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Download Special Issue Advances in Virology Virus Immune Evasion: New Mechanism and Implications in Disease Outcome Guest Editors: Rika Draenert, John Frater, and Julia G. Prado Virus Immune Evasion: New Mechanism and Implications in Disease Outcome Advances in Virology Virus Immune Evasion: New Mechanism and Implications in Disease Outcome Guest Editors: Rika Draenert, John Frater, and Julia G. Prado Copyright © 2012 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “Advances in Virology.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is prop- erly cited. Editorial Board AmiyaK.Banerjee,USA Alain Kohl, UK Jean Rommelaere, Germany Jay C. Brown, USA Young-Min Lee, USA Peter Rottier, The Netherlands Michael Bukrinsky, USA Blanca Lupiani, USA Dominique Schols, Germany Bruno Canard, France Shinji Makino, USA Robert Snoeck, Belgium Jaquelin Dudley, USA Masao Matsuoka, Japan Edward Stephens, USA Eric O. Freed, USA Trudy Morrison, USA H. J. Thiel, Germany Robert C. Gallo, USA A. Osterhaus, The Netherlands Subhash Verma, USA Gary S. Hayward, USA George N. Pavlakis, USA WilliamS.M.Wold,USA William Irving, UK Finn S. Pedersen, Denmark Frank Kirchhoff,Germany Stefan Pohlmann,¨ Germany Contents Virus Immune Evasion: New Mechanism and Implications in Disease Outcome, Rika Draenert, John Frater, and Julia G. Prado Volume 2012, Article ID 490549, 1 page Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune Response, Girish J. Kotwal, Steven Hatch, and William L. Marshall Volume 2012, Article ID 131457, 11 pages Association of Active Human Herpesvirus-6, -7 and Parvovirus B19 Infection with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Svetlana Chapenko, Angelika Krumina, Inara Logina, Santa Rasa, Maksims Chistjakovs, Alina Sultanova, Ludmila Viksna, and Modra Murovska Volume 2012, Article ID 205085, 7 pages Inhibition of Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in Glioblastoma Cells by Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus, Bonnie Reinhart, Lucia Mazzacurati, Adriana Forero, Chang-Sook Hong, Junichi Eguchi, Hideho Okada, Wendy Fellows, Ajay Niranjan, Justus B. Cohen, Joseph C. Glorioso, and Paola Grandi Volume 2012, Article ID 815465, 10 pages Structural Diversity in Conserved Regions Like the DRY-Motif among Viral 7TM Receptors—A Consequence of Evolutionary Pressure?, Ann-Sofie Mølleskov Jensen, Alexander Hovard Sparre-Ulrich, Nicholas Davis-Poynter, and Mette Marie Rosenkilde Volume 2012, Article ID 231813, 15 pages Orthopoxvirus Genes That Mediate Disease Virulence and Host Tropism, Sergei N. Shchelkunov Volume 2012, Article ID 524743, 17 pages Extracellular Vesicles and Their Convergence with Viral Pathways, Thomas Wurdinger, NaTosha N. Gatson, Leonora Balaj, Balveen Kaur, Xandra O. Breakefield, and D. Michiel Pegtel Volume 2012, Article ID 767694, 12 pages Human Herpesviridae Methods of Natural Killer Cell Evasion,CarlI.Odom,DavidC.Gaston, JamesM.Markert,andKevinA.Cassady Volume 2012, Article ID 359869, 10 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Virology Volume 2012, Article ID 490549, 1 page doi:10.1155/2012/490549 Editorial Virus Immune Evasion: New Mechanism and Implications in Disease Outcome Rika Draenert,1 John Frater,2 and Julia G. Prado3 1 Medical Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany 2 Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK 3 AIDS Research Institute Irsicaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain Correspondence should be addressed to Julia G. Prado, [email protected] Received 16 August 2012; Accepted 16 August 2012 Copyright © 2012 Rika Draenert et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The artists of immune evasion in nature are viruses, as should be truly innovative and effective in order to reduce ancient as their organic counterparts, these infectious pseu- mortality and mobility rates associated with viral infection doorganisms have coevolved coupling human and animal in humans. evolution during millions of years. Thus, virus replication is basedonanefficient recruitment of cell functions through Rika Draenert interactions between cellular and viral proteins. As conse- John Frater quence, during their long evolutionary race the immune sys- Julia G. Prado tem has specialized to control pathogens, and virus has spe- cialized to counteract immune responses favour in the battle by their rapid adaptation against environmental changes. In this special issue, we summarize some of the current knowledge in immune evasion strategies developped by both DNA and RNA viruses. Virus explored and exploits multiple components of the cellular biogenesis and immune signalling. Thus, virus release and infection are enhanced through the convergence of viral and cellular pathways as summarized by T. Wurdinger et al. Alternative mechanisms of chemokine receptors capture (A. G. Jensen et al.), inter- ference of immune signalling cascades and natural killer responses (G. J. Kotwal et al. and C. I. Odom et al.) are some of the strategies acquire for herpesvirus, poxvirus or retro- virus among others (S. N. Schelkunov et al.), to counteract both innate and adaptative host immunity. Additionally, we cannot forget that globally virus are the causative agent of multiple diseases leading to worldwide pandemics and associated with multiple human malignan- cies (S. Chapenko et al.). The aim of this special issue is to put into perspective the need to understand virus immune escape based on a deep knowledge of viral strategies in order to develop new vaccines and therapeutic approaches (B. Rein- hart et al.). In this context, the design of new interventions Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Virology Volume 2012, Article ID 131457, 11 pages doi:10.1155/2012/131457 Review Article Viral Infection: An Evolving Insight into the Signal Transduction Pathways Responsible for the Innate Immune Response Girish J. Kotwal,1 Steven Hatch,2 and William L. Marshall2 1 University of Medicine and Health Sciences, St. Kitts, New York, NY 10001, USA 2 Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA Correspondence should be addressed to William L. Marshall, [email protected] Received 7 February 2012; Accepted 21 June 2012 Academic Editor: Julia G. Prado Copyright © 2012 Girish J. Kotwal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The innate immune response is initiated by the interaction of stereotypical pathogen components with genetically conserved receptors for extracytosolic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or intracytosolic nucleic acids. In multicellular organisms, this interaction typically clusters signal transduction molecules and leads to their activations, thereby initiating signals that activate innate immune effector mechanisms to protect the host. In some cases programmed cell death—a fundamental form of innate immunity—is initiated in response to genotoxic or biochemical stress that is associated with viral infection. In this paper we will summarize innate immune mechanisms that are relevant to viral pathogenesis and outline the continuing evolution of viral mechanisms that suppress the innate immunity in mammalian hosts. These mechanisms of viral innate immune evasion provide significant insight into the pathways of the antiviral innate immune response of many organisms. Examples of relevant mammalian innate immune defenses host defenses include signaling to interferon and cytokine response pathways as well as signaling to the inflammasome. Understanding which viral innate immune evasion mechanisms are linked to pathogenesis may translate into therapies and vaccines that are truly effective in eliminating the morbidity and mortality associated with viral infections in individuals. 1. Introduction viral pathogenesis and outline the evolution of viral mech- anisms that suppress innate immunity in mammalian hosts. The innate immune system is as ancient as the bacterial immune response to bacteriophages. As the nature and complexity of viral innate immune evasion mechanisms 2. The Innate Immune System evolved, so has the innate—and eventually adaptive— immune response to these mechanisms. The innate immune The receptors of the innate immune system are germ- response in mammals is initiated by the interaction of line encoded and include the nucleotide-binding domain stereotypical pathogen components with germ-line encoded leucine-rich repeat containing receptors, the Toll-like recep- receptors. In some cases, signal transduction pathways are tors (TLRs), and the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). The RLRs stimulated in sentinel cells, such as macrophages and den- are cytosolic sensors of pathogen RNA and include proteins dritic cells. Stimulation of these signaling pathways promptly encoded by the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) [2], activates innate effector mechanisms to protect the host;
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