Alien Pest Agrilus Planipennis Has Spread to Ukraine and The
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bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/689240; this version posted October 5, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Bad and good news for ash trees in Europe: alien pest Agrilus planipennis has spread to Ukraine and the 2 south of European Russia, but serious damage of Fraxinus excelsior in the forests is not detected 3 4 Marina J. ORLOVA-BIENKOWSKAJA1*, Alexander N. DROGVALENKO 2 , Ilya A. ZABALUEV1, Alexey S. 5 SAZHNEV3, Elena Y. PEREGUDOVA4, Sergey G. MAZUROV5, Evgenij V. KOMAROV6, Vitalij V. 6 STRUCHAEV7, Andrzej O. BIEŃKOWSKI1 7 * Corresponding author 8 9 1 A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskiy Prospect, 10 Moscow, Russia 119071 11 2 V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 4 Svobody Square, Kharkiv, Ukraine 61022 12 3 Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz District, Yaroslavl 13 Region, Russia 152742 14 4 Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Institutskiy per., 5, Saint Petersburg, Russia 194021 15 5 Middle School of General education, Leski, Krasnoe District, Lipetsk Region, Russia 399675 16 6 All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture, Timiryazev str., 9, Volgograd Russia 400002 17 7 Agrobiotekhnologia, Kolkhoznaya Street 3/1, Churaevo, Shebekino District, Belgorod Region, Russia 309251 18 19 Email address 20 Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja 21 e-mail: [email protected] 22 23 Alexander N. Drogvalenko 24 e-mail: [email protected] 25 26 Ilya A. Zabaluev 27 e-mail: [email protected] 28 29 Alexey S. Sazhnev 30 e-mail: [email protected] 31 32 Elena Y. Peregudova 33 e-mail: [email protected] 34 35 Sergey G. Mazurov 36 e-mail: [email protected] 37 38 Evgenij V. Komarov 39 e-mail: [email protected] 40 41 Andrzej O. Bieńkowski 42 e-mail: [email protected] 43 44 Short title bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/689240; this version posted October 5, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 45 EAB range in European Russia and Ukraine 46 47 Keywords 48 Emerald Ash Borer; EAB; Fraxinus pennsylvanica; Fraxinus excelsior; invasive pest; ash 49 50 Contributions of the co-authors 51 Conceptualization: M.O.B.; Investigation: M.O.B., A.D., I.Z., A.S., E.P., S.M., E.K., A.B.; Writing – original draft 52 M.O.B., A.B.; Writing – review & editing: M.O.B., A.B.; Funding acquisition M.O.B. 53 54 Acknowledgements 55 We thank A.B. Ruchin from Mordovski Nature Reserve, L.V. Egorov from Prisurski Nature Reserve, A.N. 56 Volodchenko from Saratov State University, A.A. Bieńkowski from Moscow State University, R.N. Ishin from 57 Tambov State University, V.V. Anikin and M.V. Lavrentiev from Saratov State University, V.V. Martynov 58 and T.V. Nikulina from Donetsk Botanical Garden and Vitalij V. Struchaev from Agrobiotekhnologia for the 59 information about surveys of ash trees in different regions of European Russia and Belarus. 60 61 Key message 62 Alien pest Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) posing a threat to ash trees all over Europe has spread to 63 Ukraine and the south of European Russia and severely damages green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), but serious 64 damage of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in the forests is not detected. 65 66 Abstract 67 Context: 68 Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis, a devastating alien pest of ash trees was first detected in Europe in 69 Moscow in 2003. Its outbreak in the cities of European Russia (ER) seriously damaged plantations of F. 70 pennsylvanica introduced from North America. 71 Aims: 72 To determine the current range of the pest and its impact on Fraxinus excelsior in the forests. 73 Methods: 74 In 2017–2019 more than 5000 ash trees were examined in 55 localities of ER, Ukraine and Belarus and more than 75 500 trees of F. excelsior in the large forest in the center of EAB range. 76 Results: 77 EAB is first detected in in Ukraine and in Volgograd and Kursk regions of ER. Current range exceeds the area of 78 Spain and includes 15 regions of ER: Bryansk, Kaluga, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, 79 Tula, Tver, Vladimir, Volgograd, Voronezh, Yaroslavl and Luhansk Region of Ukraine. EAB is not detected in 80 Belarus. All cases of infestation of F. excelsior refer not to the forests, but to the artificial plantations. 81 Conclusion 82 There is no doubt that EAB will appear in other European countries soon and damage F. pennsylvanica plantations. 83 But it could be less dangerous for F. excelsior in European forests. 84 Keywords: Emerald Ash Borer; EAB; Fraxinus pennsylvanica; Fraxinus excelsior; invasive pest; ash 85 86 1. Introduction 87 Emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a devastating alien pest of ash 88 trees in European Russia and North America (Baranchikov et al. 2008; Herms and McCullough 2014). The native bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/689240; this version posted October 5, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 89 range of this wood-boring beetle occupies a restricted territory in East Asia (Orlova-Bienkowskaja and Volkovitsh 90 2018). In 2003 A. planipennis was first recorded in European Russia, namely in Moscow, and the severe outbreak 91 and quick spread of the pest began (Baranchikov et al. 2008). By 2013 the pest was recorded in 9 regions of 92 European Russia: from Yaroslavl in the north to Voronezh in the south (Straw et al 2013; Orlova-Bienkowskaja 93 2014a). The probabilistic model of spread has shown that in the next few years the range of A. planipennis can 94 significantly expand, and the pest can appear in the neighboring countries (Orlova-Bienkowskaja and Bieńkowski 95 2018a). The first aim of our study was to determine the current range of A. planipennis. To do this we have 96 compiled all published data about localities of A. planipennis detection (Table 1), made survey in the regions where 97 EAB was not detected before, and made a map of the current range of the pest. 98 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall introduced from North America is widely planted in European Russia as 99 an ornamental and landscaping tree. It is highly susceptible to A. planipennis both in North America and Russia 100 (Herms and McCullough 2014; Baranchikov et al. 2014). The overwhelming majority of detected infestations of ash 101 trees in European Russia refer to this ash species (Baranchikov et al. 2008; Straw et al 2013; Orlova-Bienkowskaja 102 2014a etc.). The only native ash species F. excelsior L. is also susceptible to the pest (Baranchikov et al. 2014), but 103 studies on the feeding preferences of adult A. planipennis on different species of ash suggest that F. excelsior is not 104 as susceptible as F. pennsylvanica (Pureswaran and Poland 2009). Fraxinus excelsior is rare in Moscow Region and 105 other regions of Central Russia. So the information about infestation of F. excelsior by A. planipennis was scarce 106 and referred only to urban plantations and artificial shelterbelts, where F. excelsior was planted together with F. 107 pennsylvanica (Straw et al. 2013; Baranchikov 2018). There were no information about the impact of A. planipennis 108 on F. excelsior in natural forests. Therefore, it was a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the likely future impact of 109 A. planipennis on ash in European forests (Straw et al. 2013). So the second aim of our study was to get the 110 information about current condition of F. excelsior in natural forest stands in the regions occupied by A. planipennis. 111 112 2. Material and methods 113 2.1. Localities of survey 114 In 2017, 2018 and 2019 we examined more than 5000 ash trees in 55 localities: 44 localities in 21 regions of 115 European Russia, 8 localities in 4 regions of Belarus and 3 localities in 3 regions of Ukraine (Table 2, Fig. 1): 116 1. We examined ash trees in 46 cities, where A. planipennis had not been detected before. The aim was to 117 determine the current range of the pest. We selected particular survey areas so that they are situated in all 118 directions from previously known range of A. planipennis. If we found the pest outside the previously known 119 range, we made the next survey in locality situated further in the same direction. And then we repeated this 120 procedure until found the locality without the pest. This protocol was flexible, since we used all the possibilities 121 to examine as much localities as possible. 122 2. We examined ash trees in 7 cities, where A. planipennis was found 16–4 years ago. The aim was to determine if 123 ash trees and populations of A. planipennis still exist there. 124 3. We examined more than 500 F. excelsior in two localities of the large natural forest Tulskie Zaseki situated in 125 the center of current range of A. planipennis. The aim was to determine if A.