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Université Du Québec À Montréal Université Sorbonne-Nouvelle Paris Iii UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL UNIVERSITÉ SORBONNE-NOUVELLE PARIS III LES ENJEUX SOCIOÉCONOMIQUES DE LA CIRCULATION DE L’INFORMATION D’ACTUALITÉ SUR INTERNET : COMMENT LES INFOMÉDIAIRES CONTRIBUENT À LA RECONFIGURATION DE LA FILIÈRE DE L’INFORMATION D’ACTUALITÉ THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DU DOCTORAT EN COMMUNICATION PAR MARC-OLIVIER GOYETTE-CÔTÉ OCTOBRE 2020 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de cette thèse se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 – Rév.10-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l’article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l’auteur] concède à l’Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d’utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l’auteur] autorise l’Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l’Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n’entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l’auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l’auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS J’ai commencé cette thèse voilà près d’une dizaine d’années. J’étais loin de me douter de tout ce qui allait arriver. Cette thèse allait devenir ma vie, mon quotidien et celui de mes proches. Elle allait aussi m’amener à voyager et rencontrer une foule de personnes qui allaient marquer mon parcours intellectuel et même ma vie. Quand j’ai rencontré Éric George, alors que j’étais étudiant à la maîtrise, je ne me doutais pas de l’influence qu’il aurait sur ma vie. Éric, tu m’as donné l’occasion de me surpasser encore et encore. Tu as toujours cru en moi et tu m’as appuyé dans les moments les plus difficiles. Quand j’ai pensé tout abandonner, tu m’as simplement dit « non ». Bon, tu l’as sûrement dit en plus de mots, mais ce qui compte c’était que tu avais la certitude que j’étais capable et que moi j’avais la certitude que tu étais là pour moi. Je te remercie pour tout ce que tu as fait pour moi, de m’avoir poussé à participer à des conférences, à partager mes idées et à participer à tes projets de recherche. J’ai eu beaucoup de plaisir à échanger avec toi que ce soit sur le sujet de cette thèse, sur le foot ou sur la science-fiction. Aussi, tu as été le point de départ de nombreuses rencontres et parmi celles-ci, Franck Rebillard. Franck, je te remercie d’avoir accepté de diriger cette thèse de doctorat sans me connaître préalablement. Quand je suis débarqué en France pour notre première rencontre, tu m’avais déjà intégré à tes projets de recherche et tu me considérais déjà comme une personne qui pouvait apporter au développement des connaissances. L’aventure IPRI, puis ANR m’a donné l’occasion de voir et de participer à des recherches intellectuelles de haut niveau, en plus de constituer une expérience humaine unique. Je n’oublierai jamais ces visites en France et à Censier. Merci aussi de ne jamais avoir lâché malgré la distance et les écueils. Franck, Éric, je vous remercie du plus profond de mon cœur pour votre inspiration, votre intelligence et votre capacité à porter un regard critique sur le monde qui nous entoure. Merci aussi à Nikos Smyrnaios de m’avoir fait découvrir la notion d’infomédiation. Un grand merci aux membres du jury Arnaud Anciaux, Philippe Bouquillion, Béatrice Damian-Gaillard et Chantal Francoeur d’avoir pris le temps de lire et de commenter cette thèse. Line. Sans toi, rien de tout ça n’aurait été possible. Depuis 35 ans tu es une source d’inspiration sans fin et un appui indéfectible. Tu as toujours eu les bons mots, les bons gestes et parfois même, les bons silences. On a tout vécu ensemble, des rires les plus incontrôlables, aux pleurs de découragement. Tu étais, tu es et tu seras toujours là comme au premier jour de ma vie. Tu avais raison. Oui j’en étais capable. iii Rachel, mon amour. Merci pour ton soutien, pour ton amour et pour ton courage. Ça a parfois semblé long, mais pas le temps avec toi. Je t’aime encore plus aujourd’hui que lorsqu’on s’est rencontré ce jour-là dans un café. Merci d’avoir eu confiance en moi et de ne jamais m’avoir lâché. Merci aussi pour les vies que tu as fait naître de notre amour. Olan, tu ne réaliseras peut-être jamais vraiment ce que tu as fait pour moi. Tu es ma fierté et mon bonheur. Romy, merci pour la joie, la sérénité et l’équilibre que tu m’apportes. Mes amours, j’ai hâte à tout ce qui nous attend. Merci aussi aux trois gars de ma famille, Gabriel, Gérard et Charles. Je suis tellement chanceux de pouvoir compter sur votre présence et votre confiance. J’ai tellement appris avec vous trois, le plaisir qu’on a eu à partager tout et n’importe quoi ensemble, même si ça finissait souvent par un mal de tête. Merci aussi à toi Carole, j’aurais aimé que tu sois là pour partager ce moment avec moi. Un doctorat, ce n’est pas qu’un travail, c’est aussi une vie et la vie c’est toujours mieux à plusieurs. Merci à vous collègues qui êtes devenus mes amis. Merci spécialement à Renaud pour avoir partagé toutes ces années-là avec moi. À Sylvain et Simon de m’avoir fait rire toutes ces fois. Tous les trois avez été une partie intégrale de mon parcours et je n’oublierai jamais nos folles aventures académiques. À Mélanie et à Josianne d’être qui vous êtes; vous êtes deux femmes fort inspirantes. À Fabien pour ton amour de la théorie. À Bashir pour ta personnalité qui sait allier académie et plaisir. Merci pour votre amitié, vous avez cru en moi et m’avez toujours encouragé. Vous êtes des personnes inspirantes et vous côtoyer toutes ces années a été un privilège. Vous êtes une belle gang, groupe. Merci à Caro, Charles, Dominique, Lysandre, Philippe, Simon et William d’être restés de si bons amis même quand ça faisait mille fois que ma thèse passait avant vous. Merci aussi à Daniel, Fanny, Vanessa et à ma belle-famille pour votre présence dans ma vie. Merci à Patrick Bolland de m’avoir accueilli chez toi et de m’être fait sentir chez moi dans la grande ville de Paris. Merci à Jérémie Droulers de m’avoir enseigné à suivre mes passions. Merci à OG de m’avoir montré que l’échec n’est qu’une marche vers la victoire. Merci à Gaëtan Tremblay et à tous les autres qui avez cru en moi. Merci à vous tous, ça y est, c’est fait. iv We watch the shows, we watch the stars On videos for hours and hours We hardly need to use our ears How music changes through the years Let’s hope you never leave old friend Like all good things on you we depend So stick around ‘cause we might miss you When we grow tired of all this visual Queen – Radio Gaga TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES ............................... X RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................ XI INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 PREMIÈRE PARTIE: CONTEXTE, PROBLÉMATIQUE, CADRE THÉORIQUE ET CADRE MÉTHODOLOGIQUE CHAPITRE 1: CONTEXTE ET PROBLÉMATIQUE DE RECHERCHE ...... 15 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 15 1.2 Journalisme et technologies : un bien marchand d’intérêt public .......... 15 1.3 L’économie politique de la communication ............................................... 26 1.3.1 L’industrie culturelle ............................................................................... 27 1.3.2 L’économie politique de la communication et la théorie des industries culturelles ............................................................................................................ 29 1.3.3 Les modèles socioéconomiques .............................................................. 34 1.4 Économie de l’information d’actualité ....................................................... 41 1.4.1 Notion de filière ....................................................................................... 42 1.4.2 La filière de l’information d’actualité ..................................................... 44 1.4.3 Des acteurs difficiles à cerner .................................................................. 47 1.4.4 Une industrie de l’éphémère .................................................................... 48 1.4.5 L’information d’actualité en ligne : à la recherche d’un modèle ............ 50 1.4.6 Surabondance de l’offre et économie de l’attention ................................ 55 1.4.7 Concentration, oligopoles, pouvoirs de marchés et contrôle de l’aval .... 57 1.4.8 Informations d’actualité, des nouveaux modes d’accès aux contenus .... 70 1.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 77 CHAPITRE 2: L’INFOMÉDIATION ................................................................... 81 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 81 2.2 La machine pensante : l’informédiation comme processus sociétal ........ 82 2.2.1 L’informédiation selon Fitzpatrick-Martin : les médiations technologiques
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