented at the Depart- December 2013. Wild, P. Withers and O.G. Witasse. “Reduced ment of Physics and Astronomy Graduate Low Energy Electron Counts and Their Rela- Research Seminar, The University of Texas at Oxley, J. “Contract Research and Development tionship to Crustal Magnetic Fields at Mars.” San Antonio, January 2014. at SwRI.” Paper presented at the 4th Interna- Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, tional Conference and Exhibition on Pharma- San Francisco, December 2013. McComas, D.J., M.A. Dayeh, M. Bzowski, R. ceutics and Novel Drug Delivery Systems, San DeMajistre, H.O. Funsten, S. Fuselier, P.H. Antonio, March 2014. Liljedahl, A., R.P. Daanen, G. Frost, G. Grosse, Janzen, M.A. Kubiak, G. Livadiotis, D.B. Rei- N. Matveyeva, M. Necsoiu, M. Raynolds, senfeld, N. Schwadron and J.M. Sokol. “The Oxley, J. “Encapsulation of Food Ingredients: V. Romanovsky, J. Schulla and D. Walker. Evolving Heliosphere Observed Over IBEX’s Trends, Challenges, and Solutions.” Paper pre- “Observed Ice Wedge Degradation at Multiple First Five Years (2009–2013).” Paper presented sented at the Conference of Food Engineering, Continuous Permafrost Locations and Their at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Omaha, Neb., April 2014. Simulated Effects on Watershed Scale Hydrol- December 2013. ogy C52A-04.” Paper presented at the AGU Oxley, J. and A. Mathur. “Nanocomposite 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December McGovern, P.J., M.R. Kirchoff, O.L. White and P. Encapsulation Shell for High-temperature 2013. Schenk. “Magma Ascent Pathways Associated Applications.” Paper presented at the 246th With Large Mountains on Io.” Paper presented American Chemical Society National Meeting Livadiotis, G. and D.J. McComas. “Large-scale at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, and Exposition, Indianapolis, October 2013. Quantization in Space Plasmas.” Paper pre- December 2013. sented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Fran- Pittichova, J., S.R. Chesley, M.D. Hicks, E.S. cisco, December 2013. Mehta, D., T. Reinhart, J. Steiber and J. Howell, W.J. Merline, N.A. Moskovitz, K.S. Noll, Anthony. “Current and Future Greenhouse Gas P. Pravec, P.A. Taylor, F. Vilas and the 2002 GT Livadiotis, G. and D.J. McComas. “Understand- Regulations for Trucks.” Paper presented at the Observing Team. “Physical Characterization of ing Kappa Distributions in Space Physics.” 2013 SAE High Efficiency Heavy Duty Vehicle Deep Impact Flyby Target (163249) 2002 GT.” Paper Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, Symposium, Rosemont, Ill., October 2013. presented at the American Astronomical Society, San Francisco, December 2013. DPS meeting No. 45, Denver, October 2013. Moebius, E., M. Bzowski, P.C. Frisch, S. Fuselier, Llera, K., J. Goldstein, P.W. Valek and D.J. D. Heirtzler, M. Hlond, M.A. Kubiak, Putzig, N.E., E.M. Barratt, M.T. Mellon and McComas. “Ion Precipitation: Loss Cone H. Kucharek, M.A. Lee, T. Leonard, D.J. McCo- T.I. Michaels. “MARSTHERM: A Web-based State and Low-altitude Emission Response mas, N. Schwadron, J.M. Sokol and P. Wurz. System Providing Thermophysical Analysis Time to Solar Wind Pressure Pulse-driven “Interstellar Neutral Gas Inside and Outside Tools for Mars Research.” Paper presented Magnetospheric Compression.” Paper pre- the Heliosphere as Viewed from the Interstel- at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, sented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San lar Boundary Explorer (IBEX).” Paper presented December 2013. Francisco, December 2013. at the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. Putzig, N.E., F.J. Foss II, B.A. Campbell and R.J. Lu, B.T. “A Science-based Crack Growth Model Phillips. “Interior of Mars’ Planum Boreum for Buried Pipelines Undergoing High pH Necsoiu, M., I. Armas and D. Gheorghe. Fully Imaged in a 3-D Volume of SHARAD SCC (II) – Application.” Paper presented at the “Detecting Ground Deformation in Bucharest, Data.” Paper presented at the Lunar Planetary Corrosion Conference 2014, Paper No. 2014- Romania, Using High-resolution Multitem- Science XLV Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, 0003617, San Antonio, March 2014. poral InSAR and TerraSAR-X Data.” Paper March 2014. presented at the TerraSAR-X Science Team Mattson, S., A. Kilgallon, S. Byrne, A.S. Meeting, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, Reisenfeld, D.B., P.H. Janzen, M. Bzowski, M.A. McEwen, C. Okubo, N.E. Putzig and P. Russell. June 2013. Dayeh, R. DeMajistre, H.O. Funsten, S. Fuselier, “Meter-scale Pits in Mars’ North Polar Layered M.A. Kubiak, D.J. McComas, N. Schwadron and

22 Technology Today • Spring 2014 TECHNICAL STAFF ACTIVITIES

J.M. Sokol. “Time-Variation of ENA Flux Observed Thacker, B.H. and T.L. Paez. “A Simple Proba- Fisher, J. and A. Cobb. “Defect Characteriza- by IBEX at the Heliospheric Poles: Has the Recov- bilistic Validation Metric for the Comparison tion Using Guided Wave Technology.” ery Begun?” Paper presented at the AGU 2013 of Uncertain Model and Test Results.” Paper Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December 2013. presented at the SCI-TECH Conference, Grantz, M. and J. Blount. “Detection Using National Harbor, Md., January 2014. Features for Priority Estimation.” Rogers, A.D. and V.E. Hamilton. “Compo- sitional Provinces of Mars from Statistical Valek, P.W., J. Goldstein, D.J. McComas, M.-C. Holladay, K. “Investigation of Natural User Analyses of TES, GRS and CRISM Data.” Paper Fok and D.G. Mitchell. “Evolution of Medium Interface Technologies for Signal Data Applica- presented at the Lunar Planetary Science XLV Energy H and O ENAs During Large Storms.” tions.” Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, March 2014. Paper presented at the AGU 2013 Fall Meet- ing, San Francisco, December 2013. Honeyager, K. “Constrained Link Margin Schwadron, N., F. Adams, E.R. Christian. P. Improvement Investigations.” Desiati, P.C. Frisch, H.O. Funsten, J.R. Jokipii, Vervack, R.J., P.M. Tamblyn, C.R. Chapman, D.J. McComas, E. Moebius and G.P. Zank. W.J. Merline, S.L. Murchie, N.L. Chabot, B.W. Lewis, C. and P. Hvass. “Low Cost Accurate “Global Anisotropies in TeV Cosmic Rays Denevi, H. Nair, N.R. Laslo, R.J. Steele and 6 DOF Industrial Robot Localization System Related to the Sun’s Local Galactic Envi- S.C. Solomon. “Results from the MESSENGER Software Modeling and Testing.” ronment from IBEX.” Paper presented at Imaging Campaign of Comets C/2012 S1 the AGU 2013 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, (ISON) and 2P/Encke.” Paper presented at the Lin, J. and E. Macha. “Development and Evalu- December 2013. Lunar Planetary Science XLV Meeting, The ation of Corrosion Resistant Alloy Coatings Woodlands, Texas, March 2014. for Inner Surface of Tubes and Closed-End Shepard, M.K., P. Taylor, M. Nolan, E. Vessels.” Howell, A. Springmann, J. Giorgini, L. Benner, Vinogradov, S.A., C.E. Duffer and G.M. Light. B. Warner, A. Harris, R. Stephens, W. Merline, “MsS Probe for Guided Wave Testing of High Mandt, K., E. Patrick, W. Tseng, R. Blasé, K. A. Rivkin, D. Coley, B. Clark, M. Bell and C. Temperature Pipelines.” Paper presented at Favela, W. Williamson and P. Tans. “Design and Magri. “Volatiles in the M-Class Population: A the 2013 Generation Advanced NDE Confer- Analysis of a Device to Capture Stratospheric Lesson from Vesta?” Paper presented at the ence, Charlotte, N.C., December 2013. Air Samples.” American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting No. 45, Denver, October 2013. Watters, T.R., C.J. Leuschen, B.A. Campbell, Mintz, T., A. De Los Santos, S. Cabiness and L. J.A. Grant, G.A. Morgan, N.E. Putzig and R.J. Miller. “Online Monitoring System to Detect Showalter, M., H. Weaver, M. Buie, D. Phillips. “MARSIS Subsurface Radar Sound- Microbial Induced Corrosion.” Merline, M. Mutchler, R. Soummer, A. Steffl, ing of Meridiani Planum, Mars: Implications S.A. Stern, H. Throop and L. Young. “Update on for the Properties of the Plains Deposits.” Music, W. “Tracking and Estimation of Iono- Pluto’s Tiniest Moons.” Paper presented at the Paper presented at the Lunar Planetary Sci- spheric Propagated Digitally Modulated Sig- European Geosciences Union (EGU) General ence XLV Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, nals.” Assembly, Vienna, April 2013. March 2014. Prikryl, J., R. Wilson, I. Meinzen and B. Abbott. Siebenaler, S.P. “Alternatives to Current Leak “Intelligent Propulsion System for Water- Detection Approaches for Hydrotesting.” Paper borne Sensors (WBS).” presented at the 2014 PRCI Pipeline Research Exchange, Atlanta, Ga., February 2014. Internal Research Reinhard, R. and R. Black. “Evaluation of SwRI SCOUT Capabilities to Support Post-Facto Siebenaler, S.P. “Field Testing of Negative-wave Theater Netcentric Geolocation Operations.” Funded January 1, 2014 Leak Detection Systems.” Paper presented at the 2014 API Pipeline Conference and Cyber- Roecker, R. “Extension of SwRI’s Multidimen- Bartley, G. and C. Henry. “Identifying and Elu- netics Symposium, San Antonio, April 2014. sional Control Framework to Fueling and Igni- cidating Low Temperature Limiters to Catalyst tion Control of Spark-Ignited Engines.” Activity.” Soto, A., M.A. Mischna and M.I. Richardson. “Martian Atmospheric Collapse: Meridional Shukla, P. and M. Rubal. “Evaluating Properties Chowdhury, A., K. Smart, J. Stamatakos, C. Transport and Polar Heat Balance.” Paper pre- of Chemically Aged High-Density Polyethylene Weiss and S. Hsiung. “Dynamic Response of sented at the Fifth International Workshop on Pipe Material Used in Nuclear Power Plants.” Steel-Plate and Concrete Composite Small the Mars Atmosphere: Modeling and Observa- Modular Reactor Structures Under Explosive tion, Oxford, UK, January 2014. Stothoff, S. and P. Shukla. “Developing a Three- and Seismic Loads.” Dimensional Model to Estimate Electrical Cur- Starr, P., K. Bartels, M. Agrawal and S. Bailey. “A rent Requirement at a Coating Defect Site on Das, K., D. Basu, S. Das and J. Stamatakos. Thin Film Pressure Transducer for Intravascular Pipeline Segments Installed Using Horizontal “Assessment of Thermal Fatigue in LWR Feed- Blood Pressure Sensing.” Paper presented at Directional Drilling.” water Systems by Fluid-Structure Interaction the 5th Annual Frontiers of Translational Sci- Analyses.” ence Research Day, San Antonio, April 2014. Webb, C. “FOCAS HGTR Design Evolution to a High-Pressure Fully Transient System — Devel- Dayeh, M., N. Evans and S. Fuselier. “Design Tamblyn, P., W.J. Merline, B. Carry, C.R. Chap- opment of the Full-Scale Gas Reactor.” and Development of an Optimized Far-Field man, A.R. Conrad, J.D. Drummond, C. Dumas, Acoustic Imager for Lightning Studies.” B.L. Enke, C. Neyman, M.R. Showalter, S.A. Zuehl, J. and G. Anderson. “Feasibility of Stern, J.P. Tamblyn and H.A. Weaver. “High- Detecting Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) and Fanick, R., C. Sharp, K. Spreen, S. Kroll, S. contrast Imaging of Faint Companions of Suppressing the Subsequent Knock in High- Quarderer and C. Gourley. “Sampling System (134340) Pluto and (41) Daphne.” Paper pre- Performance Spark-Ignited Gasoline Engines.” Investigation for the Determination of Semi- sented at the 3rd Workshop on Binaries in the Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOC) Emis- Solar System, the Big Island, Hawaii, June 2013. sions from Engine Exhaust.”

Technology Today • Spring 2014 23 TECHNICAL STAFF ACTIVITIES

Funded April 1, 2014 Moulton, D.S. and J. Erwin. ”Synthetic Hydrocar- bon Production by Direct Reduction of Carbona- Barnette, D., S. Chocron, T. Holmquist, R. Patents ceous Materials with Synthesis Gas.” U.S. Patent Bigger and C. Anderson. “Development of a No. 8,679,368. March 2014. Flyer-Plate Impact Capability. Nicolella, D.P. and T.L. Bredbenner. “Fracture Burmeister, A. and P. Siemsen. “Mission Fit Amann, M. and T.F. Alger II. “Methods and Ap- Risk Assessment.” U.S. Patent No. 8,725,231. Helo Direction Finding.” paratus to Detect and Inhibit Low-Speed May 2014. Pre-Ignition in an Engine.” U.S. Patent Callahan, T. “Investigation of Dual Fuel Knock No. 8,720,416. May 2014. Phillips, A.J., J.M. Major and G.R. Bertlett. “Line and Combustion Phenomena.” Inspection Robot and System.” U.S. Patent Bemben. “Oximes for Treatment of Peripheral No. 8,660,698. February 2014. Chiu, J. “Dedicated EGR on a Natural Gas and Central Nervous System Exposure to Acetyl Engine.” Cholinesterase Inhibitors.” U.S. Patent Phillips, A.J., J.M. Major and G.R. Bertlett. “Line No. 8,653,108. February 2014. Inspection Robot and System.” U.S. Patent Coursen, M. and K. Kastner. “Radio Frequency No. 8,666,553. March 2014. Environment Machine Learning.” Boland, E.J. and J. McDonough. “Phenothiazine Enantiomers as Agents for the Prevention of Bone Phillips, F.A., S.P. Scuderi and D.A. McKee. Dasgupta, B., G. Wittmeyer and G. Ofoegbu. Loss.” U.S. Patent No. 8,637,503. January 2014. “Split-Cycle Air Hybrid V-Engine.” U.S. Patent “Development of a Numerical Approach to No. 8,714,121. May 2014. Modeling Internal Erosion in Embankment Cheng, X., N. Nitin, J.G. Rossini and S.T. Dams and Levees.” Wellinghoff. “Coating for Medical Implants.” Puchot, A.R., C.E. Duffer, S.Y. Kim, A.C. Cobb U.S. Patent No. 8,652,505. February 2014. and P.K. Shukla. “Magnetostrictive Probes for DeForest, C., T. Howard, G. Laurent, K. Surface Wave Testing of Thick Walled Structures.” Nowicki, J. Diller and J. Brownsberger. “Dem- Dixon, H., J.A. McDonough, L.A. Cabell and P. U.S. Patent No. 8,624,589. January 2014. onstration of Airglow-Subtracted Heliospheric Underwood. “Two Phase Bioactive Formulations Imaging (DASH). of Bis-Quarternary Pyridinium Oxime Sulfonate Rothbauer, R.J., C.E. Roberts Jr. and C.H. Stovell. Salts.” U.S. Patent No. 8,722,706. May 2014. “Piston Bowl with Flat Bottom.” U.S. Patent Furman, B. and R. Gutierrez. “Development No. 8,677,974. March 2014. of Deep Eutectic Solvents for Controlling the Gordon, C.R., C.T. Harbold and H.S. Hanson. Size and Crystallinity of Lanthanide- “Expandable Intervertebral Implant System and Smith, C.B. “Detection of Network Links in a Containing Phosphors.” Method.” U.S. Patent No. 8,647,386. February Communications Network.” U.S. Patent 2014. No. 8,682,836. March 2014. Garcia, R., J. Gassaway, J. Towler and K. Kozak. “Cooperative Control of a Deployable Aerial Khair, M. and Q. Lu. “Effectiveness Modeling and Tormoen, G.W. and C.S. Brossia. “Planar Multi- Platform.” Control Methods for EGR Cooler.” U.S. Patent Electrode Array Sensor for Localized Electro- No. 8,725,386. May 2014. chemical Corrosion Detection.” U.S. Patent Gleason, S., M. Koets and K. Neal. “Remote No. 8,623,185. January 2014. Sensing with Signals of Opportunity.” Kozak, K., M.C. Alban and S.E. Slocum. “Loca- tion and Motion Estimation Using round Imaging Webb, C.C. and K.J. Kreder III. “Use of Braking Hoag, K. and R. Meldolesi. “Investigation Sensor.” U.S. Patent No. 8,725,413. May 2014. Energy to Augment Exhaust Heat for Improved into the Achievable Load and Misalignment Operation of Exhaust Aftertreatment Devices.” Dynamics of a Crankshaft Bearing Test.” Kramer, D., D. Williams and S. Imfeld. “On- U.S. Patent No. 8,720,184. May 2014. Board Hydraulic Fluid Degasification System Kozak, K. “Vision-Based Localization.” for a Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle.” U.S. Patent No. Webb, C.C. and J.W. Miller. “Particulate Matter 8,652,233. February 2014. Generator for Use with an Emissions Control Lecocke, M. “Two-Fault Tolerant Fault Detec- Device Aging System.” U.S. Patent tion and Isolation on a Resource Constrained McHardy, S.F., R.M. Corbett, D.M. Maxwell, No. 8,679,852. March 2014. Platform in Space.” M.W. Tidwell, B. Campos and C.J. Bemben. “Oximes for Treatment of Peripheral and Central Wei, Q. and I.A. Khalek. “Diluter for Measuring Little, J. and J. Blount. “Cognitive Services Nervous System Exposure to Acetyl Cholines- Engine Exhaust Emissions.” U.S. Patent through Context-Enabled, Multi-INT Fusion.” trerase Inhibitors.“ U.S. Patent No. 8,653,108. No. 8,650,973. February 2014. February 2014. Moore, A. “Nylon Artificial Muscle Risk Wellinghoff, S.T. and K.E. Coulter. “Spiral, Reduction and ‘Cookbook.’” Miller, M.A., K.S. Chan, W. Liang and C.K. Chan. Microchanneled Chromatographic Column and “Clathrate Allotropes for Rechargeable Batteries.” Detection Systems.” U.S. Patent No. 8,636,957. Morris, A., G. Walter and D. Ferrill. “Develop- U.S. Patent No. 8,722,247. May 2014. January 2014. ing Methods for the Rapid Evaluation of Pore Fluid Effects on Induced Seismicity.” Miller, M.A., K. Coulter and J.H. Arps. “Nanoen- gineered Material for Hydrogen Storage.” U.S. Necsoiu, M. and G. Walter. “Detection of Patent No. 8,673,476. March 2014. Uranium Mill Tailing Cover Erosion Rates and Settlement Using Satellite-Based Radar Inter- Moore, T.Z. “Multiple Wavelength Laser System.” ferometry.” U.S. Patent No. 8,724,671. May 2014.

Wyrick, D., H. Waite, B. Teolis, T. Brockwell and B. Magee. “Modeling of a Europan Exo- sphere with Plumes.”

24 Technology Today • Spring 2014 RECENT FEATURESTUR S coming up Trade Shows

Alvin: A 50-year Relationship (Winter 2014) Look for Southwest Research Institute at the Jerry Henkener following: SwRI plays a major role in the history of a deep- water research submersible. • Offshore Technology Conference, Houston; May 5-8, 2014 Logistical Support (Winter 2014) • AUVSI Unmanned Systems North America, Orlando, Fla.; May 12-15, 2014 Supplying, maintaining, updating, testing TECHNOLOGY today • International School of Hydrocarbon Measurement, and developing the equipment that supports Oklahoma City; May 13-15, 2014 warfighters and military machines is a sig-sig- • Eastern Gas Compression Roundtable, nificant part of Southwest Research Institute’s Moon Township, Pa., May 13-15, 2014 research and development activity and • STLE Annual Meeting and Exhibition, a representative sample of the Insti- Lake Buena Vista, Fla.; May 18-22, 2014 tute’s interdisciplinary and interdivisional • 30th National Space Symposium, capabilities. Colorado Springs, Colo.; May 19-22, 2014 • Institute of Food Technologists, New Orleans; June 21-24, 2014 Protecting the Warfighter in Combat • The 40th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the (Winter 2014) Controlled Release Society, Chicago; July 13-16, 2014 Christopher J. Freitas, Ph.D., James T. • AIAA Small Satellite, Logan, Utah; August 2-7, 2014 Mathis, Nikki Scott and Rory P. Bigger • ITS World Congress, Detroit; September 7-11, 2014 SwRI researchers develop human head surro-surro- • Opportunity Crudes Conference, gate for behind-helmet blunt trauma research. Houston; September 14-16, 2014 • ITS 3C Summit, Mobile, Ala.; September 14-17, 2014 • AUTOTESTCON, St. Louis, Mo.; September 15-18, 2014 (Winter 2014) A Driving Force • ASGMT, Houston; September 22-25, 2014 Sean Mitchem and Yaxi Liu • 43rd Turbomachinery and 30th Pump Symposia, SwRI engineers expand electric vehicles’ role in managing the power grid. Houston; September 22-25, 2014 • International Telemetering Conference/USA (ITC/USA), Powering the Way to Better Fuel Economy (Summer 2013) San Diego; October 20-23, 2014 Dedicated EGR offers superior efficiency, emissions. • Automotive Testing Expo 2014 North America, Novi, Mich.; October 28-30, 2014 Planetary Time Machine (Summer 2013) • ASIP, San Antonio; December 2-4, 2014 F. Scott Anderson, Ph.D. An SwRI-developed geochronometer measures the age of rocks on the Moon and other planets without need to return samples to Earth.

A New Use for an Old Standby (Summer 2013) Terry Grimley SwRI researchers are testing Coriolis flow meters for natural gas industry applications.

Robots at Work (Summer 2013) Clay Flannigan SwRI-developed technologies are guiding the future of automation in employment industry. Southwest Research Institute is an independent, non- profit, applied research and development organization. Stress Management (Spring 2013) The staff of nearly 3,000 employees pursue activities in the David A. Ferrill, Ph.D., Alan P. Morris, Ph.D., Kevin J. Smart, Ph.D. and areas of communication systems, modeling and simula- Ronald N. McGinnis tion, software development, electronic design, vehicle Structural geology and geomechanics are applied to energy exploration and engine systems, automotive fuels and lubricants, and production. avionics, geosciences, polymer and materials engineer- ing, mechanical design, chemical analyses, environmental A Good Scout™ (Spring 2013) sciences, space sciences, training systems, industrial James H. Nixon engineering and more. An SwRI-developed tool enables signal analysts to scan an area’s radio SwRI is always looking for talented technical staff for its spectrum and locate signal sources. San Antonio facilities and for locations elsewhere in the United States. We welcome your referrals. The Institute is an Equal Opportunity Employer, Affirmative Action, Fax requests for articles previously published in Technology Today to Minority/Female/Disabled/Veteran, committed to diversity (210) 522-3547 or e-mail [email protected]. Recent Technology Today features, as well as in the workplace. Check our employment opportunities a listing of older titles, are available online at technologytoday.swri.org. To receive an at jobs.swri.org. online subscription, visit update.swri.org.

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